Sugarcane straw has become an available lignocellulosic biomass since the progressive introduction of the non-burning harvest in Brazil. Besides keeping this biomass in the field, it can be used as a feedstock in thermochemical or biochemical conversion processes. This makes feasible its incorporation in a biorefinery, whose economic profitability could be supported by integrated production of low-value biofuels and high-value chemicals, e.g., xylitol, which has important industrial and clinical applications. Herein, biotechnological production of xylitol is presented as a possible route for the valorization of sugarcane straw and its incorporation in a biorefinery. Nutritional supplementation of the sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate as a function of initial oxygen availability was studied in batch fermentation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. The nutritional supplementation conditions evaluated were: no supplementation; supplementation with (NH4)(2)SO4, and full supplementation with (NH4)(2)SO4, rice bran extract and CaCl2 center dot 2H(2)O. Experiments were performed at pH 5.5, 30 degrees C, 200 rpm, for 48 h in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing either 25 or 50 mL of medium in order to vary initial oxygen availability. Without supplementation, complete consumption of glucose and partial consumption of xylose were observed. In this condition the maximum xylitol yield (0.67 gg(-1)) was obtained under reduced initial oxygen availability. Nutritional supplementation increased xylose consumption and xylitol production by up to 200\% and 240\%, respectively. The maximum xylitol volumetric productivity (0.34 g L-1 h(-1)) was reached at full supplementation and increased initial oxygen availability. The results demonstrated a combined effect of nutritional supplementation and initial oxygen availability on xylitol production from sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate. (C) 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agricultural waste that is potentially used as natural silica resources. Natural silica claimed to be safe in handling, cheap and can be generate from cheap resource. In this study, Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) was synthesized using sodium silicate that is extracted from Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). Post treatment method using hydrochloric acid (HCl) was introduced during the silica extraction process to improve its purity. The result indicated that the amount of SiO2 present in the raw sugarcane bagasse ash was 53.10\% while the silica composition in acid treatment sample was 88.13\%. The FTIR pattern of extracted sodium silicate shows a similar spectrum with the commercial pattern of sodium silicate. While the Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) result shown that the concentration of silica in extracted sodium silicate was 4873 ppm. Then the extracted sodium silicate produce was used as a silica precursor in the synthesis of mesoporous silica, Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA15). The formation of SBA-15 was characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result indicated that the synthesis SBA-15 have present peaks 100, 110 and 200 which represent the hexagonal mesoporous material associated with p6mm symmetry. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Tween 80, Tween 20, PEG 4000 or PEG 6000 was used in combination with ammonium hydroxide for the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment was carried out by mixing sugarcane bagasse, ammonium hydroxide (28\% v/v solution), and water at a ratio of 1:0.5:20, adding 3\% (w/w) surfactant based on the weight of dry biomass, and heating the mixture to 160 C for 1 h. Fibers were hydrolyzed using two concentrations of commercially available enzymes, Spezyme CP and Novozyme 188. The results indicated that PEG 4000 and Tween 80 gave the highest cellulose digestibilities (62\%, 66\%) and ethanol yields (73\%, 69\%) as compared to the use of only dilute ammonia (38\%, 42\%) or water (27\%, 26\%) as catalysts, respectively. The enhanced digestibilities of non-ionic surfactant dilute ammonia treated biomass can be attributed to delignification and reduction of cellulose crystallinity as confirmed by FTIR, TGA and XRD analysis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pretreatment procedures of sugarcane bagasse with lime (calcium hydroxide) or alkaline hydrogen peroxide were evaluated and compared. Analyses were performed using 2 x 2 x 2 factorial designs, with pretreatment time, temperature, and lime loading and hydrogen peroxide concentration as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of total reducing sugars (TRS) and glucose released from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. Experiments were performed using the bagasse as it comes from an alcohol/sugar factory and bagasse in the size range of 0.248 to 1.397 mm (12-60 mesh). The results show that when hexoses and pentoses are of interest, lime should be the pretreatment agent chosen, as high TRS yields are obtained for nonscreened bagasse using 0.40 g lime/g dry biomass at 70 degrees C for 36 h. When the product of interest is glucose, the best results were obtained with lime pretreatment of screened bagasse. However, the results for alkaline peroxide and lime pretreatments of nonscreened bagasse are not very different.
In present study, modification of ball-milled sugarcane bagasse with maleic anhydride was investigated at room temperature without any catalysts using dimethyl sulfoxide/N-methylimidazole (DMSO/NMI) as reaction media. The effects of parameters including the dosage of maleic anhydride and reaction time on the extent of maleation, which was measured by Weight Percent Gain (WPG), were studied. The results showed that 0.5-5 times of maleic anhydride based on the sugarcane bagasse weight led to the corresponding increase in WPG from 25.4\% to 355.3\%. The increment of reaction time (from 15 min to 4 h) had positive effect on the yield of bagasse derivatives. The maleated bagasse derivatives were also characterized with FT-IR and solid-state CP/MAS C-13-NMR spectroscopies. The results indicated that the maleation of sugarcane bagasse does occur at room temperature in DMSO/NMI system without additional catalysts. The reaction of hydroxyl groups at C-6, C-2 and C-3 positions in cellulose occurred. The lignin and noncellulosic polysaccharides were also acylated.
Sugarcane bagasse is the major by-product of the sugarcane industry, and it can serve as a substrate for biotechnological processes for obtaining value-added products. This study gave multiple adding values to sugarcane bagasse using it in two separate bioprocesses. Sugarcane bagasse was used as a substrate for enzymatic cocktail production from Auricularia fuscosuccinea LBM 244 and as a source of proteins and phenolic compounds. A. fuscosuccinea LBM 244 enzyme cocktail-assisted extraction, commercial enzyme assisted extraction and conventional extraction were compared. Enzymatic-assisted extractions released 557-827\% more protein content than those at 0 h. A. fuscosuccinea LBM 244 enzyme cocktail released 50\% and 30\% phenolic compounds more than conventional and commercial enzyme extraction, respectively. These phenolic compounds were represented mainly by rho-coumaric and ferulic acids. On top of that, the cost of the enzymes in enzyme-assisted extraction was reduced fourfold using the A. fuscosuccinea LBM 244 enzyme cocktail.
Lignin contributes to the rigid structure of the plant cell wall and is partially responsible for the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic materials to enzymatic digestion. Overcoming this recalcitrance is one the most critical issues in a sugar-flat form process. This study addresses the effect of low lignin sugarcane bagasse on enzymatic hydrolysis after liquid hot water pretreatment at 190 degrees C and 20 min (severity factor: 3.95). The hydrolysis of bagasse from a sugarcane line selected for a relatively low lignin content, gave an 89.7\% yield of cellulose conversion to glucose at 40 FPU/g glucan versus a 68.3\% yield from a comparably treated bagasse from the high lignin bred line. A lower enzyme loading of 5 FPU/g glucan (equivalent to 3.2 FPU/g total solids) resulted in 31.4\% and 21.9\% conversion yields, respectively, for low and high lignin samples, suggesting the significance of lignin content in the saccharification process. Further increases in the enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose were achieved when the bagasse sample was pre-incubated with a lignin blocking agent, e.g., bovine serum albumin (50 mg BSA/g glucan) at 50 degrees C for 1 h prior to an actual saccharification. In this work, we have demonstrated that even relatively small differences in lignin content can result in considerably increased sugar production, which supports the dissimilarity of bagasse lignin content and its effects on cellulose digestibility. The increased glucose yields with the addition of BSA helped to decrease the inhibition of non-productive absorption of cellulose enzymes onto lignin and solid residual lignin fractions.
The Colombian industrial sector is moving toward alternative forms of treatment of industrial waste, considering that the waste can be a source of raw material in the production chain. Thus, aiming at the decrease in mineral fertilizer use, and maintaining or even raising the crop yield, the sugarcane industry has recently advanced in the composting of the industrial waste and application in the field, both of them being potentially sustainable practices. This manuscript reports the economic benefits and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the sugarcane production system in Colombia that has been simulated in this study to evaluate the beneficial effects of reusing industrial waste from ethanol production. This study was performed using the Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) modeling software for the simulation of agricultural and industrial parameters on integrated alternatives for the sugarcane industry. Colombian sugarcane sector was modeled using three scenarios representing agricultural systems that do not use composted industrial wastevsa paired scenario for each condition where composted waste is utilized. Regarding compost and vinasse use as fertilizer and soil conditioner, GHG emissions from the biogenic origin are not included as a reported item in the matrix of GHG emissions of the sugarcane sector. Inputs for the economic and environmental assessment models are based on actual operational data from two mill sites, one located in the traditional sugarcane production region of Cauca River Valley and the other one, on the agricultural expansion region of Llanos Orientales. Here, we have found that the reuse of composted industrial waste is beneficial and provides an economic cost savings of 2-6\% per year. However, it also results in an annual increase of 10-20\% in the GHG emissions.
The study aimed to identify an efficient cellulase producing fungus and to evaluate its potential for saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. A total of 17 fungi were isolated and among these, five isolates (JS4, JS5, JS6, JS8 and JS17) showed high cellulolytic index and were tentatively identified to be belonging to genera, i.e., Aspergillus and Penicillium. The fungal isolate JS7 exhibited significantly high total cellulase (43.52 U/L), endoglucanase (171.98 U/L) and beta-glucosidase (78.65 U/L) activities, when grown under liquid shake flask conditions. BLAST analysis, multiple sequences and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate JS7 was highly similar with fungal strain Penicillium mallochii from gene bank. The enzyme extract from P. mallochii was concentrated using tangential ultrafiltration with 67.39\% recovery of filter paper activity (total cellulase activity) and 1.75-fold purification. The saccharification of alkali pre-treated sugarcane bagasse with cellulase resulted in maximum reducing sugar yield of 651.60 mg/g with saccharification efficiency of 78.29\%.
The purpose of this investigation was to produce fibrinolytic enzyme by utilizing sugarcane bagasse as low cost substrate through solid state fermentation in an effective way. The potential producer of microorganism, Alcaligenes aquatilis PJS\_1 was isolated and identified from slaughter house soil samples. In small scale level, higher production of microbial fibrinolytic enzyme was observed when the conditions provided like Glucose for carbon, Casein for nitrogen and (NH4)2SO4 for mineral sources when maintained at 60 h with 100\% moisture. The sugarcane bagasse medium with glucose and casein was found to have optimum production when incubated for 60 h at 35.C. The culture conditions were optimized to improve the production of fibrinolytic enzyme (3832 U ml 1) from Alcaligenes aquatilis PJS\_1 through statistical approach. Blood clotting assay was performed to determine its anticoagulant property. The fibrinolytic property of the synthesised enzyme was confirmed when it dissolved blood clot sample effectively. Thus, the enzyme it could be used in medicine to produce as a thrombolytic agent.
Biochar was prepared from two different types of biological waste materials, corn cob (CC) and sugarcane bagasse (SB). The adsorption capacity of each class of adsorbent was determined by chlortetracycline (CTC) adsorption tests. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of chlortetracycline onto sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) and corn cob biochar (CCB) were studied. Experimental results indicated that pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics of CTC onto SBB and CCB were more reasonable than pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the adsorption kinetic model of CTC onto SBB was slightly better than that onto CCB. The maximum adsorption capacity of CTC onto SBB was 16.96 mg/g at pH 4, while the highest adsorption efficiency of CTC onto CCB was achieved at pH 5 with a maximum adsorption of 12.39 mg/g. The Freundlich isotherm model was better than the Langmuir model at illustrating the adsorption process of CTC onto SBB and CCB. These results provide a way to understand the value of specific biochars, which can be used as efficient and effective adsorbents for CTC removal from waste-water. Compared with raw pinewood, SBB and CBB were considered as alternative materials to remove antibiotics from aqueous environments.
The influence of the particle size of an ash from sugarcane bagasse on the properties of incorporated red ceramics was investigated. Mixtures of kaolinitic clay from the municipal area of Campos of Goytacazes-RJ were prepared with additions of 0, 5 and 10\% in weight of ashes from sugarcane bagasse. Ashes with different particle sizes lower than 149 mu m (100 mesh), 75 mu m (200 mesh) and 44 mu m (325 mesh), were used in each incorporated composition. Specimens were 20 MPa uniaxially press-molded and sintered at 900 and 1050 degrees C. The firing technological properties evaluated were diametrical shrinkage, water absorption and mechanical strength by diametrical compression. The results showed that the ash incorporation caused significant changes in the ceramic properties.
The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process is a promising strategy to obtain ethanol from cellulosic biomass. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was supplemented with ricotta whey to increase the sugar, vitamin, and trace metal concentrations in the fermentation medium. The optimum conditions for SSF ethanol production from a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and ricotta whey produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 were evaluated considering five factors: cellulase concentration, cellulosic biomass concentration, pH, temperature, and agitation. The highest ethanol yield was 49.65 g/L with a cellulosic biomass of 80 g/L, pH value of 5.05, agitation at 65 rpm and temperature of 39.2A degrees C. The results demonstrated that a mixture of the cellulosic residue of sugarcane bagasse and ricotta whey is promising for ethanol production because the ethanol yield in the mixture was higher than that in single substrate of sugarcane bagasse.
Microbial fermentation of lignocellulosic materials is a promising avenue for sustainable production of amino acids. Conventional microbes used in amino acid production consume sugars derived from hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose and leave the lignin component unutilized. However, lignin contains up to 12\% p-coumaric acid (pCA) by weight, which can be recovered during alkaline pretreatment and potentially used to produce the amino acid L-tyrosine. In this study, we explored this route of L-tyrosine production from pCA and used it in parallel with conventional microbial fermentation to form an integrated process for producing L-tyrosine from sugarcane bagasse biomass. From 1 g of sugarcane bagasse, an optimized alkaline hydrolysis step was performed that efficiently delignified the biomass and recovered 44 mg of pCA. The pCA obtained was converted into L-tyrosine with 49\% molar conversion yield through biotransformation with whole Escherichia coli cells expressing a tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), yielding 24 mg of L-tyrosine. The alkaline-treated biomass residue was efficiently digested by exogenously added hydrolytic enzymes and utilized by a L-tyrosine-producing Escherichia coli strain, yielding another 25 mg of L-tyrosine. The L-tyrosine yield from the pCA biotransformation route was almost equal to that from the fermentation route, highlighting the significance of this newly described biotransformation process.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolisate was evaluated as carbon source in biosurfactant production by yeasts. 27 yeasts were screened in culture media based on commercial xylose, non-detoxified and detoxified sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate to select potential strains for BS production with emulsifying and tensoactive properties. Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides UFMG-CM-Y6148 cultured in medium based on detoxified hydrolysate was the best producer of biosurfactant with a volumetric productivity of 0.167 g.L-1. h(-1) and highlighted emulsifying properties in kerose as emulsification index higher than 50\% and an emulsifying activity of 1.0 EU. mL(-1), and its effectiveness was demonstrated over a wide range of temperature, pH and salt con- centration. The chromatography and spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the BS produced by C. mucoides UFMG-CM-Y6148 was a sophorolipid. The results obtained in this study demonstrated the successful sustainable prodution of biosurfactant by yeasts in media with hemicellulosic hydrolysate and the viability of these products for biorefineries.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is an abundantly available waste material from sugar plants in India. Even though the beneficial properties of bagasse ash as a cement replacement material have been reported in several studies, its large-scale utilization in Indian cement plants is not yet achieved. This is partly due to a lack of proper quantification of the available sugarcane bagasse ash and its accessibility from sugar plants to the existing cement plants. A detailed sugarcane bagasse ash availability database in the five major sugar-producing states and their precise geographical distribution have been presented in this study. The proximity of the bagasse ash sources to existing cement plants in these five states is quantified using a GIS-based network analysis approach. Additionally, the accessibility of bagasse ash is compared with currently used fly ash and slag. Results from the study show that the probability of finding a bagasse ash source at near distances from cement plants is higher than the probability of having fly ash or slag sources in three out of the five states considered in the study.
A solid state fermentation (SSF) method was used to produce citric acid by Aspergillus niger DS 1 using sugarcane bagasse as a carrier and sucrose or molasses based medium as a moistening agent. Initially bagasse and wheat bran were compared as carrier. Bagasse was the most suitable carrier, as it did not show agglomeration after moistening with medium, resulting in better heat and mass transfer during fermentation and higher product yield. Different parameters such as moisture content, particle size, sugar level and methanol concentration of the medium were optimised and 75\% moisture level, 31.8 g sugar/100 g dry solid, 4\% (v/w) methanol and particles of the size between 1.2 and 1.6 mm were found to be optimal. Sucrose and clarified and non-clarified molasses medium were also tested as moistening agents for SSF and under optimised conditions, 20.2, 19.8 and 17.9 g citric acid/100 g of dry solid with yield of 69.6.. 64.5 and 62.4\% (based on sugar consumed) was obtained in sucrose, clarified and non-clarified molasses medium respectively, after 9 days of fermentation. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Sugarcane bagasse was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with the different heating rates, and nitrogen carrier from 30 to 800 C-o. Through decreasing the sample's mass by temperature, the stage of thermal decomposition could be determined. Specifically, there were three stages of decomposition including moisture escape stage, decomposition of cellulose stage, hemicellulose and lignin decomposition stage. On the other hand, based on the results of TGA the activation energy of decomposition process was determined by the inverse of the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method. The calculated results were compared with the activation energy by the Coats-Redfern method and Criado method in order to find the kinetics of bagasse pyrolysis process. Accordingly, when the conversion of reaction was lower than 75 \%, corresponding to the decomposing process of hemicellulose and cellulose, the thermal decomposing process of bagasse obeyed diffusion kinetics of model D-2, D-3 and D-4.
Brazil indicated a commitment of reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the Paris Conference in 2015, which has led the Brazilian government to incentivise the use of renewable energy sources. Biomass is a renewable energy source that can be used to produce electricity, with its availability mainly connected to the sugar and alcohol sector in Brazil. The study presented herein applied the life cycle assessment methodology to the generation of electricity from sugarcane bagasse and from diesel in thermoelectric power plants, and verified the potential to mitigate climate change. The production of electricity from sugarcane bagasse presented a low carbon footprint (0.227 kg CO2-eq/kWh), much lower than the diesel thermoelectric process (1.060 kg CO2-eq/kWh). Considering that diesel-based electricity could be substituted by bioelectricity, the result would be overall avoided emissions of -0.833 kg CO2-eq/kWh. The progressive use of sugarcane bagasse as a source of electricity presents therefore the potential to help mitigate climate change, being part of a wider scheme for the substitution of fuels.
BACKGROUNDHydrothermal pretreatments were applied to improve the cellulose digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SB). The effect of hydrothermal process parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure and NH3 addition on the enzymatic digestibility was studied. With the objective of understanding the relationship between pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility, the ultrastructure of untreated and treated SB cell wall was observed. RESULTS72 h digestibility was enhanced from 15.7\% (untreated SB) to 77.9\% for the samples treated with hot water at 180 degrees C, 4 MPa for 20 min, while it reached 98.5\% with the addition of 25\% NH3 at 160 degrees C, 6 MPa for 60 min. There is no direct relationship between enzymatic digestibility and crystallinity index value, but it has a close relationship with the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. The boundaries among the different layers in the secondary wall of treated SB could not be distinguished exactly resulting from the migration of lignin in the hot water process or removal of lignin in the NH3 addition pretreatment. CONCLUSIONThe enzymatic digestibility of SB was enhanced by the hydrothermal pretreatment. The homogenization of distribution of cellulose and lignin in the cell wall layer resulted from the removal of hemicellulose or lignin contributed to the enhancement of accessibility to enzymatic attack. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasonic irradiation is known to enhance various physicochemical processes. In this work, the effect of ultrasound on the dissolution of sugarcane bagasse was studied, with the specific aims of quantifying the effect at low solids loading and mild reaction conditions, and determining whether the enhancement of dissolution by ultrasound is independent of temperature. The effects of agitation speed, reaction time, and sonication were examined on the dissolution of the biomass substrate at varying reaction temperatures during the pretreatment process. Sugarcane bagasse was mixed with a 0.3 M solution of sulfuric acid in a reaction vessel to undergo pretreatment. A kinetic model was applied to the mass dissolution of the biomass, as sonicated runs showed higher mass losses at each reaction time, compared to the non-sonicated runs. The ultrasonic enhancement in mass dissolution was seen to increase for an increase in the reaction time. It was observed that the induction period for the dissolution was eliminated by the application of ultrasound. Ultrasound was found to be more effective than temperature at enhancing mass dissolution at low solids loadings, and the effect of ultrasound was also found to be dependent on the temperature employed.
In this study, composite materials from agricultural biomass and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic were produced by melt compounding using a melt mixer. The chemical interaction of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-PP and soft wood (SW)-PP composites and corresponding cellulose were verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cellulose composites were more crystalline than PP, trailed by PP/SCB and PP/SW composites. It was found that among composite materials, PP/SCB were least thermally stable compared to PP/SW. The addition of extracted cellulose decreased the thermal stability of PP/SCB composites at higher filler content due to poor interfacial bonding as compared to PP/SW composites. SEM results confirmed a rough morphology and the presence of many voids resulting from fibre pull-out in composites, especially for the ones with higher fibre content. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of both PP/SCB and PP/SW composites indicated improvement in the storage modulus compared with neat PP.
Background: The description of new hydrolytic enzymes is an important step in the development of techniques which use lignocellulosic materials as a starting point for fuel production. Sugarcane bagasse, which is subjected to pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation for the production of ethanol in several test refineries, is the most promising source of raw material for the production of second generation renewable fuels in Brazil. One problem when screening hydrolytic activities is that the activity against commercial substrates, such as carboxymethylcellulose, does not always correspond to the activity against the natural lignocellulosic material. Besides that, the macroscopic characteristics of the raw material, such as insolubility and heterogeneity, hinder its use for high throughput screenings. Results: In this paper, we present the preparation of a colloidal suspension of particles obtained from sugarcane bagasse, with minimal chemical change in the lignocellulosic material, and demonstrate its use for high throughput assays of hydrolases using Brazilian termites as the screened organisms. Conclusions: Important differences between the use of the natural substrate and commercial cellulase substrates, such as carboxymethylcellulose or crystalline cellulose, were observed. This suggests that wood feeding termites, in contrast to litter feeding termites, might not be the best source for enzymes that degrade sugarcane biomass.
Sugarcane is one of the main alternative sources of biomass for the biofuel sector, and its large-scale production has considerable environmental impact. Organomineral fertilizers formulated with potential environmental contaminants, such as filter cake and sewage sludge, positively influence plant growth and development. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of sugarcane fertilized with pelletized organomineral fertilizers based on filter cake or sewage sludge. Eight field treatments were applied, based on three organomineral fertilizer compositions (50\%, 100\%, and 150\%) associated with two organic matter (OM) sources (filter cake or sewage sludge), in addition to a control with 100\% mineral fertilizer application, and a no-fertilization control (0\%). Sugarcane attributes were evaluated during two consecutive harvests. The weights of stalks per hectare (ton ha(-1)), sugarcane productivity (ton ha(-1)), quantity of sugar per hectare (TSH, ton ha(-1)), and physicochemical properties of sugarcane juice (pol {[
The sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) with a very high loss on ignition (LOI) (>20\%), deficient in silica, has remained unattended and needs sincere attention instead of getting dumped in landfills. With this motivation, the attempts were accomplished to transmute the sugarcane bagasse ash with very high LOI (3 samples with diverse LOI up to 50\%) as a pozzolanic material through the thermo-mechanical treatment. The optimum level of re-calcination and particle size was ascertained based on characteristics and pozzolanic reactivity assessed through four different methods. The results of this study ensured that the re-calcination temperature of 600-700 degrees C preserves the parental amorphous state of SCBA with enhancement in silica. Based on the LOI of as-such received/untreated SCBA, the residence time of recalcination needs to be decided to fulfill the chemical requirement of ASTM C618. Furthermore, the grinding of re-calcined SCBA until the particle size D50 finer than 35 mm, and particles below 45 mm higher than 60\% are the favorable grinding levels for achieving strength activity index (SAI) higher than 75\%, provided amorphous silica is higher than 25\% and LOI less than 20\%. The association of modified Chapelle and Frattini test methods with SAI evident to be an affirmative way to predict the ingenuous pozzolanic reactivity of SCBA. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Carbonaceous materials with different structures are prepared by carbonization of sugarcane bagasse. Depending on carbonization conditions, it is possible to obtain soot rich in flakes or in honeycomb-shaped micrometric particles, whose concentration has large influence on lithium storage into electrodes. The soot rich in honeycomb-shaped particles provides the best electrochemical performance, with a reversible specific capacity of 310 mAh g(-1). The results suggest that the sugarcane bagasse can be potentially used in the design of anodic materials for lithium ion batteries.
Immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 was used to enhance the butanol production efficiency from sugarcane molasses. Lotus stalk (LS) pieces were used as carriers for cell immobilization. Sugarcane molasses containing 50 g/L of sugar supplemented with 1 g/L of yeast extract was found to be an appropriate medium for bacterial cell immobilization on the LS pieces. Carrier size (4, 12 and 20 mm in length) and carrier loading (1:15, 1:30 and 1:45, w/v) were optimized for high levels of butanol production using response surface methodology (RSM). The batch fermentation was carried out under anaerobic conditions in 1 L screw-capped bottles at 37 degrees C and an agitation rate of 150 rpm. It was found that the optimum conditions for the butanol production were the carrier size of 4 mm and carrier loading of 1:31 (w/v). Under these conditions, the butanol concentration (P-B) was 12.89 g/L, corresponding to the butanol productivity (Q(B)) of 0.36 g/L.h and butanol yield (Y-B/S) of 0.36 g/g. These values were higher than those using free cells (P-B, 10.20 g/L, Q(B), 0.28 g/L.h and Y-B/S, 0.32 g/g). In addition, it was found that a 24 h incubation time for cell immobilization was appropriate for the immobilization process, which was confirmed by the results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and specific surface area measurement. When the fermentation using the immobilized cells was carried out in a stirred-tank reactor (STR), column reactor (CR) and CR coupled with STR, the results showed that all reactors could be used to produce butanol production from the immobilized cells on LS pieces. However, the P-B using CR and CR coupled with STR were only 75\% and 45\% of those using the screw-capped bottle and STR.
The presence of hydrocarbons in wastewater causes innumerable problems for ecosystems and is a pollution problem that needs to be solved. This paper shows the results obtained in the removal of hydrocarbons (diesel) using natural sugar cane bagasse (BN). Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the biosorption process were carried out at two temperatures: 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C and studies in a column packed with (BN) at granulometry (+1-2 mm). The results obtained in the equilibrium and sorption studies were adjusted using the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters show a predominance of a physical sorption; in a process is exothermic and spontaneous. The pseudo second-order model better fits the kinetics of hydrocarbon biosorption with natural bagasse (R-2 >= 0.98). The rupture curve where the point is reached at 6 h of operation was obtained experimentally. Scanning electron microscopy studies coupled to EDX of depleted BN show that it undergoes changes in its structure, showing a degree of surface dismemberment. The increase in the C/O ratio shows the presence of hydrocarbons that were adsorbed. In the thermogravimetric study, the anaerobic pyrolysis stage of cellulose (200 degrees C and 400 degrees C) decreases energetically and the loss of mass is less; this behavior is associated with the adsorbed hydrocarbon (diesel). The results obtained showed that BN has potential as a hydrocarbon biosorbent, with removals of 60.3\% of total hydrocarbons (HCT) present in real wastewater, coming from a Power Plant that operates with diesel.
This article describes the influence of different sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis pretreatments on modifications to biomass feedstock and the characteristics of the resultant pyrolysis products. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with acid, alkaline or sequential acid/alkaline solutions and pretreated samples were then subjected to a low temperature conversion (LTC) process under He or O(2)/He atmospheres at 350-450 degrees C. Both pretreated samples and sugarcane bagasse in natura were analyzed by determination of their chemical composition and by thermogravimetric, FTIR and SEM analyses. The gases yielded during LTC were monitored on-line by quadrupole mass spectrometry, and the liquid fractions obtained were characterized by FTIR and (1)H and (13)C NMR. Irrespective of the sugarcane bagasse pretreatment applied, the main bio-oil component obtained was levoglucosan. However, the LTC yield of bio-oil depended on the hydrolysis treatment of the biomass and decreased in the presence of O(2). The acid hydrolysis pretreatment increased the LTC bio-oil yield notably. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is a low-cost and abundant by-product generated by the bioethanol industry, and is a potential substrate for cellulolytic enzyme production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of air flow rate (Q (AIR)), solids loading (\%(S)), sugarcane bagasse type, and particle size on the gas hold-up (epsilon (G)) and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (k (L) a) in three different pneumatic bioreactors, using response surface methodology. Concentric tube airlift (CTA), split-cylinder airlift (SCA), and bubble column (BC) bioreactor types were tested. Q (AIR) and \%(S) affected oxygen mass transfer positively and negatively, respectively, while sugarcane bagasse type and particle size (within the range studied) did not influence k (L) a. Using large particles of untreated sugarcane bagasse, the loop-type bioreactors (CTA and SCA) exhibited higher mass transfer, compared to the BC reactor. At higher \%(S), SCA presented a higher k (L) a value (0.0448 s(-1)) than CTA, and the best operational conditions in terms of oxygen mass transfer were achieved for \%(S) < 10.0 g L-1 and Q (AIR) > 27.0 L min(-1). These results demonstrated that pneumatic bioreactors can provide elevated oxygen transfer in the presence of vegetal biomass, making them an excellent option for use in three-phase systems for cellulolytic enzyme production by filamentous fungi.
Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse was used for synthesizing cellulose acetate with different degrees of substitution, which were characterized by H-1-NMR through the relationship between the peak areas of the hydrogen atoms of the acetate groups (-(C=O)OCH3) and the peaks of the hydrogen bonded to the carbon atoms of the glucosidic rings. Suppression of some signals was carried out in order to remove the residual water resonance in the materials and those related to impurities in cellulose triacetate as well. A deconvolution method for the computation of the degree of substitution of acetylation is proposed. The degrees of substitution for the cellulose samples were 2.94 and 2.60, in good agreement with those obtained by chemical determination through an acid-base titration.
The aim of this research work is to design and develop a novel cost effective strategy for fluoride removal, applicable to rural areas of developing countries. Most of the adsorbents based technologies for fluoride removal works at acidic pH which is not feasible condition for application to rural areas. This study investigates the feasibility of three low-cost agricultural biomass based adsorbents namely: activated bagasse carbon (ABC), sawdust raw (SDR), and wheat straw raw (WSR) for water defluoridation, at neutral PH range. Performance of these adsorbents was compared with commercially available activated carbon (CAC). The CAC, ABC, SDR, and WSR removed 57.6, 56.4, 49.8 and 40.2\% respectively from an aqueous solution of 5 mg L-1 fluoride at pH 6.0, with the contact period of 60 min and a dose of 4 g L-1. All adsorption experimental data followed the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption kinetic was also studied in terms of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Mechanism of fluoride removal was found to be complex. In addition, both surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion contribute to the rate determining step. An updated list of biomass based adsorbents reported in scientific literatures was prepared and compared with adsorbents used in this study. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cellulose triacetate (CTA(B)) synthesized by cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse, and commercial cellulose acetate (CA) were used to produce nanofiber membranes contained bromelain by electrospinning technique. About 1.3 g of cellulose acetate per gram of bagasse were obtained, and both CTA(B) and CA was characterized by analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The nanofiber membranes were produced by electrospinning process testing the following conditions: voltage 25 kV, flow rate 4 mL/h and distance 10 cm, using acetone/ dimethylformamide (DMF) (85:15 m/ m) to 15\% cellulose triacetate (70\% CA + 30\% CTA(B)) or CA solutions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to nanofiber membranes characterization. Bromelain was immobilized on the nanofiber membranes by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and directly in the electrospinning step, the highest activity recovery was about 675\% and in vitro controlled release tests were performed to semi-quantitatively evaluate the release of the enzyme bromelain thus demonstrating complete release process in 3 days.
This study investigates the efficiency of a crude enzymatic extract produced by Aspergillus fumigatus SCBM6 by solid state fermentation (SSF) in the hydrolysis of alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse (PTB). After SSF using in natura sugarcane bagasse (SCB), the enzymatic extract presented 21.33 U.g(-1) of beta-glucosidase and 544.46 U.g(-1) of xylanase. The alkaline pretreatment with sodium hydroxide (2\% NaOH (w/v) removed 43\% of the lignin from PTB and the cellulosic fraction increased to 75\%. The hydrolysis was optimized as a function of time, temperature, and concentration of PTB. After hydrolysis, the maximum yield (30.05\%) of total released reducing sugars (TRS) was obtained under the following conditions: 24 h, 55 degrees C, 2\% of PTB and 3 U.g(-1) of beta-glucosidase (CBU). Furthermore, an approximate TRS value (26.4\%) was also obtained after saccharification carried out during 6 h, 55 degrees C, 4\% of PTB and 1 CBU. These results indicate that hydrolysis can be performed in a short incubation period and with low enzymatic load for reasonable TRS release.
Liquid hot water (LHW), dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) and dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were applied to sugarcane bagasse (SB). Application of the same analytical methods and material balance approaches facilitated meaningful comparisons of glucose and xylose yields from combined pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis:All pretreatments enhanced sugar recovery from pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis substantially compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse. Adding Tween80 in the enzymatic hydrolysis process increased the conversion level of glucan/xylan by 0.3-fold, especially for the low pH pretreatment where more lignin was left in the solids. The total sugar recovery from sugarcane bagasse with the coupled operations of pretreatment and 72 h enzymatic digestion reached 71.6\% for LHW process, 76.6\% for HCl pretreatment and 77.3\% for NaOH pretreatment. Different structural changes at the plant tissue, cellular, and cell wall levels might be responsible for the different enzymatic digestibility. Furthermore, a combined LHW and aqueous ammonia pretreatment was proposed to reduce energy input and enhance the sugar recovery. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of NaOH catalytic ethanol pretreatment under various temperatures (130-180 degrees C) and time (15-90 min) on the chemical composition and enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse was investigated in this study. The results showed that NaOH catalytic ethanol pretreatment assisted delignification and the reservation of cellulose and hemicellulose. When sugarcane bagasse was pretreated at 180 degrees C for 30 min, a substantial glucose yield of 91.6\% was obtained after hydrolysis for 72 h, representing 94.6\% of glucose in pretreated residue. This yield was promoted with respect to the compositional change and surface alteration of pretreated substrate. With the supplement of Tween 80, the enzyme usage would be saved by 50\% and the enzymolysis time could be shortened to 24 h while obtaining comparable glucose yield. This study provided an economical feasible and gradual process for the generation of glucose, which was followed by fermentation and conversion to platform chemicals.
Agro-industrial wastes have been used as substrate-support in solid state fermentation for enzyme production. Molasses and sugarcane bagasse are by-products of sugar industry and can be employed as substrates for invertase production. Invertase is an important enzyme for sweeteners development. In this study, a xerophilic fungus Aspergillus niger GH1 isolated of the Mexican semi-desert, previously reported as an invertase over-producer strain was used. Molasses from Mexico and Cuba were chemically analyzed (total and reducer sugars, nitrogen and phosphorous contents); the last one was selected based on chemical composition. Fermentations were performed using virgin and hydrolyzate bagasse (treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid). Results indicated that, the enzymatic yield (5231 U/L) is higher than those reported by other A. niger strains under solid state fermentation, using hydrolyzate bagasse. The acid hydrolysis promotes availability of fermentable sugars. In addition, maximum invertase activity was detected at 24 h using low substrate concentration, which may reduce production costs. This study presents an alternative method for invertase production using a xerophilic fungus isolated from Mexican semi-desert and inexpensive substrates (molasses and sugarcane bagasse).
This work presents a numerical and experimental study to measure local combustion temperature from the combustion reactive zone in an industrial sugarcane. A bagasse boiler furnace is utilized preliminary step towards obtaining online three-dimensional temperature measurements. Two different methods were used for in situ measurement of local temperatures in a sugarcane bagasse flame: Spectral Analysis and Image Processing in the Visible Spectrum. The maximum instantaneous temperatures found in the focused reactive zone area of the bagasse flame were 1623 K and 1520 K by the spectrometric and imaging system respectively and the time average maximum flame temperatures measured were 1443 K and 1496 K. Additionally, a set of flame temperature measurement tests was carried out in a laboratory furnace by the spectrometric method and a time average flame temperature of 1569 K was noted. The flame temperatures found in this work show reasonable agreement with results of CFD simulations and results obtained in laboratory tests which were also reported in the literature. Intensity of emission lines of alkali metal (K) were measured in the flame spectra during the bagasse combustion. Spectral flame emissivity was estimated for an industrial level operating condition.
This work presents an alternative bioenergy-related management approach for sugarcane molasses through the application of anaerobic digestion (AD) in a two-stage continuous thermophilic (55 degrees C) system to produce biohydrogen (bioH(2)) and methane. The performance of the acidogenic stage (RH2) was assessed by maintaining a continuous and high organic loading rate (OLR; 120 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)), whilst the robustness of the methanogenic stage (RCH4) was investigated based on the increase of the OLR (1.0-25.2 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)). Molecular analyses and an energetic assessment were also conducted, to provide a holistic understanding of the two-stage AD system. Long-term bioH(2) production was achieved at low pH values (similar to 4.0) in RH2 by the co-fermentation of lactate and acetate, and a positive correlation between Clostridium and Leuconostoc genera was identified. Efficient methane production (323-350 NmL CH4 g(-1)COD) was only observed at low OLR (1.0-2.3 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)) in RCH4, although high COD removal levels (>70\%) were observed at all operational conditions. Metabolite and molecular analyses indicated inefficient syntrophic and acetoclastic activities (accumulation of acetate, propionate and lactate), indicating that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the prevailing methane-producing pathway in RCH4, specifically by the Methanothermobacter genus. Finally, the energetic potential (8560 kJ kg(-1)COD(applied)) of molasses outperformed the ones of vinasse by at least 25\%, indicating that the high availability of biodegradable organic matter in molasses requires a low OLR to offer efficient bioenergy recovery levels.
This study focused on the feasibility of Y. lipolytica PSA02004 co-utilising glucose and xylose from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate in succinic acid (SA) fermentation. Optimum pH, temperature and cellulase dosage of enzymatic hydrolysis through optimisation were pH 5, 50 degrees C and 40 FPU/g, respectively. The hydrolysis yields for glucose and xylose were 0.35 +/- 0.00 g/g and 0.15 +/- 0.00 g/g, respectively. A feasibility study using a 2.5-L bioreactor demonstrated that mixed glucose and xylose could be utilised for SA production, with the resultant SA titre, yield and productivity of 28.2 +/- 0.6 g/L, 0.55 +/- 0.01 g/g and 0.36 +/- 0.01 g/L/h, respectively. Then, the investigation of nutrient-limiting factor showed 40 g/L of initial glucose concentration and 8.4 g/L of initial xylose concentration containing hydrolysate and 2\% CSL were the optimum medium composition in SA fermentation. SA production using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was conducted, in which SA titre, yield and productivity were 33.2 +/- 0.3 g/L, 0.58 +/- 0.01 g/g and 0.33 +/- 0.01 g/L/h, respectively. The experimental results reported in this study show that glucose and xylose in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate were successfully co-utilised by Y. lipolytica PSA02004 in SA production. This implies a sugarcane waste biorefinery could lead to a generic feedstock for the efficient production of succinic acid.
Biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass are acknowledged to be a promising alternative to fossil fuels. During biomass saccharification, nearly complete conversion is rarely achieved due to the recalcitrance of the residual biomass to enzymatic hydrolysis. Few studies have examined schemes for searching for novel fungal strains that could improve the conversion. In the current study, for the first time, we searched for efficient fungal producers of cellulases in a natural decay system, using a screening process containing cellulase-hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. Three hundred and seventy-three fungal strains were isolated from 69 samples collected in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Twelve of the 373 strains produced more than 0.5 filter paper units (FPU)/mL and were identified as Penicillium oxalicum strains. Among them, P. oxalicum Z1-3 yielded the highest cellulase production at 2.74 FPU/ml, especially cellobiohydrolase, leading to about 0.5-2.0-fold higher synergistic enzyme activities including sugarcane bagasse residue cellulase, potassium hydroxide (KOH)-pretreated sugarcane bagasse cellulase, filter paper cellulase (FPase) and Avicelase, than the four isolates which yielded higher or similar FPase activities in comparison with the P. oxalicum reference strain HP7-1. Furthermore, a crude enzyme solution of Z1-3 was able to hydrolyze 92.5\% of KOH-pretreated sugarcane bagasse to glucose within 96 h. It was also shown that the cellobiohydrolase genes of Z1-3 and their promoter regions were the same as those of the reference strain HP7-1. Altogether, this scheme, which used recalcitrant biomass residues after cellulase hydrolysis, is feasible for searching for efficient cellulase producers. This work demonstrates the great potential of P. oxalicum Z1-3 in future biotechnological applications of lignocellulosic biomass collected from industry and agriculture. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study investigates the thermal pre-treated (TP) sugarcane bagasse (SB) using poultry waste (PW) for anaerobic digestion (AD) at different (SB: PW) mixture ratios. Six different combinations were made for each set of study i.e. (A and B). Experimental set A consists of batch reactors with untreated SB and PW with 100: 0 (WP0), 85: 15 (WP1), 65:35 (WP2), 50: 50 (WP3), 35: 65 (WP4) and 15: 85 (WP5)ratio. Set B has mixture of thermal pre-treated sugarcane bagasse and PW with mixture ratio of 100: 0 (T0), 85: 15 (T1), 65: 35 (T2), 50: 50 (T3), 35: 65 (T4) and 15: 85 (T5).The retention time of the batch tests were 30 d. Results obtained for biogas generation were modelled using First Order, Gompertz and Logistic Model. Maximum biogas generation of 8916 mL was observed at the ratio of {[
Vermicomposting is a feasible method for disposing of lignocellulosic waste while generating a useful product. The current study assessed the potential of vermicomposting green waste mixed with sugarcane bagasse in proportions of 25\%, 50\%, and 75\% (v:v, based on dry weight). The suitability was evaluated based on the agrochemical properties, earthworm biomass, and phytotoxicity. The final vermicomposts exhibited near-neutral pH values (7.1-7.6), and lower EC values (0.43-0.72 mS/cm) and C:N ratios (14.1-19.9).The content of available nutrients and CEC for all the vermicomposts exceeded those of the control compost (without earthworms). For vermicomposts, the average values of NO3--N, AP, AK, and CEC were 53, 517, 1362 mg/kg, and 158 cmol/kg, respectively. The total contents of heavy metals increased in all vermicompost treatments compared to control composts with the following average final percentages: Zn (2.0\%), Cr (15.5\%), Pb (23.4\%), and Cu (44.3\%), but these amounts were safe for application in agroforestry. The addition of sugarcane bagasse to green waste significantly increased the content of total humic substance, humic acid and urease activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, and Eisenia fetida reproduction. The addition of 25\% sugarcane bagasse to green waste decreased the toxicity to germinating seeds. These results revealed that vermicomposting is a feasible way to degrade green waste into a value-added chemical product. (C) Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
In recent years, waste materials as alternative raw materials have been increasingly utilized in asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures to reduce environmental pollution, decrease construction costs. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance characteristics of asphalt binder modified with sugarcane waste molasses (SWM) in AC mixtures. To accomplish this objective, the effects of five sugarcane waste molasses (SWM) contents of 5\%, 10 \%, 15 \%, 20 \%, 25 \% by asphalt weight as an alternative to base binder were investigated on performance characteristics of binder and AC mixture. The conventional properties of the modified binder were determined by traditional binder tests and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. It is observed that the SWM modified binder improved significantly the rutting resistance whereas the fatigue cracking resistance decreased slightly. In addition, the mechanical properties of SWM modified binder in AC mixtures were evaluated using tests such as the Marshall stability and flow, moisture resistance, and Wheel Tracking. The experimental results applied to asphalt mixtures indicated that the SWM modified base binder can improve the rutting resistance and the moisture damage resistance significantly. Based on the results obtained from the laboratory tests, it can be recommended that an optimum SWM content of 10 \% by base asphalt weight can be utilized as an alternative to base binder in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA).
On-site production of cellulases using lignocellulosic materials can improve the economic viability of biorefineries. This, however, requires the pretreatment of substrates using thermochemical conditions that can vary in severity. To understand the effect of pretreatment severity on cellulase production by Aspergillus ustus S3 on sugarcane bagasse, we applied NaOH pretreatment corresponding to 3 severity factors (SF1.32, SF1.79, and SF3.64) to generate SCB that was used as inducing substrate. The highest cellulase activity (0.681 U/mL) was obtained with the intermediate severity (SF1.79) while significantly lower activities of 0.495 and 0.539 U/mL were recorded with low (SF1.32) and high (SF3.64) severities, respectively. Chemical and structural characterization revealed that low and intermediate severities improved cellulose accessibility and cellulase titres while high severity impaired them, thus limiting substrate suitability for enzyme production. These results show that though high SFs might be desirable in other applications, moderate severities may be more appropriate for cellulase production.
The use of natural fibers and powdered glasses can improve the mechanical properties of the concretes and increase the cracks resistance generated by tensile and concrete stresses. Thus, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical behavior of concrete with the addition of fibers of sugarcane bagasse and/or glass wool. Physical, chemical and morphological characterizations were performed. Sugarcane bagasse was chemically treated. Concretes were produced containing additions of ground glass wool and/or fibers of sugarcane bagasse cured in 28 days. The results of this research showed that the exclusive addition of glass wool (10\%) in concrete contributed to higher values of compressive strength, flexion tensile and diametrical compression tensile, reaching 34.22 MPa, 6.65 MPa and 16 .44 MPa, respectively. The ground glass wool contributed to the reduction in the concrete porosity (void index equal to 9.38\%).
Background: Fuels and chemicals from renewable feedstocks have a growing demand, and acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) are some relevant examples. These molecules can be produced by the bacterial fermentation process using hydrolysates generated from lignocellulosic biomass as sugarcane bagasse, one of the most abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass in Brazil. It originates as a residue in mills and distilleries in the production of sugar and ethanol. Results: In the present work, two strategies to generate hydrolysates of sugarcane bagasse were adopted. The fermentation of the first hydrolysate by Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 6228 resulted in final concentrations of butanol, acetone and ethanol of 6.4, 4.5 and 0.6 g/L, respectively. On the other hand, the second hydrolysate presented better results (averages of 9.1, 5.5 and 0.8 g/L, respectively), even without the need for nutrient supplementation, since key elements were already present in the medium. The productivity (Q(P)) and yield (Y-P/S) of the solvents with second hydrolysate were 0.5 g/L.h(-1) and 0.4 g/g, respectively. Conclusions: The results described herein open new perspectives for the production of important molecules from residual lignocellulosic biomass for the fuel and chemical industries within the context of second-generation biorefinery. (C) 2019 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sodium methoxide (CH3ONa) with glycerol pretreatment (CWGP) was performed to improve the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the CWGP parameters for pretreating SCB from the perspective of total fermentable sugar yield (TFSY) and total fermentable sugar concentration (TFSC). Under the optimal CWGP conditions, 0.5666 g/g of TFSY (0.82\% (CHONa)-O-3, 1.11 h, 150 degrees C) and 17.75 g/L of TFSC (0.87\% (CHONa)-O-3, 1.38 h, 149.27 degrees C) were achieved, corresponding to delignification of 79.05\% and 79.34\%, respectively. Compared the pretreatment using glycerol or (CHONa)-O-3 alone, the CWGP has significant synergies to enhance the enzymatic efficiency of SCB. The physical and chemical characteristics of untreated and pretreated SCBs were analyzed using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM, and the results suggest that CWGP significantly increased the susceptibility of the substrates to enzymatic digestibility. Ultimately, CWGP might be a prospective candidate for the pretreatment process of enzyme-based lignocellulosic biorefineries.
The autohydrolysis process has been considered a simple, low-cost and environmental friendly technology for generation of sugars from biomass. In order to improve accessibility of enzymes during enzymatic hydrolysis as well as to allow the recovery of hemicellulose in the filtrate, the sugarcane bagasse was pre-treated using autohydrolysis followed by a mechanical refining process. The autohydrolysis was carried out in three different conditions. Autohydrolysis at 190 degrees C for 10 min provided the highest overall sugar (19.2/100 g raw bagasse) in prehydrolyzate. The enzymatic hydrolysis step was performed for all the post-treated solids with and without refining at enzyme loadings of 5 and 10 FPU/g for 96 h. A total of 84.4\% of sugar can be recovered from sugarcane bagasse at 180 degrees C for 20 min with 5 FPU/g enzyme charge. The economic analysis for the proposed method showed that the bioethanol production can have a financial return larger than 12\%. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The natural, bio-degradable features and chemical constituents of the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) have been attracting attention as a highly potential and versatile ingredient in composite materials. Eco-friendly and low cost considerations have set the momentum for material science researchers to identify green materials that give low pollutant indexes. Various components of SCB is shown to possess the ability of being applied as raw material for manufacturing of composite materials at multiple levels of properties and performances. Studies on the impacts, performances and applications of SCB in its original condition; transformed forms; treated with appropriate chemicals and/or processes; in combination with materials of distinct properties and manipulation of manufacturing methodologies have been duly considered. This paper attempts to summarize a review of current literature on the extensive studies that have been undertaken in an attempt to explore plausible applications and potentials of SCB for composite material. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The biorefinery concept provides a wide perspective of products and uses from the biomass conversion. The drive for cost reductions and the threat of food competition have put residual biomass under the spotlight. Sugarcane is the most produced crop in the world, and its residual bagasse has got the additional feature of abundance. Going beyond its traditional use for electricity and thermal generation, this paper explores the potential alternative uses for the sugarcane bagasse in Brazil. Under an Input-Output perspective, Brazilian production recipes are obtained for six distinct biorefining technologies assuming the use of sugarcane bagasse as feedstock. Also, minimum selling prices are derived for the main products of each technological route assessed, comprising an initial estimative of their cost prices in Brazil. The biomass to ethanol and higher alcohol route presented the higher share (25\%) of productive and service sectors into its production recipe. The bioplatform succinic acid route was the only one reaching competitive minimum selling prices (0.57 US\$/kg) in comparison to current pricing of the fossil-derived succinic acid. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A novel process based on supercritical water gasification has been used in this study for co-production of hydrogen and power from sugarcane bagasse as one of the main agricultural wastes of Iran. The cycle of the process was designed first, and then, the thermodynamic equilibrium model of the gasification process was simulated using ASPEN PLUS. The effects of temperature and feed concentration on molar fraction of main components of produced gas were investigated. The temperature was directly correlated with hydrogen production in which hydrogen and carbon monoxide production was favored at higher temperatures. The maximum hydrogen production occurred in the sugarcane bagasse concentrations about 20-30 wt\%. Palladium membrane as a metallic dense membrane was used for separation of high-purity hydrogen. Hydrogen production of 8.55 kg/h and electrical power generation of 56 kW were obtained for the 20 wt\% mixture of bagasse with a mass flow rate of 1000 kg/h, reactor pressure of 300 bars and temperature of 700 degrees C.
Lactic acid is the meekest hydroxyl carboxylic acid (2-hydroxy propionic acid) which is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, organic compound with no toxic effect, a very inevitable and versatile chemical used in the Food, cosmetics, textile, and pharmaceutical industries for very long years. Lactic acid was produced as non-racemic when specific microbial strains were used; therefore, microbial fermentation gained more attention. Albeit the substratum used for the microbial fermentation price is much exorbitant. Wherefore, identifying the best and cheap substrates is a bottleneck for the scientific community. Sugarcane molasses is the best source of components for microbial growth and cheap raw material for Lactic acid fermentation. This study produced sustainable lactic acid from sugarcane molasses by the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J2V2AA strain with a higher production of 178 gm/L/24 h. The produced lactic acid was characterized and analyzed by UV-Visible Spectrum, FTIR Spectrum, TLC, and HPLC.
Lignin was extracted from sugarcane bagasse via different chemical procedures with ethanol and alkaline solutions. The products (EL, AL) were characterized by UV, FT-IR, C-13 NMR, TGA, GPC and potentiometric titration. The results indicated AL had more phenolic hydroxyl (Ph-OH) and methoxyl groups (-OCH3), and larger molecular mass and better thermal stability than EL. The lignins were further evaluated as potential antioxidants. The results demonstrated the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of AL was 79.0\%, 91.3\% higher than EL at the concentration of 300 mg L-1. The stronger antioxidant activity of AL was due to its higher quantities of Ph-OH and -OCH3 groups. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND The aims of this study are to (i) evaluate the effects of color enhancers, caramel (C) and molasses (M), on acrylamide and 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) formation in non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) and to (ii) perform nine-point hedonic scale and evaluation of sensory attributes, encompassing the appearance, flavor, texture and aftertaste, by 71 consumers on NCS, NCS\_C, and NCS products made with a blend of molasses and sugar (NCS\_MS) and steam processing (NCS\_S). RESULTS With the addition of molasses and caramel at the maximum allowable level of 5 g kg(-1)in sugarcane juice, significantly greater acrylamide or HMF did not accumulate in NCS\_C and NCS\_M during the thermal manufacturing process, while color values of NCS\_C significantly changed (P < 0.05). The increases in acrylamide and HMF contents were influenced by pH because they were produced by the Maillard reaction. Hedonic responses showed that NCS\_MS was rated with the highest score for overall acceptance, whereas NCS\_S, with the lowest content of acrylamide, exhibited the lowest score for every attribute. In addition, the appearance acceptance score of NCS\_C was significantly higher than that of NCS (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also found between NCS and NCS\_C in the frequency of 9 of 16 items with which consumers selected to characterize the appearance in a check-all-that-apply questionnaire (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The association between hedonic evaluations and sensory profiles in visual attributes of NCS\_C indicated that caramel could be a promising addition in Maillard reaction-mitigated NCS products to improve consumer preferences through color strengthening without safety concerns. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
In this study, a repeated-batch fermentation of hemicellulosic sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was investigated to produce bioethanol using two xylose-fermenting yeasts, Scheffersomyces stipitis and Scheffersomyces shehatae. First, diluted-acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at 150 mg H2SO4/g dry bagasse and 127 degrees C for 10 min, followed by concentration (3.5-fold), and detoxification process led to a hemicellulosic hydrolysate containing 48.97 g L-1 xylose. The hemicellulosic hydrolysate was fermented using repeated-batch operation and studying the performance of S. stipitis and S. shehatae yeasts. The results showed that fermentative parameters through the repeated-batch were significantly increased, and the ability of yeasts was maintained during the two cycles (a total of third rounds). Furthermore, S. shehatae was 85\% more efficient in xylose to ethanol conversion than S. stipitis, producing 21.5 g L-1 ethanol that corresponds to Y-P/S = 0.436 g g(-1) and Q(P) = 0.241 g L-1 h(-1). In general, the use of sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic fraction has been proved an excellent alternative to boost bioethanol production together the use of cellulose fraction, to replace fossil fuels. This work showed that the repeated-batch operation and S. shehatae yeast are possible combinations for industrial ethanol production from lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
One-phase model have been reported to describing the simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a horizontal drum partially filled by sugarcane bagasse with attention to the loss of water promoted by the increase of temperature. Mass and energy balances were written in MatLab language and solved by finite difference method. Predicted temporal and spatial profiles of moisture content and temperature are shown. Experimental tests were carried out in a horizontal drum and the temporal profiles were obtained. Great adjustments between experimental and predicted data were observed, indicating that the model is able to describe the transport phenomena in this system.
Each year, billions of tons of agricultural waste are generated globally. Egypt, being an agriculturally centered nation, faces significant challenges in disposing of this waste and coping with self-germinating plants that negatively impact agriculture. The common practice among farmers is to burn the waste, which exacerbates environmental concerns. With the global shift towards eco-friendly concrete, this study explores the utilization of agricultural waste ashes, particularly those abundant in Egypt and numerous other countries worldwide. Among the researched waste ashes are Phragmites ash (PGA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), rice husk ash (RHA), and rice straw ash (RSA). This investigation examines the impact of partially substituting cement with varying ash percentages from these wastes on the characteristics and properties of fresh and hardened high-strength self-compacting self-curing concrete (HSSCSCC). The findings indicate the potential applicability of these ashes in producing HSSCSCC, specifically highlighting the promising outcome of PG ash, which exhibited favorable results as a new type of natural ash suitable for the concrete industry.
This paper tries to enlarge existing knowledge on the morphology and chemical composition of Mexican sugarcane bagasse carrying out a morphological and chemical analysis of the main fractions, fiber bundles and pith, consisting of vessels and parenchyma. The cell dimensions of the two fractions were determined as well as their chemical composition. Morphology as well as chemical composition of the two fractions are different. Average length of fibers was higher than I mm and the ratio fiber length: fiber diameter was the highest of all cell types investigated in this paper. Fibers had a high cell wall thickness which contributes to the stability of these tissue elements. On the other hand, the parenchyma cells were very snort with a fairly high diameter and a thin cell wall. Such structure has a negative impact on the papermaking properties of bagasse. Chemical analysis of the two fractions revealed that ash content and hot water extractives of the pith fraction is much higher than for the fiber bundles.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with ammonium hydroxide, and the effectiveness of the pretreatment on enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol production was examined. Bagasse was soaked in ammonium hydroxide and water at a ratio of 1:0.5:8 for 0-4 days at 70 A degrees C. Approximately, 14-45 \% lignin, 2-6 \% cellulose, and 13-22 \% hemicellulose were removed during a 0.5- to 4-day ammonia soaking period. The highest glucan conversion of sugarcane bagasse soaked in dilute ammonia at moderate temperature by cellulase was accomplished at 78 \% with 75 \% of the theoretical ethanol yield. Under the same conditions, untreated bagasse resulted in a cellulose digestibility of 29 and 27 \% of the theoretical ethanol yield. The increased enzymatic digestibility and ethanol yields after dilute ammonia pretreatment was related to a combined effect of the removal of lignin and increase in the surface area of fibers.
The consolidation of the industrial production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol relies on the improvement of the economics of the process. Within this general scope, this paper addresses one aspect that impacts the costs of the biochemical route for producing 2G bioethanol: defining optimal operational policies for the reactor running the enzymatic hydrolysis of the C6 biomass fraction. The use of fed-batch reactors is one common choice for this process, aiming at maximum yields and productivities. The optimization problem for fed-batch reactors usually consists in determining substrate feeding profiles, in order to maximize some performance index. In the present control problem, the performance index and the system dynamics are both linear with respect to the control variable (the trajectory of substrate feed flow). Simple Michaelis-Menten pseudo-homogeneous kinetic models with product inhibition were used in the dynamic modeling of a fed-bath reactor, and two feeding policies were implemented and validated in bench-scale reactors processing pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. The first approach applied classical optimal control theory. The second policy was defined with the purpose of sustaining high rates of glucose production, adding enzyme (AccelleraseA (R) 1500) and substrate simultaneously during the reaction course. A methodology is described, which used economical criteria for comparing the performance of the reactor operating in successive batches and in fed-batch modes. Fed-batch mode was less sensitive to enzyme prices than successive batches. Process intensification in the fed-batch reactor led to glucose final concentrations around 200 g/L.
Sugar industries produce vast quantity of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste which is used as raw material by biorefineries; however, the resulted pretreated waste or fermented residues remain unaddressed. Keeping sustainable utilization in view, recycling of pretreated SCB through composting was conducted for an eco-friendly waste management approach. This study was designed to recycle and evaluate biodegradation of different types of chemically pretreated and fermented SCB that were used as bulking agent under composting condition while untreated SCB set as control. After 112 days, composts were considered mature at 23-29 degrees C with pH 7.1-7.3 and 30-35\% moisture content. Gravimetric analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy suggested that pretreated and untreated composted SCB showed significant cellulose reduction and delignification, respectively. Black gram seeds (Vigna mungo) were selected for phytotoxic test that showed germination index using compost extract > 80\%, significantly higher than composted cattle manure and chemical fertilizer. Water holding capacity (WHC) of compost was highest in the case of fermented SCB suggesting the formation of better textured compost. Taken together, composting of chemically pretreated and fermented SCB resulted in improved biodegradation of lignocellulosic waste with better WHC and no phytotoxicity. The results may lead towards the establishment of a zero-waste sugarcane bagasse biorefinery.
This research shows results about the use of recycled tire polymer fibers (RTPF) and sugarcane molasses, both blended with kaolin clay for soil improving applications. RTPF were obtained from a tire recycled company and the molasses was obtained from a sugarcane manufacturer. Both materials are considered as wastes in some locations and therefore the first positive impact of this research is to have a green solution for these by-products. The materials characterization was performed with scanning electron microscopy and compression strength tests. Results showed that unconfined compressive strength improved from about 1419 kPa for the sample without the addition of fibers and molasses to 2037 kPa for the sample with 0.1 wt\% of fibers and 2.0 wt\% molasses, contents taken with respect to the dry weight of the soil.
