Background: 2,3-Butanediol (BD) is a largely used fossil-based platform chemical. The yield and productivity of bio-based BD fermentative production must be increased and cheaper substrates need to be identified, to make bio-based BD production more competitive. As BD bioproduction occurs under microaerobic conditions, a fine tuning and control of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) is crucial to maximize BD yield and productivity. Very few studies on BD bioproduction focused on the use of non-pathogenic microorganisms and of byproducts as substrate. The goal of this work was to optimize BD bioproduction by the non-pathogenic strain Bacillus licheniformis ATCC9789 by (i) identifying the ranges of volumetric and biomass-specific OTR that maximize BD yield and productivity using standard sugar and protein sources, and (ii) performing a preliminary evaluation of the variation in process performances and cost resulting from the replacement of glucose with molasses, and beef extract/peptone with chicken meat and bone meal, a byproduct of the meat production industry. Results: OTR optimization with an expensive, standard medium containing glucose, beef extract and peptone revealed that OTRs in the 7-15 mmol/L/h range lead to an optimal BD yield (0.43 +/- 0.03 g/g) and productivity (0.91 +/- 0.05 g/L/h). The corresponding optimal range of biomass-specific OTR was equal to 1.4-7.9 mmolO(2)/gCDW/h, whereas the respiratory quotient ranged from 1.8 to 2.5. The switch to an agro-industrial byproduct-based medium containing chicken meat and bone meal and molasses led to a 50\% decrease in both BD yield and productivity. A preliminary economic analysis indicated that the use of the byproduct-based medium can reduce by about 45\% the BD production cost. Conclusions: A procedure for OTR optimization was developed and implemented, leading to the identification of a range of biomass-specific OTR and respiratory quotient to be used for the scale-up and control of BD bioproduction by Bacillus licheniformis. The switch to a byproduct-based medium led to a relevant decrease in BD production cost. Further research is needed to optimize the process of BD bioproduction from the tested byproduct-based medium.