Sugarcane bagasse is an important lignocellulosic by-product with potential for conversion to biofuels and chemicals in biorefinery. As a step towards an understanding of microbial diversity and the processes existing in bagasse collection sites, the microbial community in industrial bagasse feedstock piles was investigated. Molecular biodiversity analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed the presence of a complex bacterial community. A diverse group of mainly aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria was identified reflecting the aerobic and high temperature microenvironmental conditions under the pile surface. The major bacterial taxa present were identified as Firmicutes, Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Analysis of the eukaryotic microbial assemblage based on an internal transcribed spacer revealed the predominance of diverse cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic ascomycota. A microbial interaction model is proposed, focusing on lignocellulose degradation and methane metabolism. The insights into the microbial community in this study provide a basis for efficient utilization of bagasse in lignocellulosic biomass-based industries.
In this study, a mild-temperature two-step dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment (DA-AL) process was developed to generate highly digestible cellulose pulp from sugarcane bagasse for producing fermentable sugars by novel thermophilic cellulases derived from Phomopsis stipata SC 04. First, DA pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at 2\% (w/v) H2SO4 and 121 degrees C for 71 min, followed by AL pretreatment at 2.2\% (w/v) NaOH and 110 degrees C for 100 min led to the pulp containing 86\% cellulose. The cellulose pulp was hydrolyzed by the immobilized P. stipata cellulase on Ca-alginate beads, following optimization of immobilization conditions. The results showed that mixing the cellulase extract and sodium alginate solutions at a volume ratio of 1:4 led to the highest immobilization efficiencies of 99.83\% for beta-glucosidase and 97.52\% for endoglucanase while the enzyme leakage was the lowest. The use of the immobilized cellulases led to a cellulose digestibility of 30\% in the initial batch and recycling of the immobilized cellulases reduced cellulose digestibility to 18\% after s recycling for two times (a total of third rounds). Overall, this study provides useful information in the use of a mild pretreatment process to produce highly digestible cellulose pulp and in the immobilization of thermophilic cellulases to produce fermentable sugars from pretreated biomass.
The use of hemicellulosic hydrolysates in bioprocesses requires supplementation as to ensure the best fermentative performance of microorganisms. However, in light of conflicting data in the literature, it is necessary to establish an inexpensive and applicable medium for the development of bioprocesses. This paper evaluates the fermentative performance of Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis and Candida guilliermondii growth in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate supplemented with different nitrogen sources including rice bran extract, an important by-product of agroindustry and source of vitamins and amino acids. Experiments were carried out with hydrolysate supplemented with rice bran extract and (NH4)(2)SO4; peptone and yeast extract; (NH4)(2)SO4, peptone and yeast extract and non-supplemented hydrolysate as a control. S. stipitis produced only ethanol, while C. guilliermondii produced xylitol as the main product and ethanol as by-product. Maximum ethanol production by S. stipitis was observed when sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate was supplemented with (NH4)(2)SO4, peptone and yeast extract. Differently, the maximum xylitol formation by C. guilliermondii was obtained by employing hydrolysate supplemented with (NH4)(2)SO4 and rice bran extract. Together, these findings indicate that: a) for both yeasts (NH4)(2)SO4 was required as an inorganic nitrogen source to supplement sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate; b) for S. stipitis, sugarcane hemicellulosic hydrolysate must be supplemented with peptone and yeast extract as organic nitrogen source; and: c) for C. guilliermondii, it must be supplemented with rice bran extract. The present study designed a fermentation medium employing hemicellulosic hydrolysate and provides a basis for studies about value-added products as ethanol and xylitol from lignocellulosic materials.
Our objective was to characterize changes in cell wall composition and digestibility of sugarcane bagasse, pith from bagasse, and wheat straw after treatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP). The AHP treatment solution contained 1 \% H2O2 (wt/vol) maintained at pH 11.5 with NaOH. The H2O2 in solution amounted to 25 \% of the quantity of substrate treated. After treatment, residues were washed and dried. Detergent fiber composition, total fiber components (neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin, and noncore lignin phenolic acids), IVDMD, in vitro digestion kinetics of NDF, and monosaccharide digestibilities (24 and 120 h) were determined. Total fiber (TF) and NDF concentrations of all treatment residues were increased (P < .05) over control substrates by AHP because of greater losses of cell solubles than of cell wall constituents. Hemicellulose:cellulose ratio in NDF of treatment residues was decreased (P < .05) by AHP for all substrates, but the neutral sugar composition of TF did not agree with this preferential loss of hemicellulose components. Klason lignin, ADL, and esterified noncore lignin, especially ferulic acid, were reduced (P < .05) by AHP, whereas etherified noncore lignin composition was unchanged. Treatment increased (P < .05) IVDMD, extent of NDF digestion, and monosaccharide digestibilities of all crop residues. The rate of NDF digestion was increased (P < .05) for the sugarcane residues but not for wheat straw. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide improved crop residue digestibility, probably as a result of the removal of core and noncore lignin fractions.
Magnetic paper sheets were prepared from bleached sugarcane bagasse fibers and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles by lumen loading method. Sugarcane bagasse is an important fibrous raw material widely used worldwide for papermaking, whereas cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is an appropriate material for fibers modification given their magnetic properties. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthetized by coprecipitation method and coated with silica by hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) molecules. Then, silica coated magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with polyethylenimine (PEI), as retention aid, by electrostatic bonding. It was observed that the loading degree of magnetic fibers depends on nanoparticles concentration and PEI dosage, which was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows the deposition of coated nanoparticles on the surface and into macropores of fibers. All samples exhibited ferromagnetic behavior. The coercivity values of magnetic fibers are higher than 0.2 kOe. This indicates that these fibers could be used to produce paper for magnetic recording purposes. Magnetic papers with 10 and 20\% of modified fibers were manufactured. Brightness and tensile index of papers were decreased with the rise of loading degree. CIEL{*
The use of alternative materials such as lignocellulosic residues in the production of particleboards has increased considering that these residues are produced in large volumes and often do not have an appropriate destination. This research studied the use of residues from cellulose industries, sugarcane bagasse, and castor oil-based polyurethane resin in the production of wooden panels and evaluated the influence of using these residues on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels. The products were manufactured according to the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810 and the requirements of the panels were evaluated based on national and international standards. All treatments partially met the regulatory requirements. The addition of bagasse led to an improvement in physical and mechanical properties, with treatment 2 (50\% wood residue and 50\% bagasse) presenting the best performance, which indicates the possibility of using panels with residues with non-structural purpose in environments to improve the thermoacoustic performance of rural buildings. The statistical analysis indicated that the percentage of bagasse was significant, improving the evaluated properties.
Dilute acetic acid was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse with 180 degrees C steam explosion prior to anaerobic digestion. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to recognize the optimum condition of pre-treatment sugarcane bagasse for biogas production. The individual variable effects of acetic acid concentration and reaction time on enhancing biogas production were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Data obtained from RSM analysis on biogas production were depending on analysis of variance (ANOVA). After optimization, the optimum pre-treatment condition was at 1.0\% acetic, 17.45 mm reaction time, while the maximum biogas production (434.47 L/kgVS) was 91.88\% higher than the control (226.42 L/kgVS). Hence the optimum pre-treatment conditions for maximum biogas production were obtained by RSM analysis. It can be concluded that dilute acetic acid and steam explosion techniques can be used to achieve higher biogas.
The current study investigated whether untreated and pretreated molasses is suitable for Messastrum gracile growth and the influence of extracts of macrophyte species used as culture media. There was a difference in nutrient composition of the macrophyte culture media with high concentrations of P and N (60 mg L-1) in Salvinia auriculata extract culture medium. When exposed to sugarcane molasses, the availability of these nutrients in the culture medium did not directly affect microalgae growth, since the highest growth rate (k = 0.22) and cell density (204 x 10(5) cells mL(-1)) were observed in Lemna minor culture medium, where N and P concentrations were below 0.3 mg L-1. In macrophyte culture media, total inorganic nitrogen concentrations were higher than total phosphorous. Lipid contents were different under both mixotrophic conditions; they were higher under untreated molasses, except S. auriculata culture medium; however, protein contents under two conditions were lower than 24\% biomass dry weight. Low-cost production with annual costs of US\$ 961.62 and annual biomass production of US\$ 5.20 per tonne dry biomass was observed. Current analysis shows that sugarcane molasses (under untreated and pretreated) is not a good alternative to improve and maintain M. gracile, although the opposite occurred with macrophyte culture media that have low cost and high nutrient concentrations enabling the cultivation of this microalga in laboratory.
This paper refers to the new proposal of pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse with microwave associated to glycerol, seeking greater release of fermentable sugars during enzymatic hydrolysis. The residue was subjected to microwave irradiation for 5 min with distilled water, phosphoric acid (pH 3.0) and glycerol (100\%) before being enzymatically hydrolyzed using cellulase enzyme extract Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7. and the commercial enzyme cocktail Celluclast 1.5 LA variety of analyses including measurement of BET surface analysis, MET, TGA, DTG, DSC, ATR-FTIR and PAD-HPLC were used to facilitate the understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the solid fraction resulting from pre-treatment. Infrared spectra of untreated and treated bagasse in microwave irradiation and glycerol showed significant differences in the regions 1635, 1600 and 1510 related vibration of the aromatic ring, and the band at 1100 cm(-1) is attributed to an overlap of C-O-H elongation of primary and secondary alcohols and at 980 cm(-1) to stretching of glycosidic linkages C-O-C. The thermal analysis showed that the bagasse treated in a microwave irradiation and glycerol has higher thermal stability compared to the untreated bagasse. The experimental results indicated that 5.4 and 11.3\% w/w of lignin and xylan fractions, respectively, are degraded after pretreatment of bagasse in microwave heating with glycerol. The highest yields of hydrolysis of hemicellulose (22.4\%) and cellulose (40.2\%) w/w were obtained in the reaction mixture containing the enzyme and Celluclast commercial cane bagasse treated in a microwave irradiation and glycerol after 24 h of incubation. The association of microwave and glycerol is a new alternative to deconstruction of lignocellulose structure. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The efficiency of individual and integrated processes applied to organic matter reduction and biodegradability improvement of a biodigested sugarcane vinasse wastewater was assessed. Strategies considered were Fenton's oxidation (Strategy 1), coagulation/flocculation (Strategy 2) and the combination of both processes (coagulation/flocculation followed by Fenton's reaction) - Strategy 3. It was found that Fenton's oxidation per se allowed reducing the organic matter, increasing the wastewater biodegradability and a non-toxic effluent was generated; however the cost of treatment was very high (86.6 R\$/m(3) 21.2(sic)/m(3)). Under optimized conditions, coagulation/flocculation provided a slight increase in effluent's biodegradability, toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri was also eliminated and moderate removals of total organic carbon - TOC - (30.5\%), biological oxygen demand - BOD5 - (27.9\%) and chemical oxygen demand - COD - (43.6\%) were achieved; however, the operating costs are much smaller. The use of dissolved iron resulting from coagulation/flocculation (270 mg/L) as catalyst in the second stage Fenton's oxidation was shown to be an innovative and economically attractive strategy. Under optimal conditions overall removals of 51.6\% for TOC, 45.7\% for BOD5 and 69.2\% for COD were achieved, and a biodegradable (BOD5:COD ratio = 0.54) and non-toxic effluent was obtained. In order to increase the efficiency of the process but using less hydrogen peroxide, the Fenton's oxidation was performed by gradually adding the oxidant. This procedure allowed to obtain the highest organic matter removal efficiency (as compared with the addition of all hydrogen peroxide at the beginning of the reaction). This way it was possible to minimize the reagent consumption and, consequently, reduce the treatment cost. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction of xanthate group onto sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse has been investigated for the removal of cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, and copper from their aqueous media. The charred xanthated sugarcane bagasse (CXSB) was found to have significant adsorption capacity which is more than that of various bio-sorbents mentioned in the available literatures. The newly developed bio-sorbent was characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA/DTA, and elemental analysis. The velocity of sorption of the tested metals was fast, reaching equilibrium within 40min. The maximum loading capacities was found to be 225 for Cd(II), 318 for Pb(II), 144 for Ni(II), 164 for Zn(II), and 178 for Cu(II) mg g-1, respectively. The fast kinetics results and high adsorption capacity indicated that CXSB can be applied as the selective adsorbent for the treatment of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.
Integral sugarcane bagasse fibres of about 2 cm length that were pre-treated for removal of greases and sugars were carboxymethylated on their surface, retaining about 20\% of impurities (as insoluble material and water). The fibres were doped with Fe2+ ion, by dipping in aqueous iron chloride solutions of different concentrations. This material was used to remove phosphate from water. Thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry - DSC) and infrared spectroscopy - FTIR show the occurrence of important changes on carboxymethylated fibres after incorporation of Fe2+ and PO43-. Non-carboxymethylated fibres, also treated with the iron solutions, also showed a good level of capture of phosphate from an aqueous solution. The chemical modification increases Fe2+ ion adsorption on the fibre surface, increasing the efficiency of phosphate adsorption. Apparently, the process of modification, without incorporation of Fe2+, also improves phosphate retention. When about 4\% of iron is adsorbed on the fibres, 97\% of phosphate is captured on the carboxymethylated material and 94\% on the non-carboxymethylated material. The absorption data fit both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. when quantified by measuring the monolayer adsorption in the Langmuir isotherm model, the presence of Fe2+ ions on the surface fibres increases the phosphate adsorption capacity by about 45\%. Our results (Q max = 152 mg/g) are far superior or in the same order of magnitude, when compared with literature data, with the advantage be the raw material, waste of biomass, only somewhat changed chemically and even after the modifications compose materials harmless to the environment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study evaluated the effect of organic loading rate (OLR) on hydrogen production in up-flow anaerobic packed bed reactors (APBR) continuously fed with sugarcane vinasse. Four thermophilic up-flow APBR were operated in parallel at different ORL. Continuous hydrogen production was detected. The optimum OLR of 84.2 kg-COD m(-3) d(-1) was assessed by polynomial adjustment, which predicted a maximum Volumetric Hydrogen Production (VHP) and hydrogen yield (Y-H2) of 1117.2 mL-H-2 d(-1) L-reactor(-1) and 2.4 mol-H-2 mol(total carbohydrates)(-1), respectively. The microbial composition was monitored using 16S rRNA gene by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and quantification of Fe-hydrogenase gene by real-time PCR which was affected by the OLR. The number of the Fe-hydrogenase genes was proportional to the monitored hydrogen production and yield. Hydrogen-producing strains were isolated, and the 16S rRNA gene sequences were highly homologous to those of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccarolyticum. The ability of vinasse as substrate for hydrogen production was confirmed for both strains. Copyright (c) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A continuous fixed-bed study was carried out using polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified sugarcane bagasse as low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Novacron Orange P-2R reactive dye. The effect of different process parameters viz. bed height (1-3)cm, flow rate (3.6-7.2)mL/min, and initial dye concentration (25-75)mg/L on the biosorption capacity of PEI-modified sugarcane bagasse was investigated. The optimum bed height, flow rate, and initial dye concentration were found to be 3cm, 3.6mL/min, and 75mg/L, respectively. The optimum biosorption capacities were observed to be 20.25 and 23.62mg/g. The results suggested that the biosorption capacity and breakthrough curves were depended on process parameters. Data obtained from dynamic study were evaluated using the Thomas and Bed Depth Service Time models. Both of these models showed the good fitness and close agreement with experimental results at all experimental conditions, which indicated that both were well fitted for PEI-modified sugarcane bagasse. The results showed that the PEI-modified sugarcane bagasse could be used as a low-cost and efficient fixed-bed biosorbent for the elimination of the reactive dye from aqueous solution in column mode. The novelty of this work is the good efficiency of this PEI-treated agro waste for removal of this widely used reactive dye in continuous mode.
Sugarcane molasses are considered a potential source for bioethanol's commercial production because of its availability and low market price. It contains high concentrations of fermentable sugars that can be directly metabolized by microbial fermentation. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, especially Lactiplantibacillus casei, have a high potential to be a biocatalyst in ethanol production that they are characterized by strong abilities of carbohydrate metabolism, ethanol synthesis, and high alcohol tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of producing ethanol by Lactiplantibacillus casei used the ethanologen engineering strain L. casei E1 as a starter culture and cane molasses as substrate medium. The effects of environmental factors on the metabolism of L. casei E1 were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and the gene expression of key enzymes in carbon source metabolism was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results showed that the strain could grow well, ferment sugar quickly in cane molasses. By fermenting this bacterium anaerobically at 37 degrees C for 36 h incubation in 5 degrees BX molasses when the fermenter's pH was controlled at 6.0, ethanol yield reached 13.77 g/L, and carbohydrate utilization percentage was 78.60\%. RT-qPCR results verified the strain preferentially ferment glucose and fructose of molasses to ethanol at the molecular level. In addition, the metabolism of sugars, especially fructose, would be inhibited by elevating acidity. Our findings support the theoretical basis for exploring Lactic acid bacteria as a starter culture for converting sugarcane molasses into ethanol.
This current work is concerned with the glutarylation of sugarcane bagasse cellulose in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride by ultrasound irradiation without catalyst. The degree of substitution ranging from 0.22 to 1.20 was obtained in one-step homogeneous modification, which increased with ultrasound irradiation time, temperature, and the molar ratio of glutaric anhydride/anhydroglucose unit in cellulose. The structural characterization of the glutarylated cellulose was carried out by using FT-IR and CP/MAS C-13 NMR and the results showed that the glutarylation reaction occurred. The thermal stability of the glutarylated cellulose decreased upon chemical modification. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse was subjected to fast pyrolysis in a bench scale reactor to investigate the effects of pyrolysis conditions on final product distribution and properties. Van Krevelen diagram showed lowest values of H/C and O/C for bio-char followed by bio-oil. Highest bio-oil yield of 60.4\% was achieved at 500(degrees)C while maximum heating value of 24.7 MJ.kg(-1) was found at 600 degrees C. Increasing size of bagasse decreased both bio-oil ratio and higher heating value (HHV). An increase and decrease in bio-char yield were seen with increase in bagasse size and pyrolysis temperature, respectively. HHV of bio-char was recorded 27.8 MJ.kg(-1) at 600 degrees C which decreased with further increase in temperature and bagasse size. Increase in both temperature and bagasse size increased gaseous ratio.
Sugarcane bagasse was delignified by a single-stage peracetic acid (PAA) pulping process. It was found that temperature, pulping time, PAA loading, and liquor ratio all had very significant effects on pulp yield, kappa number (KN), degree of delignification, and holocellulose degradation. The optimum condition for single-stage PAA pulping was as follows: temperature of 75 degrees C, PAA loading of 50\%, liquor ratio of 4:1, and pulping time of 2 h. Under this condition, pulp with 53.7\% yield, 11.3 kappa number, 51.12\% ISO brightness, and 900 degree of polymerization were obtained. Compared with a kraft process, single-stage PAA pulping could obtain higher pulp yield and brightness, lower kappa number, and less degradation of carbohydrates. However, more chemicals were consumed in PAA pulping and the degree of polymerization of the pulp as well as some mechanical properties were a little lower than that of kraft pulp. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that PAA pulp had a lower lateral order index (LOI) and higher infrared crystallization index than kraft pulp. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the two pulps had similar pulp crystallinity index, and kraft pulp had a larger average crystallite size than PAA pulp.
Biomass is an important renewable and sustainable source of energy. The rational utilization of biomass wastes is important not only for the prevention of environmental issues, but also for the effective utilization of natural resources. Reducing sugar, as a biomass energy precursor, can be further transformed to fuel alcohol in a fermentation process. Sub-critical water is an environmentally friendly solvent and attractive reaction medium. This study deals with the production of reducing sugar from sugarcane bagasse by hydrolysis in sub-critical water and the hydrolysis kinetics of sugarcane bagasse. Kinetics was conducted in a temperature range of 200-240A degrees C using a 200-ml stainless steel batch reactor. A simplified kinetic model based on a parallel and consecutive reaction was proposed. The differential equations resulting from the model were fit to experimental data to obtain kinetic rate constants. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor were determined. A good agreement between the simplified model and the experimental data was obtained. The experimental results show that the best hydrolysis technology involves a reaction temperature of 240A degrees C, and a reaction time of 120 s. Under these conditions, the reducing sugar yield reaches 61.5\%.
Ashes from biomass burning, such as from sugarcane bagasse, have great potential as supplementary cementitious materials. The sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) possesses high pozzolanicity. However, limited studies have investigated the influence of SCBA on the durability of concrete. A knowledge gap exists regarding the influence of these ashes on the lifetime of reinforced concrete in terms of chloride migration and carbonation. Moreover, additional studies on the effects of SCBA on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) are essential because this ash generally has a high alkali content. In this study, the effects of adding 5\%, 10\%, and 15\% SCBA on the properties and durability (chloride migration, carbonation, and alkali-aggregate reaction) of concrete were investigated. Furthermore, the SCBA pozzolanicity was evaluated and lifetime estimations in terms of chloride ingress and carbonation were performed. The studied ash demonstrated high pozzolanic activity, which reduced the porosity and water absorption by capillarity and increased the mechanical strength of the concrete. However, because the alkaline reserve was reduced, the concrete with SCBA exhibited a higher carbonation rate (up to 69\%) and a shorter lifetime regarding carbonation. Nevertheless, all concrete specimens had a lifetime of more than 50 years in an industrial environment, except for that with 15\% SCBA. Adding SCBA also reduced the chloride diffusion coefficients, increasing the lifetime by up to 97.3\%. SCBA addition of up to 5\% mitigated the ASR owing to the pozzolanic reaction and additional C-S-H formation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is the top produced crop in the Philippines (similar to 32.4 MT/yr), generating similar to 5.1 MT/yr of dry sugarcane bagasse (SCB) each year. However, fuel characteristics of SCB are unsuitable for industrial applications. A method shown to be effective in improving the quality of solid fuels is through torrefaction. Thus, torrefaction of SCB under various temperatures (250-350 degrees C) and times (0-75 min) were investigated under minimized oxidative atmosphere, eliminating the need for an inert gaseous medium. Aside from typical torrefaction responses measured (mass and energy yields), combustion indices (fuel ratio, combustibility and ignitability) and moisture reabsorption were also used to determine the added-value of the torrefaction process. Torrefied SCB resulted in the improvement of various fuel characteristics making it suitable for both domestic and industrial applications. The fixed-carbon content was found to increase not only due to the volatilization of volatiles but also owing to the formation of char during devolatilization. A pseudo first order kinetics was found to adequately describe the torrefaction of bagasse. The higher heating value (HHV) was improved to as much as similar to 26 MJ/kg. Both temperature and time were found to have significant influence on the improvement of the fuel characteristics during torrefaction. However, torrefaction time beyond 60 min did not further improve the fuel characteristics of torrefied SCB. Moreover, combustion indices were found to be good indicators of the torrefaction performance and in the identification of the optimum torrefaction conditions.
In this study, the feasibility of gas stripping technique was studied for Brazilian sugarcane industry conditions: Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and sugarcane molasses as raw material. The experimental trials were carried out in batch into two levels of gas flow rate (4 and 6 L/min) and sugar concentration (170 and 250 g/L). Results showed that the gas stripping technique was effective since ethanol concentration was maintained below threshold of toxicity (no more than 60 g/L in all cases), as well as sugar containing was consumed almost completely. Furthermore, a mixed mathematical model combining a complex term for the ethanol entrainment from gas stripping fermentation was proposed based in robust models for sugarcane molasses previously presented in literature. ParametersY(px), mu(max), P-max, Y-x, X-max were estimated and presented itself within previous ranges validated for sugarcane molasses. The methodology of parameters estimation using genetic algorithms showed to have good performance, and the model was able to predict the data set of glucose, biomass and ethanol concentrations in low and high levels of sugarcane molasses in the broth, with only one set of parameters. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In recent years, growing attention has been focused on the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for the production of ethanol, a possible renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Several pretreatment processes have been developed for decreasing the biomass recalcitrance, but only a few of them seem to be promising. In this study, effect of various organic solvents and organic acids on the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was studied. Among the different organic acids and organic solvents tested, formic acid was found to be effective. Optimization of process parameters for formic acid pretreatment was carried out. The structural changes before and rifler pretreatment was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The X-ray diffraction profile showed that the degree of crystallinity was more for pretreated biomass than that of untreated. The FTIR spectra shown at the stretching of hydrogen bonds of pretreated sugarcane bagasse arose at higher number. It also revealed that the cellulose content in the solid residue increased because the hemicelluloses fraction in raw materials was released by acid hydrolytic reaction.
A simplified kinetic model for autohydrolysis of hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse was evaluated in the context of a global process in a batch reactor. In this work, all sugars, oligomers, and decomposition products from hemicelluloses were taken into account in the determination of kinetic parameters. This approach has not been reported in previous kinetic studies which assume just the xylan, xylose, and furfural as compounds from hemicelluloses. Experimental results for hemicelluloses removal from residual solids and dissolved fractions in the liquor are reported at various temperatures and reaction times. Because of the decomposition of sugars in the pretreatment liquors, optimal temperatures and reaction times were maintained at 170 A degrees C and 90 min. Under these conditions, 61.7 \% of hemicelluloses were converted to oligomeric and monomeric sugars. In addition, 90 \% of cellulose was preserved in the residual solid fraction. Correlation parameters between the kinetic model and experimental data validate the proposed model, although deviations from an Arrhenius-type model were observed. The reaction steps for production of oligomers, monomers, and sugar derivatives/decomposition compounds present activation energies of 143.1, 158.9, and 138.3 kJ/mol, respectively.
Solubilization of sugarcane bagasse was performed in autoclave by alkaline treatment at 121 degrees C for one hour to follow the release of its main components. The major products extracted were p-coumaric acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, and syringic acid, whose concentrations increased significantly with increasing the concentration of the NaOH solution up to 2.0 M or decreasing the liquid/solid ratio of the raw material to be treated to 50 g/g, respectively. These aromatic compounds could be usefully exploited in food industry because of their antioxidant power; however, a lot of experimental work is needed to optimize this process.
One of the strategies to reduce the environmental impacts associated with electricity is to employ renewable resources such as biomass or even waste. However, the evaluation of the sustainability of a power plant depends on the development of several analyses, which should encompass thermodynamic and environmental parameters. Energy, exergy, and exergoenvironmental assessments are carried out for a sugarcane bagasse cogeneration system, along with a Life Cycle Assessment for the Brazilian sugarcane bagasse, employing the Ecoindicator 99 method. The specific environmental impacts of electricity and steam are 6.023 mPt/MJ and 4.038 mPt/MJ, respectively, and the boiler feed pump and radiator presented the highest average environmental impact per exergy of fuel and product, respectively. The component with the highest exergoenvironmental factor was the furnace (60.32\%), demonstrating margins for benefits in the formation of pollutants and destruction of exergy. Exergoenvironmental assessments can be utilized to support the adoption of more efficient (although more complex) cogeneration systems, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis.
The primary focus of this work was to recover lignin and investigate the structural changes in sugarcane bagasse after pretreatment with ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
Electron beam irradiation of sugarcane bagasse at doses of 250 and 500 kGy could change its cell wall composition and ruminal fiber degradation characteristics by breaking off the lignocellulosic bonds. Nylon bags of untreated or electron beam-irradiated bagasse were suspended in the rumen of 3 fistulated rams for up to 72 h, and the resulting data were fitted to a nonlinear degradation model to calculate the degradation parameters of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Irradiation had no effect on crude protein, ether extract, and ash, but resulted in a linear decrease of the cell wall contents. An increasing electron beam irradiation dose linearly increased the water soluble fraction, degradable fraction, degradation rate, and effective degradability of the DM and NDF (P < 0.001 for all). At doses of 250 and 500 kGy, the effective degradability of the NDF at a ruminal passage rate of 0.05/h increased by 11\% and 20\%, respectively, compared to the untreated sample. In conclusion, electron beam irradiation can be used to improve the nutritive value of roughages in ruminant nutrition.
Considering bioethanol production, extensive research has been performed to decrease inhibitors produced during pretreatments, to diminish energy input, and to decrease costs. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with NaOH, H2SO4, and water. The higher concentration of phenols, 3.3g/L, was observed in biomass liquid fraction after alkaline pretreatment. Acid pretreatment was responsible to release considerable acetic acid concentration, 2.3g/L, while water-based pretreatment was the only to release formic acid, 0.02g/L. Furans derivatives were not detected in liquid fractions regardless of pretreatment. Furthermore, washing step removed most of the phenols from pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Saccharification of alkali-pretreated biomass plus polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 0.4\% (w/v) enhanced 8 and 26\% the glucose and the xylose release, respectively, while polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) also at 0.4\% (w/v) increased the release by 10 and 31\% of these sugars, respectively, even without washing and filtration steps. Moreover, these polymers cause above 50\% activation of endoglucanase and xylanase activities which are crucial for biomass hydrolysis.
The growth of civil construction and agroindustry, resulting from population growth, caused an increase in the demand for non-renewable resources and for the exploitation of natural resources. Consequently, it caused a greater generation of waste, causing the current scenario to require alternatives for the reuse of these materials. Particleboard panels, for example, used in civil construction, can add value to waste or materials of low acceptance, such as thinning wood, mechanical wood processing waste or agro-industrial waste. Thus, this study proposed to analyse the life cycle of the sugarcane bagasse, considering the stages of extraction of materials and energy resources until their final disposal. This study aimed to compare impacts generated by the production of particleboards panels produced with wood from plantations (pine) and with the sugarcane bagasse. As a result, a better environmental performance was obtained from the panel composed of sugarcane bagasse, as it generated lower environmental impacts in all impact categories studied. The benefits range from the reduction in waste disposed of in landfills, which increase its useful life, the lower demand for reforestation, with steps that generate atmospheric emissions and degrade the soil.
The study had the objective to evaluate the effect of the fertilization with filter cake enriched with soluble phosphate on the sugar yield. The experiment carried at Presidente Prudente-SP, used a randomized complete block design, in the factorial scheme 5 x 4, where the first factor consisted of doses of filter cake (0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 t ha(-1)) and the second, doses of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha(-1) of P2O5), with 4 replicates, totaling 80 plots. The results indicated that phosphorus applied in planting furrows improves the quality of sugarcane raw matter by increasing the levels of soluble solids, total reducing sugars and sucrose in the stalks. The phosphorus also increases the productivity of sugar. The filter cake applied in planting furrow has the potential to partially replace the chemical fertilization with phosphate aiming to improve the quality and the productivity of sugar. The best combination was filter cake at dose between 2.6 and 2.7 t ha(-1) combined with dose between 160 and 190 kg P2O5 ha(-1) for obtaining best response of soluble solids and productivity of sugar.
Three identical upflow laboratory-scale biofilters, inoculated with the benzene-degrading strain Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB 9688 but filled up with different packingmedia (PM), specifically raw sugarcane bagasse, sieved sugarcane bagasse and peat, were employed to eliminate benzene from waste air. Biofilters performances were evaluated by continuous runs in parallel at different influent benzene concentrations, sequentially stepped up through three different superficial gas velocities (31, 61, and 122 m h(-1)). The peat-packed biofilter exhibited the best performances over the whole experimentation, ensuring removal efficiency of 100\% for influent benzene concentrations less than or equal to0.05 g m(-3), regardless of the superficial gas velocity, and up to 0.4 g m(-3) at 31 m h(-1). Maximum elimination capacities of biofilters packed with raw and sieved sugarcane bagasse and with peat were 3.2, 6.4 and 26 g mPM(-3) h(-1) at 6.1, 12 and 31 g mPM(-3) h(-1) loading rates, resulting in 52, 53 and 84\% removals, respectively. The bacterial concentration distribution along the medium was shown to depend on the benzene loading rate and a correlation between specific benzene elimination rate and biomass concentration was established for biofilters packed with sieved sugarcane bagasse and peat. The macrokinetics of the process were also studied using the profiles of benzene and biomass concentrations, collected under different conditions over the height of both biofilters, and a zeroth-order kinetic model was shown to describe successfully the degradation process.
Activated carbons were prepared from the agricultural waste of sugarcane bagasse by the chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at the activation temperature of 500 degreesC with soaking time of 0.5 hour. The influence of activation parameters on the final carbon products was examined by varying the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of added ZnCl2, to bagasse) and bagasse size. The physical properties of carbon products were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (at 77 K) and helium displacement method. The surface area and pore volume of carbons were thus obtained by the BET equation and t-plot method. Also, the particle density and porosity of carbons were estimated by the total pore volume and true density. The increases of the values of surface area and pore volume are approximately proportional to the impregnation ratio. The microporous carbon product with the BET surface area of 905 m(2)/g and total pore volume of 0.44 cm(3)/g was obtained in the present study. Further, the adsorption isotherms of two acid dyes from aqueous solutions onto the carbon products were performed at 30 degreesC. The results show that the adsorption isotherms of acid dyes with high molecular weight or large molecular size on the microporous adsorbents of activated carbons are plateau forms, indicating multilayer adsorptions, which may be attributed to the steric hindrance of the adsorbate molecules.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (O-1(2)), superoxide (O-2), hydroxyl radicals (OH center dot), or hypochlorite ion (OCl-), can remove both hemicellulose and lignin from lignocellulose. Ox-13 (US Patent 6,866,870), an ROS producing solution containing sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide, was investigated for its ability to oxidize sugarcane bagasse. Treatment with equivalent amounts of hypochlorite produced similar results. Ox-B differentiated from hypochlorite when low concentration treatments were used and they were followed by a caustic wash. Cellulases hydrolyzed 80-100\% of the cellulose present after Ox-13/caustic treatment compared to 40\% or less for NaOCl/caustic treatment. Ox-13 treatment was temperature independent and complete within 3 h. It was pH dependent, with best results obtained when the pH was controlled at 8. Although highly effective, in order for Ox-B to be industrially feasible for alcohol production, the chemical cost must decrease to justify its use. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recycled high density polyethylene/sugarcane bagasse fiber composites were prepared by melt mixing using a two-roll mill and compression molding. The effects of the sugarcane bagasse fibers content and the addition of compatibilizing agent maleated polyethylene on the composite properties were studied. The scanning electron micrographs of the compatibilized composites showed clear evidence of good interfacial adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix. The tensile tests revealed that the compatibilized composites provide better tensile strength and modules than the uncompatibilized composites. The elongation at break and the impact strength for all the composites decreased significantly compared to the recycled high density polyethylene. The composites had the same melting temperature and were thermally less stable than that of the recycled high density polyethylene. The presence of maleated polyethylene was found to decrease the water absorption and slightly increase the specific gravity of the composites.
Lignocellulosic materials are rich in cellulose, which can be hydrolyzed into glucose. However, this polysaccharide is associated with lignin and hemicellulose, materials that limit its conversion. The objective of this work was to selectively remove lignin from sugarcane bagasse with sodium chlorite/acetic acid to produce model substrates with lower levels of this component. Control bagasse contained 22.8\% of lignin, and after 4 h of delignification, materials with up to 6.8\% of lignin were obtained, retaining the cellulosic and hemicellulosic contents almost unchanged. The pretreated samples of sugarcane bagasse were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with commercial cellulases. Bagasse samples with lower lignin content were more easily digested by these enzymes. When supplemented with beta-glucosidase, the entire cellulose fraction from the 3- and 4-h treated bagasse was hydrolyzed. Cellulose conversion levels higher than 80\% were obtained when lignin removals were higher than 60\%. Even higher conversions were reached after removing 70\% of the lignin. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work presents kinetic models of cellulose and hemicellulose extraction during hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane straw. Biomass was treated under conditions of 180, 195, and 210 degrees C, using a solid/liquid ratio of 1:10 (w/v). In this study, cellobiose, glucose, formic acid and hydroxymethylfur fural (from cellulosic fraction) and xylose, arabinose, acetic acid, glucuronic acid and furfural (from hemicellulosic fraction) were taken into account in the kinetic parameters determination. The global search algorithm Simulated Annealing was used to fit the models. At 195 degrees C/15 min, 85\% of hemicellulo se and 21\% of cellulose removal was reached. For the confidence regions, it was observed that it can be broad, which is coherent with the fact that the parameters are highly correlated. Kinetic models proposed for both cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions degradation fitted well to the experimental data. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Crude ligninolytic enzyme extracts from Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungi were applied to sugarcane bagasse, prior to thermomechanical (TMP) and chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP), and their properties were compared with the normal TMP and CTMP and also with TMP and CTMP pretreated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and P. chrysosporium fungi. The sugarcane bagasse was impregnated with the crude enzyme extract containing lignin peroxidase (UP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac). The results show that pretreatment with enzyme crude extract is an advantageous way to produce TMP and CTMP from sugarcane bagasse, as compared with only fungal pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatments need only hours to enhance pulping and paper properties, compared with the weeks necessary for fungal treatments. Higher pulp yields were obtained compared with the fungal pretreatments. Enzymatic pretreatment reduced the energy consumption in a proportion similar to that of C. subvermispora fungal pretreatment and increased the pulp tensile index compared with the normal TMP and CTMP pulps, although the tensile strength was somewhat lower than that for pulps from C. subvermispora fungal pretreatment before CTMP processing. An advantage of enzymatic pretreatment is that brightness is increased compared with normal TMP and CTMP processes, whereas fungal pretreatments reduce the brightness.
Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic biomass waste produced from sugar and alcohol production. The aim of this study was to produce cellular lipids from sugarcane bagasse with a biotechnology process using microbial enzymes and lipid-accumulating yeast. Sugarcane bagasse, pre-treated with a steam explosion method, was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by a separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) system, using crude enzymes from a new strain of Trichoderma SG2 (T. SG2) with or without supplementation with a commercial enzyme (Cellic CTec2). The mixture of both enzymes produced substantial amounts of sugar from pretreated sugarcane bagasse. In a multistage SHF process, in the second stage (21 + 21 h), a total of 26.92 g L-1 of sugar was converted. In another stage-wise process (21 + 21+21 h) of hydrolysis of residual biomass, 26.23 g L-1 of sugar was recorded; thus maximizing the production of fermentable sugars from bagasse. The cultivation of Rhodo-torula sp. R1 in sugarcane bagasse enzymatic hydrolysate (BH) for lipid production was evaluated. The enrichment of the hydrolysate with D-glucose, Y-yeast extract, and P-peptone (BH + P20D20/N0.93) and (BH + Y10D20/N0.2) produced 7.69\% and 10.50\% of lipids, respectively. Similar to vegetable oils and other yeasts, the lipids accumulated by Rhodotorula R1 contain mainly elaidic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and a lower percentage of other fatty acids, indicating a suitable composition for biodiesel production.
The effect of leaching with citric acid on the ash fraction removed and the resulting changes in thermal degradation behavior of sugarcane trash (SCT) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB), was studied. A comparison between citric acid and well-known leaching agents including H2SO4, HCl and water, was made considering their effects on chemical, structural and thermal properties of the leached SCT and SCB. Demineralization and potential biomass hydrolysis was evaluated based on proximate and elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For citric acid and the reference leaching solutions, the mass fraction of ash removed was in a narrow range (between 38.9 and 54.1\%) regardless of biomass type and leaching conditions (temperature and time) tested. The nonparametric bifactorial analysis of results revealed that the nature of leaching solution and its interaction with contact time are of major significance when demineralizing both SCT and SCB. Interestingly, no significance of temperature and its interaction with contact time was found. In acid-treated samples, the 1730 cm(-1) IR-band was sharpened while the signal at 1600 cm(-1) was largely attenuated, which could be attributed to the modification of the xylan fraction and to the substitution of C = O by OH groups. These mild structural changes, caused by hydrolysis, demonstrated to be very important for subsequent thermal degradation. The later was confirmed by the disappearance of the hemi-cellulose decomposition peak in the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curve.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was investigated by treating a peroxide-alkaline bagasse with a pineapple stem juice, xylanase and cellulase. Pre-treatment procedures of sugarcane bagasse with alkaline hydrogen peroxide were evaluated and compared. Analyses were performed using 2(4) factorial designs, with pre-treatment time, temperature, magnesium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide concentration as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of cellobiose and glucose released from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. The results show that the highest enzymatic conversion was obtained for bagasse using 2\% hydrogen peroxide at 60 degrees C for 16 h in the presence of 0.5\% magnesium sulfate. Bagasse (5\%) was treated with pineapple stem extract, which contains mixtures of protease and esterase, in combination with xylanase and cellulase. It was observed that the amount of glucose and cellobiose released from bagasse increased with the mixture of enzymes. It is believed that the enzymes present in pineapple extracts are capable of hydrolyze specific linkages that would facilitate the action of digesting plant cell walls enzymes. This increases the amount of glucose and other hexoses that are released during the enzymatic treatment and also reduces the amount of cellulase necessary in a typical hydrolysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, the stepwise synthesis of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) strategy was developed in an attempt to fabricate novel hydrogels consisting of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) as a dual-responsive drug carrier. The pretreated and dissolved SBC was pre-crosslinked using epichlorohydrin in the presence of CMC, followed by in-situ free-radical polymerization of NIPAm in the presence of N,N'-Methylene-bis(acrylamide) as a crosslinking agent. The carboxyl groups in CMC and PNIPAm chains rendered the resulting hydrogel pH and thermal responsive. The results from scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical property testing demonstrated the successful formation of the IPN with proper structure and mechanical strength. The swelling experiments at different temperatures and pH showed the dual-sensibility of the hydrogels. Moreover, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model drug and loaded in the hydrogel; and the drug release behavior was revealed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The results indicated that the dual-responsive IPN hydrogel is of great potential for the controlled release of drug. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is most directly used as fuel; therefore, its economic value is not maximized. Steam explosion and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was investigated to develop an effective process for the production of valuable phenolic compounds from sugarcane bagasse lignin. The influence of steam explosion (temperatures: 190, 200 and 210 A degrees C, and times: 5, 10, 15 and 20 min) as well as UAE (solvent types: 95\% ethanol, 70\% ethanol, distilled water and ethyl acetate, and conditions-powers: 20, 40 and 60 W, and times: 3, 6 and 9 min) was explored. The yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the extract increased with increasing temperature and time, but beyond 10 min at 210 A degrees C, a negative impact was observed. The optimal UAE (40 W and 6 min) using 95\% ethanol gave the highest TPC (29.11 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), the highest TEAC (82.54 mg TE/g), and the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (1.77 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR029 and (7.10 mg/mL) against Escherichia coli O157:H7. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was comparable to that of ascorbic acid. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and sinapic acid. The advantage of UAE over maceration was 10 times shorter time. The results indicated that the phenolic compounds from sugarcane bagasse lignin had a potential use as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial, which caused a great impact on the sugar industry.
Hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by integrating dark-fermentation by Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 2822 and photo-fermentation by Rhodopseudomonas BHU 01 was investigated. The SCB was hydrolysed by sulphuric acid and the hydrolysate detoxified by passing through adsorbent resin column (Amberlite XAD-4) to remove the inhibitory furfural, and subjected to dark-fermentation. The cellulosic residue from acid hydrolysis was hydrolysed by the new isolate Cellulomonas fimi to release sugars for H-2 production by E. aerogenes, through simultaneous saccharification, filtration and fermentation (SSFF). Cumulative H-2 production during dark-fermentation and SSFF was 1000 and 613 ml/L, respectively. The spent media of dark-fermentation and SSFF were utilized for photo-fermentation by Rhodopseudomonas BHU 01. The cumulative H-2 production was 755 ml/L for dark-fermentation and 351 ml/L for SSFF spent medium. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pullulan is a biopolymer used in food industry produced by Aureobasidium pullulans from starch. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate was evaluated as an alternative substrate in fermentation process assisted by blue LED lights. The best fermentation conditions in Erlenmeyer flasks were 25.3 degrees C, stirring speed of 232 rpm and yeast extract concentration of 1.88 g/L, yielding 25.19 g/L of pullulan, that corresponded to yield of 0.48 g/g and 0.28 g/(L.h) of volumetric productivity. By using a column bubble photobioreactor, similar yield values were obtained. Thermal properties of the produced pullulan as glass transition (Tg) and melting (Tm) temperatures were 38 degrees C and 160 degrees C, respectively, which were similar to the corresponding values of commercial food grade pullulan. Therefore, SCB hydrolysate is a promising substrate to produce good quality pullulan (86\% of purity) with application in food industry, besides to represent a new alternative for biorefineries. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse were subjected to microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis at mild temperature to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS). The hydrolysis was performed with dilute H2SO4 at 90 degrees C and the influence of acid concentration (0.1-0.3 M) and reaction time (20-40 min) on the XOS production was ascertained with response surface methodology based on central composite design. The fitted models of XOS and xylose yields were in good agreement with the experimental results. Compared to hydrolysis time, acid concentration was a more significant coefficient in the production of XOS. A well-defined degree of polymerisation of XOS and the monomer in the hydrolysates were quantified. No sugar-degraded byproduct was detected. The maximum XOS yield of 290.2 mg g(-1) was achieved by hydrolysis with 0.24 M H2SO4 for 31 min. The results indicated that the yields of xylose and the byproducts can be controlled by the acid concentration and reaction time in microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Statistical design and mathematical modeling were used to investigate the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (195 degrees C, 7.5 min). First, a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of enzyme loading (8, 24, and 40 FPU g-1 glucans of Cellic CTec3 (R)), stirring speed (100, 150, and 200 rpm), and substrate total solids (5, 12.5, and 20 wt\%) on the release of glucose equivalents (GlcEq, mostly glucose) after hydrolysis for 48 h in batch mode. A simplified kinetic model was used to fit the experimental data, in which specific activities in Cellic CTec3 were not differentiated, enzyme adsorption was ignored, and end-product inhibition was only attributed to glucose accumulation. The adjusted kinetic model was used to predict the effects of substrate and enzyme intermittent feedings in fed-batch hydrolysis experiments. Compared with batch experiments at 20 wt\%, the proposed fed-batch procedure was able to increase GlcEq productivity by nearly 68\% using the same enzyme loading, producing substrate hydrolysates containing 91.8 g L-1 GlcEq.
Sugarcane straw has become available in large quantities in the field due to transition from manual to mechanical harvesting. Straw can be used as fuel for cogeneration systems of sugarcane mills to increase surplus electricity for commercialization. However, the exploitation of straw potential is still limited due to some challenges related to its agricultural recovery and industrial processing. The retrofit (additional installation) of existing sugarcane mills to process straw is an alternative to reduce investment and to allow a gradual utilization of this biomass. In this work, techno-economic and environmental assessment of straw recovery through bale system to increase electricity export was assessed. Two scenarios with straw recovery and processing were defined to take advantage of an existing cogeneration system, considering its operation in the season and off-season periods. An increase of up to 57\% on surplus electricity was achieved. Both scenarios resulted in economically feasible alternatives. However, results were very sensitive to the variations on electricity prices and straw costs. In terms of environmental benefits, the bioelectricity presented a great potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions compared with natural gas-based electricity. The higher electricity surplus also affects the carbon intensity of ethanol, which can lead to indirect gains when the Brazilian program for biofuels incentive is implemented.
Sugarcane bagasse as a biomass solid waste has good prospects as a carbon source for biological wastewater treatment. However, it has rarely been investigated for aerobic denitrification (AD). Herein, we investigated its carbon release performance and constructed a bagasse-loaded sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) to investigate the feasibility of sugarcane bagasse as a carbon source and filler for AD bacteria to treat wastewater with low carbon-nitrogen ratios (C/N). Results showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) leaching from sugarcane bagasse was 418.07 +/- 17.05 mg/g; high-temperature and high-pressure operation had no significant effect on the carbon release performance of the bagasse. A shake-flask experiment revealed that adding sugarcane bagasse significantly enhanced the AD flora denitrification effect in low C/N wastewater; the removal process of NO3--N by AD flora followed first-order kinetics. In the SBBR inoculated with AD flora, biofilm formation on the bagasse surface was evident; the NO3--N removal rate reached 20.20 +/- 4.27\% after 28 operation cycles, which was significantly higher than that of the control sequencing batch reactor during the same period, and the effluent COD stabilized below 50 mg/L. The results provide a reference for AD application in the practical wastewater treatment and biomass resource utilization of sugarcane bagasse.
Immense interest has been devoted to the production of bulk chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. Diluted sulfuric acid treatment is currently one of the main pretreatment methods. However, the low total sugar concentration obtained via such pretreatment limits industrial fermentation systems that use lignocellulosic hydrolysate. Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate is used as the carbon and nitrogen sources to achieve a green and economical production of succinic acid in this study. Sugarcane bagasse was ultrasonically pretreated for 40 min, with 43.9 g/L total sugar obtained after dilute acid hydrolysis. The total sugar concentration increased by 29.5 \%. In a 3-L fermentor, using 30 g/L non-detoxified total sugar as the carbon source, succinic acid production increased to 23.7 g/L with a succinic acid yield of 79.0 \% and a productivity of 0.99 g/L/h, and 60 \% yeast extract in the medium could be reduced. Compared with the detoxified sugar preparation method, succinic acid production and yield were improved by 20.9 and 20.2 \%, respectively.
Sugarcane bagasse pretreatment processes using acidified aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) and ionic liquids (ILs) have been reported recently. In this study, recovery of lignins from these processes was conducted, as well as determination of their physico-chemical properties. The amount of lignins recovered from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
Reducing the lignin inhibition in the enzymatic digestibility is essential to obtain high yields of sugar and bioethanol. The sequential NaOH and hydroxymethylation pretreatment (AHP) were used to treat sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Compared with NaOH pretreated SCB alone (AP-SCB), AHP increased the yield of glucose and xylose from 53.3\%-68.88 \%, from 67.8\%-74.7 \%, respectively. The hydrolysate was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 24 h, and then ethanol concentration was 10.67 g/L, which increased by approximately 13 \% compared with that of AP-SCB. The post-treatment of hydroxymethylation introduced hydroxymethyl groups and hydroxylic groups into in the aromatic nucleus of lignin, increasing the hydrophilicity and solubility of lignin in materials, which can reduce the nonproductive adsorption of lignin on cellulases and thereby improve the enzymatic saccharification efficiency.
This work aims to evaluate the integration of a parabolic trough solar field in a feedwater heating scheme with a sugarcane bagasse plant located in Brazil. The sugarcane facility is equipped with a cogeneration cycle that uses a regenerative feedwater heating system. Superheated steam is expanded in parallel in a back-pressure (BPST) and in a condensing-extraction (CEST) steam turbine. Solar integration was evaluated to displace the high pressure steam extraction of CEST by preheating feedwater. The hybridized plant was operated in a fuel economy mode to save bagasse during the harvest period (April to December). The economized bagasse was then used to provide the operation of power plant during the off-season. The off-design operation of solar aided plant was here identified considering minimal modifications on the existing infrastructure. As main results, bagasse economy potential due to hybridization as well as the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of additional electricity produced was identified. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory diseases of the gut with frequent bloody diarrhea leads to increased rates of anemia. Evidences indicate the immunomodulation disorders in the response to intestinal microbiota in UC. Although sugarcane molasses, rich in necessary minerals and vitamins, could be a good support nutrient but its effect on immune system of UC patients is unknown. To determine how the immune system of UC patients responds to molasses this study was planned. Bifidobacterium lactis were cultivated on MRS broth. PBMCs of 12 UC patients were separated by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation and co-cultured with different concentrations of UV killed bacteria and/or molasses in RPMI-1640 plus 10 \% FCS. The gene expression of FoxP3 was measured by real-time PCR. TGF-beta and TNF-alpha were measured in supernatant of PBMCs by ELISA. Sugarcane molasses and B. lards significantly augmented TGF-beta compared to control (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). The secretion levels of TGF-beta by B. lards plus molasses compared to B. lactis stimulated PBMCs was significantly higher (p < 0.05) but the level of TNF-alpha by PBMCs after 2/4/12 h incubation with B. lards plus molasses compared to B. lards alone was not changed (p > 0.2). The level of FOXP3 expression after treatment with molasses was increased significantly (p < 0.05). These data show that if sugarcane molasses added to B. lactis, not only do not increase the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, but also augments the anti-inflammatory cytokine, TGF-beta. by PBMCs. Therefore, these results pave the way for further investigation to show sugarcane molasses as a safe support to compensate the lost nutrients in UC patients.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted by sulfuric acid from cellulose purified via an environmentally friendly method. In this study, cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using steam-exploded and enzyme-treated pretreatment was confirmed using chemical composition analysis to have a 92.59 +/- 0.12 whiteness index and 87\% alpha-cellulose content. The morphology of extracted CNCs, characterized using atomic force microscopy images, transmission electron microscopy images and energy-dispersive x-rays, showed the diameter and length were in the ranges 9.8 +/- 6.3 and 280.1 +/- 73.3 nm, respectively, with an expected ratio (L/d) of 20-25 and a low concentration of sulfate (0.2\%) on surface particles. Moreover, fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results demonstrated free noncellulosic contents and an improved crystallinity for CNCs, respectively. A decrease in the thermal stability of CNCs was examined by thermogravimetric analysis, and no evidence of cytotoxicity in the CNCs was obtained. The isolated CNCs from SCB may be considered as a potential biomedical material.
This work evaluated the influence of sugarcane bagasse ash addition on the performance of red ceramics that are used to produce lightweight aggregates in Portland cement concrete. Two sintering methods were evaluated, namely conventional sintering in an electric oven and microwave sintering. The sintering in a microwave oven was the most energy efficient alternative. The raw materials were subjected to granulometric, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses. The ceramic masses were prepared with addition of 44\% by mass of sugarcane bagasse ash that was extruded and sintered between 700 degrees C and 1000 degrees C. The sintering in the electric oven had a heating rate of 5 degrees C/min and a burning time of 60 min. In the microwave oven, the heating rate was 50 degrees C/min and the burning times were 10 and 20 min. After sintering, the samples were characterized for water absorption, apparent density, compressive strength and microstructure. The results indicate that microwave oven sintering, when compared to sintering in an electric oven, promoted an increase in the compressive strength and reduction in water absorption for the ceramic masses, probably due to the microstructure refinement. The addition of sugarcane bagasse ash led to a reduction in the density of the samples, especially those sintered in the microwave oven. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Background and objectiveBiodegradable polymers, such as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHAs), have recently been recognized as polyesters owing to their properties as biodegradable thermoplastics. Materials and methodsThe main objective of this study was to isolate an efficient polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producer from soil collected from different rhizospheric areas in Egypt. The potent strain was identified using 16 s rRNA sequence analysis. Plackett-Burman and central composite sequential designs were used to investigate cultural variables influencing PHB production (central composite sequential design).Results and conclusionOf a total of nine different isolates, three were found to be PHB positive based on the color using Nile Red stain. The potent strain was identified as Bacillus safensis (NR\_113945.1). Using one factor at a time experiments, sugar molasses and ammonium sulfate, respectively, were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, whereas the best inoculum was 10 ml/100 ml of fermentation medium. Cultural variables influencing PHB production were studied using Plackett-Burman and central composite sequential designs. Accordingly, the most influential factors on PHB production were sugarcane concentration, inoculum size, and KH2PO4. Under the optimized conditions, a PHB content (93\% cell dry weight) of 1.17 folds was attained. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR results confirmed the produced polymer as PHB. These results give insight into the use of locally isolated bacteria (B. safensis (NR\_113945.1) utilizing inexpensive substrate such as sugarcane molasses for PHB production.
Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is very challenging due to the heterogenous nature of the feedstock. An efficient pretreatment is necessary for maximizing the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and this in turn helps in reducing the total process economy. Conventional pretreatment using acid or alkali at high temperature and pressure is limited due to its high energy input. So there is a need for alternative heating techniques which not only reduce the energy input, but increases the total process efficiency. Microwave pretreatment may be a good alternative as it can reduce the pretreatment time at higher temperature. In the present study, a comparison of three types of microwave pretreatment such as microwave-acid, microwave-alkali and combined microwave-alkali-acid were tried using sugarcane bagasse as the lignocellulosic biomass. The enzymatic saccharification efficiency and lignin removal in each pretreatment method has been evaluated. Microwave treatment of sugarcane bagasse with 1\% NaOH at 600 W for 4 min followed by enzymatic hydrolysis gave reducing sugar yield of 0.665 g/g dry biomass, while combined microwave-alkali-acid treatment with 1\% NaOH followed by 1\% sulfuric acid, the reducing sugar yield increased to 0.83 g/g dry biomass. Microwave-alkali treatment at 450 W for 5 min resulted almost 90\% of lignin removal from the bagasse. The effect of pretreatment has been also evaluated by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. It was found that combined microwave-alkali-acid treatment for short duration enhanced the fermentable sugar yield. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Agricultural wastes like sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash can be reused as supplementary cement materials to produce eco-friendly buildings as plants of grass family contain more silica, which enhances the pozzolanic reactivity of the plant ashes. Researches so far were limited to evaluate the strength and few durability properties. This paper focuses on the reactivity among cement particles, a microstructural approach towards analyzing the material, and its performance. Compressive, splitting tensile strength tests, durability tests like water absorption and RCPT have been performed for 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, and 20\% replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash in cement. An increase in strength, less absorption, and low permeability were observed from 0 to 15\% replacement. 15\% replacement of SCBA in concrete cured for 56 days has shown maximum durable compared to other samples that are cured for 28 and 56 days. The enhanced performance of PPC owes to thick lattice formed due to compounds formed, which lead to the densification of concrete.
The purpose of this study is to synthesize biobased nano-catalyst using waste sugarcane bagasse to produce biodiesel from an inexpensive waste feedstock - palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was converted into biochar, followed by sulfonation using chlorosulfonic acid as a sulfonating reagent. Four sulfonation variables; sulfonation time, sulfonation temperature, SCB-biochar and volume of chlorosulfonic acid were optimized to achieve the best sulfonating conditions. The optimum sulfonating conditions were recorded to be; 300 degrees C sulfonating temperature, 2 g of SCB-biochar, 200 mL of ClSO3H and 5 h sulfonating time via response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique. The surface area for the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was 98 m(2) g(-1) while the SCB-biochar was 310 m(2) g(-1) and 298 m(2) g(-1) for the SCB-SO3H. The pore volumes recorded were 0.09 cm(3) gm(-1) for SCB, 1.18 cm(3) gm(-1) for SCB-biochar and 1.17 cm(3) gm(-1) for SCB-SO3H. Similarly, the pore diameters for SCB, SCB-biochar and SCB-SO3H were 1.95 nm, 3.92 nm and 3.21 nm, respectively. The acid densities were 0.03 mmol g(-1) for SCB, 1.44 mmol g(-1) for SCB-biochar and 5.63 mmol g(-1) for SCB-SO3H catalyst. The FAME production process was optimized; reaction time (1.5 h), reaction temperature (60 degrees C), catalyst concentration (2 wt\%) and methanol:PFAD molar ratio (10:1). The optimized conditions alongside the optimized sulfonation parameters gave a FAME yield of 98.6\%. CHNS analyzer was utilized for the reusability test and SCB-SO3H was used for seven reaction cycles. Hence, the gained results exposed a promising feasibility of the application of waste biomass and feedstock, as an alternate option for the synthesis of a heterogeneous acid catalyst and biodiesel production. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse represents one of the best potential feedstocks for the production of second generation bioethanol. The most efficient method to produce fermentable sugars is by enzymatic hydrolysis, assisted by thermochemical pretreatments. Previous research was focused on conventional heating pretreatment and the pretreated biomass residue characteristics. In this work, microwave energy is applied to facilitate sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) pretreatments on sugarcane bagasse and the efficiency of sugar production was evaluated on the soluble sugars released during pretreatment. The results show that microwave assisted pretreatment was more efficient than conventional heating pretreatment and it gave rise to 4 times higher reducing sugar release by using 5.7 times less pretreatment time. It is highlighted that enrichment of xylose and glucose can be tuned by changing pretreatment media (NaOH/H2SO4) and holding time. SEM study shows significant delignification effect of NaOH pretreatment, suggesting a possible improved enzymatic hydrolysis process. However, severe acid conditions should be avoided (long holding time or high acid concentration) under microwave heating conditions. It led to biomass carbonization, reducing sugar production and forming `humins'. Overall, in comparison with conventional pretreatment, microwave assisted pretreatment removed significant amount of hemicellulose and lignin and led to high amount of sugar production during pretreatment process, suggesting microwave heating pretreatment is an effective and efficient pretreatment method. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biotechnology can be used to convert waste into valuable products. In this context, there is bacterial cellulose (BC), a natural biopolymer that can be transformed into several useful materials, but its production is limited due to the high cost of the culture media used for its industrialization. In this work, BC was produced from the bacteria Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, using coffee grounds, sugarcane molasses and ethanol. The experiments were carried out under static conditions. The products were collected every 48 h, with a total period of 240 h. The maximum BC production (11.08 g.L-1) was obtained in a culture medium supplemented with coffee powder, hydrolyzed cane molasses and the addition of 1\% (v/v) ethanol. The results show that the use of different carbon sources of the evaluated by-products are viable alternatives in reducing costs in BC production.
The use of activated carbon made of sugarcane bagasse, to eliminate cationic dyes present in waste water was studied in this research. It investigates the potential use of activated carbon made of sugarcane bagasse. Increase in the PH of the dye solution caused an equivalent increment in its adsorption efficiency. This study demonstrates that activated carbon made from sugarcane bagasse is an efficient and cheap adsorbing agent and very effective at removing dyes present in solutions and the possibility of using it for a simple and inexpensive method of dye removal from waste waters in either stirred tank reactors or in batch reactors. The data obtained could be utilised to design an optimally productive system that uses either stirred tank reactors or batch reactors remove of cationic dyes from effluents industrial. This study predicts effect of activated carbon made from sugarcane bagasse on adsorption of cationic dyes. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Conference ESIAT2011 Organization Committee.
The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction process and structural properties of hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse pith. Response surface model (RSM) was established in order to optimize the extraction conditions for the highest hemicellulose yield based on the single-factor experiments. A maximum total hemicellulose yield of 23.05\% was obtained under the optimal conditions of ultrasonic treatment time of 28 min, KOH mass concentration of 3.7\%, and extraction temperature of 53 degrees C, and it evidently increased 3.24\% compared without ultrasound-assisted extraction. The obtained hemicellulose was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The monosaccharide composition and average molecular weight of hemicellulose were characterized by using ion chromatography (IC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that xylose was dominant component in water-soluble hemicellulose (WH, 69.05\%) and alkali-soluble hemicellulose (AH, 85.83\%), respectively. Furthermore, the monosaccharides (otherwise xylose) and uronic acids contents of WH were higher than that of AH. Weight average molecular weight of WH was 29923 g/mol, lower than that of AH (74,872 g/mol). These results indicate that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline extraction is an efficient approach for the separation of hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse pith.
The steam explosion was carried out in the absence (autohydrolysis) and presence of phosphoric acid to evaluate the effects of temperature (180 and 210 degrees C), acid concentration (0 and 19 mg g(-1), dry basis) and pretreatment time (5 and 10 min) on the structure and reactivity of sugarcane bagasse. Glucan recovery was used as the main response factor for pretreatment optimization through a central composite design. Autohydrolysis at 210 degrees C for 10 min had a good pretreatment performance but phosphoric acid catalysis (19 mg g(-1)) resulted in better yields under considerably milder conditions (180 degrees C, 5 min). Hydrolysis of both substrates for 96 h using 8 wt.\% total solids and 30 mg g(-1) Cellic (R) CTec2 (Novozymes) provided total glucose yields of 75\% in average. The production of cellulosic ethanol was assessed by both separate and simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Freeze-drying of pretreatment water solubles reduced the concentration of furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid by more than 80\% and this eliminated their inhibitory effect on yeast fermentation.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable alternative that could mitigate harmful impacts from disposal of single-use polyethylene to the environment. This study compares the scaled-up PLA pellets production using two feedstock options, i.e., corn and sugarcane molasses. The process simulation technique is integrated to scale-up the PLA processing stages of the two feedstocks and retrieve life cycle inventory data for life cycle analysis. A cradle-to-gate life cycle system boundary from the cultivation stage to lactide polymerization stage of the two feedstock routes are modelled, separately, and the process simulation results are validated by comparing with the actual plant data, reported in the published literature. The life cycle net energy analysis indicators and climate change impact are evaluated for the developed life cycle scope. The results indicate that sugarcane molasses consumes around 80\% of the total life cycle net energy inputs for PLA pellets production, compared to that of corn. Accordingly, PLA pellets processing from Sri Lankan sugarcane molasses shows a net energy gain with a net energy ratio of 1.09 and a renewability indicator of 5.63. Despite, PLA pellets processing from imported corn corresponds to a net energy loss with an extremely low renewability. In addition, sugarcane molasses is responsible for around one-quarter of the climate change impact (1,470 kg CO2 eq/tonne of PLA), compared to that of corn as a feedstock for PLA pellets production. The variations in environmentally benign aspects of sugarcane molasses as a feedstock for PLA pellets production are discussed along with a sensitivity analysis.
The potential of agricultural waste as substitute for rich-growth medium for bacteria during Cr(VI) reduction was investigated using the locally isolated Cr(VI) resistant-reducing strain of Acinetobacter haemolyticus and sugarcane bagasse. A. haemolyticus showed higher resistance to 100 mg/L Cr(VI) in Luria Bertani (>10(10) CFU/mL) compared to sugarcane bagasse (10(6) CFU/mL). Higher Cr(VI) reduction by the SCB-immobilized bacteria (>90\%) compared to in LB only (around 25\%) clearly indicated the role of SCB in carrying out abiotic reduction of Cr(VI) as well as Cr(VI) adsorption. Nevertheless, Cr(III) was detected on the bacterial surface using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and electron microscopy (FESEM-EDX) analysis. The Cr(III) deposition occurred probably via complex formation with either carboxyl, hydroxyl or amide groups present on the bacterial cells surface as suggested from the FT-IR analysis. TEM analysis further showed Cr distribution at the membrane and cytosolic fractions. This work clearly demonstrated the role of bacteria in reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) as well as the potential of using agricultural waste material such as SCB to carry out abiotic Cr(VI) reduction. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Background: Ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse requires a pretreatment step to disrupt the cellulosehemicellulose- lignin complex and to increase biomass digestibility, thus allowing the obtaining of high yields of fermentable sugars for the subsequent fermentation. Hydrothermal and lime pretreatments have emerged as effective methods in preparing the lignocellulosic biomass for bioconversion. These pretreatments are advantageous because they can be performed under mild temperature and pressure conditions, resulting in less sugar degradation compared with other pretreatments, and also are cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these pretreatments on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of raw sugarcane bagasse obtained directly from mill without prior screening. In addition, we evaluated the structure and composition modifications of this bagasse after lime and hydrothermal pretreatments. Results: The highest cellulose hydrolysis rate (70 \% digestion) was obtained for raw sugarcane bagasse pretreated with lime {[
Biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse was prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures and holding times for adsorption of dimetridazole and metronidazole from aqueous solution. The optimal pyrolysis temperature and holding time were 500 A degrees C and 120 min, respectively. The removal efficiencies of dimetridazole and metronidazole were 98.0\% and 88.8\%, respectively, at biochar dosage of 4.0 g L-1 and solution temperature of 30 A degrees C. Kinetics data were fitted by four kinetics models, and results indicated that adsorption was governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics. Adsorption is a multi-step process that involves film diffusion and pore filling. In addition, five isotherm models were employed to describe the adsorption equilibrium. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model presented better fitting for the adsorption equilibrium, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 72.17 and 23.61 mg g(- 1) for dimetridazole and metronidazole, respectively. The calculated values of Delta G(0) and Delta H-0 indicated the non-spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process at the range of temperature studied. Thermodynamic studies also revealed that physical and chemical adsorptions were co-action. The adsorption mechanisms of dimetridazole and metronidazole onto biochar were mainly hydrogen bonding and pi-pi interaction. All the results revealed that sugarcane bagasse biochar can be used as alternative to costly adsorbents for the removal of dimetridazole and metronidazole from aqueous solution.
Ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
In order to minimize the waste of polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose) during preparation of platform chemicals (furfural and levulinic acid) from lignocellulose in one-pot acid/organic solvent systems, a novel two-step biorefinery system was developed based on sugarcane bagasse fractionation with a phosphoric acid/acetone pretreatment method. The effect of different pretreatment conditions on sugarcane bagasse fractionation was studied at first. Under the optimal condition (5 g bagasse, 40 mL 85\% phosphoric acid, 50 degrees C, 1 h, precooled acetone), 72.5\% xylose and 74.5\% glucose (the residual biomass from pretreatment) were obtained. Acetone was evaporated and removed from the acetone extract, and then the soluble lignin was precipitated and recovered through the addition of water in the extract. The water solution (containing phosphoric acid and 20.8\% xylose) and washing water from residue (containing 41.7\%\% xylose) was combined to produce furfural at 180 degrees C. Meanwhile, the potential of LA generation from cellulosic residue was evaluated via glucose conversion in different phosphoric acid/acetone systems.
Small-sized biorefineries are not capital intensive and have lower transportation cost, lesser movements of liquid and solid streams, and lower heat transfer problems than high-sized ones. In this work, different scenarios were investigated in order to determine technical and economic viability of different processes to produce valuable products from sugarcane bagasse by small-sized biorefineries. Different alternatives were evaluated, as furfural and xylitol production from hemicelluloses, as well as energy generation and medium-density fibreboard (MDF) production from the residual solid after hemicelluloses hydrolysis. Experimental data obtained by the authors in previous works were used for pretreatment steps, and updated literature data was used for the other processes. A simplified kinetic model was developed for the extraction of xylose, and unit operations processes were selected and simulated. The most profitable option was determined for hemicelluloses use. In addition, costs and benefits that could be obtained exploiting the residual solid feedstock were estimated. The economic evaluation shows that recovery periods are extensive in both scenarios. However, optimization of different steps as liquid to solid ratio of pretreatment, evaporation, or fermentation, could represent attractive and innovative alternatives in order to reduce the recovery periods of capital costs. (C) 2015 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The aim of this work was to improve sugarcane bagasse thermochemical conversion to pyrolytic sugars production, particularly to levoglucosan. The experiments were carried out evaluating the effect of acid washing with HNO3 (0.1 wt.\%) followed by H2SO4 addition (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 wt.\%) at pyrolysis temperatures of 350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 degrees C was studied by Py-GC/MS. The experimental results showed that HNO3 washing, followed by H2SO4 concentration of 0.2 wt.\% at 350 degrees C resulted in an increase in levoglucosan yield between 5 and 7 times the yield obtained when the raw bagasse was processed. Thus, these results are very attractive to improve pyrolytic sugars production in sugarcane bagasse by previously acid treatment to pyrolysis technology. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wastewater discharge from sugarcane processing is a significant pollutant of tropical aquatic ecosystems. For most developing countries, monitoring of the level of pollutants is done mostly through chemical analysis, but this does not reflect potential impacts on aquatic assemblages. In addition, laboratory facilities for accurate concentration measurements are often not available for regular monitoring programs. In this study, we investigated the use of benthic macroinvertebrates for biological monitoring in western Kenya. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in stabilization ponds treating wastewater from sugarcane- and molassesbased processing plants to assess their composition and abundance in relation to different concentrations of chemical variables. Optimum concentrations and tolerance values were identified for various taxa, and a biotic index was developed that combined tolerance values (ranked between 0 and 10) for the various macroinvertebrate taxa. A succession in composition and distribution of macroinvertebrate taxa was observed from the inlet to the outlet of the pond systems. Diptera dominated in the first ponds that had high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and nutrients, while intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) appeared as the concentrations dropped in subsequent ponds. The effluent quality was classified as ``good{''
Nanoparticles of SiO2 were synthesized via sol-gel route using sugarcane bagasse ash as a silica source. The influence of the synthesis operational conditions, as well as, the use of different purification methods, such as chemical treatments, on morphological, structural and chemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated. The results showed that the sol-gel synthesis is a feasible alternative method for obtaining silica xerogel using ashes with high impurities contents, such as iron and aluminum oxide. Amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles with an average size of similar to 10 nm were obtained by controlling the main synthesis variables (pH, temperature and SiO2/H2O molar ratio). The purification methods investigated allowed to obtain nanosilica with different levels of purity, greater than 96\%. The combined morphological features, i.e., large specific surface and pore volume, allow these materials to have applications in several technological fields, such as optical, electronics and biomedical and additionally, as a source of nano-silicon via magnesiothermal reduction.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated with hot water (HLW), ethanol (ETH), and sodium hydroxide (SH). The obtained residuals were hydrolyzed and applied as carbon sources for succinic acid (SA) fermentation, the residue digestibility and SA conversion rate of alkali-pretreated residual were superior to others. Considering the characteristics of alkali pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and succinic acid fermentation, a novel in-situ semi simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSSCF) procedure for SA production from SCB was developed. The yield, productivity, and conversion rates of SA from SCB raw material (DRM) processed by SSSCF were 41 g/L, 300 mg/L/h, and 320 mg/g dry, respectively. For every kilogram of SA production, the developed coupling method reduced the SH and water usages, energy consumption, and effluent emission by 0.14 kg, 233.5 L 14,000 kJ and 7 L, respectively, and enhanced the SA productivity by 1.7 times compared with the non coupling procedure.
This paper presents an experimental assessment on sugarcane bagasse short fibers reinforced composites, conglomerated by Ordinary Portland Cement and Plaster and containing fine ash from rice husk combustion, for rural autonomous construction. The vegetable bagasse fibers were supplied directly from landfills of small rural sugar industries, smoked on site, washed in laboratory, treated in supersaturated calcium hydroxide at room temperature and dried before mixing. Physical and mechanical properties of components and composites were obtained. Accelerated aging of composites in CO2 rich atmosphere was done in laboratory, assessing the new properties of specimens after this aerial carbonation, in relation with the ordinary ones. Increasing of specific gravity, modulus of rupture, compressive strength, Young's Modulus, decreasing of porosity, water absorption and toughness of the aged composites was obtained. Their ability for building construction as sustainable and eco-efficient construction materials is analyzed. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Every year around 300 Gl of vinasse, a by-product of ethanol distillation in sugarcane mills, are flushed into more than 9 Mha of sugarcane cropland in Brazil. This practice links fermentation waste management to fertilization for plant biomass production, and it is known as fertirrigation. Here we evaluate public datasets of soil metagenomes mining for changes in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of soils from sugarcane mesocosms repeatedly amended with vinasse. The metagenomes were annotated using the ResFam database. We found that the abundance of open read frames (ORFs) annotated as ARGs changed significantly across 43 different families (p-value < 0.05). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed distinct patterns of interactions among ARGs, suggesting that nutrient amendment to soil microbial communities can impact on the coevolutionary dynamics of indigenous ARGs within soil resistome.
Abundant seawater resources can replace the shortage of freshwater resources. The co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse by subcritical CO2-assisted seawater pretreatment was studied in this paper. We investigated the effects of pretreatment conditions of temperature, CO2 pressure and reaction time on the yield ofxylo-oligosaccharides in subcritical CO2-assisted seawater systems. The maximum xylo-oligosaccharide yield of 68.23\% was obtained at 165 degrees C/2 MPa/5 min. After further enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid residue, the highest glucose yield of 94.45\% was obtained. In this system, there is a synergistic effect of mixed ions in seawater and CO2 to depolymerize xylan into xylo-oligosaccharides with a lower degree of polymerization. At the same time, the addition of CO2 increased the pore size and porosity of sugarcane bagasse, improved the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis and increased the yield of glucose. Therefore, this study provides a more environmentally friendly and sustainable process for the co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse, and improves the utilization of seawater resources.
The bioconversion yield of ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks is negatively affected by the unproductive adsorption of cellulolytic enzymes onto lignin. In this work, soybean protein was used as a lignin-blocking additive, with the aim of improving the production of ethanol from enzymatic hydrolysates of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Investigation was made of the effects of the type of hydrothermal pretreatment process-steam explosion (SE) or liquid hot water (LHW), loadings of solids and enzymes, and bioreactor type. The addition of soybean protein led to a exceptional 76\% increase of glucose released using the LHW pretreated bagasse, after 24 h of reaction, employing a high-solids loading (15\%, w/v) and a low enzyme dosage (5 FPU/g dry biomass). A significant improvement was also achieved for industrial-like mixing conditions in a bench-scale stirred tank reactor, increasing the glucose released by 61 and 42\% for the LHW and SE processes, respectively. Ethanol production was also positively affected by the presence of soybean protein, with increases of up to 86 and 65\% for the LHW and SE hydrolysates, compared to the control experiment. Characterization of the sugarcane bagasse after the adsorption of soybean protein, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), corroborated the higher affinity of the additive for the LHW bagasse. These findings suggest that soybean protein supplementation during enzymatic hydrolysis by commercially available enzymes is an effective strategy for achieving higher saccharification yields from hydrothermally pretreated biomass, hence improving ethanol production.
In the current study, bio-oil was produced from sugarcane bagasse via fast pyrolysis process. The process was conducted at 500 degrees C and 700 degrees C using a heating rate of 10 degrees C/s. The values of density, viscosity, acid number, flash point, and heating value of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 700 degrees C were closer to that of diesel fuel compared to bio-oil produced at 500 degrees C. The major components of the bio-oil produced from biomass pyrolysis are phenolic compounds. The total phenolic compounds content in the bio-oil prepared via sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis at 500 degrees C and 700 degrees C were approximately 48.43 and 58.89\%, respectively. These phenolic compounds could decrease the quality of bio-oil. Therefore, in this study, the phenolic compounds contained in the bio-oil produced were extracted by using a mixture of methanol and chloroform for 50 min at temperatures of 25, 40, and 50 degrees C with stirring speeds of 200, 250, and 300 rpm. Additionally, Folin-Ciocalteu method was employed to determine the phenolic compounds amount in the bio-oil. The chemical composition and physical properties of the bio-oil were also determined. The main chemical components of the bio-oil produced were phenol and furfural. The optimum conditions for phenolic compounds extraction were found at 40 degrees C and 250 rpm. The highest yields of phenol and distribution coefficients were found to be 58.89\% and 1.504 for fast pyrolysis at 500 degrees C and 48.43\% and 1.528 at 700 degrees C.
In this article, the preparation of environmentally friendly superabsorbent hydrogel derived from sugarcane bagasse waste is investigated. Prequel to the preparation of hydrogel, the cellulose (SCBC) was extracted from freshly pre-treated sugarcane bagasse via alkaline hydrolysis. The technique of free radical graft copolymerization of {[
Perovskite LaCoO3 was successfully synthesized using natural sugarcane bagasse with tunable oxygen vacancy. The preparation process was studied to elucidate the interaction between sugarcane bagasse and metal ions. And the prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, DRS, and PL. The results indicated that bagasse was partly hydrolyzed by metal nitrate solution, and the gel was formed by adsorption and complexation between rich organic groups and metal ions, differing from citric acid complexation with metal ions. The bagasse fragments mediation in the process could modulate the amount of oxygen vacancy. An appropriate oxygen vacancy may act as the defect energy level above the valence band of LaCoO3 to adjust the band gap and accelerate charge transfer, resulting in high photocatalytic performance. Photocatalytic tests in formaldehyde aqueous solution under visible light demonstrated that LaCoO3 prepared by sugarcane bagasse exhibited higher hydrogen production than that prepared by conventional citric acid method.
An incubation experiment was carried out with the objective of assessing the short-term effects of sodium salts with different anions (Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-), saline and nonsaline inoculants, and two temperature levels (20 degrees C and 40 degrees C) on microbial activity and biomass indices, using sterile quartz sand amended with sugarcane filter cake. Addition of NaCl significantly decreased CO2 production, O-2 consumption, and ergosterol content; addition of Na2SO4 increased microbial biomass N, whereas addition of Na2CO3 increased the contents of K2SO4 extractable C and N. The inoculation with a saline soil significantly reduced respiration and resulted in higher respiratory quotients (RQ) as well as higher contents of microbial biomass and ergosterol. The rise in temperature increased CO2 production (+60\%) and O-2 consumption (+93\%), leading to a 13\% decrease in RQ values. The rise in temperature also led to significant increases in the contents of extractable C (+30\%) and N (+42\%) as well as ergosterol (+64\%). The increased RQ values and the specific decline of extractable C and N in the bicarbonate treatment revealed the increased use of the mobile fraction by micro-organisms, especially fungi adapted to saline and alkaline conditions.
Delignification pretreatment with alkali under various conditions (25-160 degrees C for 1-12 h) or sodium chlorite at 75 degrees C for 4 h was applied to improve the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by removing hemicellulose and lignin. Compared with the elimination of hemicellulose, delignification contributed more in achieving a higher glucose yield. In addition, the characterization of untreated and pretreated sugarcane bagasse was conducted to determine the influence of hemicellulose and lignin degradation on subsequent enzymatic digestibility. Furthermore, Polysorbate 80 was added to reduce the enzyme loading, shorten the hydrolysis time, and enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, suggesting that the glucose yield of 92.2\% was obtained with enzyme loading of 5 FPU/g substrate. However, the increased yield of glucose with Polysorbate 80 occurred with an increased lignin content and a reduction of enzyme loading, and the yield decreased sharply as the hydrolysis time was prolonged from 6 h to 24 h.
The present study aims to extract and characterize the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) present in different agro-industrial wastes such as walnut shells, corncob, and sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, it is also the aim of this study to convert MCCs to nanocrystalline cellulose fiber (NCCF), to demonstrate the difference in morphological, structural, thermal, and chemical natures. Corncob cellulose was observed to possess a loosely bounded linear bundle structure. Nanocrystalline cellulose fiber yield from walnut shell and sugarcane bagasse cellulose were higher than corncob cellulose. The thermal stability of cellulose was noted to be high for walnut shell NCCF. Nanocrystalline cellulose fiber of corncob and sugarcane bagasse was estimated to have a low thermal degradation temperature. All the MCCs and NCCFs produced from investigated cellulose sources were found to have type I cellulose. Functional group compositions of cellulose were observed to be intact for converted agro-based NCCF's. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The increase in demand and consumption of cement, scientists and researchers are searching to develop alternative binding materials that are not only ecofriendly, but equally contribute to manage the waste. The use of industrial byproduct and agricultural waste obtained through industrial procedures has focused on managing the waste and their reduction. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) being one of the agricultural waste is a fibrous waste product produced by sugar mills. During the process at Sugar mills, the Fluid from sugarcane is extracted and ash is produced by burning bagasse at high temperatures. In this research study, (SCBA) has been replaced partially in ratios of 0\%, 5\%, 10\%, and 15\% by weight of total cement in concrete mixture. Fresh and hardened concrete properties were obtained through tests which include workability test, compressive strength and tensile strength. The test result revealed that the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete increased till 5\% SCBA replacement in concrete.
This paper presents a novel method for the production of a biomass-derived chemical platform, levoglucosan (LGA), from sugarcane bagasse via pretreatment with an organocatalyst (CX4SO(3)H) and fast pyrolysis. The effectiveness of this platform for producing LGA from sugarcane bagasse was screened using a microscale pyrolysis reactor coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The effects of CX4SO(3)H loading, temperature and pretreatment time were studied, and the best pretreatment conditions were 3 wt/wt\%, 1 h and 23 degrees C. The yields of LGA from sugarcane bagasse in the presence and absence of CX4SO(3) H were 32.3 and 4.6\%, respectively, compared to raw biomass. The presence of CX4SO(3) H for the treatment of biomass may make this process an interesting and very useful alternative for the production of a biomass-derived chemical platform, especially for levoglucosan production, as renewable feedstock for biofuels production and other bioproducts.
Textile industries use large amounts of water in dyeing processes and a wide variety of synthetic dyes. A small concentration of these dyes in the environment can generate highly visible pollution and changes in aquatic ecosystems. Adsorption, biosorption, and biodegradation are the most advantageous dye removal processes. Biodegradation occurs when enzymes produced by certain microorganisms are capable of breaking down the dye molecule. To increase the efficiency of these processes, cell immobilization enables the reuse of the immobilized cells and offers a high degree of mechanical strength, allowing metabolic processes to take place under adverse conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in activated sugarcane bagasse for the degradation of Acid Black 48 dye in aqueous solutions. For such, sugarcane bagasse was treated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Concentrations of a 1 \% S. cerevisiae suspension were evaluated to determine cell immobilization rates. Once immobilization was established, biodegradation assays for 240 h with free and immobilized yeast in PEI-treated sugarcane bagasse were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. The results indicated a probable change in the dye molecule and the possible formation of new metabolites. Thus, S. cerevisiae immobilized in sugarcane bagasse is very attractive for biodegradation processes in the treatment of textile effluents.
The sugarcane bagasse (SB) was recycled to support graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) for photocatalytic application. By tuning the hydrothermal process, the SB-supported gCN could convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into monoxide or methanol under the illumination of a 14-watt LED light bulb. The composition of functional groups on sample was tunable via hydrothermal process and consequently altered the affinity to CO2 and promoted the conversion efficiency of CO2. This work demonstrated a win-win strategy to upgrade the agricultural wastes to efficient catalytic supports for the conversion of CO2 into value-added products under ambient condition.
The cane sugar industry in Mexico depends heavily on the supply of energy, fossil fuels and material resources for its proper operation. The overuse of these resources plus the technical and technological deficiency causes severe environmental consequences. This scientific work aims to analyze the environmental damage attributable to cane sugar production following the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. System boundaries include sugarcane growing and harvesting, sugarcane transportation, sugar milling and electricity cogeneration from bagasse. The associated emissions were acquired from the SimaPro-Ecoinvent database, the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) and the Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon Research Station (ART). The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was carried out by SimaPro 8.3.0 software and the characterization method used was IMPACT 2002+. The results show that sugarcane growing and harvesting stage provides the most harmful environmental impacts (52\%) followed by electricity cogeneration (25.7\%), sugarcane transportation (12.1\%) and finally, sugar milling (10.2\%). Regarding the environmental contributions at the endpoint categories, the highest percentage of impacts is found in the Human health category (53\%), followed by Climate change (21\%), Ecosystem quality (16\%) and Resources (10\%). The LCA in cane sugar production can support the decision-making process to deal with this environmental problem.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (SCB) is a biomass of agricultural waste obtained from sugarcane processing that has been found in abundance globally. Due to its abundance in nature, researchers have been harnessing this biomass for numerous applications such as in energy and environmental sustainability. However, before it could be optimally utilised, it has to be pre-treated using available methods. Different pre-treatment methods were reviewed for SCB, both alkaline and alkali-acid process reveal efficient and successful approaches for obtaining higher glucose production from hydrolysis. Procedures for hydrolysis were evaluated, and results indicate that pre-treated SCB was susceptible to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis as > 80\% glucose yield was obtained in both cases. The SCB could achieve a bio-ethanol (a biofuel) yield of > 0.2 g/g at optimal conditions and xylitol (a bio-product) yield at > 0.4 g/g in most cases. Thermochemical processing of SCB also gave excellent biofuel yields. The plethora of products obtained in this regard have been catalogued and elucidated extensively. As found in this study, the SCB could be used in diverse applications such as adsorbent, ion exchange resin, briquettes, ceramics, concrete, cement and polymer composites. Consequently, the SCB is a biomass with great potential to meet global energy demand and encourage environmental sustainability.
Presence of heavy metal (HM) ions in wastewater have emerged as among the most prominent issues for improving water quality and reducing it's consequences for the environment, animal and public health. This paper mainly focuses on the remediation of HM ions from wastewater utilizing the relatively inexpensive and widely accessible agricultural waste-Sugarcane Bagasse (SCB). For this, a brief understanding of HMs was discussed (by understanding the sources and toxicity of HM, advantages and shortcomings of conventional processes). Apart from that, to understand the potential of SCB, this review would provide vital information on employing SCB biosorbent in natural and modified forms for HM removal. Therefore, various ways of SCB modifications (including physical, chemical, and composite formation), essential optimal operational conditions (solution pH, dosage of biosorbent, initial metal concentration, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, suitable isotherm and kinetic model) and involving adsorption mechanism were also studied. Finally, significant study gaps were identified to facilitate future research since SCB has been confirmed as a potential bio-adsorbent for removing HM ions.
Using mineral additives, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and metakaolin, are solutions to produce self-compacting concrete (SCC) with low cement content, having lower impacts on the environment. SCC with low cement content and high sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin contents provides a different microstructure and porosity regarding SCC without these additives, therefore when submitted to high temperatures they may present a different behaviour. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the behaviour of SCC at high temperatures replacing cement by sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin at contents of 30\% to 50\%. For this purpose, five SCC compositions were assessed for self-compactness by slump-flow, J-ring, L-box and V-funnel tests, as well as visual stability index. After curing at room temperature, the SCC were subjected to exposure at temperatures of 200 degrees C, 400 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 800 degrees C, and then analysed by visual and tactile inspection, mass loss, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, absorption by capillarity and immersion, void index and X-ray diffraction. Results showed that SCC with up to 40\% of sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin is less sensitive to high temperatures presenting less cracking and lower strength losses compared to room temperature. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignin removal in lignocellulosic biomass is an important step to obtain efficient fermentable sugars production during enzymatic hydrolysis. Likewise, interest has emerged in the past few years for the application of ecofriendly technology for biomass delignification. Thus, the use of deep eutectic solvents has been considered as an alternative to treat lignocellulosic biomass. The main objective of this work was to optimize the sugarcane bagasse delignification using deep eutectic solvents (DES): ChCl-Gly and ChCl-Urea. Previously, the effect of temperature (80-120 degrees C) and reaction time (2-6 h) were evaluated. Then, response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of reaction time, liquid-solid ratio (LSR), and temperature. The results found in this investigation showed that the increase of the reaction time and temperature improve the lignin removal. The optimization revealed that under optimal conditions it is possible to remove an 81.1\% (13.12 h, LSR 23.4:1 and 160 degrees C) and 82\% (14.04 h, LSR 17:1 y 160 degrees C) of the lignin in the sugarcane bagasse using ChCl-Gly and ChClUrea, respectively. Also, it is possible to convert 50-80\% of the cellulose in sugarcane bagasse after the treatment with DES. This demonstrates that the use of DES is efficient and useful to remove the lignin from lignocellulosic biomass.
Nanogel based on polysaccharides has attracted the tremendous interest due to its unique performance as drug carrier for in vivo release. In this work, the multi-responsive nanogels were developed based on the tailor modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC). In the presence of crosslinking agent cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA), the in-situ free radical copolymerization of methacrylated monocarboxylic sugarcane bagasse cellulose (MAMC-SBC) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in aqueous phase was conducted, thus leading to redox, pH and thermal-responsive nanogels. The results obtained from FT-IR, SEM and particle sizer showed that the nanogels were highly stable with the desired particle size ranging from 90 to 180 nm and contained targeted polymeric segments and linkage for multi-responsivity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model drug was effectively loaded into the nanogels, partly driven by strong electrostatic association; and the loading efficiency reached up to 82.7\%. Moreover, the drug release could be readily manipulated by the addition of reducing agent, pH and temperature, which is attributed to the multi-responsive behavior of nanogels as carrier and synergetic effects. The performance of nanogels was also governed by the ratio of reactive MAMC-SBC and NIPAM during polymerization; and the ratio at 1:1(wt) led to the optimal structure of nanogels.
The recalcitrant structures of sugarcane straw and related lignocellulosic biomasses require a pretreatment step to enable a better enzymatic attack during the hydrolysis. Factors like the energy consumption and the formation of inhibitors require the optimization of the pretreatment step. Thus, the influence of different severity factors (SF) on hydrothermal (also called liquid hot water, LHW) pretreatment was evaluated using a factorial design 22 with central point. The obtained results showed that low values of SF (< 3.39) did not promote reasonable alteration in the sugarcane straw structures, whereas high SF values (> 4.70) resulted in loss of hydrolyzed sugars, generation of inhibitors such as furfural, and formation of pseudo-lignin structures, despite high hemicellulose removal (similar to 97\%). The residence time exhibited low influence on LHW. An optimum condition was found for the process (10 min and 195 degrees C) with low cellulose solubilization (9.80\%) and a reasonable hemicellulose removal (85.45\%).
The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of an ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
This paper proposed to assay the pozzolanic activity of different types of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) using the X-ray powder diffraction technique. The as-received SBA presented a high loss on ignition and a coarse particle size, and then, the processing employed calcination and grinding. Pastes and mortars formed with SBA and calcium hydroxide were used for X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and compressive tests. The evaluation of the pozzolanic activity was based on the measurement of the calcium hydroxide amount by a relative decrease in peak intensity (RDPI) at 18 degrees and 34 degrees (20), RIR, and Rietveld refinement analysis. These results were compared with the data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis and compression tests, and showed good correlation. In the correlation matrix, all pvalues were below 0.05, indicating that the variables did not show any independence from each other. Finally, it was concluded that assessing CH consumption only by the RDPI, even considering a low-accuracy method, can be a relevant tool for evaluating the SBA pozzolanic activity. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The potential of sugarcane straw (SCS) as feedstock for 2G ethanol production was investigated. Three different pretreatments (hydrothermal, ultrasound and acid) and the enzymatic hydrolysis of SCS were evaluated. Pretreated materials were delignified with NaOH and after that the enzymatic hydrolysis of all materials was conducted. The best conditions for hydrothermal pretreatment removed a massive amount of hemicellulose (about 60\%), preserving the most portions of lignin and cellulose. In general, ultrasound pretreatment was not very effective in removing the cell wall components. Acid pretreatment was able to remove high amounts of hemicellulose (77\%) and lignin (54\%). After NaOH treatment, a low quantity of lignin remained. The enzymatic hydrolysis achieved high conversion for the combinations hydrothermal + NaOH (84\%) and acid + NaOH (86\%). These results show that hydrothermal and acid pretreatment were more suitable in the process of ethanol obtainment of from SCS.
Background: Nanocrystalline celluloses (NCCs), also known as nanocelluloses derived from natural renewable resources, have elicited much interest from researchers. The annual local agricultural residues of pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse are abundant and must be used properly. The detailed comparative analysis of chemical, physical and thermal properties conducted in this work demonstrates that several types of agro-waste can be utilised economically and reasonably for various applications. Methods: NCCs were successfully isolated by the pre-treatment (alkaline and bleaching) and acid hydrolysis of pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse. The structural, crystallinity, morphological and thermal properties were evaluated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results: The FTIR spectra revealed an extensive removal of hemicellulose and lignin from the extracted NCC. Morphological investigations conducted through TEM revealed that the NCC nanostructure had a needle-like shape, whereas SEM showed an irregular rod-like shape. The XRD pattern proved the crystallinity of the isolated NCC from both samples. The crystallinity indices of NCC from pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse were 76.38\% and 74.60\%, respectively. NCC's thermal stability increased in both samples at different purification stages. Conclusion: Pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse can be the industry's primary source of raw materials and a possible alternative for costly and non-renewable materials. The use of NCCs from these agro-waste forms is beneficial and can provide considerable biomass to the agricultural industry with nano-energy-based markets.
The pretreatment effects of three ionic liquids (ILs) (1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ({[
Here, for the first time, we designed a sequential, combinatorial lignocellulose pretreatment procedure (SCLPP) for microbial biofuel fermentation to reduce generation of microbial growth inhibitors and furthermore increase sugar yields. We tested this pretreatment process using sugarcane bagasse as substrate and assessed the effectiveness by analysis of biobutanol production through microbial clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 conversion. Our results showed that there were no inhibitory effects when using the hydrolysates as fermentation substrate. Under the SSF scheme, we observed the highest concentrations of butanol (6.4 g/L) and total ABE (11.9 g/L), resulting in a higher ABE productivity, compared with the SHF method. These findings suggest that the SCLPP is a feasible method for improving ABE production, lowering microbial inhibitor generation, and ensuring success in the subsequent fermentation process. Therefore, our work demonstrated developing a tractable integrated process that facilitates to increase biofuel production from agricultural residues rich in lignocellulose is feasible. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
CO2 capture is a promising approach to aid in the mitigation of the global environmental crisis caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of adsorbents is critical to the success of this approach. Sugarcane bagasse fly ash (SBA) was used in this study as a support to increase the CO2 adsorption capacity of CaO. The physical and chemical characteristics of SBA treated with various reagents (HCl, H3PO4, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH3, and H2O2) were investigated. The CaO was then loaded at 10-50 wt\% on the support surface, and the modified adsorbent was tested for its potential to adsorb CO2. According to the results of the experiments, the acidic reagent increased the surface area of SBA, whereas the base reagents provided SBA with a higher pore volume and a larger pore size. The different surface characteristics of the modified SBA had a direct impact on its CO2 adsorption capacity. The adsorbent with NaOH-pretreated SBA and 50\% CaO loading had the highest CO2 adsorption capacity, which was 27\% higher than that of unsupported CaO due to the decent distribution of CaO found on the NaOH-treated SBA surface. For a better understanding, a graphical model was finally proposed to describe the aforementioned changes in surface characteristics and adhesion of CaO on the SBA support. These findings show that SBA, a valueless bagasse-incinerating waste material, can be used as a support to increase the CO2 adsorption capacity of adsorbents, transforming it into a more valuable and environmentally sustainable material.
The application of vinasse supplemented with nitrogen fertilizer to sugarcane with stubble maintained on the soil surface improves the physical, chemical and biological soil properties and may result in increased crop yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate residual effects of fertilization on cane plant, as wellas the effect of vinasse application to ratoon cane under different management systems in Conceicao da Barra, state of Espirito Santo. The experiment was carried out from 2005 to 2007, on an Ultisol on the Coastal Plains, in a randomized block, 2 x 7 factorial design with four replications with split plots. The two treatments consisted of green cane and burnt cane and the seven subtreatments of different N and K2O doses as potassium chloride and vinasse, as follows: control (T1), vinasse (T2), vinasse + 80 kg of incorporated N (T3), vinasse + 80 kg of N (T4), vinasse + 40 kg of sidedressed N (T5), K2O + 80 kg of incorporated N (T6), K2O + 80 kg of sidedressed N (T7). No residual effect of fertilization on sugarcane yield was observed. The yield of green cane was higher than that of the burnt ratoon cane. For ratoon cane, fertilization with vinasse supplemented with incorporated or sidedressed N and fertilization with 120 kg K2O in the form of KCl + incorporated 80 kg N achieved best results. No difference in the stalk yield was observed between doses of 40 and 80 kg ha(-1) sidedressed N applied to ratoon cane. Nutrient extraction and return were similar for cane plant and ratoon cane.
Currently, several research groups and industries are studying applications for the residues from agrobusiness, other than burning them. Thinking about a better use for the sugarcane bagasse, this study aims to obtain membranes of cellulose acetate composite with oxidized lignin, both isolated from sugarcane bagasse. Thus, we obtain a product with higher commercial value, from a natural fiber, which has applications in water and effluent treatment, and further contributes to the maintenance of the environment. Macromolecular components of bagasse were separated by steam explosion pre-treatment and a basic treatment with NaOH. The pulp obtained was bleached and acetylated, and subsequently membranes of this cellulose acetate were synthesized, incorporating oxidized lignin to these membranes in order to increase the metal retention capacity of them. The acetylated material was analyzed by IR, confirming acetylation. Degree of substitution was determined by volumetry, resulting in a diacetate to the MA I condition and a triacetate to MA II condition. It was observed that for the material with a lower degree of acetylation, it has better incorporation of oxidized lignins. SEM, showed membranes with dense structure. Tests were conducted to evaluate metal retention, and the average capacity of removal was 16\% Cu+2 in steady-state experiments.
Currently, several research groups and industries are studying applications for the residues from agribusiness, other than burning them. Thinking about a better use for the sugarcane bagasse, this study aims to obtain membranes of cellulose acetate composite with oxidized lignin, both isolated from sugarcane bagasse. Thus, we obtain a product with higher commercial value, from a natural fiber residue from agribusiness, which has applications in water and effluent treatment, and further contributes to the maintenance of the environment. Macromolecular components of bagasse (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) were separated by applying a steam explosion pre-treatment for the removal of the hemicellulose, a basic treatment with NaOH to separate the lignin and obtain crude cellulose pulp. This pulp was bleached and acetylated, and subsequently membranes of cellulose acetate were synthesized, incorporating oxidized lignin to these membranes in order to increase the metal retention capacity of these membranes. The acetylated material was analyzed by IR, confirming acetylation. Degree of substitution was determined by volumetry, yielding a value of 1.7, featuring a diacetate. The synthesized membranes were analyzed by SEM, showing a dense structure. Tests were conducted to evaluate metal retention, and the average capacity of removal was 15\% Cu+2 in steady-state experiments. Retention capacity in membranes is 20 times higher than the retention using chromatographic columns separation.
Single cell oil (SCO) was produced from enzymatically hydrolysed sugarcane bagasse by Mucor circinelloides. The fungus was cultured in the hydrolysate medium rich in glucose and xylose being able to assimilate both sugars simultaneously, attaining satisfactory values of lipid accumulation (25 wt\%). The main concepts addressed herein were the utilization of these lipids for the production of (i) ethyl esters of fuel grade, and (ii) concentrate of polyunsaturated fatty acids for nutraceutical applications. It was noticed that the fungal lipids also contained carotenoids and that the fungal biomass presented lipolytic activity. The concept of integrating an M. circinelloides-based biorefinery into the sugarcane energy matrix may, thus, present a relevant alternative for the production of high value-added products.
Choosing the right pretreatment for a specific biomass in order to improve sugar recovery is a key step towards the commercial feasibility of cellulosic ethanol. This article deals with the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse subjected to either delignification or hydrothermal pretreatment. Two operational strategies were studied: batch experiments were carried out with different solids loads (5-20\% w/v) and fed-batch tests reached cumulative solids content of 24\% (w/v). The highest glucose concentration (127 g/L) was achieved when working with the delignified material in fed-batch systems. However, the reactions using delignified bagasse presented sharp decrease in conversion when the solids loads exceeded 15\% (w/v). During the modeling phase, the hydrolysis behavior was described according to a semi-mechanistic approach. The goodness of fit evaluation showed that the models performed well when compared to the collected data. Finally, fed-batch simulations suggested new feeding polices to increase the final glucose content.
Sugarcane bagasse was subjected to lime (calcium hydroxide) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for second-generation ethanol production. A central composite factorial design was performed to determine the best combination of pretreatment time, temperature, and lime loading, as well as to evaluate the influence of enzymatic loadings on hydrolysis conversion. The influence of increasing solids loading in the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis stages was also determined. The hydrolysate was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch and continuous mode. In the continuous fermentation, the hydrolysates were concentrated with molasses. Lime pretreatment significantly increased the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse without the need for prior particle size reduction. In the optimal pretreatment conditions (90 h, 90 A degrees C, 0.47 g lime/g bagasse) and industrially realistic conditions of hydrolysis (12.7 FPU/g of cellulase and 7.3 CBU/g of beta-glucosidase), 139.6 kg lignin/ton raw bagasse and 126.0 kg hemicellulose in the pretreatment liquor per ton raw bagasse were obtained. The hydrolysate from lime pretreated sugarcane bagasse presented low amounts of inhibitors, leading to ethanol yield of 164.1 kg ethanol/ton raw bagasse.
This work aims to evaluate the fermentability of cellulosic hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by hydrothermal processing using Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 yeast. The inoculum was obtained from yeast culture in a medium containing glucose as a carbon source supplemented with rice bran extract, CaCl2 center dot 2H(2)O and (NH4)(2)SO4 in 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, containing 20 mL of medium, initial 5.5 pH under agitation of an orbital shaker (200 rpm) at 30A degrees C for 24 h. The cellulosic hydrolysates, prior to being used as a fermentation medium, were autoclaved for 15 min at 0.5 atm and supplemented with the same nutrients employed for the inoculum, except the glucose, using the same conditions for the inoculum, but with a period of 48 h. Preliminary results showed the highest consumption of glucose (97\%) for all the hydrolysates, at 28 h of fermentation. The highest concentration of ethanol (20.5 g/L) was found in the procedure of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by hydrothermal processing (195A degrees C/10 min in 20 L reactor) and delignificated with NaOH 1.0\% (w/v), 100A degrees C, 1 h in 500 mL stainless steel ampoules immersed in an oil bath.
The aim of this research study is to develop a biodegradable superabsorbent polymer, based on cellulose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), for water resource management, horticulture, and other products in agricultural applications. A SCB superabsorbent polymer was polymerized from SCB and acrylic acid (AA) monomer in the presence of N, N-methylene-bisacrylamide as a cross-linker by using corotating twin-screw extruder. The ratios of SCB and AA were varied in order to enhance the swelling ability of the absorbent polymer. Polymerization of SCB superabsorbent polymer was initiated by using ammonium persulfate as an initiator in a normal system and ammonium persulfate/sodium sulfite as a couple initiator in redox system. The results indicated that the swelling ability of superabsorbent polymer prepared by ammonium persulfate/sodium sulfite as a couple initiator was higher than that of the polymer prepared by ammonium persulfate as the initiator. The SCB superabsorbent polymer prepared under optimized polymerization conditions was mixed in soil, and the water-retaining ability of the soil was subsequently investigated. Soil water retention was improved in the presence of the SCB superabsorbent polymer. These results confirmed that the superabsorbent polymer prepared from polymerization of SCB and AA in the presence of N, N-methylene-bisacrylamide as a cross-linker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator by using corotating twin-screw extruder could potentially be used as an agricultural water resource.
Sugarcane bagasse and chicken manure were anaerobically fermented to carboxylic acids using a mixed culture of marine microorganisms at 55 A degrees C. Using the MixAlco process- an example of consolidated bioprocessing- the resulting carboxylate salts can be converted to mixed alcohol fuels or gasoline. To enhance digestibility, sugarcane bagasse was lime pretreated with 0.1 g Ca(OH)(2)/g dry biomass at 100 A degrees C for 2 h. Four-stage countercurrent fermentation of 80\% sugarcane bagasse/20\% chicken manure was performed at various volatile solids (VS) loading rates and liquid residence times. Calcium carbonate was used as a buffer during fermentation. The highest acid productivity of 0.79 g/(L day) occurred at a total acid concentration of 21.5 g/L. The highest conversion (0.59 g VS digested/g VS fed) and yield (0.18 g total acids/g VS fed) occurred at a total acid concentration of 15.5 g/L. The continuum particle distribution model (CPDM) predicted the experimental total acid concentrations and conversions at an average error of 10.14\% and 12.68\%, respectively. CPDM optimizations show that high conversion (> 80\%) and total acid concentration of 21.3 g/L are possible with 300 g substrate/(L liquid), 30 days liquid residence time, and 3 g/(L day) solid loading rate. Thermophilic fermentation has a higher acetate content (similar to 63 wt\%) than mesophilic fermentation (similar to 39 wt\%).
IMMOBILIZATION of yeast cells for continuous ethanol production has been extensively studied worldwide during the past few years because it showed significant advantages compared to the production by free cell system. Using renewable substrates such as Egyptian cane and beet molasses becomes necessary to reduce food crops for bioethanol production. This study investigates the immobilization of commercial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on different carriers (sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, wheat straw, and Na-alginate) for continuous ethanol production on a pilot scale. The results demonstrated that sugarcane bagasse was the best carrier for yeast cell immobilization. This substrate produced 66.30g/L ethanol, 2.76g/L/hr as ethanol productivity, and 81\% fermentation efficiency from the theoretical value, using a mixture of Egyptian cane and beet molasses with 16\% initial sugar at 30 degrees C and pH 4.5. Also, the production process is retained until 18 days continuously. From this study, it was clear that lignocellulosic materials provide suitable, cheap, and renewable carriers for immobilization of yeast cells used in the continuous ethanol production process.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the major resources of agricultural wastes in the Khuzestan Province of Iran. With the aim of maximum hydrogen production, supercritical water gasification of lignocellulosic feedstock was studied in a batch reactor at the constant pressure of 25 MPa. The effect of catalyst (five different alkali salts, Raney nickel, and activated carbon) and reaction temperature (400-800 degrees C) on gas yield and composition, gas heating value, carbon gasification efficiency (CGE), and hydrogen gasification efficiency (HGE) was investigated. An increase in reaction temperature led to significant improvement in hydrogen yield. The highest amount of hydrogen (75.6 mol kg(-1)) was achieved at 800 degrees C with the presence of KOH as catalyst where the complete gasification of bagasse took place. The annual potential of hydrogen production in the Khuzestan Province of Iran was roughly estimated to be 470 millions of Nm(3) and this calculation showed that this figure is capable of substituting the need of 6550 ha of sugarcane farms to chemical fertilizer. (C) 2014 Energy Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A coral-like polyaniline/activated biocarbon (PANI/AB) composites were prepared via in-site polymerization method. First, the activated biocarbon (AB) was derived from sugarcane bagasse, and then, the PANI/AB composites were obtained using AB as the scaffolds for PANI growth and {[
Sugarcane is both food and energy crop providing sugar and energy products. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is gaining importance for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse to bio-oil, whose yield depends on the deoxygenation activity of the catalyst employed and process parameters. In this study, mesoporous Fe-MCM-41 catalysts were synthesized with crystallization time varied from 12 to 72 h, characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), textural analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and evaluated for the HTL of sug-arcane bagasse. All the Fe-MCM-41 catalysts gave higher bio-oil yield with lower oxygen content compared to non -catalytic HTL, confirmed their deoxygenation activity. Among them, Fe-MCM-41 synthesized after 24 h of crystal-lization was found to have the highest crystallinity, and surface area thus gave the highest bio-oil yield of 56.2\% containing the least amount of oxygen of 15.3 wt\% at 250 degrees C, initial CO pressure of 45 bar, reaction time of 120 min, Water/Biomass weight ratio of 28, Catalyst/Biomass weight ratio of 0.4 and 0.2, respectively. Overall process of HTL of sugarcane bagasse was found to involve two consecutive equilibria, first conversion of lignocellulose of sugarcane bagasse by hydrolysis to water soluble organics (WSO) followed by its deoxygenation to bio-oil.Copyright (c) 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
This work determined the optimal conditions to pretreat sucargane bagasse with HCl by using the liquid and the solid fractions resulting from the bagasse pretreament as substrate for fermentative hydrogen production by a mixed culture. A 2(3) full factorial central composite design (star configuration) helped to determine how temperature, time, and acid concentration affected the total monosaccharides (TM), total reducing sugars (TRS), and total inhibitors (TI) concentrations in the liquid fraction. Temperature, time, and acid concentration impacted the TRS and TM concentrations, but these variables did not influence the TI concentration significantly. The optimal pretreatment conditions were HCl at 7.36 \% (v/v), 96.8 A degrees C, and 441.6 min, which afforded the highest TRS concentration in the liquid hydrolysates. The liquid fraction obtained from the bagasse pretreated with acid under the optimal conditions (designated liq) was not suitable for H-2 production by the mixed culture before treatment of the fraction with activated carbon. The solid residual bagasse (designated sol) alone afforded 6.0 mL of H-2/g of bagasse. Liq treated with 10 \% (m/v) activated carbon, to give liq + C, and sol added with the enzyme Celluclast(A (R)) 10 U g(-1), to afford sol + E, yielded 45.3 and 7.8 mL of H-2/g of bagasse respectively, which amounted to 53.1 mL of H-2/g of bagasse. The volumetric productivities-1450 and 1423 mL of H-2 L-1 d(-1) for liq + C and sol + E, respectively-are the highest ever reported in the literature for H-2 production from sugarcane bagasse by a microbial consortium.
Different pretreatment processes, including liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment, and their combinative pretreatments, were conducted to improve the enzymatic digestibility and sugar recovery from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). LHW pretreatment solubilized over 82\% of xylan and 42\% of lignin, after which the SCB presented the poorest enzymatic digestibility. NaOH pretreatment could remove 78\% of lignin and retain most of glucan. For combinative pretreatments, the sequence of two procedures had a significant effect on the chemical composition, substrate characteristic and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis process. LHW-NaOH pretreatment could solubilize over 92\% of xylan and remove 76\% of lignin, and the highest total sugar recovery of 73\% was achieved after 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis. While NaOH-LHW pretreatment, which could remove nearly 84\% of lignin, but only solubilize 71\% of xylan, showed the highest enzymatic digestibility. The pretreatment efficiency was: NaOH-LHW > NaOH > LHW-NaOH > LHW. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Microwave irradiation (MWI) and ionic liquid (IL) assisted methods were chosen to strengthen the alkali pretreatment process to improve saccharification efficiency of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Four different pretreatment approaches namely alkali, IL, MWI-alkali and IL-alkali pretreatments were compared. The chemical composition, morphology and crystal performance of the substrates were analyzed by the standardized methods of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. IL assisted treatment brought the highest lignin removal (78.51\%), and the glucan and xylan conversion achieved 99.51\% and 92.76\%, respectively, after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. The similar effect occurred for MWI assisted alkali-pretreatment approach. SEM and XRD analyses showed that the strengthened process obviously changed the structure and crystallinity of the substrates. Moreover, as a persuasive tool, the fractal-like theory was used to study the enzymatic hydrolysis kinetics. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum MJ2 and biochar were used to enhance thermophilic hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse. MJ2 bioaugmentation notably increased the hydrogen production by 95.31\%, which was further significantly improved by 158.10\% by adding biochar. The addition of biochar promoted the degradation of substrate, improved the activities of hydrogenase and electron transfer system, and stimulated microbial growth and metabolism. Microbial community analysis showed that the relative abundance of Thermoanaerobacterium was significantly increased by bioaugmentation and further enriched by biochar. PICRUSt analysis showed that MJ2 combined with biochar promoted metabolic pathways related to substrate degradation and microbial metabolism. This study provides a novel enhancement method for hydrogen production of the cellulolytic microbial consortium by exogenous hydrogen-producing microorganism combined with biochar and deepens the understanding of its functional mechanism.
Among the major challenges for hemicellulosic hydrolysate application in fermentative processes, there is the presence of toxic compounds generated during the pretreatment of the biomass, which can inhibit microbial growth. Therefore, the development of efficient, biodegradable and cost-effective detoxification methods for lignocellulosic hydrolysates is crucial. In this work, two tannin-based biopolymers (called A and B) were tested in the detoxification of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate for subsequent fermentation by Candida guilliermondii. The effects of biopolymer concentration, pH, temperature, and contact time were studied using a 24 experimental design for both biopolymers. Results revealed that the biopolymer concentration and the pH were the most significant factors in the detoxification step. Biopolymer A removed phenolics, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and nickel from the hydrolysate more efficiently than biopolymer B, while biopolymer B was efficient to remove chromium at 15\% (v/v). Detoxification enhanced the fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, and the biopolymers showed different influences on the process. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Low H-2 yield from biomass impedes the industrial application of biohydrogen production. To improve H-2 yield, the effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf (GL) on H-2 production was investigated in this study. In batch fermentation with sugarcane molasses (SM), the addition of GL improved H-2 yield by 28.03\%. SM medium was optimized with response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the best concentrations of GL, SM, and an inexpensive nitrogen source-corn steep liquor (CSL). A maximum yield of 1.58 mol-H-2/mol-hexose from SM was obtained when GL, CSL and SM hexose were 2.31 g/L, 2.28 g/L and 10 g/L, respectively. As observed with metabolic flux analysis, GL enhanced H-2 conversion from SM via altering the metabolic flux distribution of E. harbinense from ethanol pathway towards acetate pathway. This study demonstrated the promotion effect of GL on H-2 production from SM, raising a novel method for enhanced biohydrogen production in large scales.
Biosynthesis of invertase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 01K32 was inversely proportional to the concentration of sugarcane blackstrap molasses included in the medium. In a fermenter, an intracellular invertase activity of 440 U/g dry cells was obtained.
Although thermoplastic starch (TPS) is biodegradable, its low mechanical resistance limits its wide application. Sugarcane bagasse (SB) fibers can be used as reinforcement in TPS matrix composites, but the influence of fiber size on the properties of the composite is still unknown. In this study, TPS composites reinforced with SB short fibers of four sizes were processed and characterized in order to analyze the influence of fiber size on the mechanical properties of the TPS/SB composite. It was observed that the interaction between fiber and matrix was good and optimized when the fibers are sifted in sieves between 30 and 50 mesh, obtaining fibers with average length of 1569 +/- 640 mu m and average diameter of 646 +/- 166 mu m. For these composites, increases of more than 660\% in the modulus and more than 100\% in the maximum tension were verified when compared to the pure TPS.
High-efficiency recovery of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) was studied with industrialized technology including ultrafiltration (UF) and electrodialysis (ED) after the pretreatment for sugarcane bagasse. Ultrafiltration with the cut-off of 650 g/mol was chosen for the purification of resulting aqueous solution after pretreatment. Major factors controlling EmimAc recovery process including EmimAc concentration in feed solution, applied voltage and flow rate in each section of ED module were studied in detail. And the maximum IL recovery ratio reached 94.0\% and maximum IL recovery performance of specific energy consumption approached 194.9 g/kw.h. The recovered EmimAc samples showed comparable recyclability for sugarcane bagasse considering the delignin ratio of pretreatment. FT-IR and H-1 NMR characterization proved the intact chemical structure of EmimAc after 4 batches of recycling. Insight gained from this study suggests an economically feasible and robust strategy for EmimAc recycling during biorefinery.
To expand the range of natural resources researchers have been re-directing their interests in biomass based bio-fuels, which can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with alkali and ligninolytic enzymes extract produced from Pleurotus ostreatus IBL-02 to depolymerize lignin and expose the cellulose polymers. The de-lignified bagasse was used as substrate for bio-ethanol production in sequential saccharification and fermentation by an indigenous strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Alkali treatment (4\% NaOH) and ligninolytic enzymes extract (25 mL) treatment caused 48.7 and 33.6\% de-lignification of sugarcane bagasse, respectively. The de-lignified residues were treated with indigenously produced crude cellulase extract from Trichoderma harzaianum that resulted in 69.2 and 72.9\% cellulose hydrolysis of alkali and ligninolytic enzymes pretreated bagasse, respectively. S. cerevisea was grown on the hydrolyzates to produce ethanol at 37 degrees C and pH 5.5 that produced 18.2 and 16.3 g/L ethanol using alkali and enzyme pretreated substrates, respectively. For maximum ethanol production, different parameters like fermentation time period, pH, temperature, substrate level and inoculum sizes were optimized using both alkali and enzymes pretreated substrates. Under optimum conditions ethanol production of 32.45 g/L and 28.15 g/L was obtained from alkali and ligninolytic enzymes treated sugarcane bagasse, respectively. In conclusion, the results obtained after high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis suggesting ligninolytic pretreatment as a promising tool for bio-ethanol production in sequential saccharification and fermentation. Enzymatic treatment of waste biomass could be of particular interest, since it seems an eco-friendly approach for bio-ethanol production. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Background: Effective pretreatment is key to achieving high enzymatic saccharification efficiency in processing lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars, biofuels and value-added products. Ionic liquids (ILs), still relatively new class of solvents, are attractive for biomass pretreatment because some demonstrate the rare ability to dissolve all components of lignocellulosic biomass including highly ordered (crystalline) cellulose. In the present study, three ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
Aluminum metal matrix composites are a new generation of metal matrix composites that have the potential of sustaining the emerging demand for advanced engineering applications. These demands were satisfied due to massive mechanical and tribological properties of the aluminum hybrid composite material. In this work, abundantly available agricultural waste product (i.e., sugarcane bagasse ash) was used as a reinforcement material in AlSi10Mg alloy to enhance the alloy material properties for their better accomplishment in industrial applications. Initially, the chemical composition of the sugarcane bagasse ash particles was analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy test, which revealed the presence of rich Silica content in the ash particles. Sugarcane bagasse ash particles of three different weight percentages (i.e., 6, 9, and 12\%) are reinforced with aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) using stir casting process. The wear mechanisms and fractured morphology of the tensile tested specimen were analyzed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. The result shows that the tensile, hardness, and impact strength were increased with increase in the weight percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash particles but ductility decreased when increasing the weight percentage. Further, dry sliding wear behavior of the fabricated composites was tested using Pin-on-Disc for three different loads (10 N, 20 N, 30 N). The wear rate and coefficient of friction for the hybrid matrix composites were found to be decreased while increasing the weight percentage of ash content, but they increase while increasing the applied load.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the low-cost substrates used for bioethanol production. In order to solubilize sugars in hemicelluloses like xylan, a new thermotolerant isolate of Candida tropicalis HNMA-1 with xylan-hydrolyzing ability was identified and characterized. The strain showed relative tolerance to high temperature. Our results demonstrated 0.211 IU ml(-1) xylanase activity at 40 A degrees C compared to 0.236 IU ml(-1) at 30 A degrees C. The effect of high temperature on the growth and fermentation of xylose and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate were also investigated. In both xylose or hydrolysate medium, increased growth was recorded at 40 A degrees C. Meanwhile, the efficiency of ethanol fermentation was adversely affected by temperature since yields of 0.088 g g(-1) and 0.076 g g(-1) in the xylose medium, in addition to 0.090 g g(-1) and 0.078 g g(-1) in the hydrolysate medium were noticed at 30 A degrees C and 40 A degrees C, respectively. Inhibitory compounds in the hydrolysate medium demonstrated negative effects on fermentation and productivity, with maximum ethanol concentration attained after 48 h in the hydrolysate, as opposed to 24 h in the xylose medium. Our data show that the newly thermotolerant isolate, C. tropicalis HNMA-1, is able to efficiently ferment xylose and hydrolysate, and also has the capacity for application in ethanol production from hemicellulosic sources.
The objective of this work was to determine the optimum conditions of sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with lime to increase the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide component and to study the delignification kinetics. The first stage was an evaluation of the influence of temperature, reaction time, and lime concentration in the pretreatment performance measured as glucose release after hydrolysis using a 2(3) central composite design and response surface methodology. The maximum glucose yield was 228.45 mg/g raw biomass, corresponding to 409.9 mg/g raw biomass of total reducing sugars, with the pretreatment performed at 90 degrees C, for 90 h, and with a lime loading of 0.4 g/g dry biomass. The enzymes loading was 5.0 FPU/dry pretreated biomass of cellulase and 1.0 CBU/dry pretreated biomass of beta-glucosidase. Kinetic data of the pretreatment were evaluated at different temperatures (60 degrees C, 70 degrees C, 80 degrees C, and 90 degrees C), and a kinetic model for bagasse delignification with lime as a function of temperature was determined. Bagasse composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) was measured, and the study has shown that 50\% of the original material was solubilized, lignin and hemicellulose were selectively removed, but cellulose was not affected by lime pretreatment in mild temperatures (60-90 degrees C). The delignification was highly dependent on temperature and duration of pretreatment.
Recently, the lightweight geopolymer production from wastes got adamant attention for sustainable and green building construction. But lower flexure and the tensile strength limit its wider application in the construction industry. This study was intended to prepare sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) based geopolymer reinforced with (PP) (PP) fibers. The physical and mechanical properties of geopolymers with various percentages of (PP) (PP) fibers were evaluated through the experiments and discussed in detail. The addition of (PP) fibers resulted in enhanced flexural and tensile strength. Results assert that by limiting the content of (PP) fibers to 1\%, not only improve in the flexural properties but also enhance the compressive strength by providing denser microstructure. This study concludes that the use of (SBA) composite reinforced with (PP) fibers can provide alternative ways to achieve sustainability by utilizing the wastes which mainly cause environmental degradation during landfilling.
The enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse was greatly increased by alkali (NaOH)-peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment under mild conditions. The effects of several factors affecting the pretreatment were investigated. It was found that when bagasse was pre-pretreated by 10\% (based on initial dry materials) NaOH with 3:1 liquid-to-solid ratio at 90 degrees C for 1.5 h and further delignified by 10\% peracetic acid (based on initial dry materials) at 75 degrees C for 2.5 h, the yield of reducing sugars reached 92.04\% by enzymatic hydrolysis for 120 h with cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g solid. Compared with acid and alkali pretreatment, alkali-PAA pretreatment could be conducted under milder conditions and was more effective for delignification with less carbohydrates being degraded in the pretreatment process. Alkaline stage played an important role for partial delignification, swelling fibers and subsequently reducing PAA loading. No loss of cellulase activity (FPA) was observed in the liquid phase for alkali-PAA pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis for 120 h. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Studies concerning the production of particleboards with sugarcane bagasse as an alternative fibrous material have been carried out as an attempt to provide a sustainable and viable destination for this residue. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of several processing variables related to the microstructure of sugarcane bagasse particleboards (mat type, adhesive type and adhesive content) on their permeability and water sorption properties. Air permeability data was collected by the rotameter method. Superficial air permeability (kg), Darcian constant (k(1)) and non-Darcian constant (k(2)) were measured. kg was related to sorption behavior of the particleboards. 1-layer particleboards presented significantly higher kg values than the 3-layer particleboards. In general, adhesive type, position and content did not influence kg of particleboards. However, these processing variables influenced interactions between fluid and material and tortuosity of the porous media. Particleboards produced with urea-formaldehyde with high kg presented higher water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 hours. Such relations were not observed in particleboards produced with melamine-urea-formaldehyde.
The effect of mechanical and tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy (Al-Si10-Mg) with sugarcane bagasse ash and silicon carbide reinforced metal matrix composites were investigated. Al-Si10-Mg alloy reinforced with 9wt.\% of treated sugarcane bagasse ash particles of size (< 75 mu m) and Owt.\%, 3wt.\%, 6wt.\% and 9wt.\% of silicon carbide particles of size (< 25 mu m) were fabricated using the stir casting method. Morphological analysis was done using scanning electron microscopy to access the distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix alloy. Tensile, hardness, and impact strengths were increased with an increase in weight fraction of SiC reinforcement particles in the aluminium alloy, while the ductility was decreased. Pin-on-disc dry sliding wear test was carried out with 10, 20 and 30 N loads with a sliding speed of 10 m.s(-1) for a constant time period of 20 min to predict the wear behaviour of the developed composites. Worn surfaces of the wear-tested specimens and fracture morphology structure of the tensile-tested specimens were analysed. Results show that the composites reinforced with sugarcane bagasse ash and silicon carbide particles exhibit superior wear resistance.
Implementation of biomass based power plants is substantially increased worldwide, and hence large quantity of agro-waste ashes is disposed as waste. The reuse of agro-waste ashes as supplementary cementitious materials helps to solve problems associated with intensive carbon emission from cement plants and the disposal of agrowaste ashes. Although earlier studies are reported on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash as a pozzolan in concrete, studies on their combined use in the production of ternary cement are highly limited. Hence, the present study focuses on the performance evaluation of the sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash based ternary blended cementitious system. The performance of the ternary blended concrete is also compared with sugarcane bagasse ash based binary blended concrete. Rheological characteristics, compressive strength, rapid chloride penetration test, water sorptivity index, and porosity of the blended concrete is investigated. The yield stress, plastic viscosity and consistency index are increased with the increase in the addition of sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The highest compressive strength is observed for ternary blended concrete with 10\% bagasse ash and 5\% rice husk ash, followed by blended binary concrete with 20\% bagasse ash. The decrease in portlandite was evidently observed for binary and ternary blended samples with the addition of bagasse ash and rice husk ash using X-ray diffractogram and thermal analysis. Reduction in chloride permeability, water sorptivity index and porosity was observed for agro-waste ashes blended concrete than control concrete.
Biochar conversion of sugarcane and rice harvest residues provides an alternative for managing these crop residues that are traditionally burned in open field. Sugarcane leaves, bagasse, rice straw and husk were converted to biochar at four pyrolysis temperatures (PTs) of 450 degrees C, 550 degrees C, 650 degrees C, and 750 degrees C and evaluated for various elemental, molecular and surface properties. The carbon content of biochars was highest for those produced at 650-750 degrees C. Biochars produced at 550 degrees C showed the characteristics of biochar that are commonly interpreted as being stable in soil, with low H/C and O/C ratios and pyrolysis fingerprints dominated by aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. At 550 degrees C, all biochars also exhibited maximum CEC values with sugarcane leaves biochar (SLB) > sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) > rice straw biochar (RSB) > rice husk biochar (RHB). The pore size distribution of biochars was dominated by pores of 20 nm and high PT increased both smaller and larger than 50 nm pores. Water holding capacity of biochars increased with PT but the magnitude of the increase was limited by feedstock types, likely related to the hydrophobicity of biochars as evident by molecular composition, besides pore volume properties of biochars. Py-GC/MS analysis revealed a clear destruction of lignin with decarboxylation and demethoxylation at 450 degrees C and dehydroxylation at above 550 degrees C. Overall, biochar molecular compositions became similar as PT increased, and the biochars produced at 550 degrees C demonstrated characteristics that have potential benefit as soil amendment for improving both C sequestration and nutrient dynamics. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND Sugarcane straw is an available but largely ignored lignocellulosic biomass to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with highly crystalline, tunable surface chemistries and a wide-ranging adaptability. Herein, we utilized sugarcane straw to obtain pure cellulose via purification processes, followed by subsequent preparation of CNCs via sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The properties of the purified fibers and obtained CNCs were assessed by their composition, morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal stability. RESULTS After the purification process, alkali-treated fibers (ATFs) contained 886.33 +/- 1.25 g kg(-1) cellulose, and its morphological analysis revealed a smooth and slender fibrous structure. The CNCs obtained by treatment with 64 wt\% sulfuric acid at 45 degrees C for 60 min were isolated in a yield of 21.8\%, with a diameter and length of 6 to 10 nm and 160 to 200 nm, respectively. Moreover, crystallinity index of these CNCs reached 62.66\%, and thermal stability underwent a two-step degradation. Short-term ultrasonication after hydrolysis was employed to enhance isolation of the CNC particles and improve the anionic charge with higher value -38.00 mV. CONCLUSION Overall, isolation and characterization results indicated the potential for CNCs preparation using sugarcane straw, in addition to offering a fundamental understanding of this material and indicating potential applications. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Sugarcane bagasse was used as a cellulose resource, and the transparent cellulose hydrogel films were obtained from the purified cellulose by phase inversion process without chemical cross-linking, when the dissolved cellulose in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethyl acetamide was transformed into the solid film. On these processes, bagasse was pre-treated by 10wt\% sodium hydroxide in the absence and presence of bleaching of 10vol\% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution in order to obtain cellulose fibers. Here, the bleaching temperature was varied from 40 to 50 degrees C. The effect of pre-treatment conditions on the resultant cellulose solution and hydrogel films was investigated. It was seen that strong bleaching removed most of lignin component from the bagasse. However, viscosity and size exclusion chromatogram of the cellulose indicated that this operation decreased average molecular weight of the cellulose fibers from 2.1x10(6) to 4.8x10(5). These property changes of fibers also caused increase of water content and weakening of mechanical strength of the resultant hydrogels. In addition, scanning probe microscopy in wet state revealed that the porous fiber network structure in the hydrogel was greatly influenced by bleaching with NaOCl. The average pore size of fiber network was decreased from 8.1 to 5.9nm as the NaOCl treatment was at 50 degrees C, because of expanded fibers in the swollen hydrogel. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
The development of food packaging films from nanocellulose has received attention from researchers. In this study, the chemo-mechanical method has been used to obtain nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse. The shape and size of the nanocellulose were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) using ImageJ software, and the result was found to be in good agreement with that of dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Various characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer for the analysis of crystallinity, chemical structure, thermal stability, and optical properties were performed for fibers and nanocelluloses. Moreover, antibacterial evaluation was also carried out using the disc diffusion method with Bacillus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The removal of noncellulosic elements from fibers after treatment and grinding was revealed by FTIR analysis. Furthermore, nanocellulose exhibited not only higher thermal stability and crystallinity but also acceptable antibacterial properties. Based on the results of this study, polymeric films and composites of the presented nanocellulose might be utilized in food packaging, plastic packaging, and container fabrication.
This work evaluated the integration of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) with a sugarcane bagasse cogeneration plant located in Campo Grande (Brazil). The plant is equipped with two 170 t/h capacity steam generators that provide steam at 67 bar/525 degrees C. Superheated steam is expanded in a backpressure and in a condensing-extraction turbine. The evaluated hybridization layouts were: (layout 1) solar feedwater pre-heating; (layout 2) saturated steam generation with solar energy and post superheating in biomass steam generators and (layout 3) superheated steam generation in parallel with biomass boilers. Linear Fresnel and parabolic trough were implemented in layouts 1 and 2, while solar tower in layout 3. The exportation of electricity to the grid was increased between 1.3\% (layout 1/linear Fresnel) and 19.8\% (layout 3) in comparison with base case. The levelized cost of additional electricity was accounted between 220 US\$/MWh (layout 3) and 628 US\$/MWh (layout 1/linear Fresnel). The key factor related to layout 3 was the improvement of solar field capacity factor due to the solar-only operation of this approach. These aspects demonstrate that the combination of solar and bagasse resources might be the key to turn CSP economically feasible in Brazil. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, a green method to produce furfural from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) acid hydrolysates is proposed via a route mediated by a renewable glycine-based ionic liquid, {[
This study investigated the production of d-lactic acid from unutilized sugarcane bagasse using steam explosion pretreatment. The optimal steam pressure for a steaming time of 5 min was determined. The steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed using cellulase (Meicelase) and then the hydrolyzate was subjected to fermentation substrate. By enzymatic saccharification using Meicelase, the highest recovery of glucose from raw bagasse, 73.7 \%, was obtained at a steam pressure of 20 atm. For extracted residue with water after steam explosion, the glucose recovery increased up to 94.9 \% at a steam pressure of 20 atm. These results showed that washing with water is effective in removing enzymatic reaction inhibitors. After steam pretreatment (steam pressure of 20 atm), d-lactic acid was produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii NBRC 3534 from the enzymatic hydrolyzate of steam-exploded bagasse and washed residue. The conversion rate of d-lactic acid obtained from the glucose concentration was 66.6 \% for the hydrolyzate of steam-exploded bagasse without washing with water and 90.0 \% for that derived from the extracted residue with water after steam explosion. These results also demonstrated that the hydrolyzate of steam-exploded bagasse (without washing with water) contains fermentation inhibitors and washing with water can remove them.
Background Occupational exposure to bagasse dust is known to pose direct and indirect costs to workers. However, the paucity of information on the extent of occupational exposure to sugarcane workers in Ethiopia is a challenge. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of occupational exposure to bagasse dust and associated factors. Study area and period The study was conducted at Metehara Sugarcane Factory from February 15-May 15, 2017. Study design A cross-sectional study design was employed among 552 participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, the DustTrak (TM) Aerosol Monitor, CELL-880, brand name Casella, was used to measure exposure. Then, the data were entered and cleaned using Epi Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Finally, the crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted OR (AOR), together with their corresponding 95\% confidence intervals (CIs), were computed. p <= 0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. Results Lack of labor inspections and safety audits, lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), absence of job rotation, absence of ventilation, weekly working hours and job dissatisfaction were significantly associated, with AOR = 6.12 (2.52, 7.48), 7.17 (4.05, 8.87), 1.96 (1.27, 3.02), 3.63 (2.28, 5.78), 5.9 (3.64, 9.56), 6.34 (3.79, 10.62) and 2.19 (1.05, 4.57), respectively. Conclusions Lack of safety audits and labor inspections, lack of PPE, absence of job rotation, absence of ventilation and current job dissatisfaction were found to be predictors of occupational exposure to bagasse dust. Hence, the identified factors should be considered to minimize exposure of sugarcane factory workers to bagasse dust.
This study evaluated potential risk of vinasse to provoke salinity and sodicity in groundwater in a lowland area under sugarcane crop. The research was carried out in Pernambuco State, in the Northeast of Brazil, from December 2010 to September 2011. A georeferenced grid of 81 wells over 7.5 ha (three subareas with 2.5 ha each) under sugarcane crop was monitored. Vinasse was applied at three rates 50, 60 and 65 m(3) ha(-1) from molasses fermentation. Quality of groundwater was monitored through six samples along period of plant growing. EC, pH, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and SAR were measured. Rate up to 65 m(3) ha(-1), in lowland areas, for the variables analysed, provided no risk to groundwater for salinity and sodicity, as well as EC and SAR for salinity and sodicity during the experimental stage. This study showed that rainfall provided reduction of salt concentrations in groundwater under monitoring along the time.
The auto industry is compelled to improve its environmental performance, namely by making use of renewable materials and cleaner manufacturing processes with lower energy intensity, and at the end-of-life of the auto, recyclable products and materials are desirable specifications that need to be considered at an earlier design stage, i.e., promoting the ecodesign. This paper provides an analysis of such a strategy for a material that is used extensively in the auto industry, namely polypropylene composites, as we have quantified the environmental impacts when sugarcane bagasse-reinforced polypropylene substitutes for talc-filled polypropylene (PP). To achieve these goals, a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the two alternatives, from raw extractions to the end-of-life (EOL) phase of sugarcane bagasse-PP and talc-PP composite, where data gathered in different industries in Brazil were included in the LCA GaBi software. Our analysis shows that in addition to similar mechanical performance, natural fiber composites showed superior environmental performance throughout the entire life cycle. This superior performance is because: (1) in the cultivation phase, sugarcane absorbs carbon through the photosynthesis process while growing, thus reducing the global warming impact of the materials used; (2) the production process is cleaner; (3) sugarcane bagasse-reinforced composites are lighter for equivalent performance, which reduces the amount of polypropylene used; and (4) the economic reuse proposed for the EOL sugarcane bagasse-PP composite was the best alternative to minimize environmental impacts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The present study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and pyrolysis kinetics of sugarcane bagasse (SB). The physiochemical properties of SB were determined to examine its potential for pyrolysis. The physiochemical properties such as proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating values, lignocellulosic composition, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of SB were investigated. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a nonisothermal thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to understand the thermal degradation behavior of SB. The activation energy (E-a) of SB pyrolysis was calculated by model-free Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) methods. Average values of activation energy determined through KAS and OFW methods are found as 91.64 kJ/mol and 104.43 kJ/mol, respectively. Variation in the activation energy with degree of conversion was observed, which shows that pyrolysis is a complex process composed of several reactions. Coats-Redfern method was used to calculate the pre-exponential factor and reaction order. Conversion of SB due to heat treatment computed by using the kinetic parameters is found to be in good agreement with the experimental conversion data, and the maximum error limit between the experimental and predicted conversions is 8.5\% for 5 degrees C/min, 6.0\% for 10 degrees C/min, and 11.6\% for 20 degrees C/min. The current investigation proves the suitability of SB as a potential feedstock for pyrolysis.
The method of solvothermal by one-step operation has been performed to synthesize of magnetic amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse biocomposites (SB-MH). The obtained SB-MH contains 62.34\% of Fe, 17.8 mmol/g of amine, and a magnetic property of 19.46 emu/g. The biocomposite surface area increased significantly from 1.617 to 25.789 m(2)/g after amine functionalization. The optimum condition of SB-MH used for Pb(II) ion removal was achieved at pH 5 for 360 min with adsorption capacity of 203.522 mg/g. The pseudo 2nd order was well-fitted to the model of Pb(II) ion adsorption. Meanwhile, other contaminant parameters number of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and dye in wastewater were also remarkably reduced by about 74.4\%, 88.0\%, and 96.7\%, respectively. The reusability of SB-MH with 4th repetitions showed only a slight decrease in performance of 5\%. Therefore, the proposed magnetic amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse biocomposites lead to a very potential adsorbent implemented in high scale due to high surface area, easy separation, stable materials and capability to adsorb contaminants from aqueous solution.
Soil with low bearing capacity requires stabilization to improve its engineering properties. In urban areas, to borrow soil from a long distance is time-consuming and uneconomical. Therefore, it is economical to use locally available industrial and agricultural waste for soil stabilization. In the present investigation, silty soil is used with various percentages of sugarcane bagasse ash and marble dust; various laboratory experiments have been performed, viz., unconfined compressive strength test and standard Proctor test to evaluate the effect of materials used to enhance the properties of parent soil. This stabilization technique is cost-effective and has an additional benefit of providing an environmental-friendlyway to deal with industrial waste product. Results of Proctor test indicate that there was an increase in optimum moisture content and decrease in maximum dry density on increasing the stabilizer content, and unconfined compressive strength test result shows that there was increase in the strength value on increasing the stabilizer content.
Sugarcane bagasse is a natural source of phenolic compounds. However, these compounds are bound to lignocellulose components, reducing their ability to function as good antioxidants. These linkages are hydrolyzed by enzymes like beta-glucosidases, increasing free phenolics. Auricularia is a food-grade genus capable of producing beta-glucosidases. The aim of this work was (I) to determine naturally occurring species of Auricularia and (II) to obtain phenolic compounds through the solid-state bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse. We have successfully isolated five strains that were assigned to the taxon A. fuscosuccinea. We determined beta-glucosidase activity by fluorescence plate assay of the five isolated strains and adjusted an optimal temperature for mycelial growth at 30 degrees C. A. fuscosuccinea LBM 243 was chosen for solid-state bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse. beta-glucosidase activity (12.2 +/- 0.62 U l(-1)) and protein content (51.58 +/- 6.26 mg l(-1)) were highest on day 20 of culture. The maximum value of total phenolic content (507.5 +/- 9.05 mg l(-1)) was obtained at day 20 and antioxidant capacity (34.44\% +/- 11.20) was highest at day 10, both in ethanolic extracts. The best performance of ethanol against methanol extraction in this work is highlighted considering ethanol to be a safe, efficient, and low-cost solvent.
The present work aims to evaluate the potential to increase electricity generation through the usage of sugarcane straw in sugarcane cogeneration plants. Currently the cogeneration plants use sugarcane bagasse as fuel in their systems based on Rankine Cycle presenting backpressure and condensing steam turbines. The utilisation of straw has become feasible after a change in the handling of sugarcane harvesting due to the ban on sugarcane burning, thus opening possibilities for its energetic usage. Three configurations of cogeneration plants were analysed: two traditional Rankine cycles, one with backpressure steam turbines and the other with condensing steam turbines, and a proposal of a cogeneration plant based on a BIGCC. Each configuration was assessed through exergetic cost analysis, aiming to evaluate the potential of electricity generation with the combined use of sugarcane bagasse and straw.
The most sustainable and eco-friendly approaches for biodiesel production now a days is microalgae farming due to its prompt growth rate, not affecting food chain and high oil yields. However, pilot scale harvesting is not economically feasible. Cultivating microalgae on food wastes/food industrial wastes will help improving the problem significantly. Microalgae have been employed on various wastes/industrial effluents which have been proved to be valuable nutrient sources. Sugarcane bagasse was utilized as low-cost carbon source in the present study which is one of abundantly available, biodegradable and cheap agro-industrial food waste. The highest productivity of 0.056 g L-1 d(-1), lipid contents of 13.55\% and protein contents of 31.5\% were observed when Chlorella sp. BR2 was grown mixotrophically in bagasse. Fatty acids analyzed via GCMS, showed that the C16 and C18 were predominating fatty acids in Chlorella grown mixotrophically in bagasse and hence make it a suitable feedstock for the production of a good quality biodiesel. Thus the present study proved that Chlorella sp. BR2 appears potential candidate for biodiesel production while utilizing sugarcane bagasse as an organic carbon substrate.
The effect of nano-particles of TiO2 on the mechanical and thermal properties of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-ethylene co-vinyl acetate (EVA) composite was investigated. Composite materials were prepared using a melt-mix intercalation method on a rheomex mixer coupled with a single screw extruder. differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG) analyser and an Instron, were used to probe the thermal and mechanical properties of the samples. Composites with TiO2 were compared with those without TiO2 but with the same content of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). After the addition of TiO2, the tensile strength increased by 10\%, from 11.26 MPa for neat EVA, which correlated with the enthalpy of fusion, however, the tensile strength decreased by 18\% at higher SCB loading. Elongation at break decreased from 463 to 0\% as the filler (SCB) was increased which was inversely proportional to the modulus. The composite showed an improved thermal stability with the addition of TiO2.
This research identified suitable conditions to fabricate pulp fibers for paperboards and medium density fiberboards (MDF) from the bagasse of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and the empty fruit bunch (EFB) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). First, the effects of chemical pretreatments at 121 degrees C and pressurized refining under steaming conditions were studied in regards to the thermomechanical pulps. The optimal conditions to achieve the highest paper strength properties of the EFB pulp involved pretreatment with 2\% NaOH for 2 h and refining at 0.7 MPa of pressure at 165 degrees C. The sugarcane bagasse (SB) pulp properties could not be improved by chemical pretreatment, while the EFB pulp properties clearly benefited from such pretreatment. Second, the effects of dry and wet blowing methods after pressurized refining on the fiber properties were examined. The strength properties of the half-dried SB and EFB pulps with 55\% solid content were slightly higher than those of their wet counterparts. These results clearly suggest that SB and EFB can be promising refined fibers for paperboard and MDF preparation. Third, MDF was made from dried EFB refined fibers with 92\% solid content by dry processing, and suitable properties for actual use were obtained. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
After several rounds of milling process for sugars extraction from sugarcane, certain amounts of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) still remain in sugarcane bagasse. It is a bottleneck to utilize WSC in sugarcane bagasse biorefinery, since these sugars are easily degraded into inhibitors during pretreatment. Herein, a simple prefermentation step before pretreatment was conducted, and 98 \% of WSC in bagasse was fermented into D-lactic acid. The obtained D-lactic acid was stably preserved in bagasse and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) generation was sharply reduced from 46.0 mg/g to 6.2 mg/g of dry bagasse, after dilute acid pretreatment. Consequently, a higher D-lactic acid titer (57.0 g/L vs 33.2 g/L) was achieved from the whole slurry of the undetoxified and pretreated sugarcane bagasse by one-pot simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), with the overall yield of 0.58 g/g dry bagasse. This study gave an efficient strategy for enhancing lactic acid production using the lignocellulosic waste from sugar industry.
Three Holstein steers, canulated in the rumen, where were incubated nylon bags with sugarcane bagasse, were maintained in feedlot, in individual boxes, according to the following treatments: T1 -bagasse without treatment (control); T2 -bagasse treated with 2.5\% Na2S; T3 -bagasse treated with 4\% NH3 and T4 -bagasse treated with 2.5\% Na2S + 4\% NH3. Higher potential degradability was observed for the treatment with bagasse treated with NH3 and NH3 plus Na2S. Dry matter degradability ranged from 38.3 to 65.5\%, in the control for the treatment with bagasse treated with anhydrous ammonia after 96-h incubation. It were observed higher values of potentially degradable ``b{''
A study to compare biogas production potentials of wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse and pressmud was conducted at pH 8.0, temperature 40 degrees C and substrate concentration 20 g/L. Raw substrates were thermogravimetrically and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopically characterised. TGA showed the weight loss of samples attributable to moisture, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin losses. FTIR analysis indicated functional groups characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Biogas production was the maximum between 10th and 25th day for all the tests. WS with 10\% inoculum showed the highest cumulative biogas production of 370 mL/g followed by the SB (316 mL/g) and PM (211 mL/g) counterparts. The corresponding values with 5\% inoculum were 303 mL/g (WS), 244 mL/g (SB) and 152 mL/g (PM). The inoculum volume also positively affected the cumulative biogas production (22.1, 29.5 and 38.8\% respectively). The higher volatile fatty acids as observed in case of WS which further facilitated higher biogas production could be due to its maximum volatile solids content (88.9\%) and water swelling capacity (7.37). A consistently increasing trend in the methane content (varying between 54 and 61\%) in all the tests was observed till the 20th day. The biogas (7.7-21.7 mL/g) and the methane (35-42\%) contents showed a decreasing trend thereafter, the lowest being observed during the 35-40-day period.
Post-harvest sugarcane residue (SCR), deposited on sugarcane fields after green harvesting, could serve as a substrate for fungal biomass and lignocellulolytic enzymes production. In the present study, the mycelial growth of six strains (Trametes sp. -YH11, Bjerkandera sp. Y-HHM2, Phanerochaete sp. Y-RN1, Pleurotus sp. Y-RN3, Myrothecium sp. S-3.20 and Hypocrea nigricans SCT-4.4) was measured in-vitro by applying a modified Gompertz equation. In-vitro assays showed shorter lag phases for fungi in modified Czapek, 0.3\% and 1.0\% molasses amended post-harvest SCR. Further increments in molasses concentrations produced a reduction on the specific growth rates for all tested fungi. Fungal degradation of post-harvest SCR and the concomitant enzyme production were tested under solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Czapek or molasses amended post-harvest SCR. Under SSF, Pleurotus sp. Y-RN3 produced the highest laccase titers but no hydrolytic activity could be detected. Trametes sp. Y-H11 and Myrothecium sp. S-3.20 showed high endoglucanase activities. Endoxylanase production was detected exclusively in Czapek amended media. These findings have implications for the fungal treatment of post-harvest SCR and its potential impact on the use of these residues in the production of biofuels and ligninolytic enzymes. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is divided into two main components, pith and rind, with ``pith{''
Recycling residues is a sustainable alternative to improve soil structure and increase the stock of nutrients. However, information about the magnitude and duration of disturbances caused by crop and industrial wastes on soil microbial community structure and function is still scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate how added residues from industry and crops together with nitrogen (N) fertiliser affect the microbial community structure and function, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The experimental sugarcane field had the following treatments: (I) control with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), (II) sugarcane straw with NPK, (III) vinasse (by-product of ethanol industry) with NP, and (IV) vinasse plus sugarcane straw with NP. Soil samples were collected on days 1, 3, 6, 11, 24 and 46 of the experiment for DNA extraction and metagenome sequencing. N2O emissions were also measured. Treatments with straw and vinasse residues induced changes in soil microbial composition and potential functions. The change in the microbial community was highest in the treatments with straw addition with functions related to decomposition of different ranges of C-compounds overrepresented while in vinasse treatment, the functions related to spore-producing microorganisms were overrepresented. Furthermore, all additional residues increased microorganisms related to the nitrogen metabolism and vinasse with straw had a synergetic effect on the highest N2O emissions. The results highlight the importance of residues and fertiliser management in sustainable agriculture. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Low water consumption operation (LWCO) can reduce the usage of water and energy input for the liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SB) but causes great negative effects on the saccharification rate of xylose and enzymatic digestibility (ED) of cellulose. Therefore, a combined pretreatment with LHW and aqueous ammonia (LHWAA) was developed. ED of glucan and xylan is enhanced greatly resulted from the removal of hemicellulose and lignin after the LHWAA pretreatment. However, the intriguing results of low lignin removal and ED value were observed at the high reaction temperature of 180 degrees C for the second step pretreatment of AA. It was proposed that lignin or pseudo-lignin droplet redeposited on the surface of residual solids might play a crucial role in determining the ED, so it is indispensable to make the enzyme access to the cellulose by the step of post-treatment with ultrasonic washing or hot washing. Coupled with the process of post-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, a high hemicellulose derived sugars recovery of 75.5\% and glucose recovery of 87\% was obtained for LHWAA pretreatment. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The paper describes the impact behaviour of hybrid composites made of sugarcane bagasse fibres and disposed rubber particles. The analysis was carried out using a full factorial design (2) on samples subjected to drop tower testing. The effects of the bagasse fibre treatment, length and weight fraction were considered, as well as the rubber particles size and their amount. Higher weight fractions of coarse rubber particles led to an enhancement of the absorption. Sustained chemical treatments of the bagasse fibres provided an increase of the composites stiffness, reducing therefore the energy absorption. In contrast, higher energy absorption was obtained in composites made with untreated bagasse because of the enhanced fibre pull-out mechanism.
The production of Portland cement exhibits significant importance for social and economic development of a country, however also generates environmental impacts from the extraction of raw materials to the production of clinker. Despite the impacts, the demand for Portland cement is still growing in developing countries such as India, China, and Brazil. Faced with this impasse, research for the development of alternative materials to Portland cement is growing around the world. Among these researches, those related to alkali-activated materials (AAMs) stand out. AAMs are considered more sustainable than Portland cement because emit less CO2 during their production process. In addition, the raw materials used in its development are generally wastes from other industrial processes. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an example of residue generated on a large scale in Brazil and with great potential for use in the production of AAMs. Therefore, the present work seeks to develop AAMs using SCBA as an exclusive precursor. For this, the material's viability was verified through physical, mechanical, morphological, and calorimetric tests. As a result, concluded that SCBA is a viable precursor for AAMs, pro-moting sustainability and innovation in the field of construction materials. In addition, the main mechanism of the reaction of SCBA pastes is the diffusion process, independent of paste formulation and the silicate is crucial for the degree of reaction at early age. At the same time, the compressive strength and microstructure are strongly dependent on alkalis and silicate content and SiO2/Na2O proportions around 1.0 are the optimum point for SCBA pastes.
This work evaluated the degradation of sugarcane vinasse with the production of biomass by Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB020, considering the combination of temperature and pH effects, using surface response methodology (RSM). A 2(2) complete central factorial composite experiment was used to analyze the results. The optimum temperature and pH values were respectively 27 degrees C and 5.6 for maximum decolorization yield and 20 degrees C and 6.8 for maximum biomass production. In parallel, scale-up experiments under conditions of 30 degrees C and initial pH 5.0 were evaluated in two different air-lift bioreactors of 7.0 L Under these conditions, reductions of 53\% and 58\% in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 71\% and 58\% in biological oxygen demand (BOD) were obtained respectively with the concentric tube type air-lift bioreactor with an increased degassing zone and without an increased degassing zone. Under these conditions, this study concluded that the systematic combination of P. sajor-caju and vinasse can be applied in the biodegradation process of refractory compounds contained in vinasse, concomitant to obtaining biomass and laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes. Due to the good performance of the air-lift bioreactors, they can be used in scale studies in future industrial vinasse applications, besides it is possible to emphasize that different configurations in the bioreactor can affect the efficiency of the process. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cellulose, obtained both from sugarcane bagasse and mango seeds, was used for synthesizing cellulose acetate in order to produce asymmetric membranes. These were compared to membranes of commercial cellulose acetate (Rhodia). All produced membranes were asymmetric, characterized by the presence of a dense skin and a porous support. Differences regarding the morphology of the surfaces as well as of the porous support can be noticed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the morphology of the superficial layer, responsible for transport, depends on the different lignin content of the starting material and also on the viscosity average molecular weight of the cellulose acetates produced from sugarcane bagasse, mango seed, and Rhodia's commercial cellulose acetate.
This study focused on the optimization of xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse by using response surface methodology. Xylitol was produced through a series of processes, firstly, optimization of ultrasound-assisted mild alkaline pretreatment for the xylan extraction from sugarcane bagasse followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan to xylose by enzyme beta-1,4-xylanase and finally microbial fermentation of xylose to xylitol using yeast (Candida guilliermondii), bacteria (Corynebacterium glutamicum) and their mixed culture for different time periods (0-96 h). Maximum xylan recovery of 12.059\% (w/w) was observed at pretreatment; 0.73 M NaOH, 1:38.55 solid-to-liquid ratio and 34.77 min ultrasonication. The enzyme concentration of 400 U/g xylan at 48 h of incubation showed the highest xylose production (81.51 mg/g bagasse). Yeast (C. guilliermondii) resulted in the highest xylitol yield (Yp/s = 0.43 g/g) after 72 h. This bioprocess route can contribute as a suitable alternative for chemical methods of xylitol production.
The present work aimed to study sugarcane bagasse fibers pre-treated with fungi and using NaOH/anthraquinone (AQ) in chemical pulping processes for applications in composite materials. Bagasse was decayed with 250 mg of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora inoculum in a 20 L bioreactor. After that, samples were submitted to similar conditions of decaying without inoculum charge. Decayed and undecayed fibers were treated with NaOH 12.5 wt\%, 0.15 of AQ and a 12:1 (v/w) liquor:bagasse ratio at 160 degrees C. Then, all obtained fibers were characterized according to their chemical composition. Dried biotreated (decayed) and control (undecayed) fibers were mixed through an extruder process with polypropylene. Later, composite granulates were injected directly in mold with cavities for tensile, flexural and shear tests. Composite materials with 10 and 20 wt\% fibers were submitted to static mechanical standard tests and DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) to evaluate the effect of biotreatment. Biotreatment, cook time (pulping), and fiber content contributed to improvements in the mechanical properties of the composites. The interface between fiber and matrix was increased with the biotreatment and pulping of fibers. Furthermore, DMA results also showed that fiber incorporation into PP improved the modulus, mainly for biotreated fibers/PP composites. The T-g (tan delta data) from composites was dislocated at lower temperatures with respect to neat PP due to the influence of fibers on matrix.
Bioaccumulation of synthetic dyes viz. Acid Blue 93, Direct Red 28 and Basic Violet 3 by growing cells of yeast, Pichia fermentans MTCC 189 was investigated in growth media prepared from sugarcane bagasse extract. The maximum dye bioaccumulation was determined at pH 5.0 for all the dyes tested. Two kinetic models viz. Noncompetitive and Uncompetitive models were tested in order to determine the toxic effects of dyes on the specific growth rate of P. fennentans MTCC 189. Basic Violet 3 was found to be more toxic than the other two dyes. The combined effects of sugarcane bagasse extract and initial Basic Violet 3 dye concentrations on the specific growth rate and dye bioaccumulation efficiency of P. fermentans MTCC 189 was investigated and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A 2(2) full factorial central composite design was successfully used for analysis of results. The optimum combination predicted via RSM confirmed that P. fermentans MTCC 189 was capable of bioaccumulating Basic Violet 3 dye upto 69.8\% in the medium containing 10 mg/L of dye and 24 g/L sugar extracted from sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A combined pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with glycerol and sulfuric acid was investigated based on a central composite rotatable experimental design. The following factors were varied: temperature (150-199 degrees C), time (0.69-2.3 h), H2SO4 concentration (0.0-1.1\%), and glycerol concentration (55.4-79.6\%). Xylans and lignin were considerably solubilized during pretreatment. Xylan solubilization, ranging between 6\% and 94\%, increased significantly with the increase of temperature, time, and H2SO4 concentration and dropped with the increase of glycerol amount. Glycerol restricted the solubilization and full hydrolysis of xylans and the degradation of xylose. Lignin solubilization (20.6-49.4\%) increased with the increase of all the experimental factors. Cellulose recovery, which was generally high, increased with the increasing of glycerol concentration and declined at high levels of the other factors. Recoveries above 97\% were achieved at low H2SO4 concentration and high glycerol load, whereas the lowest value (83.4\%) was achieved in the longest-lasting experiment. The models based on the experimental results predicted the maximal lignin solubilization at 187.7 degrees C, 2.3 h, 79.6\% glycerol, and 0.64\% H2SO4, whereas the highest yield of enzymatic hydrolysis can be expected at 194.1 degrees C, 1.67 h, 79.6\% glycerol, and 1.1\% H2SO4. The optimal conditions were confirmed in control experiments. The synergistic effect of sulfuric acid and glycerol on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was demonstrated.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agro-industrial waste produced from the sugar industry, which is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It can be used as a raw material to get xylose, which is used to obtain various products of industrial interest, such as bioethanol and xylitol, among others. The objective of this work was to optimize the acid hydrolysis stage of sugarcane bagasse to obtain the maximum of xylose and the minimum of acetic acid concentration. The response surface methodology and the desirability criterion were used, evaluating the concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4: 1, 2, 3\% v/v), the solid-liquid ratio (LSR: 6, 9, 12 ml/g), and reaction time (t: 10, 20, 30 min), as dependent variables and as response variables the maximum of xylose and the minimum of acetic acid concentration. The optimal conditions found by acid hydrolysis were 0.86\% v/v of H2SO4, 22.7 min of reaction time, and 6.2 of LSR showing values of 20.0 g/L of xylose and 3.05 g/L of acetic acid. These conditions were experimentally validated, obtaining 20.37 +/- 0.12 g/L, while the acetic acid concentration was 2.82 +/- 0.05 g/L. These results showed that the optimization method used is good, since it was possible to accurately validate the conditions obtained, achieving similar results to those found by the optimization model, and also 75\% of removal of hemicellulose was revealed.
BACKGROUND: Much attention has been given to applying ionic liquids (ILs) as an alternative pretreatment method for lignocellulosic biomass. This study aims to select the most suitable type of IL for pretreating sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The potential of ILs for pretreatment was evaluated and compared with conventional pretreatment media, acids and alkalis. The performance of the pretreatment media was evaluated based on the amount of reducing sugar produced from enzymatic saccharification, the energy requirement, and changes in the chemical structure and crystallinity index of the pretreated bagasse. RESULTS: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate {[
Sugarcane bagasse was fractionated to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin by a proprietary steam explosion process, followed by downstream purifications, developed in our laboratory. The fractionated cellulose contained similar to 94\% cellulose, about similar to 5\% hemicellulose, traces of lignin (similar to 0.2\%), and similar to 1\% ash. The cellulose was acetylated under heterogeneous conditions to obtain cellulose acetates. These were extensively characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, GPC, HPIC, WAXRD, and viscometry. The novel feature of this study was the utilization of the hemicellulose content (5\%) of bagasse cellulose as an internal plasticizer. Through kinetic experimentation, we have demonstrated that the residual hemicellulose need not be considered as an impurity; rather it can be used in acetylated form as a plasticizer as well as a biodegradable additive for cellulose acetates made from slightly impure cellulose produced from non-wood origin. Our results therefore show how lignocellulosic agricultural wastes can be utilized to produce high value plastics. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Use of enzyme for extraction of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse is greener alternative. Literature indicates that effectiveness of these enzymes can be improved by auxiliary enzymes or mediators. In the current study, extraction of nanocellulose using laccase with these moderators, auxiliary enzyme glucose oxidase and mediator molecule, ABTS {[
A potassium hydroxide activation method is used to derive activated carbon (AC), which has high surface area of 1,324.62 m(2)/g, from agricultural waste, i.e. sugarcane bagasse. The adsorption capacity of AC for Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, in aqueous solution is evaluated at different initial Atrazine concentration, temperature, and pH. The results show the maximum adsorption capacity of Atrazine is proportional to the initial concentration of Atrazine. The amount of adsorption is inversely proportional to the temperature, although there is not significant decrease of adsorption capacity when temperature rises. Furthermore, the pH value has no influence on the adsorption of Atrazine, which shows the AC made of sugarcane bagasse has great performance in adsorption over a wide range of pH values.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride (IL) and Sodium hydroxide effect on sugarcane bagasse (SB) structure and its subsequent utilization to produce cellulase from a thermophilic bacterium Bacillus aestuarii UE25. The strain was isolated from a crocodile pond of Manghopir, Karachi. Ten different factors affecting IL pretreatment of SB and cellulase production by UE25 were evaluated by Plackett-Burman design and three significant factors were optimized by employing Box Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, the strain produced 118.4 IU mL(-1) of EG and 75.01 IU mL(-1) of BGL that corroborated well with the predicted values by the model. Scanning electron microscopy, gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR of SB revealed removal of lignin, decrease in cellulose content and structural changes in the SB after pretreatment and fermentation. The data provide prospects of utilizing this IL in comparison to imidazolium based IL for pretreatment of biomass. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Different amine compounds, including ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenepentamine, modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were prepared to improve its adsorption capacity for anionic dye Congo red. Batch studies were carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters including surface nitrogen content, the amine compounds chain length, contact time, initial concentration, solution pH and salt on the adsorption of Congo red. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of the sorbents did not increase consistently with the increase in the surface nitrogen content, and it varies in the order: unmodified < ethylenediamine-modified < diethylenetriamine-modified ae triethylenetetramine-modified ae tetraethylenepentamine-modified sugarcane bagasse. The diethylenetriamine-modified sorbent had similar capacity with the triethylenetetramine- and tetraethylenepentamine-modified sorbent. The adsorption mechanism based on electrostatic attraction and steric hindrance was proposed. pH and salt experiment illustrated that the prepared sorbents could be used in a wide pH range (5.0-12.0) and a high-salinity environment (1.0 mol L-1). Dynamic adsorption of Congo red on tetraethylenepentamine-modified SCB fixed-bed column showed that breakthrough time and saturated time were 364 and 1109 min, respectively. The modified SCB could be regenerated efficiently and used repeatedly. It had great potential in the real wastewater treatment.
Lignin and ash material balances of SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP (R)) fractionation of sugarcane (SC) straw were thoroughly studied at various conditions. Most of straw lignin and ash dissolve in the liquor and 40-80\% of lignin is precipitated after ethanol removal as a pure (similar to 99\%) and sulfur-lean (<2\%) fraction. Most of the acid-soluble ash and its elements (Na, K, Fe, Al) as well as large portion of silica are removed from the fiber phase. Straw lignin behavior exhibited differences compared to wood lignin including high apparent content in fiber, higher degree of sulfonation of dissolved lignin, and dense char-like precipitate formation upon ethanol removal. Variation in fractionation conditions did not have significant effect on lignin properties, while post-sulfonation was capable of changing its form from char-like to colloidal precipitate.
This study aimed to screen the xylitol-producing strains of Cyberlindnera xylosilytica and Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis for the bioconversion of the hemicellulosic fraction of sugarcane bagasse. Among the 16 strains tested, two of each species (C. xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 and UFMG-CM-Y409, and W. rabaulensis UFMG-CM-Y3716 and UFMG-CM-Y3747) were selected on the basis of xylitol yield (Y-p/s) and xylitol volumetric productivity (Q(p)) in YPX broth (yeast extract, 10 g L-1; peptone, 20 g L-1; and d-xylose, 60 g L-1). These strains were cultivated in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SCHH) supplemented with ammonium sulfate, rice bran extract, and yeast extract. The xylitol yield was the highest in the strain C. xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y-309 with a production of 14.06 g L-1; xylitol yield, 0.63 g g(-1); xylitol volumetric productivity, 0.20 g L-1 h(-1). Xylitol yields ranged from 14\% to 74\% above those of other xylitol-production yeast species. This work demonstrates the potential of biotechnological application of these yeasts for xylitol production. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Microalgal lipid production by Chlorella protothecoides using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was investigated in this study. First, maximum glucose and reducing sugar concentrations of 15.2 and 27.0g/L were obtained in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SCBH), and the effects of different percentages of glucose and xylose on algal cultivation were investigated. Afterwards, SCBH was used as a carbon source for the cultivation of C. protothecoides and higher biomass concentration of 10.7g/L was achieved. Additionally, a large amount of fatty acids, accounting up to 16.8\% of dry weight, were accumulated in C. protothecoides in the nitrogen-limited (0.1-1mmol/L) culture. Although SCBH inhibited fatty acid accumulation to a certain degree and the inhibition was aggravated by nitrogen starvation, SCBH favored microalgal cell growth and fatty acid production. The present study is of significance for the integration of cost-effective feedstocks production for biodiesel with low-cost SCBH as well as environmentally friendly disposal of lignocellulosic wastes.
Paper industry uses cationic polymers for imparting strong bonds with pulp furnish to enhance strength properties. Due to environmental reasons, emphasis is on utilization of biobased polymers in place of synthetic. Sugarcane bagasse, an agro-industrial waste, was processed for extraction of alpha cellulose and preparation of cationic derivative. Reaction conditions were optimized to achieve highly substituted cationic derivative with insertion of 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonium) propyl group. Artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to analyze the experimental data for cationization modeling. Maximum degree of substitution 0.66, was achieved at 5.0 M NaOH/anhydro glucose unit (AGU), 20 degrees C alkalization temperature, 8 min alkalization time, 3.5 M/AGU etherification agent concentration, 45 min time and 60 degrees C etherification reaction temperature. The experimental results showed that mean square error values for input parameters were significantly low. The ANN based regression values of the output, and computed values of target were close to unity. ANN based fitting indicates better performance level to predict the degree of substitution. The synthesized cationic cellulose was characterized through FTIR, XRD, NMR, FESEM and TGA. The activity of cationized cellulose as wet-end additive was tested for bagasse, wheat straw and recycled pulps due to their shorten fiber and feeble pulp characters than wood pulp. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This work was carried out at the Sugarcane Center (Centro de Cana LAC), Ribeirao Preto-SP, to evaluate the effectiveness of fusel oil alone and mixed with glyphosate applied at late weed post-emergence of a natural community. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 13 treatments and 4 repetitions, totaling 52 plots 3x3m each. Application of the treatments was accomplished on 03/22/2006, with pressurized back sprayer. The control percentages were evaluated at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after treatment (DAA) and weed dry matter was obtained by using a square 0.5 x 0.5 m sorted two times on the plots at 42 DAA. The less satisfactory results under the control at the end of the experiment were when fusel oil was applied alone. The lack of 100\% control in the main treatments evaluated was due to the presence of the weeds Commelina and Cyperus spp., which were more tolerant to herbicide application. The control efficiency obtained by using fusel oil was no more than 20\% at 42 DAA.
The effect of temperature (300-650 degrees C) on the bio-oil quality and yields during pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was investigated. Results showed that temperature had a profound influence on the pyrolysis products' yields and bio-oil quality. Elemental analyses of bio-char and bio-oil showed that the carbon content in bio-char increased from 15.25\% to 19.31\% with increase in temperature from 300 degrees C to 500 degrees C and then decreased to 19.18\% at 600 degrees C. Bio-oil and bio-char yields were seen to increase and decrease with an increase in pyrolysis temperature, respectively. Highest bio-oil yield (56.6\% wt) was achieved at 500 degrees C while maximum amounts of bio-char (53.5\% wt) and gas (32.9\% wt) were obtained at 300 degrees C followed by at 400 degrees C. Highest HHV for biochar (11.78 MJ/kg) was recorded at 500 degrees C, which decreased with further increase in temperature to 600 degrees C. Conversely, highest HHV for bio-oil (25.91 MJ/kg) was obtained at 300 degrees C. The obtained bio-oils were enriched in lignin derivatives and sugars oligomers and their concentration increased with increase in temperatures from 450 to 550 degrees C. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of aromatics, ethers, alkanes, alkenes and other alcohols in bio-char. Whilst alcohols, alkenes, ethers and other alcohols were noticed in the bio-oil. The complete absence of aromatics in bio-oil facilitates long-term stability of the bio-oil. These results suggest that good yields and high-quality bio-oil from sugarcane bagasse could be obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 550 degrees C. However, for an efficient pyrolysis process with relatively high bio-oil yields, pyrolysis reactor should be operated at 450 degrees C.
The development of effective strategies for sugarcane straw recovery is important, as straw plays an important role in soil conservation and bioenergy production. In order to identify the most cost-effective mill areas for straw recovery, this study developed analyses of technical and economic parameters for straw recovery based on integral harvesting and baling routes. The evaluation was based on field data analysis, simulation of straw recovery costs using the CanaSoft model, and spatial analysis of costs using a geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that straw recovery costs are highly influenced by the amount of straw recovered and the transport distance between the field and the mill. The lowest straw recovery cost from the integral harvest was obtained when it reached 2.5 t (dry basis) per hectare (US\$ 8.4/t) within a distance of 5 km, and the highest cost was also obtained for 2.5 t/ha (US\$ 34.7/t) within a distance of 60 km. For baling, the lowest cost was for the largest amount of straw recovered-7.5 t/ha (US\$ 23.2/t) within a distance of 5 km-and the highest cost was for 2.5 t/ha (US\$ 40.7/t) recovered within a distance of 60 km. For straw recovery below 2.5 t/ha, the integral harvesting route is more competitive, even considering distances greater than 60 km. On the other hand, baling route costs are lower when distances are over 42 km and at least 5 t/ha of straw is recovered.
The present study embarks the concept of developing continuous biohythane (biohydrogen followed by biomethane) production from renewable energy sources. Combination of sugarcane bagasse and water hyacinth were used to reduce the use of costly chemicals for fermentation process. The lignin content of sugarcane bagasse was reduced using alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. The maximum lignin reduction of 89 +/- 3\% (w/w) was observed at 50 degrees C and 150 min pretreatment time. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were performed to confirm the lignin removal after pretreatment. Further, the influence of the hydraulic retention time on two stage biohythane production was studied by using combination of pretreated sugarcane bagasse and water hyacinth (1:2 ratio) (soluble COD, 30 +/- 2 g/L) in continuous stirrer tank bioreactor. The suitable hydraulic retention time for biohydrogen and biomethane production were found to be 8 h and 10 d, respectively, which gave the maximum hydrogen and methane yield of 303 mL/g COD and 142 mL/g COD, respectively. The continuous biohythane production process increased the overall substrate conversion efficiency up to 86\% with the maximum gaseous energy recovery of 8.97 kJ/g COD. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biological methods for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated sites are safe and efficient. This is especially true because they employ microorganisms and nutrients. The use of appropriate nutrients is important for the methods to be economically feasible. This paper aims to investigate the role of polyphenol from sugarcane molasses, an inexpensive material derived from the waste of the sugar industry, as a nutrient that efficiently provides carbon for Cr(VI)-removing bacteria. The colored constituents of sugarcane molasses were characterized based on the activity of Cr(VI)reduction and the support of bacterial growth. Molasses promoted Cr(VI)-reducing activity in a pH dependent manner. The activity was related to the colored constituents, excluding sugar, by using absorbent-column chromatography. Moreover, the activity was closely related to the polyphenol fractions, which were slightly different from those of the colored constituents. Unlike the colored constituents, the isolated sugar was sufficient to support the growth of bacteria. Polyphenols from sugarcane molasses could reduce Cr(VI) with no effect on bacterial growth. The removal of Cr(VI) combining molasses and Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria may present an additive and/or synergistic effect. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The consistency in the quality of as-such received sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) samples produced from the sugar industry throughout the sugarcane crushing period is a crucial aspect from the pretreatment point of view for their use in cement-based products. The majority of the reported research used SCBA samples collected from a single source (sugar plant) and at one time. In view of these unattended facets of SCBA, an organized study (characterization and pozzolanic reactivity through various techniques) in a holistic manner was conducted on as-such received SCBA samples collected from two sugar industries having distinct ash collection systems at frequent intervals throughout the sugarcane crushing period to deduce profound conclusions about the reactivity of SCBA in a particular sugarcane crushing period. The results of this study indicate that the physical and chemical characteristics of as-such received SCBA samples collected from a specific sugar industry in a particular crushing period differed to a reasonable extent. For assessment of the pozzolanic nature of the SCBA samples, it is desirable to perform a strength activity index along with the Frattini test. Based on the study, a simple framework was proposed for assessing the variability in the quality of as-such received SCBA.
Xylanases, an important group of enzymes for biomass degradation in the industry, are commonly found forming complex multienzyme systems. As a preliminary step to the construction of efficient xylanase producers using genetic engineering, we have characterized a gene encoding an endo-beta-1,4 xylanase (xyncflA) from Cellulomonas flavigena. The xylanase activity and the xyncflA synthesis were higher when C. flavigena was grown on sugarcane bagasse. In this substrate, both activity and transcript increased with approximately the same rate during the culture period. When C. flavigena grew on glucose, low signal of mRNA was observed, suggesting that the xyncflA gene is regulated at the transcriptional level. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse fibres (SBF) were used as a sustainable alternative to reinforce laterite-based geopolymers. As geopolymers can be deemed an eco-friendly construction material, the sustainability of geopolymers can be further improved with the use of SBF which is an agricultural by-product as reinforcement. In addition, the use of natural fibres has been known to improve insulation properties resulting in more energy conservation when such materials reinforced with natural fibres are used for the construction of building elements. Thus, the influence of SBF at various dosages (i.e. 1.5\%, 3\%, 4.5\%, 6\% and 7.5\%) on the properties of laterite-based geopolymer was evaluated in this study. The outcome of this study indicated that incorporating SBF into the laterite-based geopolymers resulted in a decrease in density and increase in the sonic rate which is beneficial to the acoustic and thermal insulation enhancement. In addition, it was found out that the use of SBF at a dosage of 3\% improved the resistance of the geopolymers to wet-dry cycles. However, the presence of SBF in the geopolymers resulted in a decrease in the compressive strength and an increase in the permeability properties with higher content of SBF.
Sulfonated cellulose (SC) was successfully derived from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) extracted from sugarcane bagasse, which is a type of agricultural waste. The obtained MCC was first modified by oxidation using sodium periodate in order to cleave the carbon-carbon bonds at the C2 and C3 of the pyranose ring to form 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose. These activated aldehyde groups significantly facilitated the sulfonation carried out using potassium metabisulfite. The sulfonic acid group contents, surface morphology, and water solubility of the obtained products were characterized by titration, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential. High sulfonic acid group content was achieved for the obtained SC samples (i.e., 305-689 mu mol/g). The increase in the sulfonic acid group content resulted in the gradual change in the surface morphology and water solubility of the SC samples. The obtained results imply that sugarcane bagasse is a promising raw material for the production of SC with good water solubility.
The objective of this work is to characterization of sugarcane bagasse ash waste aiming the use it in red ceramic industry. The characterization was done in terms of chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, morphology, and plasticity. The results show that the cane bagasse ash waste is a non plastic material, which contains high content of silica and minor amounts of Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, and K oxides. Thus, the sugar cane bagasse ash waste presents high potential for application in the manufacture of ceramic products such as bricks, roofing tiles, and ceramic tiles.
Pretreatment is an important technological step for the lignocellulose conversion into fuels and biochemicals. Steam explosion (STEX) pretreatment is a fast method for affecting of plant cell wall architecture by a sharp pressure change at high temperatures. Here, eight different STEX conditions were applied to sugarcane bagasse (SCB) samples using auto-catalyzed and sulfuric acid catalyzed processes under a range of combined severity factors (CSFs; from 0.37 to 1.34). Our results showed that STEX of auto-catalyzed and sulfuric acid-catalyzed SCB led to the removal of 70-80 \% and 82-92 \% of xylose, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of auto-catalyzed and sulfuric acid catalyzed bagasse was performed of washed and un-washed pretreated material to access the impact of soluble inhibitors on overall cellulosic sugars recovery. Auto-catalyzed bagasse after washing showed significantly higher glucan conversion (96\%) than washed bagasse after pretreatment (62\%). On the other hand, sulfuric acid-catalyzed bagasse after washing had 94\% glucan conversion as opposed to unwashed material which again had significantly smaller conversion levels (73\%). Physical properties and chemical composition were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography, X-ray diffraction, C-13 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The obtained results contribute to understanding of an influence of the morphological changes resulting from pretreatments on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. We show that the changes in physical structure and chemical composition of the pretreated biomass might not be determined solely by combined severity factor of the pretreatments, but by the whole complexity of chemical modifications that different conditions of pretreatments introduce in the plant biomass samples.
The sugarcane bagasse (SCB) can be utilized to obtain various value-added products like levulinic acid, glucose, xylose, ethanol, etc. with suitable pretreatment and subsequent extraction and isolation processes. There are several ways to pretreat SCB and one among them is by using ionic liquids (ILs). The ILs are non-volatile and versatile solvents used mainly due to their efficiency in promoting cell disruption and by altering cellulose crystallinity, thereby making the SCB more accessible to the enzymes. The pretreatment is followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to obtain a variety of products. The first objective of this minireview is to put forward an up-to-date survey of pretreating renewable SCB using non-volatile ILs to form value-added products, thus helping in selection of the best IL for this purpose. The second objective is to understand various ways to open doors for use of ILs in biorefineries by reducing cost of IL, by recycling and reusing the ILs or by reducing loading amounts of ILs. A link between ILs and solid wastes recovery as well as their reuse is presented in a circular bioeconomy aspect. In future, biorefineries may use ILs in the processing of lignocellulose.
The thermogravimetric of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by hot-water has been studied in this paper. Results indicated that residual solid pretreatment by hot water could decrease the activation energy of phase 2 (270-350 degrees C) obviously, which makes the pyrolysis more energy-saving. By hot water pretreatment, the hemicellulose, especially xylose (9.78\%/o.d. dry mass at 170 degrees C and 1 h) was greatly extracted into hydrolyzates liquor. Greatly minimized hemicellulose waste at low temperature during pyrolysis also agreed with biorefinery concept. Therefore, bagasse with hot-water pretreatment should be a good pyrolysis material for value-added material. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biochar is considered a novel soil amendment for cadmium (Cd) stabilization in contaminated soils. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse induced biochar on Cd mobility in soil and its bioavailability to spinach in contaminated soil. Soil pH, Cd contents in plant tissues and microbial biomass were examined. Results showed that Cd was significantly decreased by 30.95\% and 20.83\% with wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar at 2\% application rate respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, Cd contents were decreased in plants shoots by 15.41 and 14.33\%, while in roots by 48.3 and 35.54\%, when wheat straw and sugarcane biochar were added at 2\% application rate respectively. Moreover, soil microbial biomass was significantly increased with the application of all biochar types and their applications rates. Finally, wheat straw biochar at 2\% application rate can be considered as an effective approach for Cd stabilization in contaminated soils.
A one-step formic acid-catalyzed organosolv process using a low-boiling point acid-solvent system was studied for fractionation of sugarcane bagasse. Compared to H2SO4, the use of formic acid as a promoter resulted in higher efficiency and selectivity on removals of hemicellulose and lignin with increased enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose-enriched solid fraction. The optimal condition from central composite design analysis was determined as 40 min residence time at 159 A degrees C using water/ethanol/ethyl acetate/formic acid in the respective ratios of 43:20:16:21\%v/v. Under this condition, a 94.6\% recovery of cellulose was obtained in the solid with 80.2\% cellulose content while 91.4 and 80.4\% of hemicellulose and lignin were removed to the aqueous-alcohol-acid and ethyl acetate phases, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid yielded 84.5\% glucose recovery compared to available glucan in the raw material. Physicochemical analysis revealed intact cellulose fibers with decreased crystallinity while the hemicellulose was partially recovered as mono- and oligomeric sugars. High-purity organosolv lignin with < 1\% sugar cross-contamination was obtained with no major structural modification according to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The work represents an alternative process for efficient fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries.
Vinasse is a key by-product of the ethanol manufacturing industry. Several processes have been studied for the first time in order to treat sugarcane vinasse. Removals of the absorbances (220, 254 and 410 nm) and nutrients (Ca, Mg, P, N, K and Na) <= 36\% were achieved in the H2SO4 precipitation with the production of a low sludge volume (rich in organic matter and magnesium). A nominal chemical oxygen demand (COD) decline = 12\% was also noted when using H2SO4 precipitation, owing to the presence of soluble organic acids in vinasse. Operating pH in the Ca(OH)(2) precipitation affected the removal of COD, absorbances and nutrients, obtaining high efficiencies (COD = 51\%, absorbances = 88-100\%, Mg = 91\%, N = 74\%, K = 37\%, P = 95\%, Na = 20\%) for high precipitation pH (12-12.5). High depletions in the Ca(OH)(2) precipitation can be explained by the formation of insoluble species and polymerization and precipitation of fatty acids, producing a sludge rich in Ca, P, K and Mg. Comparable results were attained for the thermocalcic precipitation. NaOH precipitation treatability for the vinasse decontamination was based on the removals of Ca (80\%), P (74\%), Mg (64\%), N (24\%), K (19\%), generating a sludge rich in organic matter and nutrients (Mg, K, P and Na). The supernatant produced in the Ca (OH)(2) precipitation, under optimal conditions, was subjected to: 1) a coagulation-flocculation step with FeCl3 addition (1 g L-1), improving the removals of absorbance at 410 nm, COD, phosphorus and volatile solids (VS); and 2) a novel green technology (natural carbonation) for the atmospheric CO2 mitigation with treatment and neutralization of the effluent.
Hydrothermally carbonized sugarcane bagasse (SCB) has exceptional surface properties. Looking at the huge amount of SCB produced, its biocompatible nature, cheap-cost for carbonization, and its easy functionalization can give impeccable nano-biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Herein, sugarcane bagasse was converted into hydrochar (SCB-H) by hydrothermal carbonation. The SCB-H produced was further modified with iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (denoted as SCB-H@Fe3O4). Facile synthesized nano-bio-composites were characterized by SEM, HR-TEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, TGA, and VSM analysis. Bare Fe(3)O(4)nanoparticles (NPs), SCB-H, and SCB-H@Fe(3)O(4)were tested for cytocompatibility and osteoconduction enhancement of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs). The results confirmed the cytocompatible and nontoxic nature of SCB-H@Fe3O4. SCB-H did not show enhancement in osteoconduction, whilst on the other hand, Fe(3)O(4)NPs exhibited a 0.5-fold increase in the osteoconduction of hADMSCs. However, SCB-H@Fe(3)O(4)demonstrated an excellent enhancement in osteoconduction of a 3-fold increase over the control, and a 2.5-fold increase over the bare Fe(3)O(4)NPs. Correspondingly, the expression patterns assessment of osteoconduction marker genes (ALP, OCN, and RUNX2) confirmed the osteoconductive enhancement by SCB-H@Fe3O4. In the proposed mechanism, the surface of SCB-H@Fe(3)O(4)might provide a unique topology, and anchoring to receptors of hADMSCs leads to accelerated osteogenesis. In conclusion, agriculture waste-derived sustainable materials like ``SCB-H@Fe3O44{''
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a cheap and effective biosorbent was used for copper ions (Cu(II)) removal and modification was performed on SCB with HCl chemical washing and mercerization with strong NaOH in order to improve the removal capability of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The effects of three influencing parameters including pH, temperature and initial metal ion concentration on Cu(II) adsorption were investigated for both untreated and modified SCB samples (U-SCB, HCl-SCB and M-SCB). The maximum removal efficiency obtained in the experiments was 98.75\% for HCl-SCB while M-SCB was 93.1\% at pH 5 with an initial metal ion concentration of 10 mg L-1. Four isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm were used to describe the adsorption process of Cu(II) ions for each SCB sample. Among these four isotherms, the experimental data was best fitted to Langmuir isotherm with R2 above 0.95. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 0.523, 2.006 and 0.938 for U-SCB, HCl-SCB and M-SCB. It was concluded that the modification performed on SCB with HCl was able to improve the removal efficiency of Cu(II) from 71.6\% up to 98.75\%.
Vinasse is a byproduct of the process of distillation of sugarcane juice for the manufacture of sugar and alcohol. Because it is rich in nutrients, mainly potassium (K), is used as fertilizer and applied via fertigation, without concerning for the fate of this compound in the soil. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the interactions of the potassium ion (K+), applied via vinasse in a soil representative of the sugarcane zone of the State of Pernambuco using adsorption isotherms. The methodology was based on physical, chemical and soil mineralogical characterization, as well as equilibrium batch tests, where the experimental curves were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results allowed to infer that the Freundlich model showed better fit of the curve in both forms: linear and non-linear (direct fit); the non-linear model was selected due to the values of coefficient of determination (R-2). The interaction between potassium and soil occurred mainly with organic matter and the presence of soil kaolinite, because they showed negative ions on the external surface, thereby promoting potassium adsorption. Soil potassium adsorption capacity was higher for the first layer (0-20 cm) and decreased along the depth profile.
The study aimed at evaluating the influence of fermented sugarcane molasses ageing on lees and the distillation process used for the production of rums. Molasses were freshly fermented or 3-months lees aged. Batch (PS: Pot Still) or continuous (CS: Coffey Still) distillation was carried out resulting in four different rum distillates. Gas chromatography and 3D-fluorescence enabled to differentiate rum distillates chemical composition according to the distillation process, regardless of the ageing on lees of fermented molasses. Differences in fluorescent PARAFAC components and volatile acids, acetals and carbonyls contents revealed the predominance of the physicochemical processes driven at the liquid-vapor interface of fermented molasses, generated by the distillation systems. Notwithstanding the distilling conditions, the long chain fatty ester content was significantly higher in the 3-months lees aged condition. Multivariate analysis highlighted that CS rum distillates were chemically more homogeneous than those obtained by PS that preserved the lees effect.
In many countries, agricultural wastes cause significant air pollution due owing the burning of large amounts of residue. Biocomposites represent a new generation of materials that are eco-friendly, CO2-neutral, economical, low-density and non-petroleum derivatives. They have been widely used to facilitate the reuse of waste and protect the environment. Here, we introduce the reuse of sugarcane bagasse fiber, untreated (SCBU) and alkaline treated (SCBT) by incorporation as reinforcement filler in natural rubber composites used in the manufacture of sandals. Composites were prepared using untreated residue and compared with those treated with 10\% sodium hydroxide. The alkali treatment allowed to incorporate high amounts of residue without loss of mechanical properties. The alkali treatment decreased 20\% of hardness, increased 98\% of tensile strength, maintained the flexibility of the rubber composites, increasing elongation at break to 546\% (treated) from 303\% (untreated), comparing 40 phr of residue. The composite was used in the preparation of sandals adhering to requirements specified in Testing and Research Institute for the Manufacture of Footwear and paves the way for technological innovation in footwear.
Silica aerogel was synthesized from sodium silicate solution extracted from sugarcane bagasse ash by sol-gel processing and solvent exchange. The effects of processing parameters, especially the volumetric ratio of tri-methylchlorosilane (TMCS) to n-Hexane used to modify the surface of the silica aerogel, were studied. The results showed that the optimal silica concentration to synthesize silica aerogel was 1.0 mol/l with a volumetric ratio of TMCS to n-hexane of 7:50. Silica aerogel synthesized by sodium silicate solution extracted from sugarcane bagasse ash produced a surface area, pore volume, and pore radius of 822 m2/g, 2.69 cm3/g, and 1.70 nm, respectively. Towards development of insulating material, the effects of silica aerogel addition on the micro-structure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of cement composite were investigated. The results also suggest that the addition of the silica aerogel resulted in a relatively low thermal conductivity of the cement composite of 0.42 W/m \& BULL;K.
This study aimed to better understand the role of different microbial groups and the determining fermentation pathways in a biohydrogen (bioH(2))-producing reactor fed with sugarcane vinasse by using next-generation sequencing and principal component analysis (PCA). Both microbial structure and dynamics were characterized. The highest bioH(2) production levels were associated with the Thermoanaerobacterium genus, whilst lactate-producing bacteria comprised the dominant genera (e.g. Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc) within the reactor at both stable and unstable bioH(2)-producing periods. PCA further revealed that the fermentation of lactate played a dual role in the reactor, as both bioH(2)-producing (acetate + lactate -> butyrate + bioH(2)) and non-bioH(2)-producing (lactate. propionate + acetate) routes could be observed. Overall, the results suggested that lactate is the primary alternative carbon source in vinasse-fed systems subjected to carbohydrate-shortage conditions.
This work presents the isolation and functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). CNCs were obtained by acid hydrolysis of bleached bagasse pulp and functionalized with adipic acid. The results showed that unmodified CNCs exhibit both a high crystallinity index and a significant aspect ratio. Surface modification with adipic acid decreases the nanocrystal dimensions due to removal of the amorphous region between the crystalline domains and also changes the electrostatic repulsion and hydrophilic affinity of CNCs. Unmodified CNCs offer potential applications as reinforcing phase in hydrophilic polymeric matrices, while modified CNCs interact better with hydrophobic matrices. The use of CNCs as reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites expands the application of this renewable material and increases its added value, providing nonenergy-based markets for the main biomass of the sugarcane industry. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Waste disposal is creating serious health problems in and around the dumping sites in different parts of the world. Therefore, there is a sudden need to address the problems associated with it and come up with an action plan which could help reduce the carbon footprint across the globe. Usage of natural fibers in place of synthetic fibers in concrete or wherever possible will reap excellent benefits when it comes to reducing carbon footprint and building an effective solid waste management. One way to do it is using the natural fibers. Natural fibers, Sugarcane bagasse fibre which is a byproduct of the sugar industry and is abundant in supply. The intent of the study is to ascertain the mechanical strength and durability of the sugarcane fibre reinforced foam concrete. In this study, foam concrete was prepared with inclusion of bagasse fibre in different percentages of 0\% (CS or controlled specimen), 1\%, 3\% and 5\% with respect to cement by weight. The experimental results indicate improvement of the strength properties with the use of bagasse fibers. Effects of fibers on water absorption rate, drying shrinkage were also studied. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications.
BACKGROUND: The organosolv pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material and subsequent fermentation of the hydrolysate produced, was the strategy used for ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. The effect of different operational variables affecting the pretreatment (the catalyst type and its concentration, and the pretreatment time) and enzymatic hydrolysis stage (substrate concentration, cellulase loading, addition of xylanase and Tween 20, and the cellulase/beta-glucosidase ratio), were investigated. RESULTS: The best values of glucose concentration (28.8 g L-1) and yield (25.1 g per 1009 dry matter) were obtained when the material was pretreated with 1.25\% (w/w) H2SO4 for 60 min, and subsequently hydrolyzed using 10\% (w/v) substrate concentration in a reaction medium supplemented with xylanase (300 Ul g(-1)) and Tween 20 (2.5\% w/w). Fermentation of the broth obtained under these optimum conditions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in an ethanol yield of 92.8\% based on the theoretical yield, after 24 h. CONCLUSION: Organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse under soft conditions, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material with a cellulolytic system supplemented with xylanase and Tween 20, is a suitable procedure to obtain a glucose rich hydrolysate efficiently fermentable to ethanol by Sacharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The objective of the present study was to analyze the use of vinasse from cachaca as an ingredient of the fermentation medium for the spirit production. The fermentations were conducted out in three successive batches using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate. In the first batch, the sugarcane broth was only diluted with distilled water. In the second and third batches, the fermentations were carried out using the cane broth diluted with vinasse from the distillation of the sugarcane wines of the first and second batches, respectively at a concentration of 10\% (v/v). The spirits were submitted to the physicochemical and sensorial analyses. The results showed that vinasse addition did not affect the fermentation, distillation and chemical-sensorial quality of the beverage. Therefore, the vinasse addition could be an alternative use for that residue.
The present study investigated the Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse during its delignification via the sulfur-free soda pulping process and bleaching by the single-stage hydrogen peroxide process. The multilevel categoric experimental design was used to assess the effects of the three independent process variables (pulping temperature, NaOH concentration and time) on the pulp yield and kappa number, during the soda pulping process. The effect of the independent bleaching variables (bleaching temperature, time and H(2)O(2)concentration) on the pulp yield, brightness and whiteness was assessed by using the response surface methodology (central composite experimental design). The soda pulps from the Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse were of varying yield and kappa number and hence were classified according to the sugarcane bagasse providing the highest pulp yield (pulp-SA) with 88.07\% and that providing the lowest pulp yield (pulp-SB) with 85.17\%. Their corresponding kappa numbers were 16.73 and 8.27, respectively. The brightness and whiteness for the pulp-SA were 62.02\% and 84.43\%, respectively, whereas for the pulp-SB, the corresponding values were 71.86\% and 90.47\%, respectively. The study further shows that the paper produced from the pulp-SA had higher mechanical properties. Thus, the promising valorization of the Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse for paper production using the adopted methodology, namely the soda pulping and single-stage hydrogen peroxide bleaching routes, is validated. Graphic
An efficient and eco-friendly process is proposed for sugarcane bagasse liquefaction under mild condition using IL catalyst and environmental friendly solvent of ethanol/H2O. The relationship between IL acidic strength and its catalytic performance is investigated. The effects of reaction condition parameters such as catalyst dosage, temperature, time and solvent are also intensively studied. The results show that ethanol/H2O has a significant promotion effect on the simultaneous liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse carbohydrate and lignin. 97.5\% of the bagasse can be liquefied with 66.46\% of volatile product yield at 200 degrees C for 30 min. Furthermore, the IL catalyst shows good recyclability where no significant loss of the catalytic activity is exhibited even after five runs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated by sodium hydroxide (SH), alkaline ethanol (AE) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), and the solid residue with similar lignin content after different pretreatment was selected. Enzymatic saccharification with different substrates was performed at 2\%, 10\%, and 20\% (w/v) solid loading. After that, the lignin from different substrate was extracted and its structure was characterized. Furthermore, the adsorption capability of isolated lignin to cellulase and its effect on enzymatic hydrolysis were studied. The results showed that, as the substrate content increased from 2\% (w/v) to 20\% (w/v), the glucose yield after digestion of SH, AE, and AHP pretreated SCB reduced by 41.8\%, 35.4\%, and 28.7\%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of different prepared lignin on the digestibility of Avicel was as follows, SH pretreated lignin (SHL) > cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (CEL) > AE pretreated lignin (AEL) > AHP pretreated lignin (AHPL), which exhibited positive correlation with its non-productive adsorption capability to cellulase. Lignin samples with low negative zeta potential, high hydrophobicity and high ration of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) were unfavorable for the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The search for materials from renewable sources such as vegetable oil-based polymers, polyurethane based on castor oil represents a promising alternative in researches. Using castor oil polyurethane as matrix for composites reinforced with lignin and cellulose from sugarcane straw is in tune with economical and environmental interests. The objective of this work was the evaluation of the changes on the structure and thermal behavior of castor oil polyurethane composites reinforced with lignin and cellulose from sugarcane straw. The cellulose and lignin were extracted from the straw by acid hydrolysis and then they were milled. For the production of the polyurethane, the mass reason between polyol (castor oil) and diisocyanate was 1.5:1.0. Reinforcement of the matrix was done changing the concentration of cellulose and lignin. SEM micrographs of fractured surfaces of the obtained composites and thermal analysis (TGA) were done. No lignin could be seen in SEM micrographs, what suggests a blend material behavior. The addition of cellulose fibers (30\%) and lignin (40\%) to the polyurethane matrix has caused an increase of the stiffness in the resulting composite when compared with the pure matrix. Above these rates, stiffness decreases. The presence of lignin or cellulose fibers in polyurethane matrix seems to increase mechanical properties of the composite, and also introduce better thermal stability than the pure matrix. Its presence might also bring other significant synergetic properties to the final composite, what has currently been studied. At the same time, the blend behavior of Polyurethane-Lignin composites has been investigated.
This study investigated the application of dark fermentation to obtain value-added soluble metabolite products (SMP) from vinasse as a strategy to enhance the energy efficiency in sugarcane biorefineries. Batch tests comparing sucrose and vinasse as the substrates were conducted, providing data to both understand conversion pathways and measure the energetic implications of fermenting vinasse under controlled conditions. Two distinct inoculum pretreatment methods, namely, acid-thermal and thermal were also assessed. Overall, butyrate fermentation was the primary conversion pathway observed in vinasse acidogenesis, leading to butyric/isobutyric acid concentrations over 6.0 g L-1, irrespective of the inoculum pretreatment. Lactic and malic acids were the primary substrates, with the predominance of the lactate-to-butyrate fermentation, suggesting the establishment of a syntrophic relation between lactate-producing bacteria and clostridial populations. Considering energetic aspects, the enhanced butyrate production could lead to an energy recovery potential of 30.9-33.4 MW, outcompeting highly-efficient biohydrogen- (<1.0 MW) and methane-producing (25.5 MW) anaerobic systems, in order to increase sugar conversion efficiency by 7.8\%. Although important technological aspects still require proper attention to cost-efficiently scale-up SMP recovery from fermented substrates, the energetic relevance of butyrate production from vinasse was proved, characterizing an efficient approach to enhance the energy performance of sugarcane biorefineries. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BackgroundEnsiling cannot be utilized as a stand-alone pretreatment for sugar-based biorefinery processes but, in combination with hydrothermal processing, it can enhance pretreatment while ensuring a stable long-term storage option for abundant but moist biomass. The effectiveness of combining ensiling with hydrothermal pretreatment depends on biomass nature, pretreatment, and silage conditions.ResultsIn the present study, the efficiency of the combined pretreatment was assessed by enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation, and it was demonstrated that ensiling of sugarcane bagasse produces organic acids that can partly degrade biomass structure when in combination with hydrothermal treatment, with the consequent improvement of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and of the overall 2G bioethanol process efficiency. The optimal pretreatment conditions found in this study were those using ensiling and/or hydrothermal pretreatment at 190 degrees C for 10min as this yielded the highest overall glucose recovery yield and ethanol yield from the raw material (0.28-0.30g/g and 0.14g/g, respectively).ConclusionEnsiling prior to hydrothermal pretreatment offers a controlled solution for wet storage and long-term preservation for sugarcane bagasse, thus avoiding the need for drying. This preservation method combined with long-term storage practice can be an attractive option for integrated 1G/2G bioethanol plants, as it does not require large capital investments or energy inputs and leads to comparable or higher overall sugar recovery and ethanol yields.
This study consisted in restructuring the processes for furfural and xylose production from sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery concept for the residues utilization on ethanol production. The dilute acid hydrolysis conditions for furfural or xylose production were firstly established on laboratory scale and then reproduced on a 10-L bench reactor fed with direct steam. The furfural production was maximum when using a 1.25\% (w/w on dry fiber) H2SO4 solution at 175 degrees C during 40 min; whereas the xylose production attained the best results when using a 1\% (w/w) H2SO4 solution in a solid/ liquid ratio of 1/4 (g/mL), and the use of sugarcane bagasse impregnated with the acid solution during 24 h prior to the hydrolysis reaction. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the residual solid material obtained from furfural or xylose production was performed with yields of 17.4 and 9.3 g glucose/100 g initial raw material, respectively. Subsequently, ethanol was produced from the residual solid materials obtained from furfural and xylose production with yields of 87.4\% and 89.3\% respectively, based on the maximum theoretical value (0.51 g ethanol per g glucose in hydrolysate). Such results demonstrated the possibility of restructuring the processes for furfural or xylose production to obtain solid residues able to be used as substrate for ethanol production by fermentation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The goal of this work is to evaluate the influence of different pretreatments in the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and to propose a reliable methodology to easily perform sensitivity analysis and updating kinetic parameters whenever necessary. A kinetic model was modified to represent the experimental data of the batch enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. The simultaneous estimation of kinetic parameters of the mathematical model was performed using the Pikaia genetic algorithm using batch hydrolysis experimental data obtained with different enzymatic loads. Subsequently, Plackett-Burman designs were used to identify the kinetic parameters with the higher influence on the dynamic behavior of the process variables, which were re-estimated to describe experimental data of the hydrolysis of bagasse pretreated with phosphoric acid + sodium hydroxide. The methodology was accurate and straightforward and can be used whenever there are changes in pretreatment conditions and/or fluctuations in biomass composition in different harvests.
Technical, economic and environmental aspects of implementing two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD), i.e., acidogenic + methanogenic systems, in sugarcane biorefineries for the treatment of vinasse were assessed based on different strategies to using the hydrogen-rich biogas (biogas-H-2) generated via acidogenesis. Phase separation greatly enhanced the bioenergy recovered from vinasse AD compared with single-phase systems (methanogenic phase exclusively). The best results for generating electric energy were observed in combined cycle-based power plants that utilized biohythane (10.8 MW + 5.5 MW for the harvest and inter-harvest, respectively), which is the gaseous biofuel from blending biogas-H-2 with the methane-rich stream from the methanogenic phase (biogas-CH4). Moreover, the results of this study indicated that scaling up two-phase AD systems is economically feasible for the treatment of sugarcane vinasse (net present value = USD 208.58-219.86 million) because a better or equivalent economic performance was attained compared with single-phase processes. Optimizing the alkalinization of methanogenic reactors strongly affected both the economic and environmental performance of the process, with better results observed with the use of low sodium hydroxide dosages (4 g NaOH kg(-1)COD). In summary, our results highlighted that two-phase biodigestion may enhance energy production from vinasse by 20-30\% without impairing the profitability of the biorefinery and could lead to slight improvements in the environmental performance of the ethanol production chain via the use of an optimized alkalinization strategy. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study aims to assess the thermal properties of mixtures of sugarcane bagasse and iron(III) nitrate in the following proportions (mass/mass): 1/2, 1/1, and 2/1, using thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. These thermoanalytic techniques were performed to assess the best temperatures for the heat treatment of the mixtures for the subsequent production of the carbonaceous material/iron oxide composites and their behavior at different temperatures. According to thermal analysis, the decomposition profile of the mixture depends on the ratio of sugarcane bagasse to iron nitrate (BC/NF). The synthesized composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, proving the formation of phases established from thermal analyses performed at 400, 500, and 600 A degrees C. It was concluded that composites of the precursor mixtures may be produced to have different and interesting properties according to their application in sewage treatment processes such as adsorption.
A process able to perform the complete separation of the sugarcane bagasse components, making them useful for specific purposes with low water and reactant consumption is environmental and economically desirable. In this work we evaluated the pH influence on alkaline delignification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse by steam explosion, in a pilot plant, recycling the black liquor for cellulosic pulp obtainment, focused on second generation ethanol production. The black liquor was recycled four times with no pH adjustment (Series A) and for 11 times adjusting the pH (Series B). In Series A experiments lignin was not entirely removed after the third recycling reaction. NaOH can be recycled as black liquor but it is essential to maintain the pH in 13.3-12.6 range before each new delignification cycle (Series B). The reduction in water consumption can reach 65\% considering the volume of black liquor produced by lignin amount recovered. The quality of the cellulosic pulp produced is not changed significantly after each reaction, making it suitable for second generation ethanol production. Preliminary calculations showed that 38\% of the NaOH used can be saved, contributing to a better life cycle for this process. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, the effects of nitrogen, phosphate and trace elements supplementation were investigated in a semi-continuously operated upflow anaerobic sludge blanket system to enhance process stability and biogas production from sugarcane vinasse. Phosphate in form of KH2PO4 induced volatile fatty acids accumulation possibly due to potassium inhibition of the methanogenesis. Although nitrogen in form of urea increased the reactor's alkalinity, the process was overloaded with an organic loading rate of 6.1 g COD L-1 d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 3.6 days. However, by supplementing urea and trace elements a stable operation even at an organic loading rate of 9.6 g COD L-1 d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 days was possible, resulting in 79\% higher methane production rate with a stable specific methane production of 239 mL g COD-1. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Purpose Waste management is one of the significant challenges facing Nigeria's agricultural sector. To manage this problem, the conversion of agricultural wastes to biochar is a practical solution. Methods In this work, the chemical composition of biochar from rice husk and sugarcane bagasse, two predominant agricultural wastes, commonly generated in Nigeria was studied. These wastes were pyrolyzed at 300-700 and 350-700 degrees C for rice husk biochar (RHB) and sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB), respectively. Results It was found that biochar yield and total nitrogen decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature while ash content, pH, EC, total carbon, extractable Ca, Mg, Na, available phosphorus and silica were increased. In RHB, extractable K increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, while in SBB it decreased with its maximum observed in RHB. Conclusions Rice husk pyrolyzed at high temperature may produce nutrient-rich biochar with high nutrient contents and these could ameliorate acidic soils. Finally, SBB could give high available silicon with acid pre-treatment.
Bioethanol production from acid hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse's hemicellulose was studied using an adapted new yeast strain, Barnettozyma californica HNMA-5. The growth rate and ethanol production were studied by using the adapted and the parental strains in Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate (SBH) and Concentrated Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate (CSBH). The hydrolysate concentration resulted in an increase of total sugar from 34 to 51.8 g L-1 and an approximately twofold increase in nonvolatile toxic compounds like phenol (1.017-2.11 g L-1) in CSBH. An adaptation of the yeast strain to CSBH resulted in improved growth ability and ethanol production, whereas no significant effect was observed in SBH. The adapted yeast showed a promising ethanol production of 4.804 g L-1 after 24 h compared to the parental strain, which produced 1.233 g L-1 after 72 h of fermentation. The adapted yeast could produce about four times more ethanol than the parental strain. In addition, the lag phase decreased from 9 to 5 h and productivity increased 10-fold. Furthermore, the hydrolysate concentration and the yeast's adaptation were effective methods to improve ethanol production in CSBH. Our data indicate that the new yeast isolate, B. californica HNMA-5 could be successfully applied to lignocellulosic ethanol production. (C) 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Inorganic fillers (mainly obtained from residue recycling/reuse operations) have been widely used as an alternative reinforcement in polymer composites to replace commercial silica. In this study, we analyze the interaction between Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and natural rubber using Bis{[
Lignocellulolytic enzymes have a great biotechnological potential. Their commercial exploitation has been considerably increased in recent years. However, its industrial application in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels depends on the development of more economical processes and technologies for the lignocellulolytic enzyme production. In this study, the improvement of cellulases and xylanases byTrichoderma reeseiCCT-2768 production induced by pretreated carnauba straw with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (A-HP) was performed and its crude extract produced was applied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Herein, three conditions were carried out consisting of changing solid loading, pretreatment time, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. The FPase, CMCase, xylanase, and beta-glucosidase activities of produced crude extracts were measured. Pretreated carnauba straw had a higher production of total cellulase (2.4 U/g dry substrate) and xylanase (172 U/g dry substrate) enzymes. The low cellulases (8.0 U/g dry substrate) and high xylanase charges (544 U/g dry substrate) present in the produced extract and applied into pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis allowed a hydrolysis efficiency of 86.96\%. The in situ lignocellulolytic enzyme production can represent a relevant advance in the future in overall cost reducing enzymatic hydrolysis process of lignocellulosic materials.
Untreated sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane bagasse pretreated with flow-through liquid hot water (LHW) treatment (170-207 degrees C and 204-250 ml/min) in a fixed-bed reactor have been structurally characterised. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate changes in the residues, in particular due to the fate of lignin. FEG-SEM results show that the LHW treatment modified the surface morphology of the pretreated bagasse with lignin droplets being observed on the fibre surface. TEM showed an increase in the plant cell wall porosity and lignin migration across the plant cell wall. Increases in pretreatment temperature were observed to increase the average size and density of lignin droplets on the fibre surface. The results provide evidence that for LHW flow-through treatment, just as for batch treatment, lignin repolymerisation and deposition on the surface of pretreated sugarcane bagasse is an important consideration. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biomass energy conversion with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can lead to the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. Calcium looping (CaL) is a promising carbon capture process for existing or greenfield capture-ready biomass-fired plants. This paper investigates the technical and economic performance of BECCS using CaL systems as a retrofit to Brazilian cogeneration plants fuelled with sugarcane bagasse. Bagasse-fired cogeneration plants integrated with CaL were compared with their correspondent base plant without CO2 capture and with chemical absorption using Cansolv solvent, the current benchmark for post-combustion CO2 capture. Key parameters such as CO2 removal potential, water use, added plant footprint, and levelized energy cost (LCOE) were analyzed. Although the Bio-CaL alternative is not cost-effective compared to Cansolv for a first of a kind plant, the assessed system presents competitive advantages in operational flexibility, energy efficiency, and electricity surplus in comparison with the chemical absorption route. For future plants, economic results are promising and can match those of more conventional technologies. Therefore, investments in pilot size biomass-fired CaL units should be stimulated to promote learning and allow the implementation of large-scale plants that would likely operate with similar costs but greater flexibility and thermal efficiency than the current more mature CO2 capture technologies.
The biodegradability, morphology, and mechanical properties of composite materials made of poly( butylene succinate adipate) (PBSA) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were evaluated. Composites containing maleic anhydride (MA)-grafted PBSA (PBSA-g-MA/SCB) exhibited noticeably superior mechanical properties because of greater compatibility between the two components. The dispersion of SCB in the PBSA-g-MA matrix was highly homogeneous as a result of ester formation between the carboxyl groups of PBSA-g-MA and hydroxyl groups in SCB and the consequent creation of branched and crosslinked macromolecules. Each composite was subjected to biodegradation tests in a Rhizopus oryzae compost. Morphological observations indicated severe disruption of film structure after 60 days of incubation, and both the PBSA and the PBSA-g-MA/SCB composite films were eventually completely degraded. The PBSA-g-MA/SCB films were more biodegradable than those made of PBSA and exhibited a higher intrinsic viscosity, implying a strong connection between these characteristics and biodegradability. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 427-435, 2011
Substantial progress has been made in ethanol fermentation technology under high gravity (HG) and very high gravity (VHG), which offer environmental and economic benefits. HG and VHG processes increase the productivity of ethanol, reduce distillation costs, and enable higher yields. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of sugarcane molasses as the medium component along with flocculating yeasts for fermentation in a fed-batch process employing this promising technology. We evaluated fed-batch fermentation, HG, and VHG involving a molasses-based medium with high concentrations of reducing sugars (209, 222, and 250 g/L). Fermentation of 222 g/L of total reducing sugars achieved 89.45\% efficiency, with a final ethanol concentration of 104.4 g/L, whereas the highest productivity (2.98 g/(L.h)) was achieved with the fermentation of 209 g/L of total reducing sugars. The ethanol concentration achieved with the fermentation of 222 g/L of total reducing sugars was close to the value obtained for P'(max) (105.35 g/L). The kinetic model provided a good fit to the experimental data regarding the fermentation of 222 g/L. The results revealed that sugarcane molasses and flocculating yeasts can be efficiently used in HG fermentation to reduce the costs of the process and achieve high ethanol titers.
Sugarcane straw (SCS) represents about one-third of the total primary sugarcane energy. Since its burning in pre harvesting periods has been banned in Brazil, SCS available amount has grown, and the development of valuable applications for this lignocellulosic material became crucial for the development of a circular economy. An attractive and current alternative is its application in combustion processes for energy generation. However, in the biorefinery concept, the SCS processing as a potential feedstock for the obtainment of bioproducts and biomaterials, such as ethanol, xylitol, biogas, enzymes and oligosaccharides, has also attracted a great deal of attention. Thereby, this work provides a comprehensive review of the progress of SCS processing aimed at its valorization through the production of high-value products and the development of environmental-friendly and cost-effective processes.
Sugarcane bagasse, has been studied as lignocellulosic feedstock to derive bioethanol; a major step towards the invention of green and sustainable energy. Major cost of the whole process lies in the enzymatic digestion of bagasse, since cost of cellulase enzyme is too high. Thus recovery and reuse of cellulase can reduce the total process cost. The perspective of cellulase recycling after hydrolysis of ionic liquid pretreated sugarcane bagasse was studied by synthesizing chitosan-cellulase nanohybrid and immobilizing the nanohybrid in alginate beads. SEM and Particle size analysis confirmed the formation of variable size of nanoparticles and zeta potential denoted the tendency to form agglomerate. The performance of immobilized nanohybrid was optimized by varying different operating parameters such as pH (3-7) and temperature (30-60 degrees C). Immobilized nanohybrid showed higher immobilization yield and stability as compared to immobilized cellulase at the optimum condition. The maximum reducing sugar concentration of 38.87 gm/lit was achieved when immobilized nanohybrid was loaded at 20 FPU/gm of pretreated bagasse. Hydrolysate thus obtained was fermented and 0.38 g/g ethanol yield was obtained. Immobilized nanohybrid was successfully recycled up to five times which made the hydrolysis step eco-friendly and economically feasible. The contribution of the investigation leads towards the development of energy efficient enzyme recycling scheme. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Green liquor (GL) combined with H2O2 (GL-H2O2) and green liquor (GL) combined with ethanol (GL-ethanol) were chosen for treating sugarcane bagasse. Results showed that the glucose yield (calculated from the glucose content as a percentage of the theoretical glucose available in the substrates) of sugarcane bagasse from GL-ethanol pretreatment (97.7\%) was higher than that from GL-H2O2 pretreatment (41.7\%) after 72 h hydrolysis with 18 filter paper unit (FPU)/g-cellulose for cellulase, 27,175 cellobiase units (CBU)/g-cellulose for beta-glucosidase. Furthermore, about 94.1\% of xylan was converted to xylose after GL-ethanol pretreatment without additional xylanase, while the xylose yield was only 29.2\% after GL-H2O2 pretreatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that GL-ethanol pretreatment could break up the fiber severely. Moreover, GL-ethanol pretreated substrate was more accessible to cellulase and more hydrophilic than that of GL-H2O2 pretreated. Therefore, GL-ethanol pretreatment is a promising method for improving the overall sugar (glucose and xylan) yield of sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study evaluated the feasibility of using vinasse as a nutrient source for microalgae cultivation. The Scenedesmus sp was grown in a medium supplemented with vinasse and process variables were optimized using a factorial design and a Central Composite Design (CCD). The factorial design results showed that it was possible to cultivate microalgae at concentrations of up to 40\% of vinasse in the culture medium. The CCD results showed that the light intensity and vinasse concentration influenced the amount of biomass produced.
Sugarcane straw has been identified as an important feedstock to increase bioenergy production. However, changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to straw removal are not yet understood. We hypothesized that partial straw removal changes decomposition rates and could change GHG fluxes. We performed a field experiment within the largest sugarcane-producing region of Brazil (Sao Paulo state) to assess GHG fluxes and straw decomposition. The treatments were: no-removal - 12 Mg ha(-1) left on soil surface; medium removal 6 Mg ha(-1); high removal - 3 Mg ha(-1); and total removal - bare soil. Static chambers were used to quantify GHG fluxes, and straw decomposition was measured using bottomless plastic boxes over a period of 180 days. Our findings showed that GHG were affected by the straw removal, although daily emissions were highly variable. Cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions were 35-45\% lower under bare soil compared to other removal; however under no removal the CH4 uptake was 40\% higher compared to bare soil. High straw decomposition was found in the no-removal, which decreased with the removal intensity. C released by straw decomposition was estimated between 0.5 and 3.1 Mg ha(-1). By analyzing the C balance in C equivalent (Ceq) between decomposition and emissions we estimated that about 3.5 Mg ha(-1) of straw are necessary to neutralize GHG emissions from soil and straw decomposition. Finally, we suggest that medium straw (similar to 6 Mg ha(-1)) maintenance would be a suitable strategy to increase bioenergy production and preserves adequate soil cover, as well as offsetting losses in soil C stocks.
The data shown in this document provides all the experimental data that complement the article published in Carbohydrate Polymers entitled ``Influence of operating conditions on Proton Conductivity of Nanocellulose films using two Agroindustrial Wastes: Sugarcane Bagasse and Pinewood Sawdust{''
Modification of sugarcane bagasse (SB) by cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) creating surfactant-modified SB (SBC) for the removal of chromate has been studied. The CPB adsorbed increased in line with the increased CPB concentrations, and infrared spectroscopy showed preserved SB structure after modification. SB showed little adsorption capacity in the adsorption study; however, the adsorption of chromate is proportional to the amount of CPB adsorbed on SB, possibly due to the attached CPB molecules on the SB. CPB molecules create a bilayer formation on SB, generating anion exchange sites for chromate to be adsorbed on SBC. The adsorption behavior of chromate on SBC followed the Langmuir equation model better than the Freundlich model. A better adsorption capacity was noted at the lower pH value of the chromate solution. In conclusion, surfactant-modified SB could be a potential alternative adsorbent for removing toxic chromate anion in water. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Separation Technology 2020.
To use sugarcane bagasse to improve the organic matter content of soils in arid and semiarid regions of Iran, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of alkaline pretreatment on chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse with different size of pieces and rate of its degradation in soil. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 3 \% w/v) of NaOH and KOH were used. The removal of lignin and hemicellulose in both alkaline pretreatments was affected by size of pieces of bagasse. The larger pieces of bagasse removed less lignin and hemicellulose. The pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse by different concentration of NaOH and KOH resulted in a depletion of lignin and hemicellulose and an increase in cellulose content. Also, increasing alkaline concentration increased the removal of hemicellulose and lignin in pretreated bagasse. Addition of pretreated bagasse in soil resulted in an increase of 1.37-2.23 times of soil respiration, as compared to non-pretreatment bagasse. Furthermore, removal of hemicellulose and lignin in pretreated bagasse, as barriers of decomposition, by NaOH and KOH provides favorable conditions for degradation of sugarcane bagasse in soil.
This research aimed to investigate the efficiency of crude xylanase-pectinase in pulping of sugarcane bagasse. Optimum biopulping was obtained, using xylanase-pectinase dose 200-60 IU/g, bagasse/liquid ratio 1:10 and 1.0\% Tween 80 concentration at 55 degrees C temperature, pH 8.5 and period of treatment 180 min. Treatment of sugarcane bagasse samples with these enzymes generated pulp with lower rejections (58.76\%), total solids (12.64\%), kappa number (47.77\%), higher screened pulp yield (10.66\%), along with enhanced optical and physical properties, in comparison with a chemical pulp. Bagasse biopulping resulted in a 13\% decrease in alkali dose to obtain the optical and physical properties similar to those achieved under the 100\% alkali dose. The breaking length, burst factor, tear index, double fold, gurley porosity and viscosity were improved by 15.19, 37.64, 2.47, 37.77, 35 and 23.17\%, respectively, after bleaching treatment of biopulped samples. Thus, enzymatic pulping is an eco-friendly environmentally sustainable approach, since it reduces the use of pulping chemicals and simultaneously improves the paper quality. This is the first report, showing pulping of sugarcane bagasse, with crude xylanase-pectinase, produced by an isolate.
Increased release of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere caused by extensive utilization of nonrenewable fossil fuels paved the way for unearthing alternative renewable energy sources. One such alternative is biodiesel which is renewable and emits fewer amounts of greenhouse gases when blended with conventional diesel fuel. Hence, in the present study, biodiesel production has been carried out by exploiting the biomass resource sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for catalyst development and waste cooking oil (WCO) as low-cost lipid feedstock. Biochar was synthesized from SCB using simple activation-carbonization technique and the catalytic activity of biochar was determined by performing the transesterification of WCO. The catalyst properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The synthesized biodiesel was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1-NMR) spectroscopy and a maximum biodiesel conversion of 98.94\% was achieved at 10 wt\% catalyst concentration, 1:2 volumetric ratio of methanol to oil ratio, 120 min of reaction time, and 65 degrees C reaction temperature.
The use of low-cost feedstock for enzyme production is an environmental and economic solution. Sugarcane bagasse and soybean meal are employed in this study for optimised xylanase production with the concomitant synthesis of proteases. The enzymatic complex is produced by submerged fermentation by Aspergillus niger. Optimisation steps lead to a 2.16-fold increase in enzymatic activity. The fermentation kinetics are studied in Erlenmeyer flasks, a stirred tank reactor and a bubble column reactor, with the xylanase activities reaching 52.9; 33.7 and 60.5 U.mL-1, respectively. The protease production profile is also better in the bubble column reactor, exceeding 7 U.mL-1. The enzyme complex is then evaluated for the synthesis of xylooligosaccharides from sugarcane extracted xylan with a production of 3.1 g.L-1 where xylotriose is the main product. Excellent perspectives are observed for the developed process with potential applications in the animal feed, prebiotics and paper industries.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an abundant by-product from sugar production and promising biomass for cellulose extraction. Simulated elephant colon pretreatment (SEP) to reduce chemical use in cellulose extraction from SCB was investigated using elephant dung as fermentation inoculum. The 16S rRNA gene sequences showed microorganisms in elephant dung that corresponded to metabolites during pretreatment. Organic acid accumulation in the fermentation broth was confirmed by the presence of lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids. Lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and xylanase detected during the pretreatment enhanced lignin removal. The SEP fiber showed increased cellulose content, while lignin content decreased with reduced bleaching time from 7 to 5 h and high whiteness and crystallinity indices. lignin removal was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed increasing internal surface area through opening up the fiber structure. SEP offered an efficient and promising approach for cellulose fiber extraction with reduced use of chemicals for the bleaching process.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ethanol production from the sugars contained in the sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate with the yeast Pichia stipitis DSM 3651. The fermentations were carried out in 250-mL Erlenmeyers with 100 mL of medium incubated at 200 rpm and 30 A degrees C for 120 h. The medium was composed by raw (non-detoxified) hydrolysate or by hydrolysates detoxified by pH alteration followed by active charcoal adsorption or by adsorption into ion-exchange resins, all of them supplemented with yeast extract (3 g/L), malt extract (3 g/L), and peptone (5 g/L). The initial concentration of cells was 3 g/L. According to the results, the detoxification procedures removed inhibitory compounds from the hemicellulosic hydrolysate and, thus, improved the bioconversion of the sugars into ethanol. The fermentation using the non-detoxified hydrolysate led to 4.9 g/L ethanol in 120 h, with a yield of 0.20 g/g and a productivity of 0.04 g L-1 h(-1). The detoxification by pH alteration and active charcoal adsorption led to 6.1 g/L ethanol in 48 h, with a yield of 0.30 g/g and a productivity of 0.13 g L-1 h(-1). The detoxification by adsorption into ion-exchange resins, in turn, provided 7.5 g/L ethanol in 48 h, with a yield of 0.30 g/g and a productivity of 0.16 g L-1 h(-1).
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) is a by-product generated from cogenerations in sugar industries. This study is aimed at investigating on performance of alkali-activated binder using SBA and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS). The proposed mixtures were developed by changing GBFS/SBA ratios in blends (i.e. 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40) and silicate moduli (M-s = 0.6, 0.8, 1.2). Several results are highlighted: (1) alkali-activated GBFS/SBA pastes perform a quick hardening with an increase in M-s; (2) testing specimens cured in room-air ambient have the 28-day compressive strength beyond 110 MPa; and the 90/10 one shows the highest mechanical strength and manifested the best sulfate resistance and the lowest water absorption; (3) magnitude of drying shrinkage is smallest for 80/20 sample and following by the 90/10 sample. In summary, with balance of fresh behavior, strength, and shrinkage, a substitution up to 20\% SBA could be appropriate to manufacture a sustainable binder.
Hydrolysis of phosphoric acid-impregnated steam-treated sugarcane bagasse was pre-optimized using a face-centered central composite design in which the process variables were the substrate total solids (TS, \%), agitation intensity (AI, rpm) and enzyme loading (EL, g g(-1)). Pretreatment was carried out at 180 degrees C for 10 min using cane bagasse with 50 wt\% moisture content containing 9.5 mg of H3PO4 per gram of dry biomass. Hydrolyses were performed for 96 h at 50 degrees C using Cellic CTec2(R) and water-washed steam-treated substrates. The highest amount of fermentable sugars was obtained with 20 wt\% TS, producing 76.8 g L-1 of glucose equivalents, which corresponded to a total glucan conversion of 69.2 wt\% and to a theoretical net increase of 39\% in ethanol production from the same sugarcane tonnage without considering the use of leaves, tops and the additional yields from C5 sugars. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Due to alarming energy consumption and population growth, the transition to a circular economy is being pursued by searching for alternative resources to produce chemicals and energy. In this regard, lignocellulosic biomass, as the most abundantly accessible plant material, is a suitable alternative for satisfying this high de-mand. Sustainable lignocellulose biorefineries could convert cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin into high-value products. Most available approaches prioritize cellulose and lignin over hemicellulose. In this work, autohy-drolysis treatment of sugarcane bagasse is developed to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with a variable degree of polymerization (2-6) using low-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma and ball-mill treatment on raw bagasse. The reactive oxygen, ozone, hydronium ions (H3O+), and nitrogen species generated by plasma increase hemicellulose conversion. XOS hydrolysate obtained from plasma pre-treated samples (41.1\%) was quantified for xylobiose (12.1\%), xylotriose (10.1\%), xylotetrose (6.9\%), xylopentaose (7.1\%), and xylohexaose (4.9\%) (6 h of autohydrolysis at 135 degrees C). Xylan hydrolysate was also yielded 21.2\% xylose, and 2.2\% furfural, respectively. The entire process (plasma and autohydrolysis) was conducted in water without using any other chemicals. These results suggest the potential role of plasma pre-treatment prior to hydrothermal treatments to selectively produce XOS.
Cement production is causing serious impacts to the environment; and concept of using alternatives to cement has been accepted to lessen that concerns. Sugarcane bagasse ash, a by-product of sugar industries, can be beneficially used as a cementitious material. In this study, the effects of utilizing bagasse ash in replacing cement at various levels (i.e. 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, and 20\% by mass) on concrete properties were investigated. For this purpose, sieving the dried-ash and then burning at 700 degrees C were carried out as treatment. Three bagasse-blended concrete mix series with changes in water-binder ratio (i.e. 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) have been developed. The testing results can be summarized as followed. Amorphous silica and high loss on ignition (14.3\%) were specified for the treated ash. Addition of 5\% bagasse ash improves the concrete workability; and further increasing cement alternative causes workability loss. Compressive and splitting tensile strengths of blended concrete decrease when increasing rate of cement replacement. On the other hand, enhancement of durability indices of concrete prepared with blended cement is noticeably observed. In three mix series, the lowest weight loss caused by sulfate attack and the highest electrical resistance were examined on specimens incorporating with 20\% bagasse ash, although these concretes absorbed higher water when comparing to the respective controls.
The biodegradation of sugarcane bagasse and its components by different strains of white rot fungi i.e. Stropharia rugosoannulata, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus-131, Pleurotus-137 Pleurotus P7H7, Polyporus versicolor, Polyporus adustus, Polyporus sanguineus and Polyporus cinnibarinus was studied. During the first phase of growth (0-20 days) hemicellulose was selectively degraded whereas during the second phase (21-40 days) lignin was preferentially degraded in comparison to the other substrate components. The maximum degradation of dry matter was observed in Polyporus sanguineus treated group, but lignin degradation was highest by Polyporus versicolor. The largest increase in in vitro digestibility and nutrient availability was observed on Ganoderma lucidum treatment. Among the fungal strains tested, only G. lucidum, S. rugosoannulata and Pleurotus-137 caused an increase in IVDMD by more than 10 per cent units and were able to improve the nutrient availability from sugarcane bagasse on fungal treatment.
Background: Ginsenosides are Panax plant-derived triterpenoid with wide applications in cardiovascular protection and immunity-boosting. However, the saponins content of Panax plants is fairly low, making it time-consuming and unsustainable by direct extraction. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a common precursor of dammarane-type saponins, and its sufficient supply is necessary for the efficient synthesis of ginsenoside. Results: In this study, a combinational strategy was used for the construction of an efficient yeast cell factory for PPD production. Firstly, a PPD-producing strain was successfully constructed by modular engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 at the multi-copy sites. Then, the INO2 gene, encoding a transcriptional activator of the phospholipid biosynthesis, was fine-tuned to promote the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proliferation and improve the catalytic efficiency of ER-localized enzymes. To increase the metabolic flux of PPD, dynamic control, based on a carbon-source regulated promoter P-HXT1, was introduced to repress the competition of sterols. Furthermore, the global transcription factor UPC2-1 was introduced to sterol homeostasis and up-regulate the MVA pathway, and the resulting strain BY-V achieved a PPD production of 78.13 +/- 0.38 mg/g DCW (563.60 +/- 1.65 mg/L). Finally, sugarcane molasses was used as an inexpensive substrate for the first time in PPD synthesis. The PPD titers reached 1.55 +/- 0.02 and 15.88 +/- 0.65 g/L in shake flasks and a 5-L bioreactor, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these results were new records on PPD production. Conclusion: The high-level of PPD production in this study and the successful comprehensive utilization of low-cost carbon source-sugarcane molassesindicate that the constructed yeast cell factory is an excellent candidate strain for the production of high-value-added PPD and its derivativeswith great industrial potential.
This study has investigated kinetic and thermodynamic features of dilute acid (2\% v/v H2SO4, 1: 30 w/v) hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Time profiles of xylose formation in range of 100 degrees-130 degrees C and treatment period of 0-120 min have been analysed with modified biphasic Saeman model. Generation of glucose, arabinose and inhibitory products (furfural, 5-HMF and acetic acid) have also been analysed. Easy-to-hydrolyse fraction of hemicellulose increased with temperature. Activation energies for hydrolysis and xylose degradation were 60.3 and 83.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Although maximum xylose yield (0.81 g/g hemicellulose) was obtained at 130 degrees C, significant fraction of xylose was converted to inhibitory products. Thermodynamic analysis revealed Delta H=57.06 kJ/mol and Delta S=-1.05 kJ/mol for hydrolysis. Moreover, xylose formation is thermodynamically more favoured (Delta G=468.53 kJ/mol) than degradation (Delta G=482.17 kJ/mol). Optimum conditions for hydrolysis are: temperature=120 degrees C, time=30 min, xylose yield=0.76 g/g hemicellulose.
SBAS (sugarcane bagasse ash sand) is the term used for the residue left over from burning sugarcane bagasse. Large amounts of this agro-industrial by-product are generated in Brazilian sugar and ethanol plants, and its disposal is an environmental problem. The application of SBAS as a fine aggregate in mortars can add value to this waste and also reduce the use of natural sand. The growing need to extract natural sand from Brazilian rivers has caused environmental problems. In this article, the effect of SBAS on mortars was investigated, specifically its compressive strength, porosity, carbonation depth and chloride penetration. The present study fills the gap in knowledge on the durability of mortars using different levels of SBAS. The substitution of natural sand by SBAS, especially with content of 30\%, can lead to maintenance of mechanical properties, micropore clogging and improvement of the durability of mortars, in comparison with a reference mixture. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse samples were pretreated with ozone via atmospheric O-2 pressure plasma. A delignification efficiency of approximately 80 \% was observed within 6 h of treatment. Some hemicelluloses were removed, and the cellulose was not affected by ozonolysis. The quantity of moisture in the bagasse had a large influence on delignification and saccharification after ozonation pretreatment of the bagasse, where 50 \% moisture content was found to be best for delignification (65 \% of the cellulose was converted into glucose). Optical absorption spectroscopy was applied to determine ozone concentrations in real time. The ozone consumption as a function of the delignification process revealed two main reaction phases, as the ozone molecules cleave the strong carbon-carbon bonds of aromatic rings more slowly than the weak carbon-carbon bonds of aliphatic chains.
Sugarcane is a lignocellulosic crop and the juice extracted from its stalks provides the raw material for 86\% of sugar production. Globally, sugarcane processing to obtain sugar and/or ethanol generates more than 279 million tons of solid and liquid waste annually, as well as by-products; namely, straws, bagasse, press mud, wastewater, ash from bagasse incineration, vinasse from ethanol distillation, and molasses. If not properly managed, this waste will pose risks to both environmental factors and human health. Lately, valorization of waste has gained momentum, having an important contribution to the fulfillment of policies and objectives related to sustainable development and circular bioeconomy. Various technologies are well-established and implemented for the valorization of waste and by-products from sugarcane processing, while other innovative technologies are still in the research and development stage, with encouraging prospects. We propose a sustainable sugarcane processing flow and present an analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of generated wastes and by-products. We emphasize the available possibilities of valorizing each waste and by-product, considering that they are important biomass resources for obtaining biofuels and a wide range of other products with added value, which will contribute to the sustainability of the environment, agriculture, and human health worldwide.
Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment associated with high pressure carbon dioxide (HP-CO2) was evaluated as a potential green pretreatment technology for extraction of hemicelluloses from depithed sugarcane bagasse to produce fermentable sugars. Developing a technology based on the use of low cost, non-corrosive, and recoverable chemicals as CO2 can result in a more efficient and economic process. In this study, depithed sugarcane bagasse was treated with LHW and HP-CO2 at milder temperatures in comparison with LHW pretreatment alone. To assess the effects of varying pretreatment operational conditions on extraction of xylo-oligosaccharides and xylose release with cellulose preservation a central composite design (CCD) of experiments was used. The pretreatments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 93.8 degrees C (8.62 MPa) to 136.2 degrees C (12.96 MPa) and times from 17.6 to 102.4 min with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 12:1. The maximum xylan and xylose concentrations were achieved by treating depithed bagasse at 100 degrees C for 30 min and 115 degrees C for 60 min, respectively. At these conditions the amount of xylan equivalent ranged 10-12 g/L. At 115 degrees C for 60 min, the cellulose preservation achieved 97.2\%. The obtained results showed that HP-CO2 proved to be an efficient hydrolysis agent. Samples of LHW-HP-CO2 pretreated bagasse were tested for enzymatic digestibility. Depithed bagasse pretreated at 115 degrees C for 60 min after enzymatic hydrolysis had a glucose yield of 30.43 g/L and a cellulose conversion of 41.17\%. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from two-agroindustrial wastes: sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and pinewood sawdust (PWS), to analyze their chemical, structural, morphological, and proton conduction properties in dependence of the synthesis parameters. In both sources, the isolated CNCs correspond to the monoclinic phase of cellulose type I and II. For SCB, the smallest CNCs were isolated, in a range of 3-10 nm, with 5 wt. \% of NaOH and 60 degrees C of acid hydrolysis. PWS displayed the smallest sizes at 75 degrees C and 10 wt.\% NaOH (40-110 nm). Membrane characterization suggests that isolated CNCs, between 75 and 90 degrees C of acid hydrolysis and 10 wt. \% NaOH from both SCB and PWS sources, displayed an important increase in the proton conductivity, 1.23( +/- 0.61) x 10(-5) and 9.26 ( +/- 0.24) x 10(-5) S-m(-1), respectively. Thus, with proper synthesis conditions, CNCs can be potentially used as based element to obtain other proton conductor materials to fabricate PEMs.
The composition of the gas phase of three types of compost from sugarcane bagasse was monitored by gas chromatography during a 3-month experiment. The changes in the compost atmosphere were reflected by several physical and chemical variations during the thermophilic and mesophilic decomposition periods. The evolution of CO2 in the compost atmosphere (0-3.5 mmol litre-1) paralleled temperature changes, whereas the highest O2 concentrations (10-20\%) coincided with the end of the thermophilic phase. The accumulation of ethylene (0.01-0.4 ppm) was not markedly affected by changes in temperature, but mainly reflected the effects of periodic rotation and moistening of the compost pile.
Open burning of agricultural residues causes numerous complications including particulate matter pollution in the air, soil degradation, global warming and many more. Since they possess bio-conversion potential, agro-industrial residues including sugarcane bagasse (SCB), rice straw (RS), corncob (CC) and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) were chosen for the study. Yeast strains, Candida tropicalis, C. shehatae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus were compared for their production potential of bioethanol and phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC), an intermediate in the manufacture of crucial pharmaceuticals, namely, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine. Among the substrates and yeasts evaluated, RS cultivated with C. tropicalis produced significantly (p <= 0.05) higher ethanol concentration at 15.3 g L-1 after 24 h cultivation. The product per substrate yield (Y-eth/s) was 0.38 g g(-1) with the volumetric productivity (Q(p)) of 0.64 g L-1 h(-1) and fermentation efficiency of 73.6\% based on a theoretical yield of 0.51 g ethanol/g glucose. C. tropicalis grown in RS medium produced 0.303 U mL(-1) pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of PAC, with a specific activity of 0.400 U mg(-1) protein after 24 h cultivation. This present study also compared the whole cells biomass of C. tropicalis with its partially purified PDC preparation for PAC biotransformation. The whole cells C. tropicalis PDC at 1.29 U mL(-1) produced an overall concentration of 62.3 mM PAC, which was 68.4\% higher when compared to partially purified enzyme preparation. The results suggest that the valorization of lignocellulosic residues into bioethanol and PAC will not only aid in mitigating the environmental challenge posed by their surroundings but also has the potential to improve the bioeconomy.
Brazilian sugarcane production is converting from the traditional manual slash-and-burn to mechanized green cane harvest. The resulting sugarcane trash is mostly left on the field and plowed under at the end of a growth cycle, but it could also be recovered and used to increase the energy efficiency of ethanol. In this paper, we explore in a simulation study if straw recovery negatively impacts yields, fertilizer use, nutrient cycling, GHG emissions, and erosion; if there is an optimal recovery rate; and if different recovery rates are advisable for different soil types. We also compare the traditional slash-and-burn management to the green cane management system. Our results show that when performing straw recovery, trade-offs between different factors such as up to 1.3 t/ha lower yields or an up to 30 kg/ha higher demand for fertilizer N under low recovery rates, and higher erosion rates under high recovery rates have to be accepted. Most balanced would be a recovery rate of 40-60\%, but the rate should also be adapted to soil type, with less recovery e.g. on soils prone to erosion, and to economic considerations. A comparison between green cane harvest without straw recovery and the traditional slash-and-burn method shows lower erosion rates and higher soil organic carbon contents, but also a higher fertilizer consumption due to nitrogen immobilization on areas under green cane management. Due to these trade-offs, one method cannot be unequivocally commended over the other.
This study evaluates the sugarcane bagasse derived activated carbon (SBAC) prepared by microwave heating for the adsorptive removal of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate from the semi-aerobic landfill leachate. The physical and chemical properties of SBAC were examined by pore structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time and solution pH on the adsorption performance were investigated in a batch mode study at 30 degrees C. Equilibrium data were favorably described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate of 138.46 and 12.81 mg/g, respectively, while the adsorption kinetic was best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results illustrated the potential of sugarcane bagasse derived activated carbon for the adsorptive treatment of semi-aerobic landfill leachate. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An efficient pretreatment with various concentrations of FeCl3 (0.005-0.2 mol/L) was developed to extract hemicellulose in sugarcane bagasse and enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in pretreated solids. It was found that 0.025 mol/L FeCl3 pretreated substrate yielded a high glucose yield of 80.1\% during enzymatic hydrolysis. Then the characterization of raw material and pretreated solids was carried out to better understand how hemicellulose removal affected subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, Tween 80 and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) were added to promote enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated substrate. Together with that obtained from pretreatment, the highest glucose yield reached 97.7\% with addition of Tween 80, meanwhile, a reduction of 50\% loading of enzyme yielded the same level of glucose. However, the increased yields with additives decreased gradually as the hydrolysis time was extended. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanisms of Tween 80 and BSA were determined.
The objective of this study is to synthesize and extensively characterize carboxymethylcellulose from sugarcane bagasse cellulose (CMC-SC) to evaluate its potential use in blend films. A single step of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment at a low temperature was used to extract cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. The CMC-SC was extensively characterized with respect to its structure, crystallinity, degree of substitution (DS), average molecular weight (Mw), degree of polymerization (DP), viscosity, thermal property, antioxidant property and morphological structure as compared to a commercial CMC (CMC-COM). CMC-SC displays a DS, average Mw and DP of 0.7, 2x106 and 9,204, respectively. The Rapid Visco Analyzer method revealed a relatively low viscosity (65.7 cP) for 4\% (w/v) CMC-SC solution at 45 \& DEG;C. A melting temperature (Tm) close to 250 \& DEG;C was measured, as was a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 102.4 \& DEG;C. The DPPH assay indicated that CMC-SC exhibited higher antioxidation activity than CMC-COM. The characterization of the blend films between CMC-SC and polyvinyl alcohol (CMC-SC/PVA) with varying glycerol concentrations showed they had better properties with greater elongation at break than CMC-COM films with or without copolymer blending.
The porous carbon is prepared utilizing the sugarcane bagasse via pre-treatment process using chemical agents like K2CO3, KOH and NaOH, followed by carbonization at 650 degrees C. The non-pre-treated (NPSB) and pre-treated (PSB1, PSB2, PSB3) samples were prepared. The resulting pre-treated carbon shows the increment in specific surface area from 476 to 725 m(2) g(-1), which is further examined for electrochemical performances. The highest specific capacitance was recorded of 241 Fg(-1) at 10 mVs(-1) and 265 Fg(-1) at 0.2 Ag-1 for the pre-treated K2CO3 sample (PSB1) from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements, respectively. The efficiency of 98.63\% shows almost constant specific capacitance up to 15,000 cycles for the PSB1 sample. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curve of PSB1 sample shows the decrease in equivalent series resistance (ESR) from 3.54 to 1.76 51 with improved electrical conductivity. It has been found that the PSB1 sample has preserved the moderate specific energy of 6.26 WhKg(-1) with a specific power of 234 WKg(-1). The above results show that porous carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse can be utilized as an electrode material for energy storage devices.
The use of mineral phosphate fertilizers associated with organic residues can improve fertilizer use efficiency and consequently decrease their usage costs. Soil application of filter cake (FC) can provide nutrients and enhance physical quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different phosphate fertilizers {[
Paenibacillus species isolated from a variety of natural sources have shown to be important glycoside hydrolases producers. These enzymes play a key role in bio-refining applications, as they are central biocatalysts for the processing of different types of polymers from vegetal biomass. Xylanase production by three native isolates belonging to the genus Paenibacillus was approached by utilizing mineral-based medium and agricultural by-products as a convenient source to produce biocatalysts suitable for their degradation. While varieties of alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse were useful substrates for the strains from Paenibacillus genus evaluated, raw sugarcane bagasse was the most effective substrate for endoxylanase production by Paenibacillus sp. AR247. This strain was then selected to further improvement of its enzyme production by means of a two-step statistical approach. It was determined that the carbon source, provided as an inexpensive agro-waste, as well as phosphate and magnesium were the culture media components that most influenced the enzyme production, which was improved three times compared to the screening results.
The preparation of poly(methacrylic acid)-modified sugarcane bagasse (SB) and its application for the removal of the cationic dye malachite green (MG) in aqueous solution in a batch system is described. The modified SB was characterized using SEM and FTIR analysis. The effects of the pH of the solution, contact time and initial dye concentration were studied. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for MG increased significantly after the modification as a large number of carboxyl groups were introduced. The equilibrium process was better described by the Langmuir than the Freundlich isotherm. According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacity was 103.2 mg g-1 for MG. Kinetic studies showed better correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, confirming that the adsorption rate was controlled by a chemisorption process.
The effect of TweenA (R) 80 and the cellulase load, on the enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (HPSB), was evaluated in shake flask experiments, using experimental design. The optimized conditions were further applied in a second set of shake flask experiments to study the effect of the biomass load. The overall optimum parameters, e.g., 6.9\% TweenA (R) 80, 15 FPU/g glucan, and 150 g/L (dry HPSB), were used in hydrolysis experiments carried out in a laboratory-scale bioreactor equipped with a helical impeller. After a 48 h reaction time, 60\% of the HPSB glucan content was hydrolyzed into glucose. The same bioreactor and hydrolysis conditions were used for one-vessel saccharification and fermentation experiments as follows: 150 g/L (dry HPSB) was hydrolyzed at 50 degrees C and 150 rpm for either 24 or 48 h, followed by the bioreactor's temperature and mixing decrease to 30 degrees C and 90 rpm for ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experiments resulted in ethanol yields of 48 or 52\%, for hydrolysis time of 24 or 48 h, respectively, taking into account the HPSB glucan content. The best ethanol productivity, for the overall process of 0.51 g/L.h, was achieved for the 24 h hydrolysis time.
The majority of the pyrolysis kinetics models presented in the literature is nonlinear. In these models, the influence of temperature is normally described by the Arrhenius equation. In some studies related to parameter estimation of nonlinear models suggestions can be found for reparameterization of the Arrhenius-type equation due to inadequate results on the parameter estimation. In this work, kinetic modeling is proposed in order to predict the primary biomass decomposition behavior under a dynamic regime. This model is based on the traditional model of parallel reactions and uses the Arrhenius-type equation in the reparameterized form. Some nonlinearity measures are used as a tool to correctly estimate the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The predictions from the proposed model properly reproduced the experimental DTG curves. The reparametrized model showed non-significance for bias and nonlinearity measures.
BACKGROUND Xylitol is a polyalcohol widely used in the pharmaceutical, medicine and food industry because of its anti-cariogenic properties and low caloric value, with a sweetness equal to sucrose. Xylitol can be produced chemically or through a biotechnological route, though the last alternative still does not reach the yields to satisfy the industrial needs. The biotechnological route is an important alternative for the valorization of agroindustrial waste rich in hemicellulosic sugars, such as cane sugar bagasse, rice straw, banana peel, among others. To reduce the experimental costs, mathematical modeling is useful for determining the fermentation operation conditions and to improve the overall process. RESULTS A dynamic mathematical model for the description of xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse by Candida guilliermondii cells entrapped was developed. For the description of the microbial growth rate, free and immobilized microorganisms situations were considered in the kinetic model, including mass transfer effects. Experimental data reported in the literature were used to validate the proposed model. Additionally, a parametric estimation by the Levenberg-Marquardt method and a parametric sensitivity analysis was also performed. CONCLUSION The best experimental fit was obtained when the effects of inhibition by substrates are included in the kinetic model reaching a global determination index R-2 > 0.95. Furthermore, this proposed model allowed us to evaluate the restraints that are generated due to the internal and external mass transfer processes of the immobilized medium. The parametric sensitivity analysis demonstrated the optimal operation conditions where the xylitol production can be favored. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Purpose This paper aims to improve the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost, attractive and effective adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater. Design/methodology/approach SCB is a cellulosic material; it was chemically modified with compounds containing cationic groups. The adsorption efficiency of unmodified and modified SCB was investigated with anionic dyes by studying various factors that affect modified SCB and adsorption. Findings X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectra and nitrogen content were used to confirm the effect of existence of quaternary ammonium groups on modified SCB. The morphological structure of the modified and unmodified SCB has been demonstrated using electronic scanning microscopy. Research limitations/implications - The modified SCB was chemically treated by Quat 188, which is commercially available in the solution of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. Practical implications - Grafting cationic function groups on the surface of sugarcane by cationization treatment enhances its adsorption efficiency for anionic dyes. Originality/value The main value of this research was indicating a clear difference in the appearance of unmodified and modified SCB surfaces. Furthermore, it can be determined that the modified SCB absorbs more of the dyes.
Bioconversion of cellulosic biomass, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB), into valuable products by fermentation and saccharification processes can reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, this study was designed to saccharify the SB by thermostable cellulase enzyme and to use the hydrolysate for the release of phosphorus and phosphatases production. Initially, a thermostable cellulase was obtained from a novel bacterium, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25, using alkali and ionic liquid pretreated SB. The strain produced 110 IU mL(-1) of endoglucanase. The enzyme was utilized to saccharify SB and the factors affecting this process were optimized by employing central composite design (CCD). A yield of 45 mg g(-1) of reducing sugars was obtained under the optimized conditions, i.e., temperature 58 degrees C, pH 5.1, endoglucanase units 17.849, and substrate combination 0.48 (i.e., a mix of pretreated and untreated SB in the ratio of 48\% (w/v) to 52\% (w/v)) in a relatively shorter reaction time of 18 h 24 min. The hydrolysate from the process was utilized to cultivate Pseudomonas species that produced 54 and 57 IU mL(-1) alkaline and acid phosphatases, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy with EDX-, FTIR-, and NMR-based elucidation of the substrate showed removal of lignin by the pretreatment process and utilization of cellulose in fermented and saccharified substrate. This study supports the idea of utilization of industrial waste by-product for the production of valuable products.
Twin-screw extrusion was used to prepare the composites consisting of PLA and three types of sugarcane bagasse residues (up to 30 wt\%) derived from different steps of a biorefinery process. Each residue had different composition, particle size and surface reactivity due to chemical and biological (enzyme, microbes) treatments that the biomass was subjected to. The effects of different residue characteristics on properties, crystallization behaviors and morphologies of PLA composites were investigated. Besides, a small amount (2 wt\%) of coupling agent, Desmodur(A (R)) VKS 20 (DVKS), was used to improve the interfacial bonding between PLA and bagasse residues. The results indicated that in the presence of 2 \% DVKS, PLA composite with pretreated residue exhibited the maximum strength properties (98.94 \% tensile strength and 93.91 \% flexural strength of neat PLA), while PLA composite with fermentation residue exhibited the minimum strength properties (88.98 \% tensile strength and 81.91 \% flexural strength of neat PLA).
A promising and economic material for various applications, such as thermal insulation in construction building and oil clean-up in marine ecosystems, is successfully developed from the by-product of the sugarcane industry. Biodegradable sugarcane bagasse aerogels are produced using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder, followed by a freeze-drying method. This environmental-friendly recycled aerogel has an ultra-low density ({[
In order to better understand the dynamics of the herbicide amicarbazone (Dinamic) applied on sugarcane straw left on the soil under the crude cane system, three assays were carried out to evaluate the performance of this herbicide applied on different amounts of sugarcane straw in different periods and under different rainfall intensities after its application. In the first assay, herbicide interception was assessed by 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha(-1) of straw. In the second assay, herbicide teaching through 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha(-1) of straw was evaluated under rain simulation equivalent to 2.5 up to 65 mm rain, one day after application (DAA). On the third assay, the effect of the time intervals between herbicide application and the first rain on herbicide leaching (0, 1, 7, 15 and 30 days) on the straw (10 t ha(-1)) was evaluated under the same rainfall amounts simulated in the second study. For the second and third assays an additional simulation of 20 mm at 07 and 14 days after the opening rains (DAOR) was carried out. The results obtained in second and third assays was adjusted by the Mitscherlich model (Y=a{*
A novel co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense with pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) under mild alkali conditions for bio-hydrogen production was established, exhibiting a cost-effective and synergetic advantage in bio-hydrogen production over monoculture of C. thermocellum or T. aotearoense with untreated SCB. The optimized pretreatment conditions were established to be 3\% NaOH, and a liquid to solid ratio of 25:1 at 80 degrees C for 3 h. A final hydrogen production of 50.05 +/- 1.51 mmol/L was achieved with 40 g/L pretreated SCB at 55 degrees C. The established co-culture system provides a novel consolidated bio-processing strategy for bioconversion of SCB to bio-hydrogen. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The composites formed by sugarcane bagasse and thermoplastic Polymers, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA), have been analysed by carbon-13 high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), employing crosspolarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS); variable contact-time experiment and proton spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame. NMR responses showed that these techniques can be used to observe the degree of compatibility and homogeneity of different polymers composites. (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.
Brazil has played a leading role in the global cultivation of sugarcane, used in the production of sugar and ethanol, which results in sugarcane bagasse as agrowaste. This agroresidue generates electricity and second-generation ethanol, but the colossal amount available allows for alternative applications. Currently, mechanized harvesting/unburn predominates over manual harvesting/burn. The present study was conducted in this scenario and investigated the use of fibers from unburned sugarcane bagasse (SBU) in bio-based composites. Phenolic thermoset was chosen as a matrix due to its excellent properties. The mechanization/unburn method allows the use of variable length fibers (this study: 1/3/5 cm, 30 wt\%). SBU was characterized in detail, highlighting the characterization via inverse gas chromatography (IGC, which provides information regarding the polarity of the groups present on the surface of the fibers). Briefly, the composition of SBU shows no significant differences compared to burnt bagasse (SBB), and IGC showed that SBU has more polar groups on the surface than SBB, which favors intermolecular interactions and then adhesion with the phenolic matrix. Composites reinforced with 3- and 5-cm fibers presented a storage modulus higher than that of the unreinforced thermoset, and the impact strength of all composites was higher than that of the thermoset (up to 45\%). This set of results points to applications such as rigid packaging, non-structural parts of buildings and automotive vehicles, which increases the applications of the investigated agrowaste within the circular bioeconomy.
Sugarcane bagasse gasification is a promising thermochemical process that converts this residue mainly into syngas, which may be applied to generate heat, electricity, and liquid fuels. However, little attention has been given to the study of bagasse gasification conditions that generate syngas for future production of liquid fuels and chemicals. Therefore, this work aimed at studying several sugarcane bagasse gasification scenarios in Aspen Plus (TM) to obtain syngas mixtures to be further conditioned for synthesis processes. The scenarios included the study of the influence of operational parameters (temperature, pressure, steam-to-biomass ratio S/B, and moisture content), fluidized bed configurations (bubbling and circulating), and gasifying media (steam and steam-O-2) on syngas composition and process performance. Among the operating parameters, temperature was crucial for higher H-2 and CO production, CO2 consumption, higher syngas lower heating value (LHV), and higher cold gas efficiency (CGE). Also, S/B was the only key factor to adjust the H-2/CO ratio. In the gasifier configuration analysis, circulating fluidized bed reactor was the most suitable gasifier in most assessed scenarios, since it led to higher H-2 and CO generation, lower CO2 and CH4 production, as well as higher H-2/CO, dry syngas flow rates, and CGEs. The use of oxygen as an oxidizing agent decreased H-2 content and increased CO concentration, and reduced syngas H-2/CO ratio, LHV, and CGE. The steam-blown circulating fluidized bed was advised for future synthesis processes, and its corresponding response surfaces for H-2/CO ratio and CGE were obtained.
The world's population is increasing rapidly. This means that energy consumption and demand for energy are also increasing at the same rate. It is estimated that energy will need to be provided to 9 to 10 billion people by 2040. India is a leading consumer of energy in the world. In particular, it consumes a large amount of oil and natural gas to fulfil its energy demand. Due to uncertainty in the supply of oil and natural gas and their prices as well as environmental pollution, there is a need to shift towards other energy sources. Biomass is one of the first energy sources with specific properties and abundant availability. Today, 10\% to 14\% of the world's energy supply is provided by biomass sources. Using agricultural waste (biomass) to make briquettes to generate power can be an alternative solution to the problems related to their disposal and pollution. The present work investigates the optimum ratio of dry sugarcane leaves to binders and optimum load and selects the best binder (cow dung, buffalo dung, and press mud) for making high-quality briquettes. The physical parameters and proximate analysis of the dry sugarcane leaf briquettes with the cow dung, buffalo dung, and press mud binders are investigated. The dry sugarcane leaf briquettes with the cow dung binder have the highest gross calorific value, net calorific value, split tensile strength, tumbling resistance, shatter resistance, and energy density ratio (16262.31 kJ/kg, 15362.1 kJ/kg, 7.164 kN/m(2), 87.84\%, 12.75\%, and 0.9296, respectively). The estimated results show that cow dung is a better binder for making high-quality dry sugarcane leaf briquettes than the buffalo dung and press mud binders.
The conversion of agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, into high-value products and renewable energy, within the biorefinery concept, is a potential alternative towards the sustainable management of these resources. This work evaluates the production of cellulolytic enzymes by a selected strain of Aspergillus niger cultivated in sugarcane bagasse under solid-state fermentation using an instrumented lab-scale bioreactor. The effects of environmental factors including the type of substrate and medium composition, as well as the operational conditions (air flow rate, inlet air relative humidity, and initial substrate moisture content) on the production of the enzymatic complex were evaluated using statistical design tools. Significant increases in FPase, endoglucanase, and xylanase activities were achieved under the optimized conditions predicted by the models, with values of 0.88, 21.77, and 143.85 IU/g of dry solid substrate, respectively, representing around ten-, four-, and twofold increases compared to the activities obtained under the initial growth conditions. This demonstrates the importance of evaluating environmental and operational criteria in order to achieve efficient enzyme production. The crude enzymatic extract obtained under optimized conditions was employed for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Approximately 13 \% of total reducing sugars, and a glucose concentration of 2.54 g/L, were obtained after 22 h of hydrolysis of steam exploded sugarcane bagasse, indicating that the enzymatic cocktail produced has good potential for use in the conversion of biomass.
This study presents the ultrasound assisted metal chloride treatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for bioethanol production. The operating parameters pertaining to pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification were optimized. The ultrasound assisted FeCl3 pretreatment (UAFP) showed the maximum cellulose recovery and delignification of 94.94 and 79.42\%, respectively, at the optimum conditions (Particle size 0.274 mm, H2O2 concentration 1.5\% v/v, substrate dosage 3 g, ultrasound time 75 min, molar ratio of FeCl3 and H2O2 1:100 and temperature 60 degrees C). Enzymatic saccharification of SCB obtained from UAFP showed 96\% glucan digestibility (D-G) with 15 FPU cellulase and 30 IU beta-glucosidase. The hydrolyzate obtained was fermented using Saccharornyces cerevisiae and about 93\% theoretical ethanol yield was achieved at the end of 72 h of fermentation. The structural changes of native and pretreated SCB were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was developed as raw material for pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation by the mixture of NaOH with ammonia. By optimizing the parameters with response surface methodology, the maximum total reducing sugar concentration (TRSC) and the total reducing sugar yield (TRSY) were obtained. After optimization, the TRSC was 16.23 g/L (Optimized-P1: 25 \% ammonia, 1.5 \% NaOH, 160 degrees C, 2 h) and the TRSY was 0.46 g/g (Optimized-P2: 24 \% ammonia, 1 \% NaOH, 150 degrees C, 2 h).
This work aims to evaluate the recovery of soluble lignin from an effluent produced in the alkaline delignification of sugarcane bagasse. The lignin polymerization was carried out using different substract-enzyme relation, namely 0.05 and 1.8 mg soluble lignin for peroxidase activity, and different H2O2 concentration, namely 0.18 and 2.1 mol of H2O2 per peroxidase unit, furthermore was achieved using horseradish peroxidase and a preliminary study using laccase produced by Trametes versicolor. The highest lignin polymerization yield was 93 \% for 50 Mg lignin/unit of peroxidase activity and 0.2 Mmol of H2O2/unit of peroxidase activity. The polymerization process occurred after a considerable increase in the molecular weight of lignin (from 415 Da in the effluent to 2,122 Da in the polymer obtained after 30 min of reaction) as demonstrated by gel permeation chromatography. The average molecular weight of the obtained polymer changed as a function of reaction time, which of 0, 0.5, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 and 42.0 h produced lignin polymers with 415, 2,122, 1,576, 1,150, 794 and 4,595 Da, respectively. The preliminary treatment study of the effluent with a culture broth of T. versicolor with laccase increased the average molecular weight of soluble lignin from 415 to 1,150 Da, however the polymerization catalyzed by laccase was not accomplished by the effective lignin polymerization followed by an efficient separation.
A novel biomass pretreatment method, i.e. pressurized microwave hydrothermal treatment with inorganic salts, and the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using salt-tolerant cellulase, i.e. Meicelase, and salt-tolerant yeast, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae BA11, were studied for the efficient ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. The component analysis, enzymatic saccharification, and alcohol fermentation were carried out using pressurized microwave treated sugarcane bagasse with various inorganic salts. The pressurized microwave treatment using 2 wt\% MgCl2 at a treatment temperature of 200 degrees C for a treatment time of 5 min followed by SSF without washing treatment of inorganic salts provided the maximum glucose and ethanol yields, i.e. 0.392 and 0.18 g/g-raw material, those corresponded to 99 and 90\% of saccharification and ethanol conversion ratios, respectively.
The sugarcane is the most explored raw material in Brazil to produce ethanol and for each liter of ethanol around 12 L vinasse are produced, thus, the country has high production of vinasse. The vinasse has a very high polluting potential, being considered a solid residue. In general, the vinasse is applied in sugarcane plantations, in some cases with wastewater from plants, promoting the fertirrigation. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of methane generation from the vinasse generated in Brazilian ethanol plants, as well as its potential for thermal and electrical energy generation and economic viability. In all, 377 ethanol plants are registered in Brazil, where 334 are of the annexed type and only 43 autonomous. The results indicate that Brazil has the potential to generate at least 3.53E+ 07 m(3).d(-1) of methane, 1.88E+ 06 m(3).d(-1) in autonomous plants and 3.34E+ 07 m(3).d(-1) in annexed plants. While all the autonomous plants have a minimum production potential of 1.21E+ 07 kWh.d(-1) of electrical energy and 2.28E+ 07 kWh.d(-1) of thermal energy, that of annexed plants reach a potential of 2.15E+ 08 kWh.d(-1) of electrical energy and 4.07E+ 08 kWh.d(-1) of thermal energy. The costs of producing electricity from methane were about 0.09 R\$.kWh(-1) for autonomous plants and about 0.06 R\$.kWh(-1) for annexed plants. NPV has a positive value in all cases indicates that this study, Autonomous plants presented IRR of 51\% with a payback of one year and 11,51 months, while the annexed obtained 161\% of IRR and payback of 7,56 months.
The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of mixed acid concentration on the morphology, crystallinity and thermal properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Acid hydrolysis using mixture of sulphuric (H2SO4) acid and perchloric (HClO4) acid was used to extract CNCs from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The properties of the raw SCB, extracted cellulose, 45\% H2SO4 hydrolysed CNCs, 45\% H2SO4/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs, 55\% H2SO4/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs and 65\% H2SO4/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs were analysed using Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crystallinity of SCB was significantly increased after bleaching and acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis using 55\% H2SO4/HClO4 showed the highest crystallinity. The TGA results showed significant increase in thermal stability of 55\% H2SO4/HClO4. The lowest thermal stability was observed with 45\% H2SO4 hydrolysed CNCs. The order of thermal stability was raw SCB < extracted cellulose < 45\% H2SO4 hydrolysed CNCs < 65\% H2SO4/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs < 45\% H2SO4/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs < 55\% H2(S)O(4)/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs. The SEM results showed fibre breakage for 65\% H2SO4/HClO4 hydrolysed CNCs. The fibre breakage seemed to be acid concentration dependent.
Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used industrial application in wastewater treatment processes. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for their applicability in treatment of different types of effluents. In this study, the potential of activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse was studied for the removal of aqueous phenol in a fixed column. Sugarcane bagasse was thermally activated under 600 degrees C in absence of air. A series of batch experiments were performed in order to identify the appropriate adsorption isotherm. Both Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherms were analyzed according to the experiment data and related parameters were estimated. Results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm provides the best fit with experimental data. Fixed bed experiments were performed and, breakthrough curves were drawn by varying activated carbon bed height. Accordingly the ideal breakthrough curves (IBC) were prepared and bed capacity (BC), length of the unused bed (LUB), the time required for full bed exhaustion at infinite rapid adsorption T-S and the breakthrough times T-b were calculated for each scenarios. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Ethanol production from sugarcane in Brazil is a well-established industry, with relatively simple operations and high yield. The ethanol primarily serves as a renewable fuel blending with gasoline and diesel to increase the energy security in Brazil. Several environmental concerns are emerged around the by-products from this industry. Vinasse, the liquid fraction generated from the rectification and distillation operations of ethanol, is a sulfur-rich, low pH, dark-colored, and odorous effluent, produced at volumes as high as 20-fold of ethanol. Traditional wastewater treatments, such as bioprocessing, advanced oxidative processes, anaerobic digestion (AD), and chemical-based processes, have been applied to vinasse management. Despite most of its utilization being in fertirrigation practices, vinasse may represent a key factor in enhancing profitability and environmental outcomes of a sugarcane-to-ethanol plant. The application of some upgrade solutions to sugarcane-derived vinasse may represent additional sources of energy, production of animal feed components, and reduction in water consumption within a plant. The use of mature technologies, yet not widespread in the sugarcane-to-ethanol industry, could help attenuate environmental concerns. Oxidation and chemical processes, AD, and microbial fermentation have been presented as alternative impactful alternatives to (i) reduce its organic and mineral load, converting it to a feedstock with fewer environmental applications when applied as fertilizer and (ii) to convert organic matter and nutrients to a nutritious biomass, simultaneously increasing water reclamation potential by plants. This mini-review article provides a critical and comprehensive summary of the alternatives developed or under development to vinasse management.
Rhodosporidium toruloides is a lipid-producing yeast, the growth of which is severely suppressed when hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass are used as carbon source. This is probably due to the toxic substances, such as organic acids, furans, and phenolic compounds produced during the preparation of the hydrolysates. In order to solve this problem, R. toruloides cultures were subjected to atmospheric room-temperature plasma mutagenesis, resulting in the isolation of mutants showing tolerance to sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH). Three mutant strains, M11, M13, and M18, were found to grow with producing lipids with SBH as carbon source. M11 in particular appeared to accumulate higher levels (up to 60\% of dry cell weight) of intracellular lipids. Further, all three mutant strains showed tolerance of vanillin, furfural, and acetic acid, with different spectra, suggesting that different genetic determinants are involved in SBH tolerance.
In this study, pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis is investigated using two categories of pretreatment methods: dilute acid (DA) pretreatment and combined DA ozonolysis (DAO) method. Both methods are accomplished at different solid ratios, sulfuric acid concentrations, autoclave residence times, bagasse moisture content, and ozonolysis time. The results show that the DAO pretreatment can significantly increase the production of glucose compared to DA method. Applying k-fold cross validation method, two optimal artificial neural networks (ANNs) are trained for estimations of glucose concentrations for DA and DAO pretreatment methods. Comparing the modeling results with experimental data indicates that the proposed ANNs have good estimation abilities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The actinomycete strain Lg, which was isolated from groundwater contaminated with leachate flowing out of a former municipal landfill site (upstate Sao Paulo, Brazil) and found to produce exopolysaccharides, was analysed by polyphasic taxonomy. The growth of this strain on sugarcane molasses, at various concentrations from 2\% to 10\%, and on the standard glucose-yeast-maltose (GYM) medium was observed by monitoring the optical density of the culture at 600 nm. Lg was found to be Gram-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-motile, non-sporing and did not reduce nitrate. Morphological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and molecular tests indicated that Lg has properties typical of Gordonia polyisoprenivorans and this new strain was thus named G. polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137. Growth of the bacterium in the experimental media was notably affected by the molasses content, being fastest at 2\% and 3\%, the lowest contents, the maximum specific growth-rates being 0.157 h(-1) and 0.168 h(-1), respectively. These rates were greater than those achieved at higher concentrations and of the same order as the rate in GYM medium, 0.175 h(-1). CCT 7137 is one of six strains of G. polyisoprenivorans so far isolated and recorded in the literature, and one of the two found in contaminated groundwater. This is the first known study of the growth of a strain of G. polyisoprenivorans in GYM medium and on sugarcane molasses as sole source of nutrients. The latter is proposed as a potential substrate for production of this strain.
Sewage sludge is a residue from waste water treatment plants and vinasse is a main effluent from alcohol distilleries. The main differences between them are observed in the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) contents. Sewage sludge is poor in K, and the vinasse in N. This research was carried out to evaluate sewage sludge and vinasse effects on the nitrogen contents of the plant-soil system and the effects of their application on planted-cane and 1(st). ratoon-cane under field conditions, on a Typic Haplustox, in Pontal, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, using the sugarcane cultivar SP81-3250. A randomized blocks experimental design was used with 13 treatments and three replications. The results were organized in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme (three residue forms, two application modes and two rates of N or K) and a control treatment (mineral fertilization). Sewage sludge provided the highest N plant contents and the highest residual N soil contents. Sewage sludge and vinasse can replace mineral fertilization for both planted-cane and 1(st). ratoon-cane.
The sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) system is a new multiplication technology that contributes to the rapid production of seedlings and is associated with a high standard of vegetal health, vigour and uniformity of planting, as well as a drastic reduction in the use of seedlings per area. Due to the high moisture required during the initial period of growth, the filter cake can be an ally in the development of this technology. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the development of sugarcane PSS, under different amounts of filter cake and application modes. The treatments included five doses of filter cake at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 45 t ha(-1) and two forms of application: depth (0.30 m) and surface. Once formed, the sugarcane PPS were planted in Eutroferric Red Latosol, with due treatments. For aerial development analyses, leaf area, stem length and diameter and shoot dry mass were evaluated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after planting. The filter cake positively influenced the development of pre-sprouted seedlings, promoting greater leaf area and stalk diameter when applied on the surface. The dose of 30 t ha(-1) to the surface, provided 54\% higher shoot dry weight and 56\% more dry weight of roots compared to cultivation without its application, demonstrating its usefulness to improve the development of pre-sprouted seedlings.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a by-product of the sugar industry, is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, and can be used to replace petrochemical polymers in various applications. In this work, SCB was treated under mild alkaline conditions with 1.5\% NaOH (m:v) and a solid:liquid ratio of 1:20 (m:v) at 60 \& DEG;C, during 6 h. A 10 kDa polysulfone hollow fiber membrane was used for the purification of the extract in different filtration modes, namely concentration and diafiltration, and a combination of both modes. Permeate fluxes and rejection rates were evaluated at different transmembrane pressure (TMP) at the shear rate of 10,187 s(-1), at 40 \& DEG;C. In concentration mode, increasing the volume reduction factor up to 6.1 led to a significant increase in the retention rates of acid-soluble lignin (ASL) and xylan, and a decrease in inorganic salt content in the retentate. In diafiltration mode, after 2.9 diavolumes, the acid-insoluble lignin (AIL) and xylan rejection rates drastically increased, as did the rejection rates of ash.
Purpose - This paper aims to decolorize the effluents of textile Reactive Orange 5 and Reactive Red 195 dyes by using cationized sugarcane bagasse. Design/methodology/approach - Cationized sugarcane bagasse was prepared and used as an adsorbent for both reactive and hydrolyzed reactive dyes. Characterization of the sugarcane bagasse structure resulted by cationization was monitored using Fourier transform-infrared, while morphologically was detected using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Findings - The maximum adsorption capacities are 805, 1,664, 1,772 and 1,596 mg/g for Hydrolyzed Red 195, Hydrolyzed Orange 5, Reactive Red 195 and Reactive Orange 5 dyes, respectively. Research limitations/implications - Factors affecting the percentage of dye removal were optimized on different parameters such as adsorbent dose and treatment time. The data were discussed using the Langmuir and Freundlich Models of adsorption. Practical implications - The reuse of hydrolyzed reactive dyebaths gives reasonably good fastness properties on nylon fabrics. Social implications - The study has enabled the production of an eco-friendly and less expensive method of reactive dye effluent decolorization. Originality/value - The study provides a potentially simple approach to decolorize dye effluents of Reactive Orange 5, Red 195 dyes and also the reuse of hydrolyzed reactive dyebaths for dyeing nylon.
Nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse fibres was isolated via chemo-mechanical method subjected to preparation of its PLA-based bionanocomposites using an Injection moulding process with varying weight percentages of nanocellulose. The mechanical properties (i.e. tensile, flexural, fracture toughness, and impact), thermal property (TGA analysis) and dynamic mechanical properties (i.e. storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping) of the prepared bionanocomposites were studied. In addition, water absorption behaviour in terms of maximum water uptake and sorption, diffusion and permeability coefficients of the bionanocomposites were also investigated. Anoticeable improvement in thermal stability, water resistance, and mechanical performance was seen in bionanocomposites with 2 wt. \% of nanocellulose. There were 41.44\%, 26.21\%, 89.79\%, and 16.38\% improvements in tensile strength, flexural strength, fracture toughness and impact strength, respectively, for 2 wt. \% of nanocellulose reinforcement composite over neat PLA matrix. ANOVA analysis was also performed and found that contents of nanocellulose have asignificant impact on the mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites.
This study reports an environmentally friendly process to prepare cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), by ultrasonication combined with various mechanochemical pretreatments. The pretreatments included continuous steam explosion, dilute alkali-catalyzed (0.4 wt\% NaOH) hydrothermal treatment, and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. The morphology and physiochemical properties of the fibers obtained after each stage of treatment were characterized by various techniques. Suspensions of fibers subjected to different pretreatments were prepared by the same mechanical process. The result proved that continuous steam explosion pretreatment could strip the primary wall and the binding materials related to middle lamella, loosen the structure of fiber cell wall, and promote sequent nanofibrillation of the cellulose fibers. Therefore, the total energy consumption is reduced. The current pretreatments effectively removed non-cellulosic constituents of the raw fibers, using very small amount of chemical reagents. Individual CNFs typically had diameters of 20-40 nm, high aspect ratios, a fine web-like structure, and good thermal stability.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) was pretreated using the microwave-induced hydrothermal method (MIHM), ultrasonic pretreatment, dilute-acid hydrolysis, and organosolv processes, and subsequently modified using a combination of epichlorohydrin, N, N-dimethylformamide, ethylenediamine, and triethylamine to synthesize anion exchangers. The characteristics of AE with different pretreatment methods were investigated using proximate and ultimate analysis, Zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetics of nitrate removal by different AE at a pH of 7.0 were well linearized with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and thermodynamics at pH of 4.0 and 7.0 was best fitted using Langmuir isotherm and the Dubinin-Radushkevich model. Results confirmed that all pretreatments enhanced the modification of SB and that the optimum pretreatment was MIHM, with the highest nitrogen content (8.20\%) and nitrate sorption capacity (95.7 mg/g at pH 4.0 and 100.2 mg/g at pH 7.0).
This study investigates ultrasonic enhancement of xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse using C. tropicalis MTCC 184 immobilized on PU foam. Initial xylitol yield of 0.53 g/g xylose improved to 0.65 g/g of xylose (in 36 h fermentation) after optimization of medium and fermentation parameters. Optimum values of experimental parameters for maximum xylitol were: yeast extract = 5.78 g/L, (NH4)(2)SO4 = 3.22 g/L, KH2PO4 = 0.58 g/L, MgSO4 center dot 7H(2)O = 0.57 g/L and temperature = 29.3 degrees C, initial pH = 6.2, agitation rate = 151 rpm and initial xylose concentration = 20.9 g/L. Application of 37 kHz sonication @10\% duty cycle during fermentation at optimum conditions resulted in marked intensification of fermentation kinetics. Xylitol yield of 0.66 g/g of xylose has been obtained in ultrasound-assisted fermentation in just 15 h. Fitting of time profiles of substrates and products to kinetic model has highlighted actual physical mechanisms underlying 2-fold faster kinetics induced by sonication.
Sugarcane is a lignocellulosic crop which is used to produce sugar in sugarcane processing industries. Globally, sugarcane processing industries generate solid and liquid wastes amounting to more than 279 million tons per annum and by-products; namely, trash, bagasse, mill mud, and molasses. The valorisation of waste and by-products has recently increased and is playing a significant role in achieving policies and goals associated with circular bioeconomy and sustainable development. For the valorisation of sugarcane processing industry waste and by-products, a number of technologies are well established and in use, while other innovative technologies are still ongoing through research and development with promising futures. These by-products obtained from sugarcane processing industries can be converted into biofuels like hydrogen and methane via anaerobic digestion. Molasses belongs to the first-generation (1G) waste, while trash, bagasse, and mill mud belong to second-generation (2G) waste. Various studies have been carried out in converting both first- and second-generation sugarcane processing industry wastes into renewable energy, exploiting anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation (DF). This review emphasises the various factors affecting the AD and DF of 1G and 2G sugarcane processing industry wastes. It also critically addresses the feasibility and challenges of operating a two-stage anaerobic digestion process for hydrogen and methane production from these wastes.
Herein, it was investigated the heat required and the kinetics of oxidative pyrolysis of sugarcane straw by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal analyses were carried out at different temperatures (5, 10, and 20 K min(-1)) and atmospheres (different oxygen concentrations with N-2). The pyrolysis process had lower track degradation in oxidative atmospheres. The Flynn-Ozawa-Wall model kinetics parameters revealed that the activation energy under the atmosphere with 3\% O-2 had the lowest range (101-130 kJ mol(-1)). Hence, it was demonstrated that oxidative pyrolysis could be a low energy cost and environmental friendly process for converting sugarcane straw to valuable products.
This work evaluates the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse combining supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and ultrasound to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse. In a first step the influence of process variables on the SC-CO2 pretreatment to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated by mean of a Plackett-Burmann design. Then, the sequential treatment combining ultrasound +SC-CO2 was evaluated. Results show that treatment using SC-CO2 increased the amount of fermentable sugar obtained of about 280\% compared with the non-treated bagasse, leading to a hydrolysis efficiency (based on the amount of cellulose) as high as 74.2\%. Combining ultrasound +SC-CO2 treatment increased about 16\% the amount of fermentable sugar obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis in comparison with the treatment using only ultrasound. From the results presented in this work it can be concluded that the combined ultrasound +SC-CO2 treatment is an efficient and promising alternative to carry out the pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstock at relatively low temperatures without the use of hazardous solvents. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The use of sugarcane residues in mortar and concrete is believed to contribute to a reduction of costs and environmental problems, such as the reduction of mining of natural aggregates and incorrect disposal of the sugarcane residues. Bagasse fiber has a high water retention rate and thus may be considered as a countermeasure for urban heat islands. Because of these properties, bagasse fiber and bagasse sand were added into the preparation of the interlocking concrete blocks. An investigation of the flexural strength and the contribution of the sugarcane residues against an urban heat island was made. The results showed that, by adding 2.0\% of bagasse fiber and 5.0\% of bagasse sand in concrete, the flexural strength and the water retention content increased in comparison to the control composite. Moreover, the surface temperature and the water evaporation rate of the blocks were smaller in comparison to the control composite.
A semimechanistic multi-reaction kinetic model was developed for modeling enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane straw (SCS) at high-solids concentration. The model, including: enzyme adsorption, xylose formation, end-product inhibition and substrate reactivity, was adjusted from a reference condition (enzyme concentration of 10 FPU/g-cellulose and solid loading of 15\% w/v, dry basis). A simplified model was also proposed to overcome high parameter correlation and improve model fidelity. Predictive capacity of both simplified and original model was verified for different enzyme concentration (5-60 FPU/g-cellulose), solids loading (10 and 20\%) and end-product sugar inhibition (30 and 60 g/L glucose, 10 g/L cellobiose and 10 g/L xylose). The glucose concentration was predicted with reasonable accuracy by the simplified model, even under critical conditions of sugar-inhibition. The model is able to describe batch saccharification of pretreated SCS at high-solids concentrations. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, the production of sugar monomers from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by sono-assisted acid hydrolysis was performed. The SCB was subjected to sono-assisted alkaline pretreatment. The cellulose and hemicellulose recovery observed in the solid content was 99\% and 78.95\%, respectively and lignin removal observed during the pretreatment was about 75.44\%. The solid content obtained was subjected to sono-assisted acid hydrolysis. Under optimized conditions, the maximum hexose and pentose yield observed was 69.06\% and 81.35\% of theoretical yield, respectively. The hydrolysate obtained was found to contain very less inhibitors, which improved the bioethanol production and the ethanol yield observed was 0.17 g/g of pretreated SCB. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,
Photocatalytic degradation performance is highly related to optimized operating parameters such as initial concentration, pH value, and catalyst dosage. In this study, the impact of various parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of anaerobically digested vinasse (AnVE) has been determined through decolourization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiency using zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalyst. In this context, the application of photocatalytic degradation in treating sugarcane vinasse using ZnO is yet to be explored. The COD reduction efficiency and decolourization achieved 83.40\% and 99.29\%, respectively, under the conditions of 250 mg/L initial COD concentration, pH 10, and 2.0 g/L catalyst dosage. The phytotoxicity assessment was also conducted to determine the toxicity of AnVE before and after treatment using mung bean (Vigna radiata). The reduction of root length and the weight of mung bean indicated that the sugarcane vinasse contains enormous amounts of organic substances that affect the plant's growth. The toxicity reduction in the AnVE solution can be proved by UV-Vis absorption spectra. Furthermore, the catalyst recovery achieved 93\% in the reusability test. However, the COD reduction efficiency and decolourization were reduced every cycle. It was due to the depletion of the active sites in the catalyst with the adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, it can be concluded that the photocatalytic degradation in the treatment of AnVE was effective in organic degradation, decolorization, toxicity reduction and can be reused after the recovery process. {[
Sugarcane bagasse as an agricultural/industrial biomass was converted into a low-cost activated carbon via an acid activation procedure under optimized conditions. Phosphoric acid was applied as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly chemical activator. The optimized activated carbon produced under temperature of 550 degrees C and impregnation ratio of 1.5 showed a micromesoporous structure with specific surface area and pore volume of 972.5 m(2)/g and 0.43 cm(3)/g, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the produced AC towards phenol was measured and, after only 30 min, the removal percentage reached over 95\%. The greatest affinity towards phenol was obtained at pH of 4 justified by the pH(pzc) of the sorbent and speciation of phenol in solution. Under the intermediate concentration range, the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was the best-fit model for describing the equilibrium data. The apparent adsorption energy was equal to 10.94 kJ/mol. All the evidence showed that the mechanisms involved in phenol adsorption were ion-exchange, electrostatic, and physical adsorption.
Sucrose-utilizing genes (cscKB and cscA) from Escherichia cob KO11 were cloned and expressed in a metabolically engineered E. coli KJ122 to enhance succinate production from sucrose. KJ122 harboring a recombinant plasmid, pKJSUC, was screened for the efficient sucrose utilization by growth-based selection and adaptation. KJ122-pKJSUC-24T efficiently utilized sucrose in a low-cost medium to produce high succinate concentration with less accumulation of by-products. Succinate concentrations of 51 g/L (productivity equal to 1.05 g/L/h) were produced from sucrose in anaerobic bottles, and concentrations of 47 g/L were produced in 10 L bioreactor within 48 h. Antibiotics had no effect on the succinate production by KJ122-pKJSUC-24T. In addition, succinate concentrations of 62 g/L were produced from sugarcane molasses in anaerobic bottles, and concentrations of 56 g/L in 10 L bioreactor within 72 h. These results demonstrated that KJ122-pKJSUC-24T would be a potential strain for bio-based succinate production from sucrose and sugarcane molasses. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This present research aims to synthesize and investigate the adsorption potential of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) impregnated with 8 hydroxy quinolone 8-(HQ) and 1,10 phenethroline (phen) to prepare impregnated sugarcane bagasse (ISCB) for removal U-VI and Th-IV. The effects of the operating parameters, including pH of the solution, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, dose and interfering ions on the adsorption efficiency were investigated to identify an optimal condition. The characterization of SEM-EDX and FTIR analyses shows that ISCB has a porous structure and carbon-containing functional groups. The adsorption result revealed that ISCB removed 98 \% for both U-VI and Th-IV. The result obtained fitted well for Langmuir isotherms model with 185.19 mg center dot g(-1) and 250 mg center dot g(-1) as theoretical capacity for U-VI and Th-IV respectively. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In conclusion, this study proved that ISCB has the potential to be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent to remove U-VI and Th-IV. Finally we obtain products from thorium as ThO2 and uranium as Na2U2O7 from Abu Rushied leach liquor.
This study was designed to evaluate a treatment system for high strength wastewater (vinasse) from a sugarcane molasses-based bio-ethanol plant in Thailand. A laboratory-scale two-phase treatment system composed of a sulfate reducing (SR) tank and multi-staged up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (MS-UASB) reactor was used as the pre-treatment unit. Conventional UASB and down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactors were used as the post-treatment unit. The treatment system was operated for 300 days under ambient temperature conditions (24.6-29.6 degrees C). The hydraulic retention time (HRT) in each unit was kept at 25 h for the two-phase system and 23 h for the UASB\&DHS. The influent concentration was allowed to reach up to 15,000 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L. COD removal efficiency (based on influent COD) of the two-phase MS-UASB and the UASB\&DHS was 54.9 and 18.7\%, respectively. Due to the effective removal of sulfide in the SR tank, the MS-UASB achieved a high methane conversion ratio of up to 97\%. In DHS, nitrification occurred at the outside portion of the sponge media while denitrification occurred at the inside. Consequently, 27\% of the total nitrogen (TN) was removed. An amount of 32\% of residual nitrogen (28 mgN/L) was in the form of nitrate, a better nitrogen state for fertilizer.
Currently, the disposal of sugarcane vinasse is one of the greatest issues of sugarcane biorefineries in Brazil because of the large volumes produced. To contribute with an alternative energy recovery process from this by-product, this study proposed a physicochemical pretreatment and adjustment of operating conditions to improve the performance of the acidogenic stage of the anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse. Therefore, this study evaluated the influence of hydraulic retention time (decreasing from 8 to 6, 4, 2, and 1 h) on the bioconversion of pretreated sugarcane vinasse (5000 mg COD L-1) to hydrogen and value-added products. Two anaerobic fluidized bed reactors were operated under mesophilic (AFBR-M, 30 degrees C) and thermophilic (AFBR-T, 55 degrees C) conditions. Despite the low similarity between the bacterial populations of AFBR-M and AFBR-T (40\% similarity), the maximum hydrogen production rates (0.27 +/- 0.07 and 6.42 +/- 1.46 L H(2)day(-1) L-1) and hydrogen yields (0.27 +/- 0.07 and 1.06 +/- 0.15 mmol H(2)g COD-1) occurred at the hydraulic retention time of 2 h by reducing the values from 8 to 2 h. The highest COD/SO(4)(2-)ratios of 17.4 and 25.1 were also observed in the effluents of the AFBR-M and AFBR-T, respectively, at the hydraulic retention time of 2 h. Under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, a similar metabolic distribution was observed at the HRT of 2 h (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, for AFBR-M and acetic, propionic, butyric acids, and ethanol for AFBR-T). This finding indicates the functional similarity between bacterial populations in both reactors.
Shotcrete is a sprayed concrete placed on steep slopes that have been widely used because it can prevent surface weathering and erosion, and in some cases, small-scale control rock falls. However, shotcrete is usually thin, and it is directly affected by the surrounding environment, resulting in cracks. In this study, sugarcane residues (bagasse fiber and ash) were applied in shotcrete, and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that shotcrete with addition of sugarcane residues, obtained similar or better mechanical strength than the control mixture.
The application of biorefinery concepts to produce different value-added biomolecules such as xylooligo-saccharides (XOs) generates economical competitive, sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. The objective of this work was to develop an efficient imidazole-pretreatment process of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and the use of the obtained hemicellulose fraction in the production of XOs with the application of in house produced xylanolytic enzymes using SB as substrate, under a biorefinery approach. SB imidazole pretreatment allowed the recovery of a hemicellulose rich fraction (34\%) with 91.2\% of delignification. Xylanase production by Aspergillus niger reached 53.1 U center dot mL(-1) at 120 h. The application of produced xylanases in the enzymatic hydrolysis of extracted xylan, allowed the production of 6.06 g center dot L-1 of XOs, where xylotriose represented > 70\%. Great per-spectives are viewed for the implementation of mixed processes in a sustainable closed cycle to produce bio-molecules with concomitant valorization of subproducts from SB chain.
The rapid growth in the construction sector leads to high demand for construction materials and hence global research studies focus on the use of sustainable alternative materials to meet the demand. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product from sugar industry and about 44,220 tonnes/day is disposed of as waste in India. Bagasse ash consists of reactive silica and can be used as a sustainable source material in alkali activated binder instead of disposed as a waste. Similarly, marble waste from marble processing plants can be used as an alternative for fine aggregates. Alkali-activated concrete has high strength and durability compared to conventional cement concrete. Bagasse ash can be blended with other industrial by-products like slag to produce high quality of alkali-activated concrete without cement. The combined effect of bagasse ash and marble waste in alkali-activated mortar is not yet investigated. This present study focuses on the performance of bagasse ash and marble waste as a precursor and fine aggregates respectively in alkali-activated mortar. Influence of three different molarities (6 M, 8 M and 10 M) and two curing methods (heat and ambient curing) and three levels of replacement using bagasse ash (10\%, 20\% and 30\%) were investigated. This experimental results showed that a considerable improvement in compressive strength for bagasse ash with marble waste blended alkali-activated mortar specimens compared to only bagasse ash blended mortar specimens. Moreover, the strength of bagasse ash blended specimens was increased with molarity. Ambient cured bagasse ash blended specimens exhibited higher strength compared to the heat cured specimens.
We studied silage fermentation of kudzu (KZ), sugarcane top (ST) and their mixtures treated with additives to be able to effectively use available local feed resources. The silages were prepared using KZ, ST, KZ 90\%+ST 10\%, KZ 80\%+ST 20\%, KZ 70\%+ST 30\% and KZ 60\%+ST 40\%, based on fresh matter (FM). These silages were treated with 10(8)colony-forming units/g epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 5\% molasses and 0.02\% cellulase of FM. The KZ contained higher crude protein (CP; 14.52\%) content and lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 62.15\%) than those of ST (6.84\% CP and 64.93\% NDF) based on dry matter (DM). The KZ 60\%+ST 40\% silage fermented well with a higher (P<0.05) lactic acid content and lower (P<0.05) pH than those of the other mixed silages. Silages treated with molasses had lower (P<0.05) ammonia-N, NDF, acid detergent fiber, and hemi-cellulose contents as well as pH, but higher (P<0.05) DM, water-soluble carbohydrate, and lactic acid contents, than those of the control, LAB and cellulase treatments. The results confirmed that KZ 60\%+ST 40\% was the best mixing ratio to prepare silage, and molasses improved silage fermentation and fiber degradation.
In this study, a sugarcane bagasse biochar/nano-iron oxide composite was prepared via a one-pot pyrolysis method by using the sugarcane bagasse-based solid waste and microwave as the raw material and energy source, respectively. The developed composite was characterized by BET, XRD, FT-IR and TEM and was applied for the removal of Cr (VI) from water. The composite was observed to be mainly composed of amorphous carbon, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3. The iron oxides were uniformly embedded on the surface of the carbon layer by van der Waals force. The sugarcane bagasse-based biochar/nano-iron oxide composite material exhibited an optimal Cr (VI) adsorption capacity of 55 mg/g under the experimental conditions specified in this study. The Cr (VI) adsorption mechanism of the Fe2O3/Fe3O4/WBC composite was explained through FTIR, XPS, charge transfer analyses, and density functional theory calculations (DFT). The deposition of Cr (VI) on the surface of the composite was attributed to electrostatic interaction, redox reactions and complexation between the Fe2O3/Fe3O4/WBC composite and Cr (VI) contained in the solution.
Purpose This article aims to evaluate the phytotoxic potential of metabolites present in the waste from sugarcane processing industry, such as vinasse, filter cake and bagasse, in order to reuse them as raw materials for the production of natural herbicides. Method Vinasse, filter cake and bagasse were submitted to different treatments, which originated 15 different samples. They were chemically identified by negative-ion mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI(-)FT-ICR MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Furthermore, they were submitted to phytotoxic assays, and to total phenolic content determination. Correlation between chemical and biological methods was performed through chemometric analysis and multiple linear regression. Results From vinasse, dichloromethane (VDiCl) and ethyl acetate (VAcOEt) samples were the most phytotoxic fractions at the concentrations of 500 mg L-1 and 250 mg L-1. VDiCl inhibited L. sativa root growth by 72.6\% and 59.7\%, respectively, while VAcOEt inhibited by 62.13\% and 30.67\%, respectively. The IC50 values established for VDiCl e VAcOEt were 168.4 mg L-1 e 262.3 mg L-1, respectively. The set of analyzes provided evidence that the synergistic action between fatty acids and phenolic compounds was of paramount importance for greater phytotoxicity of fractions. Conclusion The results indicate that the waste from the sugarcane processing industry, especially vinasse, can be reused as raw material for the production of natural herbicides, minimizing the environmental risks of incorrect disposal.
Sugarcane ethanol production generates about 360 billion liters of vinasse, a liquid effluent with an average chemical oxygen demand of 46,000 mg/L. Vinasse still contains about 11\% of the original energy from sugarcane juice, but this chemical energy is diluted. This residue, usually discarded or applied in fertigation, is a suitable substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD). Although the technology is not yet widespread-only 3\% of bioethanol plants used it in Brazil in the past, most discontinuing the process-the research continues. With a biomethane potential ranging from 215 to 324 L of methane produced by kilogram of organic matter in vinasse, AD could improve the energy output of sugarcane biorefineries. At the same time, the residual digestate could still be used as an agricultural amendment or for microalgal production for further stream valorization. This review presents the current technology for ethanol production from sugarcane and describes the state of the art in vinasse AD, including technological trends, through a recent patent evaluation. It also appraises the integration of vinasse AD in an ideal sugarcane biorefinery approach. It finally discusses bottlenecks and presents possible directions for technology development and widespread adoption of this simple yet powerful approach for bioresource recovery.
This current study reviews the utilization of the traditional extraction methods and latest findings in extraction of silica from agricultural wastes, in particular, sugarcane bagasse, using inorganic acids to produce nano-silicon. The three key processes discussed in detail include electrochemical, ball milling, and sol-gel processes. The sugarcane bagasse has been identified as the cheapest source of producing silica from the potential raw material for the preparation of nano-silicon. The acid-base extraction and precipitation methodology involves the use of bases like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), and acids such as hydrofluoric acid (HF), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) for the treatment of the ash. Sugarcane bagasse has notably emerged as an excellent and sustainable source of both tailored silica particles and bioenergy production. The ability to manipulate the engineered silica particles at the nano-level from sugarcane bagasse-based silica is explained in detail. Silica is a significant raw material with various industrial applications, with much research underway to extract it efficiently from industrial agro-waste, such as sugarcane bagasse. The production of highly pure silicon nanoparticles from sugarcane bagasse ash will serve as an important synthetic route in lowering the manufacturing costs and providing a low-cost polycrystalline silicon semiconductor for niche application in thin film solar technology.
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the foodborne pathogens of most concern for food safety. To limit its presence in foods, bacteriocins have been proposed as natural bio-preservatives. Herein, a bacteriocin was produced on hemicellulose hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse by Pediococcus pentosaceous ET34, whose genome sequencing revealed an operon with 100\% similarity to that of pediocin PA-1. ET34 grown on hydrolysate-containing medium led to an increase in the expression of PA-1 genes and a non-optimized purification step sequence resulted in a yield of 0.8 mg.L-1 of pure pediocin (purity > 95\%). Culture conditions were optimized according to a central composite design using temperature and hydrolysate \% as independent variables and validated in 3-L Erlenmeyers. Finally, a process for scaled-up implementation by sugar-ethanol industry was proposed, considering green chemistry and biorefinery concepts. This work stands up as an approach addressing a future proper sugarcane bagasse valorisation for pediocin production.
A low-temperature sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment for sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was obtained via the surface response design in this study. However, a large quantity of water consumption and wastewater generation which have been the common problems for alkaline pretreatment of lignocellulose still exists in this pretreatment. In order to reduce water consumption and wastewater generation, this study attempted to perform enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of NaOH-treated SCB without washing process. It showed that after pretreatment and solid-liquid separation, NaOH-treated SCB could be directly hydrolysed by cellulase via pH and solid-liquid adjustment without washing steps, and the maximum enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency could reach to 70.2\%. A domesticated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 which can endure 6-times diluted BL was obtained, and realized 67.5\% ethanol yield from the enzymatic hydrolysate of unwashed NaOH-treated SCB. It provided a clue for converting NaOH-treated lignocellulose to ethanol at low water consumption and wastewater generation.
The aim of present study was valorization of abundant waste of sugarcane industry i.e. bagasse for the production of lignin-based substituted hydroxycinnamic acids. Alkaline hydrolysis conditions of dilute acid pretreated bagasse for delignification were optimized using response surface methodology. Morphological changes in bagasse fibers were monitored through scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Lignin hydrolysate was utilized for the isolation of major substituted hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs). Lignin and isolated compounds were structurally characterized via FT-IR, H-1, C-13 NMR and mass spectral techniques and evaluated for their antioxidant potential using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The optimized conditions for maximum delignification i.e. 81.94 mg lignin/g bagasse were 10.25\% (w/v) NaOH, 75.00 min of reaction time and temperature of 100.39 degrees C. Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were isolated in good yields from lignin liquor and characterized by spectral, mass spectrometry and elemental studies. Phenolic extract of lignin liquor in ethyl acetate, from which individual HCAs were extracted using preparative thin layer chromatography, exhibited the higher radical scavenging index followed by ferulic acid, lignin and p-coumaric acid. It was concluded that lignin-based HCAs isolated from bagasse have the potential to be employed as natural and safe antioxidants to prevent autooxidation and rancidity of fats and oils.
In recent years, partial replacement of cement with bagasse ash has been given attention for construction application due to its pozzolanic characteristics. Sugarcane bagasse ash and fine bagasse particles are abundant byproducts of the sugar industries and are disposed of in landfills. Our study presents the effect of burning bagasse at different temperatures (300 degrees C and 600 degrees C) on the compressive strength and physical properties of bagasse ash-blended mortars. Experimental results have revealed that bagasse produced more amorphous silica with very low carbon contents when it was burned at 600 degrees C/2 h. The compressive strength of mortar was improved when 5\% bagasse ash replaced ordinary portland cement (OPC) at early curing ages. The addition of 10\% bagasse ash cement also increased the compressive strength of mortars at 14 and 28 days of curing. However, none of the bagasse ash-blended portland pozzolana cement (PPC) mortars have shown improvement on compressive strength with the addition of bagasse ash. Characterization of bagasse ash was done using XRD, DTA-TGA, SEM, and atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, durability of mortars was checked by measuring water absorption and apparent porosity for bagasse ash-blended mortars.
Effect of artificial substrates on growth and survival of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) in the nursery and grow-out rearing was evaluated. Nursery rearing was conducted for a period of 35 days in nine 1 m(3) cement tubs with 15 cm soil base. Three tubs without substrates served as control (C) while three tubs each with 200 g of sugarcane bagasse (SB) or 200 g of paddy straw (PS) formed the treatments. Each tub was stocked with 15 post-larvae (mean weight, 0.01 g). Grow-out rearing was conducted for 90 days in six 25 m(2) cement cisterns, of which three cisterns without substrate served as control (C) and three with 5 kg sugarcane bagasse (SB) served as treatment. Each cistern was stocked with 25 juveniles (mean weight, 0.55 g). The average phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance in water as well as algae and food organisms attached on the substrate in the nursery phase was greater in bagasse than in paddy straw treatments. Addition of substrate resulted in higher growth and survival both in nursery and grow-out phase. Prawns grown in cisterns provided with substrates were of more uniform size than those in control cisterns. The study recommends the use of substrate based aquaculture for nursery and grow-out rearing of M. rosenbergii.
The present work investigates different kinetic models for the pyrolysis and heterogeneous char reactions for numerical simulation of the sugarcane bagasse gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. A two-dimensional Euler-Euler approach is considered, and the reaction rate correlations are implemented in the open code MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) via Fortran sub-routines. The impact of the considered kinetic models for pyrolysis and heterogeneous char reactions upon the prediction of the composition and temperature of the produced gas is evaluated. Six sets of kinetic correlations describing the reactions involved during the sugarcane bagasse gasification are used to perform the computational simulations. Results for the syngas composition obtained in all simulations are compared to available experimental data from literature. Axial profiles for the volumetric fractions of sugarcane bagasse and char, and gas temperature distribution along the reactor are analyzed. Based on the evaluations of this computational study, it is identified that the multiple components parallel competitive reactions pyrolysis model designated as RAN model is superior in the simulations of sugarcane bagasse gasification due to smaller deviations and better prediction of the char formed in the primary pyrolysis. Furthermore, it is shown that the Boudouard and steam gasification reactions modelling have a smaller impact over the predictive capability of the simulations than the char oxidation reaction. Finally, because the results tend to underpredict the O-2 amount in the yielded gas, the present work suggests that an improved kinetic correlation for the sugarcane bagasse char oxidation can enhance the simulation predictive capability.
The current study investigated the Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse during its delignification using the Kraft pulping process and bleaching by single stage hydrogen peroxide process. The multilevel categoric experimental design was used to appraise the effects of the independent process variables (temperature, NaOH concentration, and time) on the pulp yield and kappa number during the Kraft pulping process. The central composite experimental design of response surface methodology was used to appraise the effects of independent bleaching variables (bleaching temperature, H2O2 concentration, and time) on the pulp yield, brightness, and whiteness during the bleaching process. The optimal pulp yield was 38.41\% with 17.68 kappa number. The bleached pulp yield for the pulp with kappa number of 17.68 and the pulp with kappa number of 8.41 were 84.12\% and 83.91\%, respectively. The brightness and whiteness for the pulp with kappa number of 17.68 were 61.92\% and 85.36\%, respectively. Similarly, for the pulp with a kappa number of 8.41, the brightness and whiteness were 68.35\% and 91.43\%, respectively. Paper from the pulp with kappa number of 17.68 has higher tensile, burst, and tear strength. The study shows the promising utilization of the Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse for paper production via the Kraft delignification and single stage hydrogen peroxide bleaching.
Each year, sugarcane bagasse, a low-priced by-product of the sugar industry, is generated in large quantities. The aim of this study was to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis condition for the extraction of lignin from sugarcane bagasse using response surface methodology combined with Box-Behnken design, and to evaluate functional properties of lignin extracts for cosmetic applications. Three process parameters were varied (NaOH solution concentrations (3-7\% w/v), temperatures (115-135 degrees C), and times (30-60 min)). The second-order polynomial model developed and the subsequent ANOVA test showed that the optimal conditions providing the highest total phenolic content (69.41 +/- 0.32 mg gallic add equivalent/g extract), antioxidant activity (262.30 +/- 2.98 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract), and sun protection factor (8.65 +/- 021) were as follows: NaOH solution concentration of 7\% w/v, temperature of 135 degrees C, and time of 47.92 min. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the functional groups present in the lignin extract that affected its activities. The extract showed both UVA and UVB-absorbing properties and tyrosinase-inhibitory properties. The results suggested that the lignin extract obtained from alkaline hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse has great potential as a bioactive multi-functional ingredient that can offer anti-ageing, sun-protection, and skin-whitening properties for sun care formulations. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse by Pandoraea sp. ISTKB was evaluated under submerged (SmF) and solid state (SSF) culture conditions. Number of bacteria was 2.7 times higher in SmF as compared with SSF. Enzymes produced under SmF were xylanase, LiP, MnP and laccase. In SSF xylanase and laccase were detected. CMCase, FPase and beta-glucosidase were not detected. Delignification was highest in SmF with 19.94\% and 10.43\% removal of hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively. FTIR analysis suggested the degradation of lignin/hemicellulose component. SEM analysis showed pores were three times bigger in SmF as compared with raw bagasse. Maximum CR dye was absorbed by treated SmF bagasse. Enzymatic saccharification increased by 3.7 times after SmF treatment in comparison to raw bagasse. Pretreatment of bagasse by Pandoraea sp. ISTKB was more efficient under SmF than SSF. High negative correlation between saccharification vs lignin/hemicelluloses content justified the need for pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste before saccharification. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Burkholderia sp. F24, originally isolated from soil, was capable of growth on xylose and removed organic inhibitors present in a hemicellulosic hydrolysate and simultaneously produced poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB). Using non-detoxified hydrolysate, Burkholderia sp. F24 reached a cell dry weight (CDW) of 6.8 g L-1, containing 48 \% of P3HB and exhibited a volumetric productivity (P-P3HB) of 0.10 g L-1 h(-1). Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate copolymers (P3HB-co-3HV) were produced using xylose and levulinic acid (LA) as carbon sources. In shake flask cultures, the 3HV content in the copolymer increased from 9 to 43 mol\% by adding LA from 1.0 to 5.0 g L-1. In high cell density cultivation using concentrated hemicellulosic hydrolysate F24 reached 25.04 g L-1 of CDW containing 49 \% of P3HB and P-P3HB of 0.28 g L-1 h(-1). Based on these findings, second-generation ethanol and bioplastics from sugarcane bagasse is proposed.
This research paper reports a study on thermal and sound insulation samples developed from sugarcane bagasse and bamboo charcoal for automotive industry applications. The sugarcane bagasse and bamboo charcoal fiber is a potential source of raw material that can be considered for thermal and sound insulation applications. Natural fibers are commonly used in diverse applications and one of the most important applications is sound absorption. Natural fiber hybrid composite currently is in greater demand in industries because of their advantages such as low cost, biodegradability, acceptable physical properties, and so on. Eco-friendly sound-absorbing composite materials have been developed using bamboo charcoal and sugarcane bagasse fibers. From these fibers five types of natural fiber green composite were developed using the compression bonding technique. The natural composite noise control performance contributes to its wider adoption as sound absorbers. The sound absorption coefficient was measured according to ASTM E 1050 by the Impedance tube method. The physical properties of natural fiber composites such as thickness, density, porosity, air permeability, and thermal conductivity were analyzed for all samples in accordance with ASTM Standard. The result exposed that natural fiber green composite were absorbing the sound resistance of more than 70\% and the natural fibers composites provide the best acoustic absorption properties, these composite materials have adequate moisture resistance at high humidity conditions without affecting the insulation and acoustic properties.
Fabrication of metal matrix composite is an emerging trend in the field of engineering, by following its footsteps aluminium hybrid composites are extensively used in almost all the automotive applications, because there is a significant reduction in using the actual metal as a base during manufacturing. Recently most of the research proven that the aluminium hybrid composite material has better mechan-ical and tribological properties compared to aluminium metal. In this work, Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) was used as a reinforcement material along with magnesium. SCBA is used as a reinforcement material and its chemical composition was analysed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy test that shows the presence of rich silica particles. Sugarcane Bagasse is also the by-product of paper mills which are abundantly available. SCBA particles with weight percentages (i.e.,3\%, 6\%, 9\%) are reinforced with alu-minium alloy (AlSi10Mg) using stir casting process. Then the specimens were subjected to Hardness, Tensile, Impact and Pin-on disc tests. The results were compared with aluminium alloy. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-ence on Thermal Analysis and Energy Systems 2021.
Sugarcane bagasse pith is generated as waste from bagasse-based paper industries which is still underutilized and mostly burnt as fuel in boilers. Therefore, an integrated pathway for the value-addition of the pith is explored. In the present study, hydrothermal pre-treatment of pith through response surface methodology and C/N was optimized for enhanced biogas production. At optimized conditions, a maximum biogas yield of 474.3 mL/gVS with -55\% methane was attained with cellulose and reducing sugar of 59.2\% and 3.68 g/L respectively. A severity factor of 3.8-4 was found suitable for cellulose enrichment, reducing sugar and biogas production, and at higher severity, a reduction in the above parameters was observed. Moreover, the digestate-based biochar delivered the highest biochar yield and surface area of 75.8 wt\% and 254.47 m2/g respectively. This study is the first of its kind where the bagasse pith has been explored in a biorefinery approach to achieve circularity.
Sugarcane bagasse is divided into two main components, pith and rind, with ``pith{''
Addition of surfactants, polymers, and non-catalytic proteins can improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials by blocking the exposed lignin surfaces, but involves extra expense. Here, soybean protein, one of the cheapest proteins available, was evaluated as an alternative additive for the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The effect of the enzyme source was investigated using enzymatic cocktails from A. niger and T. reesei cultivated under solid-state, submerged, and sequential fermentation. The use of soybean protein led to approximately 2-fold increases in hydrolysis, relative to the control, for both A. niger and T. reesei enzymatic cocktails from solid-state fermentation. The effect was comparable to that of BSA. Moreover, the use of soybean protein and a 1: 1 combination of A. niger and T. reesei enzymatic cocktails resulted in 54\% higher glucose release, compared to the control. Soybean protein is a potential cost-effective additive for use in the biomass conversion process. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Antarctic continent is a reservoir of new genetic resources to the bioprospection of microorganisms adapted to the polar conditions and capable to produce molecules with differentiated properties. Biosurfactants are a promising alternative to replace synthetic surfactants due to their eco-friendly characteristics and the possibility of being produced from raw materials, such as lignocellulosic biomass. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the biosurfactants produced by Antarctic yeast strains using detoxified sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate (DSSHH). Therefore, the biosurfactant production, using xylose as the carbon source, was first evaluated in semi-defined medium and subsequently in DSSHH. The Naganishia adellienses L95 showed the highest emulsification index (52\%) and total xylose consumption (40 g.L-1) in DSSHH. The biosurfactant produced by the yeast strain L95 was partially characterized, and its emulsion remained stable under low-temperature conditions (0 and 4 degrees C), at high salt concentration (10\%), and alkaline condition. The screening of yeasts for the attainment of natural products that have potential biotechnological applications is of great importance. The results showed the potential of L95 to produce biosurfactants in DSSHH.
The energy from sugarcane is one of the most important in Brazil's energy matrix and the efficiency of extraction and processing is fully dependent on the quality of the raw material. The soil present in sugarcane was investigate here as a factor that can affect the production of energy. Chemical elements (Fe, Hf, Sc and Th) determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis were used for tracing soil in sugarcane and its derived bagasse. The lower calorific value (LCV) of bagasse demonstrated a good negative correlation (r = -0.9727) with the ash content of the bagasse, which in turn was positively correlated to the amount of soil in the sugarcane. Therefore, the presence of soil reduces the production of energy from burning bagasse. The proportion of loss in the LCV was just slightly higher than the soil content, i.e. for an soil content of 10 \% a reduction of 12.7 \% was observed in the LCV.
The ligninolytic white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 produced extracellular cellulolytic enzymes ( carboxymethylcellulase, CMCase an beta-glucosidase) an xylanolytic enzymes ( xylanase and beta-xylosidase) in liquid medium containing 1.0\% sugarcane bagasse with or without 1.0\% glucose. The changes in pH and soluble protein content were monitored in the culture filtrates. The results obtained showed that the pH decreased after 3 days and then increased. The soluble protein content increased and reached the maximum value after 12 days. The results showed that the activities of enzymes were higher in the case of sugarcane bagasse without glucose. The characterization study indicated that the optimum pH values were 4.6, 4.2, 5.0 and 5.0 for CMCase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase an beta-xylosidase, respectively an the optimum temperatures were 60, 70,65 and 60degreesC for the investigated enzymes, respectively. The results showed also that after prolonged heating ( 5 h) at 60 CMCase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase and beta-xylosidase retained 81.2, 86.8, 51.5 an 27.4\% activity, respectively.
The waste generated in metal coating and leather tanning industries contribute to water pollution owing to the use of Cr metal in production processes. The utilization of lignin from natural base materials in the form of bagasse can reduce unwanted waste from production processes and adsorb Cr ion waste. In this study, lignin was successfully isolated from bagasse waste and then carbonized and applied in Cr metal absorption. Lignin and lignin carbon as an absorbent were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ability of bagasse lignin and carbon lignin to absorb Cr ion waste was evaluated by monitoring mass fluctuation, contact time, and pH. The optimal conditions for adsorption were determined as follows: 0.015 g, 90 min, and pH 6. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich model, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order model. Furthermore, adsorption thermodynamics showed that the reaction proceeded spontaneously, and the disorder degree increased in the adsorption system.
Although there are already commercial-scale productions of second generation (2G) ethanol, focusing efforts on process optimization can be of key importance to make the production cost-effective in large scale. In this scenario, mathematical models may be useful in design, scale-up, optimization, and control of bioreactors. For this reason, the aim of this work was to study the kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from sugarcane straw. Experiments using hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane (HPS) straw (195 A degrees C, 10 min, 200 rpm) with and without alkaline delignification (4 \% NaOH m/v, 30 min, 121 A degrees C) were carried out in shake flasks (50 A degrees C, pH 5.0, 200 rpm). Solid load was varied in a range of 0.8 to 10 \% (m/v), in initial velocity and long-term assays. Enzyme concentration (CellicA (R) CTec2) was varied from 5 to 80 filter paper unit (FPU) g(cellulose) (-1). It was possible to fit Michaelis-Menten (MM), modified MM, with and without competitive inhibition by glucose, and Chrastil models. Chrastil model and modified MM with inhibition (both suitable for heterogeneous system, with high resistance to internal diffusion) showed more appropriate than pseudo-homogeneous MM model. The fitted models were able to identify key features of the hydrolysis process and can be very useful within the perspective of bioreactors engineering.
Within a biorefinery context, bioethanol is a promising platform molecule since it can be used as raw material to produce a wide spectrum of valuable industrial products such as H-2 and light olefins. However, the presence of impurities limits the conversion of bioethanol in these products. Herein, we aimed to determine the proper pretreatment and fermentation conditions to yield bioethanol with a low content of impurities, such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, by using sugarcane press-mud as feedstock. To do so, a Box-Behnken methodology was employed to select proper pretreatment and fermentation conditions. Factors assessed were temperature, stirring, and pH during fermentation of hydrolysates coming from two different pretreatment methods named as hydrothermal and acid hydrolysis. Results showed that the fermentation temperature should be kept between 26-30 degrees C to assure at least 91 g/L ethanol. The fusel alcohol content would be reduced by 22\% at 30 degrees C, pH = 4.5, and 200 rpm if sugarcane press-mud is pretreated under acid hydrolysis conditions (T = 130 degrees C, t = 1 h, 16 g HNO3/kg solid). Further studies should aim to integrate these conditions within a biorefinery concept to yield valuable products such as H-2 and ethylene.
The bioprospecting of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through alkali, acid, and hydrodynamic cavitation pretreatment methods and their combinations were evaluated based on bagasse composition, enzymatic hydrolysis, and lactic acid productivity using Bacillus coagulans NCIM 5648. From 100.0 g of SCB, L-lactic acid production of 26.16 g, 8.78 g, 14.15 g, 14.33 g, and 24.61 g in alkali, acid, sequential acid-alkali, sequential alkali-acid, and cavitation with alkali pretreatment was obtained, respectively. Considering the holistic approach from SCB to L-lactic acid, alkali pretreatment is found to be the best method with L-lactic acid titer of 68.7 g/L, the productivity of 2.86 g/L/h, and yield of 0.92 g/g which has resulted in 82.5\% higher product yield from SCB as compared to alkali-acid pretreatment. Cavitation in presence of alkali evolved as the next better route with L-lactic acid titer of 62.5 g/L, the productivity of 2.60 g/L/h, and yield of 0.92 g/g. Though the highest glucose release of 89.3 g/L was achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis with sequential alkali-acid-pretreated SCB that resulted in the highest L-lactic acid titer of 71.8 g/L, the productivity of 2.99 g/L/h and fermentation yield of 0.90 g/g.
This work evaluates sugarcane bagasse (SCB) conversion, in a biorefinery approach, to coproduce biodiesel and high value products using two novel mangrove fungi. On acid pre-treatment, sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SCBH) resulted in a xylitol yield of 0.51 g/g xylose consumed in 72 h by Williopsis saturnus. After SCB pretreatment, sugarcane bagasse residue (SCBR) was utilized using Aspergillus terreus for production of xylanase (12.74 U/ml) and cell biomass (9.8 g/L) which was extracted for single cell oil (SCO; 0.19 g/g) and transesterified to biodiesel. The FAME profile exhibited long chain SFAs and PUFAs with predicted biodiesel properties lying within the range specified by international standards. This biorefining approach of SCB utilization for co-production of xylitol, xylanase and SCO gains importance in terms of sustainability and eco-friendliness. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Itaconic acid has economic potential as a commodity biochemical for the sugar industry, but its production is limited due to high production costs. Using cheaper and alternative lignocellulosic feedstocks together with achieving higher product titres have been identified as potential strategies for viable IA production. Consequently the use of sugarcane bagasse and trash for the production of itaconic acid (IA) and electricity have been investigated for an integrated biorefinery, where the production facility is annexed to an existing sugar mill and new combined heat and power (CHP) plant. Three IA biorefinery scenarios were designed and simulated in Aspen Plus((R)). Subsequent economic analyses indicated that cheaper feedstocks reduced the IA production cost from 1565.5 US\$/t for glucose to 616.5 US\$/t, but coal supplementation was required to sufficiently lower the production cost to 604.3 US\$/t for a competitive IA selling price of 1740 US\$/t, compared to the market price of 1800 US\$/t.
In the course of our work into the use of cane byproducts, we have studied the isolation and structural determination of bioactive compounds in sugarcane molasses. In this study, three stereo isomers of syringyl glycerol 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, three stereo isomers of guaiacyl glycerol 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, a syringyl glycerol 2'-O-beta-D-mglucopyranoside, tachioside and a 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(H)-pyran4-one (DDMP) were isolated from the 25\% methanol eluate by Amberlite XAD-2 column chromatography of sugarcane molasses. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. These isolated compounds were examined for their scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical species, and for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. All of the isolated compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, while DDMP and tachioside showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
Endophytic and phytopathogenic isolates of the genus Fusarium were evaluated for their potential to produce cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes. The fungi were grown under solid-state conditions using a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran as substrate with an initial moisture of 82\%. Endoglucanases (ranging from 0.20 +/- 0.03 to 5.31 +/- 0.30 U/g of substrate), xylanases (ranging from 4.65 +/- 0.76 to 125.57 +/- 8.25 U/g of substrate), beta-glucosidases (ranging from 21.48 +/- 3.70 to 527.17 +/- 22.14 U/g of substrate) and beta-xylosidases (ranging from 5.61 +/- 1.25 to 40.69 +/- 1.26 U/g of substrate) were produced by all isolates. Enzymatic extracts from the best xylanase producers, F. lateritum var. majus and F. sacchari var. subglutinans, were tested for their capacities in promoting saccharification of delignified sugarcane bagasse. Amounts of 200.60 +/- 10.60 mg/g and 280.00 +/- 19.00 mg/g of reducing sugars, mainly xylose, were obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis by F. lateritum var. majus and F. sacchari var. subglutinans extracts, respectively. Up to now these species of Fusarium have been barely explored as sources of xylanolytic enzymes capable to degrade plant biomass, but our results open perspectives for their biotechnological use in the obtainment of xylose from delignified sugarcane bagasse.
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have great potential due to its advantageous characteristics of highly fluorescent nature and good stability. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple and efficient method for the green synthesis of fluorescent CQDs from sugarcane bagasse, a renewable and sustainable resource. The process involves the top down approach of chemical oxidation followed by exfoliation of sugarcane carbon. The synthesized CQDs was characterizedby UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, Spectrofluorophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The synthesized CQDs possess stable fluorescent properties, good bio-compatibility and high quantum yield. The CQDs are highly crystalline with longitudinal dimensions of 4.1 +/- 0.17 nm with an average roughness of around 5 nm. The XRD and TEM analysis indicates that the synthesized CQDs possess face centred cubic crystal structure. The results suggest that the proposed CQDs could be utilized for bio-sensor, bio-imaging and drug delivery applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Degradation of cellulosic carbon, the most important natural carbon reservoirs on this planet by cellulase is very essential for valuable soluble sugars. This cellulase has potential biotechnological applications in many industrial sectors. Thus the demand of cellulase is increasing more frequently than ever. Agro industrial byproducts and suitable microbes are of an important source for the production of cellulase. Bacillus pseudomycoides and sugarcane bagasse were used for the production of cellulase and different process parameters influencing the production of cellulase were optimized here. The bacterium showed maximum cellulase production in the presence of sugarcane bagasse, peptone and magnesium sulfate at pH 7, 40 degrees C in 72 h of incubation. Primary structures of the cellulase is consists of 400 amino acid residues having molecular weight 44,790 Dalton and the theoretical PI is 9.11. Physiochemical properties of cellulase indicated that the protein has instability index 25.77. Seven hydrogen bonds were observed at multiple sites of the cellulase enzyme; His269, Asp237, Asn235, Tyr271, Ser272, Gln309, Asn233. This protein structure may play first hand in further development of exploring cellulase and cellulose interaction dynamics in Bacillus sp. Thus this bacterium may be useful in various industrial applications owing to its cellulase producing capability.
The chemical composition of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB), in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, was analyzed using a fast near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) technique. Spectra of four types of SCB, prepared using ammonia, hydrothermal, organosolv, and sodium hydroxide pretreatments, were correlated with results of classical chemical analyses using partial least squares (PLS) regression. In a novel approach, isolation of the components used to prepare synthetic samples of SCB permitted assessment of their influence on the model. Inclusion of the synthetic samples did not improve the performance of the model, due to structural differences such as chemical bonding and physical interactions between the components. For natural pretreated samples, the PLS technique showed good predictive capacity in the ranges (\%, w/w) of 47.2-89.4 (cellulose), 0.2-27.0 (hemicellulose), and 2.1-30.0 (lignin) with low root-mean-square error values of 4.1, 3.8, and 3.5, respectively, and coefficient of determination higher than 0.80, demonstrating the suitability of using different pretreated samples in the same calibration model.
Decreases in oil reserves and gas fields around all over the world justify the deepening of studies to render viable the larger-scale use of new energy sources. Therefore, the use of microorganisms to convert sugars into ethanol is a feasible process to be performed in a short period of time and at low costs. In this context, this study aimed to select ethanol-producing yeasts, after isolating samples in molasses obtained from companies in the Province of Tucuman (Argentina) and grapes obtained from farms located in Cafayate (Salta, Argentina). Among the twenty-nine samples studied A2, A10 and All isolates showed higher ethanol productions of 12.87; 13.64 and 13.46\% respectively. A2 showed a homogeneous growth meanwhile the growth of strains A10 and All was flocculent. Molecular taxonomic characterization of these isolates showed a percentage of similarity of 100\% with the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The behavior of the non-flocculent A2 strain at laboratory scale was faster using a sugarcane molasses based medium, reaching 11.36\% ethanol without adding nutrients and other growth factors, probably because its disperse form facilitates the transfer of nutrients and products. These values were improved to 12.02\% when the process was scaled up to a 10L bioreactor. All these studies allowed concluding that S. cerevisiae A2 strain is a promising microorganism for the production of bioethanol with potential environmental, energy and economic benefits to be projected into industrial scale. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane processing produces a significant amount of byproducts in the form of straw and bagasse, which are rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This work aims to provide a valorization approach to sugarcane straw by optimizing a two-step alkaline extraction of arabinoxylans by a response surface methodology to evaluate a potential industrial-scale production. Sugarcane straws were delignified using an alkaline-sulfite pretreatment, followed by alkaline extraction and precipitation of arabinoxylan, a two-step process optimized using a response surface methodology. A KOH concentration of (2.93-17.1\%) and temperature (18.8-61.2 \& DEG;C) were chosen as independent variables, and the arabinoxylan yield (\%) as a response variable. The model application shows that KOH concentration, temperature, and the interaction between both independent variables are significant in extracting arabinoxylans from straw. The best-performing condition was further characterized by FTIR, DSC, and chemical and molecular weight evaluation. The straws arabinoxylans presented high purities levels, ca. 69.93\%, and an average molecular weight of 231 kDa. The overall estimated production cost of arabinoxylan from straw was 0.239 euro/g arabinoxylan. This work demonstrates a two-step alkaline extraction of the arabinoxylans method, as well as their chemical characterization and economic viability analysis, that can be used as a model for industrial scale-up production.
The sulfur balance of SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP (R)) fractionation of sugarcane (SC) straw was investigated. Hydrogen sulfite and sulfite anions are nearly absent in the liquors, despite cations present in straw, whose effect is thus limited to neutralization of lignosulfonic acids decreasing the acidity. Higher degree of sulfonation was observed for dissolved straw lignin compared to wood lignin (0.8-0.9 vs. 0.25 S/C9). Sulfur dioxide amounts of 0.9-1.2, 4.1-4.3 and 44-49 g per o. d. kg straw were bound to pulp, precipitated lignin and lignosulfonic acid, respectively, while the rest of SO2 was recovered by distillation from the spent fractionation suspensions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A novel adsorbent was prepared using sugarcane bagasse modified with graphene oxide. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The adsorption of basic magenta on bagasse and graphene oxide-modified bagasse was systematically studied. The effects of initial concentration, adsorption time, adsorption temperature, and the amount of the adsorbent on the adsorption capacity were examined. Adsorption isotherms were described using both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir model fit well with the experimental data. The results revealed that the adsorption percentage of basic magenta increased from 55.4\% to 99.5\% under optimal adsorption conditions. The maximum absorption capacity was 145 mg/g.
Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFPEDA1238 was performed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of delignified sugarcane bagasse. Temperature (32 degrees C, 37 degrees C), agitation (80; 100 rpm), enzymatic load (20 FPU/g cellulose and 10\%, v/v beta-glucosidase or 10 FPU/g cellulose and 5\% beta-glucosidase) and composition of culture medium were evaluated. Ethanol concentration, enzymatic convertibility of cellulose and volumetric productivity were higher than 25 g/L, 72\% and 0.70 g/L h, respectively, after 30 h, when the culture medium 1 and 20 FPU/g cellulose/10\%, v/v beta-glucosidase or the culture medium 2 and 10 FPU/g cellulose/5\% beta-glucosidase were used in SSF at 37 degrees C and 80 rpm. In the SSF with culture medium 2 (supplemented with ammonium, phosphate, potassium and magnesium), 150 L ethanol/t bagasse was achieved, with minimum enzyme loading (10 FPU/g cellulose and 5\%, v/v beta-glucosidase) for 8\%, w/v of solids, which is often an important requirement to provide cost-efficient second generation ethanol processes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Red rot disease affects sugarcane production adversely throughout the world. Intensive cropping and uninterrupted use of chemicals results in evolution of new pathotypes which can infect the resistant cultivars. Bacillus sp. inhabiting plant rhizosphere can protect the plants from multiple pathogens. In the present study, two antagonistic strains Bacillus subtilis NH-100 and Bacillus sp. NH-217 were able to maintain their population at 9.0 log CFU g(-1) in sugarcane filter cake until nine months. These strains were compatibile to the indigenous bacteria of sugarcane filter cake which maintained their population at 7.8-8.0 log CFU g(-1). The developed bioformulation induced the activity of various defense-related enzymes (0.6-6.9 change in absorbance min(-1) g(-1) of tissue), suppressed the red rot disease and enhanced crop yield under field conditions. This formulation could be used as potential biopesticide to control red rot disease of sugarcane.
In this work the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using pressurized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and ultrasound assisted pressurized LPG (US assisted-LPG) to obtain fermentable sugar in a unique step was investigated. For this purpose, non-treated sugarcane bagasse was used for enzymatic hydrolysis in a fixed-bed bioreactor. Several experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of moisture content, enzyme load and pressure on the yield of fermentable sugar after the hydrolysis. Maximum yield of fermentable sugar for hydrolysis carried out using pressurized LPG and US assisted-LPG was 245 and 217 g kg(-1), respectively. The main contribution of this work was to demonstrate that the use of alternative technologies (US assisted-LPG) has the potential to increase the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials without the needs of hard pre-treatment of the material and high enzyme loading. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The potential of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost and renewable source to yield activated carbon (AC) for chromate CrO42- removal from an aqueous solution has been investigated. Raw sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with H2SO4, H3PO4, HCl, HNO3, KOH, NaOH, or ZnCl2 before carbonization at 700 \& DEG;C. Only pretreatments with H2SO4 and KOH yield clean AC powders, while the other powders still contain non-carbonaceous components. The point of zero charge for ACs obtained from SCB pretreated with H2SO4 and KOH is 7.71 and 2.62, respectively. Batch equilibrium studies show that the most effective conditions for chromate removal are a low pH (i.e., below 3) where >96\% of the chromate is removed from the aqueous solution.
Glucose production from sugarcane bagasse was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by four different methods: combined acid and alkaline, combined hydrothermal and alkaline, alkaline, and peroxide pretreatment. The raw material and the solid fraction of the pretreated bagasse were characterized according to the composition, SEM, X-ray and FTIR analysis. Glucose production after enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated bagasse was also evaluated. All these results were used to develop relationships between these parameters to understand better and improve this process. The results showed that the alkaline pretreatment, using sodium hydroxide, was able to reduce the amount of lignin in the sugarcane bagasse, leading to a better performance in glucose production after the pretreatment process and enzymatic hydrolysis. A good xylose production was also observed.
This study reports on the application of an innovative structured-bed reactor (FVR) as an alternative to conventional packed-bed reactors (PBRs) to treat high-strength solid-rich wastewaters. Using the FVR prevents solids from accumulating within the fixed-bed, while maintaining the advantages of the biomass immobilization. The long-term operation (330 days) of a FVR and a PBR applied to sugarcane vinasse under increasing organic loads (2.4-18.0 kg COD m(3) day (1)) was assessed, focusing on the impacts of the different media arrangements over the production and retention of biomass. Much higher organic matter degradation rates, as well as long-term operational stability and high conversion efficiencies (>80\%) confirmed that the FVR performed better than the PBR. Despite the equivalent operating conditions, the biomass growth yield was different in both reactors, i.e., 0.095 gVSS g(-1)COD (FVR) and 0.066 gVSS g(-1)COD (PBR), indicating a clear control of the media arrangement over the biomass production in fixed-bed reactors. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The hierarchically porous carbon materials (HPCMs) with micro- and meso-porosity were prepared by surface coating and solvent evaporation-induced self assembly (EISA) using sugarcane bagasse as the scaffold. The triblock copolymer F127 and phenol-formaldehyde resin were used as mesostructural directing agent and carbon precursor, respectively. The microstructures in terms of morphology, pore texture, degree of graphitization, and thermal stability were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The bulk morphology of HPCMs with hierarchically porous architecture can be retained after calcination at 1000 degrees C. Small and wide angel XRD patterns show 2-D hexagonal mesostructures and enhanced degree of graphitization. The specific surface areas of monolithic carbon materials are in the range 487-544 m(2) g(-1) with the micropore percentages of 66-67\%. The thermal stability of HPCMs is enhanced by the strong interaction of hydroxyl groups of sugarcane bagasse with phenol-formaldehyde resins, and subsequently retains the highly ordered structures with pore size distributions centered at 0.5 and 3.2 nm. In addition, the bagasse-based HPCMs show good electrochemical property and the specific capacitances are in the range 190-234 F g(-1) at the scan rate of 5-50 mV s(-1). Results clearly show that the use of surface coating and EISA with sugarcane bagasse as the scaffold is an easy, effective and mass productive strategy for fabrication of HPCMs. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts which are liquid at low temperatures, typically with melting points under 100 degrees C. In recent years, the properties of many ILs have been extensively studied and have been considered as green solvents capable of replacing traditional organic solvents. Herein, ILs derived from triazole have been synthesized, thus solubility in different solvents increases with the dielectric constant of the considered solvents. Three novel 1,2,3-triazolium-based were used for the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. The effect of this pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, showing an increase in the exposure surface of the bagasse samples as structural changes in the fiber.
Molasses is a by-product from refining sugarcane beets into sugar. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of sugarcane molasses concentrate (SMC) on postprandial hyperglycemia using a mouse model. Starch administration into male ICR mice increased blood glucose levels, reaching a peak 60 min after administration. The simultaneous administration of SMC markedly suppressed this increase, and the area under the curve was reduced until 240 min after administration. Simultaneous administration of an ethanol-precipitated fraction (EtFr) of SMC with starch also exerted significant inhibitory effects. Ad libitum consumption of Et-Fr for 6 weeks did not exert any changes on fasting blood glucose levels. In vitro experiments showed that SMC and Et-Fr significantly inhibited a-glucosidase but not a-amylase activity. These results suggest that SMC has the potential to suppress postprandial hyperglycemia via inhibition of a-glucosidase.
Improper lignocellulosic wastes management causes severe environmental pollution and health damage. Conversion of such wastes particularly sugarcane bagasse (SCB) onto bioenergy is a sustainable approach due to a continuous depletion of conventional biofuels. The delignification of SCB is necessary to proceed for bio-genic H2 productivity by anaer-obic bacteria. The effect of autoclaving, pre-acidification/autoclaving and pre-alkalization/ autoclaving of SCB on glucose recovery and subsequently H2 productivity by dark fermentation was comprehensively investigated. Pre-acidified SCB with 1\% H2SO4 (v/v) provided H2 productivity of 8.5 +/- 0.14 L/kg SCB and maximum H2 production rate (Rm) of 105.9 +/- 8.3 mL/h. Those values were dropped to 2.7 +/- 0.13 L/kg SCB and 58.3 +/- 12.9 mL/h for fermentation of delignified SCB with 2\% H2SO4. This was linked to high levels of total phenolic compounds (1775.3 +/- 212 mg/L) in the feedstock. Better H2 productivity of 13.9 +/- 0.58 L/kg SCB and Rm of 133.9 +/- 3.6 mL/h was achieved from fermentation of pre -alkalized SCB with 1\%KOH (v/v). 256.8 +/- 9.8 U/100 mL of a-amylase, 165.7 +/- 7.6 U/100 mL of xylanase, 232.8 +/- 6.1 U/100 mL of CM-Cellulase, 176.5 +/- 5.0 U/100 mL of polyglacturanase and 0.702 +/- 0.013 mg M B. reduced/min. of hydrogenase enzyme was accounted for the batches supplied with delignified SCB by KOH. The Clostridium and Bacillus spp. was dominance and prevalence resulting a higher H2 productivity and yield. A novel strain of Archea and alpha proteobacterium were also identified and detected. (c) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The cultivation of sugarcane and production of its derivatives are closely linked to Brazil's history and development. The factory managers face the problem of discarding the sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), a:3 these ashes are the final waste resulting from the industrial processes, with no possibility to reduce it. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of adding SBA to compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Two sets of blocks were prepared with 6\% and 12\% of cement in addition to the earth and with the addition of SBA at ratios of 0\%, 2\%, 4\% and 8\% each. Compressive strength and absorption tests were performed on the blocks. Additionally, masonry prisms were produced with the set of blocks that showed the best preliminary test results. The results showed that the SBA can be incorporated into the CEBs and masonry without damage to the mechanical properties. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recently, graphene-based material as a catalyst has crucially shown a novel strategy in furfural synthesis from biomass resources. In this study, sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) was studied within five different graphene oxide to sulfanilic acid mass ratios of 1:1.5, 1:2.0, 1:2.5, 1:3.0, and 1:3.5 for facile synthesis of furfural from sugarcane bagasse. The structural investigation of those samples was proceeded through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The appropriate sample with the sulfur mass percentage of 3.51 \%, corresponding to the ratio of 1:3.5, gives out the highest furfural yield was then, conducted with X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller for further morphological analysis. The influence of catalyst dose, reaction temperature, and time on the yield of furfural using this catalyst revealed that under reaction conditions of 190 degrees C for 90 min, reaction in a low dose of 5 wt\% of SGO solution gave out the highest conversion of furfural (20.6 \%). According to the results, SGO showed high application potential for the synthesis of furfural from sugarcane bagasse.
Utilization of waste materials for construction use has received much attention lately in the hope of contributing to saving the environment by lessening the impact of construction. This study utilized soda lime glass in concrete as substitute for fine aggregates. However, since soda lime glass promotes alkali-silica reaction, its addition to concrete will not come without risk. Sugarcane bagasse, the unused stalk of sugarcane, when burnt into ash, is a good pozzolanic material. It also has the capability to arrest the expansion brought about by alkali-silica reaction. Therefore, when added to concrete with soda-lime glass, it can lessen the alkali-silica reaction. This study employed sugarcane bagasse ash, as partial replacement of cement, in concrete with soda-lime glass. The amount of soda-lime glass in concrete used in the study ranged from 10-40\% replacement of sand, while that of sugarcane baggase ash are 5\% and 10\% replacement of cement. Compressive strength was determined in 7 and 28 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted to examine the microstructural change in concrete. To investigate the alkali-silica reaction, measurement of mortar expansion using mortar bar test in accordance with ASTM C1260, was conducted. Some of the significant findings of the study are: (1) addition of soda lime glass, up to 30\% replacement of sand, contributes to an increase in compressive strength, and (2) length expansion, due to alkali silica reaction, in concrete with soda lime glass was reduced with sugarcane bagasse ask.
This work aimed at investigating the synthesis of 5-HMF from the ultrasound-ionic liquid pretreated sugarcane bagasse in a microwave-solid acid-ionic liquid system. The XRD analysis indicated that the macrostructure of cellulose remained intact after the ultrasound-ionic pretreatment, {[
This study evaluated the synergistic efficiency of crude enzymatic extracts (CEE) produced by fungal strains Aspergillus fumigates SCBM6 (AFE) and Aspergillus niger SCBM1 (ANE) in the hydrolysis of alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse (2\% NaOH (w v(-1)), 100 degrees C, 4 h and liquid-to-solid ratio of 25 (v w(-1))). CEEs were produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF) and presented high concentration of beta-glucosidase (AFE = 78.4 U g(-1) and ANE = 43.02 U g(-1)), beta-xylosidase (ANE = 78.0 U g(-1)) and xylanase (AFE = 1774.5 U g 1 and ANE = 3289.6 U g(-1)). A 24 full design of experiments was used to optimize the hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse as a function of time, temperature, amount of pretreated bagasse and AFE-to-ANE ratio. After hydrolysis optimization, the maximum concentration of total reducing sugars (TRS) was 21.68 g L-1. It was also noticed a significant production of xylose (135.59 mg) and arabinose (58.10 mg) per gram of hemicelluloses and a slight production of glucose (20.18 mg) per gram of cellulose. As fungi consortium were excellent producers of hemicellulases, it is suggested that they could be used for pentoses saccharification and production of ethanol via C-5 fermentation, xylitol, biopolymers, among other bioproducts.
Sugarcane vinasse is the main waste stream of the Brazilian agroindustry. The typical composition of sugarcane vinasse gives it a high polluting potential that implies the necessity to define sustainable strategies for managing this waste. Knowledge of the inorganic and organic composition of vinasse and its seasonal variation is extremely important to conduct scientific research to define alternative managements for vinasse disposal other than fertigation. This study evaluated the variability of vinasse composition throughout the same harvesting season and among three harvesting seasons of one Brazilian annexed biorefinery (2015-2017). The contents of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS), salinity (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, F-), nutrients (N, P, S), trace metals (Al3+, As2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Mo2+, Ni2+, Se2+, Zn2+), and specific soluble organic compounds (sugars, alcohols, and organic acids), as well as pH and conductivity, were monitored in 13 samples. The results indicated that sugarcane vinasse is a suitable feedstock for biological treatments, such as anaerobic digestion processes for energy recovery, as well as substrate for biomass (e.g., microalgae, energy crops, lignocellulosic biomass) growth. The application of a previous treatment makes vinasse a more environmentally friendly natural fertilizer for land fertigation.
Thermal decomposition under nitrogen of sugarcane bagasse, petroleum residue and their blends was studied by thermogravimetry (TG) at different heating rates (10, 20, 40 and 60 degreesC/min). Thermal decomposition kinetic parameters were determined. Sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis was described as the sum of cellulose, hemicellulose, and Lignin individual contributions. First order equations were used to determine the bagasse component thermal decomposition kinetics. Activation energies calculated were 235, 105, and 26 kJ/mol for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, respectively. Thermal decomposition of petroleum residue can be explained by the additive effect of its three major fractions, following kinetic equation orders of 2.5, 2.3 and 1.5 with activation energies of 100, 180, and 220 kJ/mol, respectively. It has been found that during thermal decomposition of bagasse/petroleum residue mixtures, no significant interaction occurred in the solid phase between the components under the experimental conditions investigated. The kinetic parameters associated with the bagasse/petroleum residue mixture involved the sum of bagasse and petroleum residue individual component kinetic parameters. The information obtained can be used to develop a correlation between the thermogravimetric data and the feedstock composition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The enzymatic hydrolysis still stands as a challenge regarding the use of renewable feedstocks, as well as of lignocellulosic materials. The present work reports optimization of swollenin addition to pretreated sugarcane bagasse, in a step prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis, named pre-conditioning. Also, it describes further fermentation of the hydrolyzed material to d-lactic acid. Trichoderma harzianum enzymatic cocktail was produced from pretreated sugarcane bagasse, while swollenin was produced using Aspergillus niger as a host for recombinant protein expression. For pre-conditioning optimization, a Central Composite Rotatable Design was applied and validated. The optimized conditions were used to produce the hydrolysate that was fermented to D-lactic acid by Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens. It could be observed that pre-conditioning effectively leads to improvements in glucose release: 62\% of hydrolysis efficiency. Besides, it was possible to use the produced hydrolysate to obtain d-lactic acid, with a yield of 1.34 g/g and a productivity of 1.59 g/L h(-1).
Cellulose, the most abundant feedstock of chemicals and energy is extracted from various agro-industrial wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB). Pretreatment of SB with ionic liquids improves extraction of cellulose, yet the use of ionic liquid is hindered by its high cost. In this study, cellulose was extracted from SB pretreated with methyltrioctylammonium chloride under relatively mild conditions. The extracted cellulose from pretreated SB (PTB) and untreated SB (UTB) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR. Fermentation of cellulose extracted from PTB by a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus aestuarii UE25, yielded 245.16\% higher titers of cellulase than cellulose extracted from UTB. The recyclability of the IL was assessed to make the pretreatment process cost effective and was monitored through TLC and FTIR. The results of this research demonstrated the potential of ionic liquid pretreated SB for cellulose extraction and for its subsequent utilization in thermostable cellulase production. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ecological concerns have resulted in a renewed interest in natural, renewable resources-based and compostable materials. For this reason, material components such as natural fibres and biodegradable polymers can be considered as interesting alternatives for the development of new biodegradable composites. The aim of this work was the obtainment of castor oil polyurethane reinforced with cellulose fibres from sugarcane straw. For the obtainment of cellulose, sugarcane straw was pretreated by steam explosion, followed by a delignification with NaOH 1.5\% (wt/v). For the production of the polyurethane, the mass ratio between polyol (castor oil) and diisocyanate was 1.5: 1.0. Reinforcement of the matrix was done changing the concentration of cellulose fibres (5,10,15,20\% wt/wt). Chemical characterization of the materials obtained during the process was carried out. SEM micrographs of the fibres and fractured surfaces of flexural tests were done. SEM images of the fibres corroborate the results of chemical analysis, which showed a large solubility of components, making the fibres more exposed. The incorporation of cellulose fibres in the matrix showed that the composites stiffness increased, the Young's modulus also increased when compared to the pure matrix. SEM analysis of the fractured surfaces showed a poor dispersion of fibres in the matrix, and high interaction fiber-matrix. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ICM11
The aim of this study was to evaluate strategies of detoxification and fermentation of the hemicellulosic liquors obtained from sugarcane bagasse autohydrolysis, for the biotechnological production of xylitol. Different sequences of detoxification treatments were performed, and their effects on sugars loss and inhibitors removal were evaluated. Fermentation assays were accomplished with commercial xylose to select the best yeast (C. guilliermondii, C tropicalis) and the fermentation conditions of the detoxified spent liquors. Detoxification through a sequence of treatments, including Ca(OH)(2), IR-120 resin, activated charcoal, and IRA-67 resin, practically removed all inhibitors from the hemicellulosic spent liquors. Maximal concentration of xylitol obtained was 32.0 g L-1 (C. tropicalis, xylose: 104.1 g L-1, yield: 0.46 g g(-1), productivity: 0.27 g L-1 h(-1)). The technological parameters to obtain a detoxified spent liquor rich in xylose and its bioconversion to xylitol were determined. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The effects of temperature, reaction time, biomass/water feedstock ratio, NaOH concentration, and ZSM-5 catalyst amount were investigated relative to the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sugarcane bagasse. The experimental results showed that the maximum yield of bio-oil (46.9\%) was achieved with the following conditions: 10 g of sugarcane bagasse, 200 mL of distilled water, 30 min, and 285 degrees C. It was seen that the products of oxygenation (phenols, acids, ketones, alkenes, and esters) were abundant in the bio-oil. With the addition of NaOH, the residue yield decreased remarkably, and the yield of organics dissolved increased. The yields of acids and furfurals in the bio-oil decreased with the presence of NaOH during HTL. Additionally, ZSM-5 effectively decreased the acidic compounds and improved the liquid properties during HTL. Sugarcane bagasse in HTL with catalysts significantly improved the quality of bio-oil with lower oxygen content and higher HHV. Moreover, the gaseous products H-2 and CH4 were noticeably affected by the temperature, NaOH concentration, and ZSM-5 amount.
In this study, a renewable organic acid (xylonic acid), which can be prepared by the biooxidation of xylose, is used for pretreating sugarcane bagasse. The effects of reaction temperature and time on the release of fermentable xylose and glucose were investigated. On the basis of guaranteeing the good enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and minimizing the effects of inhibitors, the pretreatment with 1 \% xylnoic acid at 190 degrees C for 30 min was selected after optimization. In this case, 70 \% xylose was released, while enzymatic hydrolysis yield was also up to 86.5 \%. Meanwhile, the pretreated hydrolysate liquor was proved that it could be used for producing xylonate by biooxidation of Gluconobacter oxydans. Finally, the sequential process of the xylonic acid pretreat-ment and saccharification also clear the path for recycling the lignin as value-added bioproducts. Overall, this study presents a green-like strategy for fully exploiting sugarcane bagasse.
The treatment of vinasse in lagoons causes methane emissions during the anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter. The recovery of this methane, to produce renewable energy in anaerobic digestion power plants (ADPPs) replacing fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emission, could bring environmental benefits. The aims of this work were: (1) to compare alternatives of ADPPs available for the treatment of vinasse; and (2) to evaluate the impacts of ADPPs as alternative for lagooning Cuban vinasse; both by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and exergy analysis (EA). The LCA and EA showed that the ADPPs improve the environmental profile with respect to the lagooning of vinasse, reducing up to 77\% the total score and recovering up to 46\% of the exergy extracted from the natural environment during the, process, respectively. The highest environmental benefits for the ADPPs were observed when the subprocesses biogas production from raw vinasse, sulfide removal by biooxidation with air oxygen addition and energy generation in spark ignition engines were used. In that case, the treatment of 1072 ton of vinasse (exergy content of 740.6 GJ(ex)) can produce 175 GJ(ex) as ``electricity and heat{''
Groundwater contamination by mining effluents and spills at industrial sites often involves toxic metals and sulfate. Passive remediation systems, such as permeable reactive barriers, are attractive alternatives to traditional pump-and-treat. The rates of bacterial sulfate reduction for metals precipitation were assessed in three biocolumns assembled using sugarcane bagasse in natural form as the carbon and energy substrate for sulfate-reducing bacteria. An abiotic experiment receiving glutaraldehyde was assembled for comparison. An input solution containing 5,000-6,004mg/L sulfate, 10.0-15.0mg/L zinc, and 10.0-15.2mg/L nickel was supplied to the columns at 126.7mL/day for 145days or 19.3 pore volumes of flow. From 30 to 145days, pH increased from 5.5-5.8 to 6.8-8.0, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) declined from positive values to approximately -400mV, sulfate concentrations declined by approximately 1,000mg/L, and metals (Zn and Ni) declined to nondetectable levels. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed Zn and Ni with S in the solid phase. The achieved rates of sulfate reduction spanned from 0.27 to 0.92mg SO42-/L per day per initial gram (dry basis) of sugarcane bagasse, surpassing the maximum rate reported in the literature for a leaf-mulch, wood-chip, sawdust column. In contrast, the abiotic-column ORP remained at +150mV, pH remained in the 5.5-6.5 range, and sulfate and phosphate underwent nonreactive transport. Also, nickel was not removed. On the contrary, measured Ni release was greater than the input concentration. For zinc, the data suggested adsorption onto bagasse, with breakthrough retardation. Sugarcane bagasse appears a suitable substrate for passive in situ groundwater cleanup in many areas of the world where this residue abounds. (c) 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Recent researchers are giving more importance to cut the practice of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by replacing the cementitious properties with industrial by-products in construction materials as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Many researchers are using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as SCM which is an industrial by-product. Generally, SCM are pozzolanic materials which are rich in alumina and silicate. Naturally these pozzolanic materials may not be cementitious, but had tendency to react with calcium hydroxide and water in order to form cementitious compounds. The present paper reviews the processing adopted on sugarcane bagasse ash in order to transform it into supplementary cementitious material. The procedure to develop the sugarcane bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material is planned through a structure. The chemical compositions and physical properties of SCBA from the various sources are has been discussed. Furthermore, the influence of grinding and calcination on the characterisation of sugarcane bagasse ash has been discussed. Basically, the characterisation of sugarcane bagasse ash were studied on the basis of physical properties, chemical properties and microstructural studies. This review paper focuses on micro analytical studies of SCBA samples with respect to X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The micro analytical investigation reveals that grinding made SCBA finer and calcination process had reduced the carbon the content in SCBA along with there is an increase in the amorphous reactivity as due to the increment in pozzolanic oxides, observed in X-ray fluorescence (XRF). (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes were prepared using polyethylene glycol, 600 g mol(-1), (PEG) as additive and were utilized in essays of doxycycline (DOX) incorporation using two different procedures: (i) incorporation of the drug during the membrane preparation and (ii) incorporation of the drug to a previously prepared membrane. In the first, the produced membrane presented high compatibility between DOX and CTA, what was evidenced by analyzing the DSC curve for a CTA/PEG 50\%/DOX system. Results showed that the drug is homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix, molecularly. in the second method, the drug was molecularly and superficially adsorbed, as seen through the DSC curve for the system CTA/PEG 10\%/DOX, which nearly does not present alterations in relation to the original material, and through the isotherm of drug adsorption that follows the Langmuir model. Results showed that the membranes produced from sugarcane bagasse are adequate to produce matrices for drug-controlled release, both for enteric use (Method (i)) and topic use (Method (ii)). (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 3544-3549, 2009
A sorbent was prepared by charring sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and used to remove nitrobenzene from aqueous solution. The surface area, morphology, and functional groups of the adsorbent were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Analysis indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups, such as C=O, -OH, -COOH, and C-O-C, may be involved in the adsorption process. The adsorption of nitrobenzene was investigated under different operating conditions, including adsorbent dosage, initial nitrobenzene concentration, pH, and contact duration. Four kinetic models were applied to describe the adsorption process. Results revealed that the optimal sorbent mass was 0.3 g/50mL at pH 5.8 and 25 degrees C. The kinetic data obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R-2 > 0.9965). In addition, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed to describe the adsorption equilibrium. The Freundlich model presented better fitting for the adsorption equilibrium, suggesting that the carbonized SCB surface had a heterogeneous nature. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated by the Langmuir model were 38.27, 41.72, and 44.70 mg/g at 25 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 45 degrees C, respectively. The calculated values of Delta G(0) and Delta H-0 indicated the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process at the considered temperature range. The adsorption mechanism of nitrobenzene onto carbonized SCB cannot be described either as physical adsorption or chemisorption. This study demonstrated that SCB biochar is a potential sorbent for removing nitrobenzene from aqueous solutions.
Sugarcane molasses is a wealthy source of health beneficial phenolic compounds and exhibited significant biological properties. Present study was designed to assess the inhibitory effect of sugarcane molasses on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. Hypoglycemic fractions were extracted using macro-porous and ion exchange resins. The total phenolics content was 0.179 +/- 0.003 mg GAE per milligram of extract. Four phenolic acids which include caffeic acid (11.64 mg/g), ferulic acid (10.49 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (1.77 mg/g), and gallic acid (0.87 mg/g) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The inhibitory activities of sugarcane molasses were 4.693 mg/mL (K-m = 1.099 mL/mg) and 4.254 mg/mL (K-m 0.238 mL/mg) for alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase, respectively, which revealed that sugarcane molasses could be a useful addition in medicinal preparations as nutraceutical and functional food for diabetic patients.
This study examined the potential of untreated and alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in cellulase, reducing sugar (RS) and fungal biomass production via solid state fermentation (SSF) using Pycnoporus sanguineus. The impact of the composition, structure and cellulase adsorption ability of SCB on the production of cellulase, RS and fungal biomass was investigated. From the morphological and compositional analyses, untreated SCB has relatively more structural changes with a higher percentage of depolymerisation on the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content compared to alkali-pretreated SCB. Thus, untreated SCB favoured the production of cellulase and fungal biomass whereas alkali-pretreated SCB yielded a higher amount of RS. The composition and morphology of untreated SCB did not encourage RS production and this suggested that RS produced during SSF might be consumed in a faster rate by the more abundantly grown fungus. Besides that, alkali-pretreated SCB with higher cellulase adsorption ability could have adsorbed the cellulase produced and resulted in a lower cellulase titre. In short, the production of specific bioproducts via SSF is dependent on the structure and composition of the substrate applied. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse was treated to obtain sawdust, in addition to mechanical, thermomechanical, and chemical-thermomechanical pulps. The obtained fibers were used to obtain reinforced polypropylene composites prepared by injection molding. Coupling agent contents ranging from 2 to 10\% w/w were added to the composite to obtain the highest tensile strength. All the composites included 30\% w/w of reinforcing fibers. The tensile strength of the different sugarcane bagasse fiber composites were tested and discussed. The results were compared with that of other natural fiber-or glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Pulp-based composites showed higher tensile strength than sawdust-based composites. A micromechanical analysis showed the relationship of some micromechanical properties to the orientation angle, critical length, the intrinsic tensile strength, and the interfacial shear strength. The pulps showed similar intrinsic tensile strengths and were higher than that of sawdust. The properties of the sugarcane bagasse composites compared well with other natural fiber-reinforced composites.
The feasibility of sugarcane bagasse to be employed as an alternative solid support for clean-up is presented during the development and validation of an analytical method to determine chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) (CP) in tomato by HPLC-DAD. The efficiency of the method consisting of ultrasonic assisted extraction with acetonitrile and dispersion with salts, followed by dispersive phase extraction with powdered sugarcane bagasse is presented for three spiking levels relating to the established CP maximum residue limit (MRL) for industrial tomato in Brazil, 0.5 mg kg-1 (1/2 MRL, MRL and 2 MRL). Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of trueness (recovery range: 76.5-120.1\%), intermediate precision (1.0-5.2\%) and repeatability (4.7-12.8\%), expressed as relative standard deviation. The proposed method has a limit of quantification of 0.25 mg kg1 and could be deployed as cost effective routine analysis to monitor CP in tomato samples in processed food industries.
Bioprospecting is lucrative tool to explore novel, efficient and cheap cellulases catering ``second generation biofuels{''
The effect of accelerated weathering on the visual appearance and on mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) as well as HIPS reinforced with mercerized and bleached sugarcane bagasse fibers composites are investigated. After accelerated weathering period of 900 h, under UV-B radiation and moisture regular cycles, changes in mechanical properties are investigated by tensile tests. Materials fracture surfaces are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study showed that the exposure time was sufficient to change the visual appearance of HIPS as the composites. From this study, it was observed that composites reinforced with bleached fibers are less susceptible to accelerated weathering exposure than composites reinforced with mercerized fibers, which is explained by the higher amount of lignin present in mercerized fibers. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of {[
Biotechnological production of xylitol is an attractive route to add value to a sugarcane biorefinery, through utilization of the hemicellulosic fraction of sugarcane straw, whose availability is increasing in Brazil. Herein, supplementation of the sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate (xylose 57 g L-1) with maltose, sucrose, cellobiose or glycerol was proposed, and their effect as co-substrates on xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 was studied. Sucrose (10 g L-1) and glycerol (0.7 g L-1) supplementation led to significant increase of 8.88\% and 6.86\% on xylose uptake rate (1.11 g L-1 h(-1) and 1.09 g L-1), respectively, but only with sucrose, significant increments of 12.88\% and 8.69\% on final xylitol concentration (36.11 g L-1) and volumetric productivity (0.75 g L-1 h(-1)), respectively, were achieved. Based on these results, utilization of complex sources of sucrose, derived from agro-industries, as nutritional supplementation for xylitol production can be proposed as a strategy for improving the yeast performance and reducing the cost of this bioprocess by replacing more expensive nutrients. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ObjectivesThe aim of the present work was to perform the co-culture between Trichoderma longibrachiatum LMBC 172, a mesophilic fungus, with Thermothelomyces thermophilus LMBC 162, a thermophilic fungus, by submerged fermentation in a bioreactor.ResultsThere was an increase in protein production, reaching the value of 35.60 \& PLUSMN; 3.76 \& mu;g/ml at 72 h. An increase in the amount of proteins of 27.5\% in relation to the isolated cultivation of T. longibrachiatum and 19.7\% in comparison when T. thermophilus was isolated and cultivated. After that, the saccharification profile of three varieties of sugarcane (sugarcane in natura, culms of sugarcane SP80-3280, and culms of Energy cane) submitted in two pretreatments (autohydrolysis and chemical) was performed. The (e) chemical pretreatment was the better in generating of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse and culms of Energy cane, while with the autohydrolysis pretreatment was obtained the better values to culms of SP80-3280 sugarcane. The sugars found were glucose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose.ConclusionThese results suggest that the co-culture between these microorganisms has the potential to produce an enzymatic cocktail with high performance in the hydrolysis of materials from the sugar-alcohol industry.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers in the sugarcane/alcohol industry. SCBA has a very high silica concentration and contains aluminum, iron, alkalis and alkaline earth oxides in smaller amounts. In this work, the properties of sintered ceramic bodies were evaluated based on the concentration of SCBA, which replaced non-plastic material. The ash was mixed (up to 60 wt\%) with a clayed raw material that is used to produce roof tiles. Prismatic probes were pressed and sintered at different temperatures (up to 1200 degrees C). Technological tests of ceramic probes showed that the addition of ash has little influence on the ceramic properties up to 1000 C. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis data showed that, above this temperature the ash participates in the sintering process and in the formation of new important phases. The results reported show that the reuse of SCBA in the ceramic industry is feasible. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, a FeCl3-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment was employed at 160 degrees C to remove hemicellulose and lignin in sugarcane bagasse leaving the cellulose-enriched residue for enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars. The solubilized hemicellulose fractions consisted more monomer xylose than oligomer xylose. The FeCl3-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment significantly improved the enzymatic hydrolysis, nearly 100\% of cellulose components were converted to glucose after pretreatment with 0.05 M FeCl3. Structural analysis was employed to reveal how pretreatment affected the enzymatic hydrolysis. With the addition of Tween 80, the same level of glucose was obtained with 50\% reduction of enzyme dosage after 24 h. Furthermore, the influence of Tween 80 on different pretreatment systems was investigated, indicating that the improvement was increased as the lignin content increased, decreased with high enzyme loading and extending hydrolysis time. This work suggested that the addition of Tween 80 could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis, reduce the hydrolysis time and enzyme dosage.
Ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for fermentable sugar production was carried out and the influence of particle size, liquid to solid ratio (LSR), NaOH concentration, temperature and sonication time on delignification and reducing sugar production was ascertained with Placket-Burman design. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by a central composite design (CCD) and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum reducing sugar yield (96.27\%) were particle size of 0.27 mm, LSR of 25 ml/g, NaOH concentration of 2.89\% (w/v), temperature of 70.15 degrees C and pretreatment time of 47.42 min. Under these conditions, 92.11\% of theoretical reducing sugar yield was observed experimentally. The substantial reduction in pretreatment time and temperature with improved efficiency is the most attractive features of the ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sugarcane-driven industry can exemplify sustainable waste management by valorizing its lignocellulosic streams and boosting the rural economy by product diversification. In this aspect, bagacillo is a promising yet untapped carbonaceous feedstock, representing fine fraction of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with low bulk density. It is used either as a filter aid for juice clarification, when added to mud or mixed with bagasse for cogeneration. This study explores bagacillo for the production of sugars and green chemicals using biochemical platform, with SCB as the benchmark. Its NaOH pretreatment preserved> 90 and> 70\% glucan and xylan in solid fraction. Fed-batch hydrolysis with Cellic CTec3 at 1-kg scale liberated 167.4 +/- 1.87 and 183.53 +/- 1.23 g L-1 monomeric sugars in filtrates of bagacillo and SCB, respectively, in 48 h. Its high-ash content reduced glucan conversion yields by 16\%, and led to glucan under-estimation in residual biomass during mass balance closure. Irrespective of feedstock type, within 18 h Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 180 and Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077 produced similar to 5\% (v/v) ethanol from 1.5L glucose-rich filtrates, with a similar to 18-fold enhancement in biomass accumulation. However, when Bacillus coagulans NCIM 5648 was assessed for high-temperature 2G lactic acid production, the obtained titer from bagacillo-derived hydrolysate (33.6 +/- 1.23 g L-1) was lower than SCB (43.38 +/- 1.89 g L-1). The present study demonstrated that bagacillo is an equally amenable bioresource as similar to 506 g fermentable sugar was extracted from 1-kg raw biomass and its glucose-rich fraction showed feasibility for microbial transformation to bio-based platform chemicals.
Brazil is one of the largest generators the sugarcane bagasse, this kind of biomass has already shown efficiency related to its in natura adsorption potential (when physically or chemically activated), it can also be used to remove contaminants from water in methods such as advanced oxidative processes. In this study, chemical modifications were carried out in sugarcane bagasse to enable its application in photo-Fenton processes for the degradation of reactive black 5 dye. The materials were chemically activated through immersion in Fe(III) solution for different periods of time: 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h; and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential analysis, internal surface area and leached metal quantification. The results showed the cellulose structure, which is predominant in the sugarcane bagasse it was not considerably modified after activation with FeCl3 and evidence of the presence of Fe(III) ions on the surface of the studied material. The degradation efficiency (after 5 min and using 11.5 mg L-1 hydrogen peroxide) for the activated materials was respectively: 55.85\%, 49.44\%, 71.22\%, 92.87\%, 88.16\% and 98.02\%, considering the decrease of the band related to the chromophore group (598 nm).
Biofuels industries have made great efforts to establish the best pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for 2G-ethanol production. Therefore, this work, sugarcane bagasse (BCA), employed to the pre-treatment of steam explosion in an autoclave reactor at 120 degrees C. The chemical characterization performed by high performance liquid chromatography and morphological analyzes by spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and XRD). The evaluated pretreatment revealed changes in chemical and structural composition biomass with cellulose mass percentage of 37.51 and hemicellulose 21.32 in the untreated BCA for 30.82 cellulose and 17.14 of hemicellulose in the pre-treated BCA. The fractions cellulose and hemicelluloses decreased after pretreatment, suggesting generation other products as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic acid and formic acid. The FTIR and XRD spectroscopy analyzes showed structural differences between the complexity of the untreated and pretreated biomass. Therefore, the results suggest that the pretreatment results in the breakdown of the biomass fibers.
Sugarcane bagasse makes a valuable biobased resource with several reported applications. Different applications are evaluated with tools like life cycle assessment (LCA), quantifying their environmental impacts to support decisions involving comparison or substitution. However, the results of such studies often diverge because of the biases induced by differences in LCA methodological choices. Thus, individual case studies with distinct differences in the results pose a significant challenge to address. This study aimed to collate and assess the LCA studies on various bagasse utilization alternatives to identify the underlying analogies using qualitative and quantitative assessments. The review clearly indicated the variabilities in life cycle inventory data and LCA results. The main source of variabilities was identified in the lack of uniformity in the product system boundaries. Inclusion of broad range of environmental impact indicators was suggested for comprehensive comparison of bagasse valorization routes. Further, methodological propositions for harmonization of LCA studies were outlined for sugarcane bagasse product systems. Results of harmonized LCA studies would make reliable source of information to support decision makers. Moreover, the propositions would be amenable to other bio-based systems.
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes were isolated from sugarcane bagasse by a process, which yielded sulfur-free lignins. These could be made carbohydrate-free, if necessary, by treatment with xylanase enzyme. A study of the preparation, purification, and characterization of such lignin-carbohydrate complexes, comparison with commercial lignin samples (wood based as well as bagasse based) and some other lignin derivatives was made by using a variety of analytical tools such as FTIR, HPLC at three different UV-wavelengths, GPC, thermal analysis and elemental analysis. The use of such a diverse range of lignin-carbohydrate complex samples enabled us to predict the sensitivity of the various analytical techniques for characterization of complex polymers containing carbohydrate moieties. Evidence for lignin-carbohydrate complex was detectable by FTIR as well as HPLC studies. Thermal analysis studies showed the crucial effect of carbohydrate groups, the content of aliphatic chains, and the sulfur content of the lignins. Generalized structures of lignin-carbohydrate complexes obtained from various sources using different preparation methods and chemical modifications are presented. This will aid the applications development effort with advantageously using lignins containing low levels of carbohydrate moieties as reactive sites as well as biodegradability inducing sites. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Impregnation of potassium can enhance thermal decomposition and thermal reactions of biomass. In this study, the addition of potassium to biomass using potassium carbonate (K2CO3) was investigated to better understand the effects of solution concentration and impregnation time on the pretreatment process of as-received (macro-scale) sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The morphology and thermal degradation of SCB were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Following that, the optimal condition was determined by using response surface methodology (RSM). As a result, K2CO3 significantly disorders the cellulose structure and the thermal decomposition temperature of impregnated SCB which is lower than the untreated bagasse in the difference of 25-57 degrees C. In addition, K2CO3 has a significant impact on char formation, which results in increased char yield. In summary, the RSM results suggest that the appropriate condition for K2CO3 pretreatment is at the solution concentration of 0.25 M and impregnation time of 60 min, resulting in the lowest crystallinity index (59.88\%) with an acceptable value of activation energy (77.98 kJ/mol). Furthermore, it is recommended that K2CO3 pretreatment condition is required to apply for SCB before undergoing the torrefaction process, which could practically improve the torrefaction of SCB for a biomass power plant application.
Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant and sustainable resource, generated as a by-product of sugarcane milling. The cellulosic material within bagasse can be broken down into glucose molecules and fermented to produce ethanol, making it a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Mild acid pretreatment hydrolyses the hemicellulosic component of biomass, thus allowing enzymes greater access to the cellulosic substrate during saccharification. A particle-scale mathematical model describing the mild acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse has been developed, using a volume averaged framework. Discrete population-balance equations are used to characterise the polymer degradation kinetics, and diffusive effects account for mass transport within the cell wall of the bagasse. As the fibrous material hydrolyses over time, variations in the porosity of the cell wall and the downstream effects on the reaction kinetics are accounted for using conservation of volume arguments. Non-dimensionalization of the model equations reduces the number of parameters in the system to a set of four dimensionless ratios that compare the timescales of different reaction and diffusion events. Theoretical yield curves are compared to macroscopic experimental observations from the literature and inferences are made as to constraints on these unknown parameters. These results enable connections to be made between experimental data and the underlying thermodynamics of acid pretreatment. Consequently, the results suggest that data-fitting techniques used to obtain kinetic parameters should be carefully applied, with prudent consideration given to the chemical and physiological processes being modeled. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 3114-3125. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellulose is the primary substance of sugarcane bagasse and is essential for producing chemicals such as levoglucosan (LG), which can be synthesized through various methods, such as cellulose hydrolysis catalyzed by a Bronsted acid. This recent research was preceded by a preliminary study on glucose hydrolysis into LG with hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the catalyst. Following the preliminary one, the main study was conducted in two stages: alkaline-acid pre-treatment to separate cellulose from other undesired components in bagasse and cellulose hydrolysis in generating LG. The cellulose hydrolysis was catalyzed by HCl at temperatures ranging from 140 to 180 degrees C with catalyst concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 M and solid-to-liquid ratios ranging from 1 to 10\%. The experimental results showed that LG could be synthesized from glucose and cellulose, and all the variables observed, namely temperature, catalyst concentration, and solid-to-liquid ratio, influenced the formation of LG. The LG formed was very unstable, thus easily be degraded into other compounds. The cellulose hydrolysis to LG occurred through the following route: cellulose-glucose-LG-decomposition compounds. The reaction's controlling step was the cellulose conversion into glucose for its lowest reaction rate constant compared to the others.
The productivity of Indonesian sugarcane plantation, especially in East Java province reached 1.186.515 tonnes in 2017. Sugarcane liquid is extracted as sugar raw material and set aside sugarcane bagasse as waste of about 30\% from total sugarcane weight. Usually sugarcane bagasse is burned to operate boiler in sugarcane mill. Meanwhile, the utilization of sugarcane bagasse, combine with citric acid for high quality particleboards production would be highly recommended. In this study, effect of citric acid content and pressing temperature on sugarcane particleboards properties were analysed. The size and target density of particleboards were 300 x 300 x 9 mm and 0.8 g/cm(3), respectively. Citric acid liquid (59\%) were sprayed onto sugarcane particles, with varied citric acid content (10, 15, 20 \% of sugarcane particle weight). To evaporate water, sugarcane particles which already contain citric acid were pre-dried in oven of 80 degrees C for 6h until the moisture content in sugarcane particles-citric acid was less than 3\%. Subsequently, the boards were produced under pressing temperature of 180 degrees C and 200 degrees C, for 10 min. The physical properties of boards produced using 25\% citric acid and pressed at 200 degrees C (thickness swelling 4.43\%; water absorption 29.48\%) were superior than the others boards. The infrared (IR) spectra analysis showed the presence of ester linkage, representing that the carboxyl groups of citric acid had reacted with the hydroxyl groups of the sugarcane particles, providing the boards good physical properties. The boards mechanical properties were fulfilled the requirement of the JIS A 5908:2003 for particleboards type 18 (modulus of rupture 21.88 N/mm(2), modulus of elasticity 3944 N/mm(2), internal bond 1.03 N/mm(2), screw withdrawal 393 N).
The Indian sugar industry's growth and residual lignocellulosic sugarcane bagasse (RSB) generation rate are complementary to each other. It is estimated that over 75-90 million tonnes of wet RSB are produced annually from 600 operational sugar mills in India. Therefore, the efficient utilization of residual bagasse needs immediate attention from sugar industries and the scientific community worldwide. Albeit recently developed technologies have shown promising prospects for the sustainable conversion of RSB into fuels and value-added chemicals, there is an apparent lack of consensus among the scientific community on technical understanding and commercial applicability of current RSB conversion technologies. This review discusses applications of RSB in Indian industries for electricity generation, concrete manufacturing from RSB ash, nanocomposite production, as well as pulp and paper, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, bioethanol, and value-added chemical production. Besides, the conversion of RSB major component lignin to fuel and high-value specialty chemicals has been discussed. Moreover, the government of India policies and subsequent revisions in 2018 to promote biomass and RSB conversion technologies has been presented. Subsequently, major challenges associated with the implementation of different conversion technologies have been explored. Overall, it is observed that there is a huge opportunity in India to utilize the RSB for value-added chemicals production, pulp, and paper production, electricity generation, and other applications. Nevertheless, the Government of India current policies directed towards promoting the RSB uses primarily for electricity production via cogenerations.
This data article is associated with the research article ``Technical and environmental analysis on the power production from residual biomass using hydrogen as energy vector{''
Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) modified sugarcane bagasse (SB), a novel biosorbent (TEPA-MSB), was proved to be an effective adsorbent for anionic dyes due to the introduced functional amino groups. FTIR, TG and DSC analysis were employed to characterize the sorbent. The effects of pH, temperature, contact time and initial concentration of dye on the adsorption of eosin Y were investigated. The experimental data fit very well to the Langmuir model, giving a maximum sorption capacity of 399.04 mg/g at 25 degrees C. And the kinetic data were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. pH 6 was the optimal pH for eosin Y adsorption, and the maximum adsorption capacity of TEPA-MSB calculated by Langmuir model was 18 times higher than that of SB. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was employed in order to improve the efficiency of alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize pretreatment parameters: NaOH concentration (0.1-0.5 M), solid/liquid ratio (S/L, 3-10\%) and HC time (15-45 min), in terms of glucan content, lignin removal and enzymatic digestibility. Under an optimal HC condition (0.48 M of NaOH, 4.27\% of S/L ratio and 44.48 min), 52.1\% of glucan content, 60.4\% of lignin removal and 97.2\% of enzymatic digestibility were achieved. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB resulted in a yield 82\% and 30\% higher than the untreated and alkaline-treated controls, respectively. HC was found to be a potent and promising approach to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Adsorption in biomass has proven to be a cost-effective option for treatment of wastewater containing dyes and other pollutants, as it is a simple and low cost technique and does not require high initial investments. The present work aimed to study the adsorption of methylene blue dye (MB) using sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorption studies were conducted batchwise. Kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamics were studied. The results showed that SCB presented a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.41 mg g(-1) at 45 degrees C after 24 h of contact time. Adsorption kinetics data better fitted the pseudo-second order model, indicating a chemical process was involved. The Sips's three-parameter isotherm model was better for adjusting the data obtained for the adsorption isotherms, indicating a heterogeneous adsorption process. The process showed to be endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. Therefore, it was concluded that SCB presented as a potential biosorbent material for the treatment of MB-contaminated waters.
The formation of phenolic compounds during pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was investigated. Bagasse was pretreated by wet oxidation (WO) at 195 degrees C during 15 min under either alkaline or acidic conditions and by steam explosion (STEX) at 205 degrees C during 10 min. The total content of phenolic compounds in the prehydrolysates was determined Spectrophotometrically. Under acidic and alkaline WO conditions, 3.8\% (w/w) and 3\% phenols were found, respectively. STEX gave rise to 1.9\% phenols. Individual phenols were identified by GC-MS. Phenylpropanoid derivatives, such as p-coumaric and ferulic acids, accounted for more than 50\% of the phenols identified in STEX prehydrolysates. In WO prehydrolysates, on the other hand, phenols lacking the propanoid side chain were predominant. Of the latter, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was the most abundant phenol, with concentrations of 0.27\% (acidic conditions) and 0.15\% (alkaline conditions). As expected, high concentrations of oxidised compounds were generally observed in WO prehydrolysates, such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones. This is a true reflection of the oxidative conditions during WO pretreatment.
The compositions and physical properties of pretreated lignocellulose vary depending on pretreatment methods; therefore, enzyme cocktails specific to pretreatments are desired for efficient saccharification of lignocellulose. Here, enzyme cocktails consisting of three pure lignocellulolytic enzymes endoglucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH) and endoxylanase (XN) with a fixed amount of beta-glucosidase were tailored for acid- and alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (ACID and ALKALI, respectively). Based on a mixture design, the optimal mass ratios of EG, CBH, and XN were determined to be 61.25:38.73:0.02 and 53.99:34.60:11.41 for ACID and ALKALI, respectively. The optimized enzyme cocktail yielded a higher or comparable amount of reducing sugars from the hydrolysis of ACID and ALKALI when compared to that obtained using commercial cellulase mixtures. Using the commercial and easily available pure enzymes, this simple method for the in-house preparation of an enzyme cocktail specific to pretreated lignocellulose consisting of only four enzymes with a high level of hydrolysis will be helpful for achieving enzymatic saccharification in the lignocellulose-based biorefinery.
Among the main industrial wastewaters, sugarcane vinasse figures as an actual environmental concern, due to its polluting potential and large volumes available, about 10-15 L per liter of ethanol. Microalgae immobilization in biopolymeric matrices, such as alginate, represents a promising strategy for wastewater treatment aiming the removal of nutrients. Alginate beads for immobilization of Chlorophyceae microalgae D. subspicatus were prepared with different biopolymer and crosslinking agent concentrations. Alginate beads showed good stability in vinasse probably owned to wastewater high calcium content. The growth of immobilized and free microalgae in sugarcane vinasse (bulk phase) and its potential to remove potassium, carbon and nitrogen from this wastewater were evaluated. Immobilized D. subspicatus showed maximum specific growth rate (mu max) of 0.009 h(-1) for alginate beads (2\%) crosslinked with 5\% CaCl2, with 38, 27 and 28\% of carbon, nitrogen and potassium removal. Free microalgae cultivation exhibit two mu max of approximately 0.01 h(-1) (between 0-24 h and 48-72 h) and maximum carbon, nitrogen and potassium removals of 45, 49 and 8\%, respectively. Potassium adsorption by the biopolymer matrix was significant, with maximum removals (37 and 35\%) obtained by blank and immobilized microalgae alginate beads (2\%) crosslinked with 10\% CaCl2. Results indicate interesting perspectives for the use of D. subspicatus immobilized in alginate for removal of nutrients from sugarcane vinasse.
Dark fermentation of sugarcane vinasse can be used as a ``cleaning{''
The research examined the appropriateness of sugarcane straw ash (SSA) as a modifier in lime stabilized lateritic soil with a view of improving the Geotechnical considerations of the soil structures. Elementary and Geotechnical investigations were performed on the lime stabilized soil samples and also when varying percentages of SSA were introduced. The elementary tests incorporated the moisture content, specific gravity, molecule size examination, and Atterberg's limits, while the Geotechnical were: compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and unconfined compression test. The lateritic samples were stabilized with 7\% optimum of lime by weight, while SSA contents were gradually introduced at optimum lime up to 12.5\% bulk of the soil. The addition of the SSA to the lime stabilized lateritic soil diminished the plastic indices from 25.09 to 21.98\%, 24.76 to 21.09\% and 19.43 to 15.37\%; increased the unsoaked CBR values from 6 to 12\%, 6 to 10\% and 8 to 10 \% and the unconfined compressive strengths from 88.10 to 126.13 kPa, 73.8 to 114.1 kPa and 52.17 to 127.85 kPa for tests A, B and C respectively. Concluding, the expansion of sugarcane straw debris improved the Geotechnical considerations of the lime stabilized lateritic soil tests for structural works.
Kinetics of SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP (R)) fractionation was determined for sugarcane (SC) straw in terms of pulp composition (non-carbohydrate components, cellulose, hemicelluloses) and properties (kappa number, pulp intrinsic viscosity in CED and cellulose degree of polymerization). Effect of temperature (135-165 degrees C) and time (18-118 min) was studied at fixed liquor composition (SO2/ethanol/water = 12:22.5:65.5, w/w) and a liquor-to-solid ratio (4 L kg (1)). Interpretation is given in terms of major fractionation reactions, removal of non-carbohydrate components and xylan, as well as acid hydrolysis of cellulose, and is compared to other lignocellulosic substrates (beech, spruce and wheat straw). Overall, SO2-ethanol-water process efficiently fractionates SC straw by separating cellulose from both noncarbohydrate components and xylan while reducing cellulose DP. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, the properties of concrete produced with construction waste (CW) and sugarcane bagasse ash sand (SBAS) were investigated. CW and SBAS were used to partially replace basalt stone and quartz sand, respectively. The compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, void ratio, dry bulk density, water absorption and the carbonation depth of concrete produced with different contents of these wastes were determined. Samples produced with the joint use of CW and SBAS achieved 93\% of the compressive strength of the reference concrete (without waste). It is worth mentioning that this study presents pioneering results for the joint use of SBAS and CW in concrete for use in construction. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An effective and environmentally benign method of producing oxalic acid from nitric acid oxidation of waste cane sugar was conducted via a sequence of reactors. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) formed within the first batch of reactor were reused in the subsequent reactor to prevent the wastage of oxidizer. In addition, the excess nitrogen oxides from the second reactor were channeled into a last reactor comprising of ammonia (NH3) solution to consume the remaining NOx gas into ammonium nitrate (NH4NOx), to be used as fertilizer. Inclusion of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as the catalyst improved the yield from 34.8\% to 55.6\% in the first reactor. This value was further improved to 57.8\% upon incorporation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as catalyst promoter with V2O5 at 2:10 M ratio. In addition, various reaction parameters such as air flow rate, time, temperature, feed concentration and solvent to feed ratio were optimized to produce a maximum yield of 60.2\%. To investigate the possibility of maximum number of reactors that can be catered by the initial nitrogen oxide composition, the batch of reactors were extended up to four. Maximum yield of 60.2\% was obtained for the first stage, and 55.3\%, 39.5\%, 18.7\% were obtained for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th stages respectively. Kinetic analysis was performed to determine the reaction order and activation energy.
In this study, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) modified waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was prepared through a simple method to remove two cationic dyes: methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. Adsorption performances of MB and MG on the modified sorbent were investigated in details. The adsorption capacities of the modified SCB for MB and MG were 571.4 and 377.4mgg-1, respectively, which were 10 and 12 times than that obtained on the unmodified SCB. Adsorption kinetics study showed equilibriums were obtained after adsorption for 13 hours for both dyes. The modified SCB could be used repeatedly after regeneration. FTIR results showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the modified SCB involved in adsorption process.
An innovative method for pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using sequential combination of supercritical CO2 (scCO(2)) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at mild conditions is proposed. This method was found to be superior to the individual pretreatment with scCO(2), ultrasound, or H2O2 and the sequential combination of scCO(2) and ultrasound regarding the yield of cellulose and hemicellulose, almost twice the yield was observed. Pretreatment with scCO(2) could obtain higher amount of cellulose and hemicellulose but also acid-insoluble lignin. Pretreatment with ultrasound or H2O2 could partly depolymerize lignin, however, could not separate cellulose from lignin. The analysis of liquid products via enzymatic hydrolysis by HPLC and the characterization of the solid residues by SEM revealed strong synergetic effects in the sequential combination of scCO(2) and H2O2. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pleurotus eryngii was cultivated on sugarcane bagasse substrate to enhance the digestibility of bagasse. Effects of culture length on the digestibility and chemical composition were determined. Substrate consisting of bagasse and rice bran was incubated at 24 degrees C for 35 days under semi-anaerobic conditions then transferred to an incubation room at 17 degrees C to enable the fruit-bodies to emerge. The average yield of the fruit-bodies at the first flush was 74.3 g/culture bottle. The proportion of residual weight of dry matter in the substrate decreased by 0.242 on day 95, and further by 0.053 between days 95 and 155. The proportion of residual weight of lignin decreased by 0.350 on day 95, and further by 0.066 between days 95 and 155. The in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD) of the substrate increased from 0.537 on day 0 to 0.693 on day 95. The in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber excluded ash (IVNDFomD) increased from 0.480 to 0.584. The cumulative in vitro gas production (IVGP) for 48 h increased from 144 to 197 ml/g OM. Since there were no differences in IVOMD, IVNDFomD and IVGP between days 95 and 155, it was concluded that 95 days after inoculation was an appropriate culture length, at which spent bagasse substrate could be used as feed for ruminants. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adsorption has proven to be a cost-effective option for treating wastewater containing dyes and other pollutants, as it is a simple and low-cost technique. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted from sugarcane bagasse using the acid hydrolysis technique and used as an effective adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye. The chemistry behind the segregation of cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse and its adsorption of methylene blue dye from textile wastewater has been discussed. The obtained nanocrystals were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA). The dye solution was subjected to extracted CNC, observed the dye absorption capacity, and found that the absorbance of the dye solution after treatment was decreased compared to the stock solution. With an increase in treatment time from 30 to 90 min, there was a rapid decrease in absorbency values obtained through UV spectroscopy.
The demand for biodegradable material has been an important issue, especially in food packaging applications. Among many biodegradable materials, starch biopolymer has been recognised as a completely biodegradable material that can be produced from various plants. It is one of the richest resources that are renewable, biodegradable, and available at low cost. However, starch biopolymers are often associated with poor mechanical properties. Hence, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and thermal characteristics of sugarcane bagasse fibre (SBF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS), which was prior modified with beeswax (BW). It was found that the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength have improved significantly with the incorporation of SBF loading into the TPCS/BW matrix. The highest tensile strength (12.2 MPa) and modulus (2222.6 MPa) were exhibit by sample with 20 wt\% SBF loading and further increment of fibre led to decrease in the strength of the materials. The thermal properties showed that higher SBF loading resulted in improved thermal stability of the material, i.e., higher glass transition and melting temperature than the polymer matrix. Overall, SBF has shown good potential as a reinforcing material which is able to improve the functional characteristics of TPCS/BW as a new potential biodegradable material.
The different chemical and mechanical pre-treatments applied to pulp prior to nanofibrillation may also influence the characteristics of the fibrils and prepared films. In this work, the effects of the chemical composition and the degree of fibrillation of sugarcane bagasse pulps on the properties of the resulting nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films were investigated. Several environmentally-friendly treatments that reduce cost and simplify processing were applied to the bagasse fibres. Ethanol-based organosolv pulps with different residual lignin contents (2.9\%, 5.0\%, and 9.4\%) were refined by Jokro milling and Bauer disk refining. Nanofibrils were isolated through an enzymatic treatment followed by high-intensity sonication. NFC films with similar morphologies were obtained with high crystallinity without changes in thermal stability relative to those of the initial materials. The residual lignin content affects the nanofibrillation process, the mechanical properties of the NFC filmsand modifies the film-water interactions. The combination of mechanical refining and enzymatic treatment was successful applied to produce homogeneous nanofibrils from sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Currently, the refining of sugarcane wax is carried out with 95\% v/v ethanol as solvent. This process has a high rate of ethanol consumption thus, the main objective of this work was to corroborate the feasibility of 95\% v/v ethanol as a solvent in the refining of sugarcane wax. The suitability of its performance over other organic solvents was evaluated through the relative energy difference (RED) determined from Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of sugarcane oil, which were calculated using HSPiP software. HSPs turned out to be delta(D) = 16.24 MPa1/2, delta(P) = 3.21 MPa1/2 and delta(H) = 10.34 MPa1/2, similar to those reported for pine resin and castor oil. The best solvent was 1-decanol. 95\% v/v ethanol turned out to be a bad solvent. Absolute ethanol had a RED value of 0.993, which made it a better candidate since it could reduce consumption rates, and constituted an eco-friendly solvent produced in Cuba for the refining process.
Surface modification of natural fibers has been made using different methods. In this paper, cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse were bleached and modified by zirconium oxychloride in situ. The chemically modified cellulose fibers were compared to those of bleached ones. Cellulose fibers were modified with ZrO2 center dot nH(2)O nanoparticles through the use of zirconium oxychloride in acidic medium in the presence of cellulose fibers using urea as the precipitating agent. The spatial distribution characterization of hydrous zirconium oxide on cellulose fibers was carried out by combining both processing and image analyses obtained by SEM and statistical methodologies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were also used to characterize the nanocomposite. Results indicated that ZrO2 center dot nH(2)O nanoparticles of about 30-80 nm diameter deposited on cellulose fibers were heterogeneously dispersed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Coconut (Cocus nucifera L.) shell activated carbon (CSAC) was utilized as biobased carrier to synthesize sulfonated Al-CSAC for catalyzing biomass (KOH-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinale L.) into furfural. Furfural (103.0 mM) was obtained at 49.3 \% yield from the xylan in pretreated sugarcane bagasse by Al-CSAC (3.5 wt\% dose) within 20 min at 170 degrees C. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and scanning electron microscope micrographes indicated that pretreated sugarcane bagasse had rough and complexed surface. Subsequently, whole-cells of Escherichia coli CV-PRSFDuet cells expressing omega-transaminase aminated biomass-derived furfural to furfurylamine at 35 degrees C. Within 72 h, this biomass-derived furfural was wholly aminated to furfurylamine at the yield of 0.505 g furfurylamine/g xylan by whole-cells. To sum up, an effective sustainable catalysis of xylan in pretreated sugarcane bagasse to furfural by CSAC-based catalyst was established for enhancing the biosynthesis of furfurylamine. This hybrid pathway in tandem reaction with Al-CSAC and omega-transaminase catalysts had potential application for utilizing sustainable resources into furan-based chemicals.
A novel biological magnetic adsorbent was successfully constituted with sugarcane bagasse (SCB), polyetherimide (PEI) and Fe3O4. The physicochemical properties of the adsorbent (Fe3O4@PEI/SCB) were investigated by SEM, BET, VSM, XRD, TGA, FT-IR, XPS, TEM and UV-Vis. The adsorption capacity was measured using Cr(VI) and orange II as adsorbates. The effects of initial pH, dosage, contact time, and ionic strength on the adsorption capacity were investigated in detail. Fe3O4@PEI/SCB is a mesoporous material and the mass ratio of Fe3O4:PEI:SCB is about 5:2:15. Adsorption capacity could reach 182.28mg/g and 1893.57mg/g for Cr(VI) and orange II at room temperature, respectively. Fe3O4@PEI/SCB is a green and economical material, which is very easily regenerated, reused, and separated in the adsorption. The most important factor is the ionic strength and major adsorption interaction was electrostatic in this work. {[
The effect of corn grain harvested at 87\%DM or harvested at 70\%DM ground and ensiled were evaluated. Diets contained different roughage sources. either corn silage (20\% of the diet DM) or sugarcane bagasse (12\% of the DM). Thirty two Santa Gertrudis bulls with initial average age of ten months and initial average weight of 245 kg-were fed an adaptation diet for 33 days. After that period four animals were slaughtered to obtain initial body composition. The other 28 animals were allotted to the four treatments for a 124 days experimental feeding period. The experimental design was randomized blocks in 2 X 2 factorial arrangement (two roughage sources X two corn grain sources) with seven replicates, testing the following treatments: corn silage+high moisture corn (Si-MU); corn silage+dry corn grain (Si-MS); sugarcane bagasse+high moisture corn (Ba-MU) and sugarcane bagasse+dry corn grain (Ba-MS). There were no interactions between roughage and grain source for any variable evaluated. Corn silage was superior than sugarcane bagasse for daily empty body gain, and for deposition rates of all chemical components and energy. High moisture corn increased fat and energy content in the gain as well as the rate of lipid deposition. Data demonstrated that sugarcane bagasse is a poor roughage source in high concentrate diets when compared to whole plant corn silage. Results are also consistent with an increase in net energy content of ensiled corn grain.
In this present work, vinasse, a by-product of sugarcane industry, was examined using combined treatment methods to purify it. Electrocoagulation/flooculation, ultrafiltration were applied as pre-treatment and post-treatment, respectively. The effectiveness of combined process was evaluated based on colour, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The efficiency of electrochemical reactor was investigated according to process variables such as retention time, electrode distance and electrolyte dose. From the results, the price to treat unit vinasse is found to be 25 US\$/m(3) under optimum conditions. FT-IR analysis of sludge obtained shows the results of electrocoagulation process. Ultrafiltration as post treatment experiments showed the enhanced removal efficiency of colour (91\%), turbidity (88\%) and COD (85\%). The results showed that electrocoagulation followed by ultrafiltration is a suitable combined technique to reduce the colour, turbidity and COD from vinasse liquid.
In this study, a new biosorbent was prepared from sugarcane bagasse and polyethylenimine (MSCP). The effects of preparation parameters, including the polyethylenimine (PEI) concentration, the glutaraldehyde concentration, the reaction temperature, and ball milling time on the adsorption property of MSCP were studied. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: the PEI concentration was 20\%, the glutaraldehyde concentration was 2.0\%, the reaction temperature was 318.15 K, and the ball milling time was 20 min. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the removal efficiency of Cu2+ by MSCP was reached 93.3\%. The physical and chemical properties of MSCP were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) and elemental analysis. The SEM micrographs revealed that surface morphology of MSCP was rough, with many irregular folds and small particles. The FTIR and elemental analysis results indicated PEI was successfully grafted to the surface of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SC) with glutaraldehyde as a bridge and the adsorption mechanism of heavy metals by MSCP can be regarded as the complexation between heavy metals and -NH2 groups of MSCP. Langmuir model showed the best fitting to the isotherm equilibrium data, the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ were 114.02, 165.56 and 95.79 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption experimental data were fitted well by pseudo-second-order. In multi-solute system, the competitive adsorption ability of heavy metals by MSCP followed the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+.
This study explores the possibility of producing tunable cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with a wide range of size and properties from sugarcane bagasse in an energy-efficient manner, which is very meaningful for specific application of CNFs. The bleached bagasse kraft pulp was subjected to endoglucanase pretreatment with a wide range of enzyme dosage followed by mechanical grinding to obtain size-tunable CNFs. The size distribution and structural characteristics of CNFs, energy consumed during the CNF production process, and properties of CNF films were systematically investigated as a function of the enzyme dosage applied in the pretreatment. The results showed that endoglucanase-assisted mechanical grinding was able to produce CNFs with controllable length (298-4500 nm) and diameter (9-26 nm), meanwhile improving CNF yield and energy-efficiency. The controllable range of CNF length was extremely wide based on our best knowledge. The optical performance and mechanical properties of the prepared CNF films could be effectively tuned by regulating the structural characteristics of the CNFs. Moreover, all the as-prepared CNFs retained high thermal stability. The tailor-made CNFs from sugarcane bagasse are expected to provide compatibility with various CNF-related applications.
Background The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to second generation ethanol has the potential to replace some fossil fuels. Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a readily available feedstock for ethanol production. The aim of this work was to study the enzymatic saccharification of consecutively acid-alkali pretreated SB using different commercial enzyme preparations. Results Under the most favourable enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, a maximum sugar recovery of 0.89g of reducing sugars g-1 acid-alkali pretreated SB was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the structural disruption in the SB morphology after acid-alkali pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Conclusion These results improve research strategies and show the susceptibility of SB under different enzymatic actions. This is thought to be the first report on utilization of cellulase AF28918 for SB saccharification into fermentable sugars.
This study investigated a novel pretreatment method, as an essential step, for production of second generation bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Effect of tween 80 (TW) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) on SCB pretreatment was assessed using 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ({[
This study evaluated the use of a renewable organic acid (citric acid) as homogeneous catalyst for the pretreatment of raw sugarcane bagasse (SB). A 22 central composite design with two factors (reaction time and citric acid concentration) was used to evaluate the effect of the factors on the chemical composition of the pretreated SB samples and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The enzymatic hydrolysis experiments of the pretreated SB samples were performed using the enzymatic cocktail Cellic (R) CTec 3 and the total reducing sugars (TRS) released after enzymatic hydrolysis was determined. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to examine the changes in the morphology and structure of the pretreated SB samples. The changes in the structure and chemical composition of the pretreated SB resulted in a high TRS concentration (28.2 g L-1) after enzymatic hydrolysis, for the pretreatment condition employing 6 wt\% citric acid and 102.4 min, compared to the raw SB (3.06 g L-1). The pretreatment showed potential for application since a moderate conversion of polysaccharides in TRS was obtained, even though it was a pretreatment carried out under milder conditions. The pretreatment studied has the advantage of using weak and environmentally friendly acid catalyst, atmospheric pressure, and low temperature. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Two-stage treatments of sugarcane bagasse with mild alkali and acidic 1,4-dioxane were performed. Pretreatment with I M NaOH aqueous solution at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C for 18 h released 55.5\%, 57.3\%, 59.1\%, 60.9\%, and 62.1\% of the original hemicelluloses, respectively. Post-treatment of the corresponding alkali-treated residue with 1,4-dioxane-2 M HCl (9: 1, v/v) at 87 degrees C for 2 h, respectively, degraded 11.6\%, 11.9\%, 11.4\%, 10.9\%, and 10.6\% of hemicelluloses (\% dry starting material). It was found that the five alkali-soluble hemicellulosic preparations contained a much higher amounts of xylose (78.0-82.2\%) and slightly higher uronic acids (4.8-5.8\%), mainly 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid, but were lower in arabinose (9.3-11.7\%) and glucose (2.24.1\%) than those of the corresponding five acidic dioxane-degraded hemicellulosic fractions in which xylose (44.9-46.8\%), arabinose (35.9-38.1\%), and glucose (13.0-13.7\%) were the major sugar constituents. The studies revealed that the five alkali-soluble hemicellulosic preparations were more linear and acidic, and had a large molecular weight (35,200-37,430 g mol(-1)) than those of the hemicellulosic fractions (12,080-13,320 g mol(-1)) degraded during the acidic dioxane post-treatment. This demonstrated that the post-treatment with acidic dioxane under the condition used resulted in substantial degradation of the hemicellulosic polymers. The 10 hemicellulosic samples were further characterized by FT-IR and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, GPC and thermal analysis, and the results are reported. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
To completely determine ferulic and p-coumaric acids and related phenolic compounds in the cell walls of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a second mild alkaline hydrolysis of the alkali-soluble lignin preparations and acid hydrolysis of the 90\% acidic dioxane-soluble lignin fractions were performed, which released 48.8\% of the total ester-linked p-CA and 43.8\% of the total esterified FA from the alkali-soluble lignin fractions, and 38.8\% of the total ether-linked p-CA and 38.5\% of the total ether-linked FA from the 90\% acidic dioxane-soluble lignin preparations, respectively. Based on the dry weight, it has been found that the SCB contained 1.76\% p-CA and 1.29\% FA as well as minor quantities of related phenols. Further study of the solubilized lignin samples by combining with UV and FT-IR spectroscopy, and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy confirmed that a predominant amount of p-CA (69.5-76.4\%) is ester-linked to the cell wall components, mainly to lignin. On the other hand, about half of the FA (44.0-55.0\%) is esterified to the cell wall hemicelluloses, and the remaining half of the FA is also be etherified through the phenolic oxygen to lignin component in the cell walls of SCB. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Occurrence of weeds in sugarcane crop according to levels of straw over the soil was studied. Experiment was carried out during two annual cycles. Treatments were 0 \% (no straw); 25, 50, 75 and 100\% (i.e., 5, 10, 15 and 20 t/ha of straw, respectively); and straw burned over the soil. Floristic analysis of weed species was achieved. Percent area occupied by weeds was assessed visually and regression analysis between weeds and amount of straw mulch was performed. Floristic analysis characterized 19 weed species, from eight botanical families. Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphothiaceae, Poaceae, Portulacaceae and Solanaceae. Highest richness of species was observed for Asteraceae and Poaceae, with seven and four species, respectively. Higher frequency was found for Amaranthus hybridus, A. viridis and Physalis angulata (85\% of samples) for first annual crop cycle; and A. hybridus, Bidens pilosa and Cenchrus echinatus predominated (83\% of samples) in second cycle. A. hybridus was the most frequent species in both cycles. The highest density of weeds was observed in treatments with straw burned. Application of 75 and 100\% straw showed highest suppression for low and high density of weeds, respectively. Increasing level of straw leads correspondent weed control. That information is vital to orientate decision which amount will deposit over the soil since in recent years the straw is also demanded for alternative sources of energy, as thermal or second generation bio-ethanol. (C) 2017 Friends Science Publishers
Contamination of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons is becoming prevalent in Malaysia. Infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater poses a great threat to the ecosystem and human health. Bioremediation can occur naturally or can be enhanced with supplementation of microorganisms and fertilizers. However, fertilizers are expensive and therefore alternative nutrient-rich biomaterials are required. In this study, two organic wastes from agricultural industry (i.e., sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch) were investigated for possible enhanced bioremediation of soil contaminated with Tapis crude oil. Two bacterial strains isolated and characterized previously (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa UKMP-14T and Acinetobacter baumannii UKMP-12T) were used in this study. Sugarcane bagasse (5\% and 15\%, w/w) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (20\%, w/w) were mixed with soil (500g) spiked with Tapis crude oil (3\%, v/w). The treated soils as well as controls were incubated for 20days under controlled conditions. Sampling was carried out every four days to measure the number of bacterial colonies (CFU/g) and to determine the percentage of oil degradation by gas chromatography. The two biostimulating agents were able to maintain the soil moisture holding capacity, pH, and temperature at 38-40\% volumetric moisture content (VMC), 7.0, and 29-30 degrees C; respectively. The growth of bacteria consortium after 20days in the treatment with sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch had increased to 10.3 CFU/g and 9.5 CFU/g, respectively. The percentage of hydrocarbon degradation was higher in the soil amended with sugarcane bagasse (100\%) when compared to that of oil palm empty fruit bunch (97\%) after 20days. Our results demonstrated the potential of sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch as good substrates for enhanced bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum crude oil.
Sugarcane bagasse, one of the most abundant agro-food by-products, is a very promising raw material available at low cost for recovering bioactive substances. In this study, the total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by DPPH center dot, ABTS(center dot+) and ROO center dot (ORAC) methods. The results indicated that 30\% hydroalcoholic fraction (30\%E) had the highest total phenolic content (170.68 +/- 3.25 mg GAE/g DW) among the hydroalcoholic extracts and was the most active fraction in antioxidant activity. Besides, intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was conducted to assess the antihyperglycemic ability of the extracts and 30\%E showed a significant effect at 10 mg/mL (82.64\% inhibition of sucrase and 74.26\% inhibition of maltase, respectively). Glucose uptake assay based on HepG2 cells was used to evaluate the glucose uptake effect of 30\%E. Five phenolic compounds (tricin 4-O-guaiacylglyceryl ether-7-O-glucopyranoside, genistin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin and genistein) were identified in 30\%E using UHPLC-HR-TOFMS. Taken together, the data indicated that sugarcane bagasse can be used as a potential source of bio-active phenolics and may play a role in functional agents exploitation and agro-industrial revenue increase. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by six ionic liquids (ILs) using a bagasse/IL ratio of 1:20 (wt\%). The solubilization of bagasse in the ILs was followed by water precipitation. On using 1-ethy1-3-methylimidazolium acetate {[
The main focus of researchers in construction sector is to check suitability of ecofriendly alternative materials. Sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) and steel slag (SS) is one among such ecofriendly alternative materials. BA and SS has potential to utilize as binder and coarse aggregate, respectively, in concrete production. In the present investigation, BA and SS were utilized in alkali-activated slag/bagasse ash concrete (AASBC) mixture production. Full factorial experimental design was considered with two input variables, i.e., BA (0, 25, and 50\%) and SS (0, 50, and 100\%) as replacement to ground granulated blast furnace slag and natural coarse aggregate, respectively. Effect of elevated temperatures on BA and SS-based AASBC mixture were examined. Field emission scanning electron microscope study were carried out to check the morphological changes in ambient and elevated temperature condition. In order to rank different BA and SS-based AASBC mixture performance multi-criteria optimization techniques like, grey relational analysis, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, and desirability function approach were utilized. AASBC mixture with 25\% BA content and 100\% SS content found to be most suitable AASBC mixture based on multi-criteria optimization technique under elevated temperature conditions.
The chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with phthalic anhydride using 1-butyl-3-methylinidazolium chloride ionic liquid as reaction medium was studied. A series of phthalated cellulosic derivatives were prepared with a degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.12 to 2.54. It was found that the DS increased with reaction temperature from 85 to 100 degrees C, molar ratio of phthalic anhydride/anhydroglucose units in cellulose from 2:1 to 10:1, and reaction time from 20 to 120 min. The products were characterized by FT-IR and solid-state CP/MAS C-13-NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The results showed that modification of cellulose with phthalic anhydride using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
The biological removal of hydrogen sulfide at low concentration (<120 ppmv) was studied in a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with sugarcane bagasse and inoculated with a sulfur-oxidizing bacterial consortium isolated from activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Inlet loads from 1.31 to 20.2 g Sm-3 h(-1) were supplied to the biofilter, and empty bed residence times (EBRTs) of 30, 20 and 10 s were tested. In all cases, the removal efficiency was greater than 99\%. Two methods for the pH control were tested: increasing the phosphate buffer capacity of the mineral medium (method I), and a new method, which involves the addition of solid CaCO3 to the bagasse at the upper inlet of the biofilter (method II). For method I, pH increased gradually along the bed (from the bottom to the top), from a constant value of 3.0 to 7.0. For method II, pH was constant (2.4 +/- 0.8) along the bed, and then a steep increase of pH was observed at the top to 7.1. We suggest the use of CaCO3 instead of phosphate buffer because the former is less expensive, it is a simple method and the results obtained with the two methods are similar.
A new hydrogen producing strain with potent cellulose degrading ability was isolated from soil sample collected from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) storage yard. Among the colonies screened, the newly identified strain, Bacillus subtilis AuChE413 has shown better performance in terms of hydrogen yield and cellulose degradation. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of the isolated strain were studied. And its molecular characterization was studied by analyzing the sequence of 16S rRNA gene. The sequence of Bacillus subtilis AuChE413 was compared with other GenBank sequences using BLASTn to study its homology with other species. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method. The hydrogen production capacity of Bacillus subtilis AUChE413 was tested by employing the pretreated SCB and sweet sorghum stalk biomass (SSB) as substrates. In comparison, the substrate sorghum stalk has produced the highest hydrogen yield of 55.21 H-2/kg SSB at pH 7 and 37 degrees C.
Batch adsorption of Congo red (CR) on tartaric acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse was performed via varying the experimental factors such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and particle size. Tries were done to fit the equilibrium results using isotherms of Langmiur, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R). Among these, the Langmuir isotherm is not applicable. However, the other three isotherms exhibit correlation coefficient > 0.95, indicating their well applicability to the studied system. Different kinetic models were applied in order to have an insight on the kinetic adsorption process mechanism.
Three strains of the white-rot fungus Panics tigrinus (FTPT-4741, FTPT-4742, and FTPT-4745) were cultivated on sugarcane bagasse prior to kraft pulping. Pulp yields, kappa number, and viscosity of all pulps were determined and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra from the samples were recorded. The growth of P. tigrinus strains in plastic bags increased the manganese peroxide and xylanase activities. Lignin peroxidase was not detected in the three systems (shaken and nonshaken flasks and plastic bags). FTIR spectra were reduced to their principal components, and a clear separation between FTPT-4742 and the control was observed. Strain FTPT-4745 decayed lignin more selectively in the three systems utilized. Yields of kraft pulping were low, ranging from 20 to 45\% for the plastic bag samples and from 12 to 38\% for the flask samples. Kappa numbers were 1-18 and viscosity ranged from 2.3 to 6.8 cP.
Sugarcane bagasse has been used as a substrate for the development of microporous nano-activated carbons for the treatment and elimination of dissolved materials from aquatic environment. The activated carbon was produced using chemical activation in one-step method with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as the activating agent at a carbonization temperatures range from 500 to 900 degrees C. The effects of temperature and time of carbonization on the activated carbon product properties were thoroughly studied. The activated carbons that resulted were characterized using the N-2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), pore property analysis, micropore (MP) surface area, t-plot surface area, TGA, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses. The prepared activated carbon's point of zero charge, Boehm titration process, iodine removal percentage, and methylene blue number were also investigated. The prepared activated carbon's maximum surface area was achieved using a 2/1 impregnation ratio (dried sugarcane bagasse/ZnCl2) at 600 degrees C temperature of carbonization and 60 min residence time. 1402.2 m(2)/g, 0.6214 and 1.41 cm(3)/g, respectively, were the largest surface area, total pore volume, and micropore volume. As the activation temperature increased, the total pore volume increased and the BET study measured a pore diameter of 0.7 nm and a mean pore diameter of 1.77 nm.
The integration of the first and second generation (1G2G) ethanol production promotes the increase of biofuel productivity per hectare of planted sugarcane, as well as the main liquid waste stream: vinasse, derived from ethanol distillation. As a sustainable way for it disposal, biogas production from anaerobic digestion (AD) promotes environmental suitability while enabling bioenergy generation. This work evaluated the potential energy generated from AD applied to vinasse within the context of an integrated 1G2G sugarcane biorefinery. Data from a literature survey based the scenario modeling and assessment, including economic and environmental indicators to compare the studied alternatives. AD allowed at least 68\% increase of released bagasse for 2G ethanol production compared to 2G base scenario, being able to even double 2G ethanol productivity to 30Lt(-1)cane. Organic matter removal efficiency of vinasse AD played an important role in 2G ethanol production so that higher the efficiency, larger the fraction of bagasse released for ethanol production. Economic indicators showed the unviability of 1G2G sugarcane mill including AD unit when considering the current technologies for 2G ethanol production in view of their high operational costs; however, with the envisaged technologies for 2025, the internal rate of return (IRR) of 14.3 and 17\% was achieved, when considering conservative and optimistic data for vinasse AD efficiency, respectively. The results evidenced the importance of investment in R\&D especially in 2G ethanol production but also in the AD of vinasse to reach the viability of this business.
Furfural, an important compound applied in many areas, could be synthesized from biomass which is inexpensive and abundant. In this study, magnetic sulfonated graphene oxide (Fe3O4/SGO) was synthesized and used as a catalyst for producing furfural from sugarcane bagasse by co-precipitation method. The characteristics of the catalyst material were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, and the vibrating-sample magnetometer. The results showed that Fe3O4/SGO was successfully synthesized with a specific surface area of 121.8 m(2)/g. The empirical data indicated that under the condition of 190 C-o, 90 mins of reaction, the furfural synthesis efficiency could reach 14.07 \%. According to the results, Fe3O4/SGO is highly promising for furfural production from biomass.
The pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was detoxified by laccase, NaBH4 and washing before anaerobic degradation. The detoxified SCB was used for biohydrogen fermentation by MJ1. The biohydrogen productions from the detoxified samples by laccase and NaBH4 were low (below 7 mM). As for detoxification by washing, the biohydrogen production reached 44 mM, nearly 10 times higher than the non-detoxified sample. Co-culture strategy (DSM 1313 and MJ1) was further adopted to enhance the biohydrogen production. The biohydrogen production of 119.7 mM was reached by optimizing the fermentation conditions, which was 2.7 times higher than monoculture and 25 times higher than non detoxified sample. The biohydrogen productions from detoxified sample indicated that the detoxifications of acid pretreated SCB by laccase and NaBH4 were not suitable for biohydrogen fermentation by MJ1 and washing was an effective detoxification method. Co-culture of DSM 1313 and MJ1 was an efficient fermentation strategy for biohydrogen production from pretreated SCB. The present study provides a new insight into the detoxification research on biohydrogen production. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the present study, two agro-industrial wastes, sugarcane bagasse, and peanut shell were employed as support of magnetite nanoparticles for the synthesis of magnetic bio-composites: magnetic sugarcane bagasse (MBO) and magnetic peanut shell (MPSo). The presence of magnetite was verified by Raman spectroscopy. Magnetic nanoparticles shape and size distribution were studied by TEM, while composites morphologies were observed by SEM. Structural characteristics of the pesticides and their possible chemical adsorption on composites were analyzed by FTIR. The removal was carried out by a batch adsorption process, and UV-VIS technique was used for pesticide concentration estimation. Elovich model described better all systems pointing out to a chemical adsorption process occurring. Experimental data isotherms of carbofuran and iprodione can be best explained by more than one mathematical model, but Sip was the ordinary equation in all systems. Maximum adsorption capacities of 175 and 89.3 mg/g for carbofuran, and 119 and 2.76 mg/g for iprodione, were obtained for MBo and MPSo, respectively.
The Bio-Circular-Green Economy initiative adopted in Thailand encourages using sugar mill by-products for food production, benefiting both farmers and the environment. This study assesses the feasibility of applying by-products from the sugar mills and distilleries into sugar plantations for irrigation, fertilization, and soil conditioning. It addresses challenges in sustainable waste utilization and offers recommendations. This study reviews literature, conducts preliminary surveys, and analyzes samples from sugarcane fields in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The findings reveal that while vinasse and filter cake demonstrate promise as soil conditioners, their application requires careful consideration of soil type and pre-treatment processes. Vinasse, rich in essential nutrients, can benefit sandy soils by improving microbial activity and nutrient availability. Filter cake exhibits positive effects on soil texture, water permeability, and mineral content. Treated wastewater can be used for ferti-irrigation. However, about one-third of farmers lack confidence in its use due to concerns about limited nutrient availability, high transportation costs, and potential negative impacts on health, agriculture, and the ecosystem. To enhance farmer adaptability and ensure the successful utilization of waste, several challenges must be addressed, including: (1) assessing financial and technical feasibility of waste transportation and value-added products, (2) overcoming regulatory barriers related to transportation and utilization of industrial wastes, (3) disseminating knowledge to farmers regarding proper fertilization and waste utilization practices, and (4) implementing long-term monitoring on ecosystem health and conducting sustainability assessments of the waste utilization to affirm sustainability attainment.
In the current study, pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse has been carried out with ultrafiltered xylano-pectinolytic enzymes, before conventional chemical bleaching process. Optimized enzymatic dose (4 IU xylanase and 1.2 IU pectinase per g of oven dried pulp) and retention time (180 min) were determined on the basis of maximum decrement in kappa number (from 20.93 to 15.32), release of maximum sugars (7.4 mg/g) as well as attainment of maximum brightness (25.1\% ISO), whiteness (from - 57.3 to - 41.9) and minimum yellowness (from 48.7 to 35.3) of the pulp samples. Enzymatically treated samples also showed release of phenolic, lignin and hydrophobic compounds in their filtrates. Nearly 30\% decrement in the exhaustion of bleaching chemical dose was detected as compared to control samples. The physical properties such as tear index, burst index, double fold number, breaking length, gurley porosity and viscosity of enzymo-chemically treated bagasse pulp samples were improved by 6.68\%, 33.86\%, 22.92\%, 13.43\%, 17.5\% and 9.64\%, respectively. Additionally, a decrement of 36.75\% and 28.29\% in the values of BOD and COD of the effluents was also noted, which demonstrated the fact that, inclusion of enzymes in chemical based protocols of paper and pulp industries could be a highly beneficial and eco-friendly approach in upcoming decades. This is the first report mentioning the effect of ultrafiltered xylano-pectinolytic enzymes concoction on sugarcane bagasse pulp.
This paper presents an extensive experimental study to investigate the possibility of using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a partial replacement of cement in ordinary, lightweight, and self-compacting concretes. For this purpose, specimens containing 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25\% SCBA in addition to a control specimen were prepared. To evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete specimens, compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, workability, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were performed. The results indicated that improvements in strength and impact resistance in light-weight concrete are observed as compared with the control sample when cement was replaced with bagasse ash at 5\%. It was also found incorporation of BA improved durability and quality of SCC. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sugarcane bagasse-based cogeneration contributes significantly to bioenergy conversion in India and therefore, appropriate performance analysis is required considering the regional factors. Further increase of sugarcane bioenergy is expected in India with the Government's mandate to enhance the share of renewable energy by 2030. Herein this study, district-wise sugarcane bagasse cogeneration potential is assessed in the state Maha-rashtra, India. Variations in energy, carbon and water footprint of energy generated from bagasse-based cogeneration plants are also assessed for all the districts considering farm to gate attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA). Avoided product function (also called as System expansion) of simaPro 9.2 LCA software is used to assess the environmental benefits of sugarcane waste or by-products (leaves and tops, press-mud and bagasse ash). The annual bagasse production potential in Maharashtra is 19 million tonne, equivalent to 8206 GWh of cogenerated electricity. The potential varies markedly among the districts (2-1500 GWh). Nearly 81 \% of cogeneration potential is concentrated in 6 districts alone. The life cycle carbon footprint (0.075-0.2 kg CO(2)e/ kWh), the energy footprint (0.75-2.12 MJ/kWh) and the water footprint (206-516 L/kWh)-all the three esti-mated on the life cycle basis-differ considerably among the districts. The nexus among water, energy, and carbon footprint for sugarcane bioenergy is also analyzed to understand the complex interconnectivities among these individual resources. Cultivating high yielding varieties, use of renewable energy-based micro-irrigation, and installing modern cogeneration technology can lower the estimated carbon, energy and water footprint by up to 50 \%. Such measures will help enhance farmers' income while addressing the sustainability issues in India.
Ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse using immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae was increased when coupled to a saccharification process involving the cellulase from Trichoderma viride. However, the fixed costs of production, estimated to be about \$US 0.4/tonne 95\% ethanol, were high. Some key areas that influence these costs were identified.
The synergistic associations between two hemicellulases and endoglucanase E from Clostridium cellulovorans on various substrates were investigated. The recombinant enzymes were expressed, purified using affinity chromatography and tested for activity against sugarcane bagasse, xylan, carboxymethycellulose and locust bean gum. The results obtained illustrated synergistic associations between the three recombinant cellulosomal enzymes. Novel synergistic associations were established between mannanase A and encloglucanase E, as well as between xylanase A and mannanase A, in the degradation of sugarcane bagasse, xylan, carboxymethylcellulose and locust bean gum. The combination with the molar ratio of xylanase A to endoglucanase E of 75\%:25\% against sugarcane bagasse produced the greatest synergistic association (degree of synergy of 3.59). However, a molar ratio of xylanase A to endoglucanase E to mannanase A of 25\%:25\%:50\% produced the largest degree of synergy against sugarcane bagasse and the mixed substrate containing 2\% (w/v) birchwood xylan, 2\% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose and 2\% (w/v) locust bean gum. These optimal enzyme combinations are important for the optimal release of reducing sugars from lignocellulosic waste materials such as sugarcane bagasse for subsequent biofuel production. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The conversion of sugarcane molasses for the production of lactic acid, acetic acid, and mannitol was enhanced by subjecting Lactobacillus brevis NM101-1 wild strain to various doses of gamma irradiation. Four mutants (LM-1-LM-4) obtained at gamma ray doses of 30, 60, 90, and 120 Gy produced higher levels of lactic acid, acetic acid, and mannitol than the wild-type. Among all the mutants tested, LM-3 strain showed the highest mannitol and acetic acid production which reached 198.95 and 96.86 g/l, respectively. On the other hand, mutant LM-1strain exhibited the best performance with respect to lactic acid production (143.73 g/l). Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction technique (RAPD-PCR) using three primers (RP, R5, and M13) was used in order to detect the variation in DNA profile in response to gamma irradiation treatments. RAPD analysis indicated the appearance and disappearance of DNA polymorphic bands at different gamma ray doses. The results showed the potential of these mutants to be potential candidates for economical production of mannitol, lactic and acetic acids from molasses on a commercial scale.
Pretreatment plays a key role in biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, the main factors of peroxyformic acid (PA) pretreatment were optimized in the light of enzymolysis efficiency and composition analysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Lignin was significantly removed (59.0\%) and a complete saccharification level (103.6\%) was obtained for the pretreated SCB with slight cellulose loss (9.2\%) under the optimized pretreatment conditions. The effects of PA pretreatment on the structural characteristics of SCB were also studied and the digestibility of pretreated SCB was also evaluated by dark fermentative hydrogen production with an enriched anaerobic cellulolytic microbial consortium MC1. The hydrogen production increased by 195.5\% (based on initial SCB) and the abundance of dominant hemicellulose-degradation genus Thermoanaer-obacterium increased from 23.8\% to 40.2\% due to the remaining and accessible hemicellulose in PA pretreated SCB.
The technology of two-stage pyrolysis is aimed at obtaining syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The yield of syngas depends strongly on the parameters of the first stage, which is slow fixed-bed pyrolysis. The aim of this work was to find the optimal conditions for bagasse pyrolysis for the subsequent second stage. Investigation of the sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis as the first stage of the process was carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) analysis as well as a fixed-bed reactor. The intense evolution of volatiles occurred up to 400 \& DEG;C. The evolution of CO2 continued throughout the pyrolysis process and had two peaks at 350 and 700 \& DEG;C. The pyrolysis liquid was analyzed on a chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument (GC-MS). Proximate and elemental analyzes of the biochar produced under various pyrolysis parameters were performed. The structure of the biochar was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal parameters for the first stage of two-stage pyrolysis have been recommended. The specific volume and composition of the synthesis gas were estimated from the obtained data.
Expansive soil has very low shear strength when wet and high swelling and high shrinkage characteristics. Due to this, it is one of the most problematic types of soil damaging buildings, roads, and pipelines each year throughout the world resulting in huge annual revenue loss. Due to the revenue losses the industrial waste used for amended the expansive soil. Rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash are the industrial waste by-products from the rice mill and sugar mill respectively. This paper presents the behaviour of amended expansive soil with rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, and liquid alkaline activator stabilizer for highway subgrade. The liquid alkaline activator used is a mixture of sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3.9H(2)O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of 1 M and 10 M concentration respectively. Strength and swelling characteristics of amended expansive soil were evaluated. Strength was determined by unconfined compressive strength and soaked California Bearing Ratio values. The swelling was determined by the expansion ratio and free swell index of the treated soil after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The strength of subgrade soil was observed to be increasing with the increase in rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash content up to a certain limit and then decreases. The expansion ratios and free swell index were also observed to decrease while the increasing rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash content and curing time increase with a fixed ratio of sodium metasilicate solution (Na2SiO3.9H(2)O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (70:30) solutions.
The effect of glucose on xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion by Candida guilliermondii was examined by adding it to sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate medium to obtain different glucose:xylose ratios (1:25, 1:12, 1:5 and 1:2.5). Under experimental conditions, increasing glucose:xylose ratio improved the assimilation of the xylose present in the hydrolysate by yeast, resulting in biomass increase, and in the formation of xylitol and glycerol/ethanol by-products. Maximum values of xylitol yield (0.59 g g(-1)) and volumetric productivity (0.53 g l(-1).h(-1)) were obtained with glucose:xylose ratio of 1:5, resulting in the higher conversion efficiency (64.3\%).
In this study, the potential of the steam explosion (SE) method to produce high levels XOS from sugarcane bagasse, a xylan-rich hemicellulosic feedstock, was assessed. The effect of different operating conditions on XOS production yield and selectivity were investigated using a mini-pilot scale SE unit. The results show that even under a non-optimized condition (190 degrees C, 5 min and 0.5\% H2SO4 as catalyst), SE led to about 40\% xylan recovery as XOS, which was comparable to the well-known, multi-step, enzymatic production of XOS from alkaline-extracted xylan, and other commonly employed chemical methods. In addition, the XOS-rich hydrolysate from SE constituted of greater diversity in the degree of polymerization, which has been shown to be desirable for prebiotic application.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different pressing temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of Medium Density Particleboard (MDP) manufactured with sugarcane bagasse and waste plastic bags.The temperatures of 160, 180, 200 and 220oC were evaluated for the panels pressing. The panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70 g/cm3, a face/core ratio of 40:60, 12\% urea-formaldehyde adhesive for the faces and 8\% for the core. The panels were evaluated for properties of density, compaction ratio, humidity, water absorption after two and twentyfour hours (WA2h and WA24h), thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of immersion in water (TS2h and TS24h), module of rupture (MOR) and module of elasticity (MOE) in static bending, internal bonding, janka hardness and screw pulling. There was no significant effect of pressing temperature on density, MOR, MOE, internal bonding and janka hardness of the panels.The pressing temperature significantly influenced the properties of WA, TS and screw pullout, promoting a decrease in the mean values of WA2h, WA24h, TS2h and TS, and an increase in screw pullout resistance. The temperature of 220 degrees C resulted in MDP panels with sugarcane bagasse and residual plastic bags of better quality.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by steam explosion at 190 degrees C for 15 min and the resulting cellulignin was subjected to oxygen-assisted alkaline delignification in a 2(3) factorial design with three central points to investigate the effect of temperature, time and initial oxygen pressure on pulp yield, residual lignin content in the pulp and oxygen incorporation into the recovered lignin. Temperature and oxygen pressure had the greatest effect on the results, with optimal conditions resulting in a pulp yield of similar to 41 \% that contained residual lignin (3.7 \%) and oxidized lignin with an oxygen content of 25 \%. The procedure described here produces oxidized lignin with chelating properties and a cellulosic pulp with characteristics that favor pulp dissolution and easy bleaching in one additional step.
Adsorption performances of pyromellitic dianhydride modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ were investigated. According to the Langmuir equation, the adsorption capacities of the modified SCB for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ were 1.06, 0.93, 1.21, and 1.00 mmol g(-1), respectively, while those for the unmodified SCB were 0.04, 0.13, 0.10, and 0.07 mmol g(-1), respectively. Adsorption rates were rapid for the four metal ions, and both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models could predict the kinetic process. Removal percentages of the four metal ions all increased with increasing the solution pH and dosage in our investigated range. The main adsorption mechanism for the metal ions was investigated by FTIR and EDX. Competitive adsorption in the quaternary system showed that adsorption on the modified SCB followed the affinity order: Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+. This performance made it possible to separate and enrich the four metal ions in the mixture solutions in the dynamic adsorption experiment.
This work investigated the pretreatment effect of four ionic liquids (ILs) on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through reactivity, kinetic, and thermodynamic analysis. The ILs used in this study were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
In this study, a FeCl3-catalyzed ethylene glycol/water (FeCl3-EG/H2O) pretreatment was developed and applied for the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The results indicated that FeCl3-EG/H2O pretreatment showed excellent selectivity for the removal of both hemicellulose (-100 \%) and lignin (-65.3 \%), leading to the residual pretreated solid with high cellulose content (-74.7 \%) that could be easily for subsequent enzymatic saccharification. The yield of glucose after enzymatic hydrolysis was almost linearly positively correlated with the removal of lignin and xylan, and the maximum glucose yield obtained the using method was 91.5 \%, which was 4.1-fold as large as that without pretreatment. The SEM, FT-IR, and XRD analysis indicated that the improvement of enzyme digestibility of sugarcane bagasse was not only related to the selectively remove of some component barriers, but was also correlated with the changes of surface morphology and internal structure. Furthermore, part of the hemicellulose and lignin in sugarcane bagasse also can be recovered in xylose equivalents, furfural, and high boiling solvent lignin (HBS-lignin) with the yields of 84.0 \%, 12.5 \%, and 60.1 \%, respectively. It can be concluded that the FeCl3-EG/H2O pretreatment developed in this study was effective in achieving the hierarchic conversion and utilization of bagasse.
In Brazil, countless insect species attack and damage sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), which is an extremely important crop since it is planted on more than 10 million hectares. Among these insects, the sugarcane billbug, Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is of great importance as the larvae open tunnels in the rhizome of the plant, causing high damage and losses. This insect is attracted mainly to vinasse, which is the liquid fraction generated from the alcohol production and discarded onto the sugarcane fields for fertigation. Toward a novel control method for S. levis, the native entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema rarum (Pam 25) was compared with S. carpocapsae (IL 1) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HBEN01) in respect to their ability to search for larvae of two insect hosts (Galleria mellonella and S. levis) within the cane rhizome. The selected nematode S. rarum was also assessed for rate effects, its survival in vinasse and field efficacy to control sugarcane pests S. levis, Hyponeuma taltula (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) and Leucothyreus alvarengai (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Steinernema rarum exhibited superior virulence to G. mellonella and S. levis larvae inserted into the cane rhizomes (75-78\% mortality) compared to S. carpocapsae (30-53\%) and H. bacteriophora (18-28\%). Vinasse affected S. rarum when infective juveniles were suspended in the liquid compost for more than 6 h but did not affect the nematode when kept on the straw and soil treated with the compost. Steinernema rarum tested at 1-3 x 10(8) infective juveniles/ha on the sugarcane field caused 74.1, 56.3 and 50.6\% control of S. levis, L. alvarengai and H. taltula, respectively.
This work aimed to obtain rheological parameters of a medium composed by sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran before and during the cultivation with Myceliophthora thermophila I-1D3b. A texture profile analysis (TPA) was performed and assays of compression and tensile strength were carried out and the parameters such as hardness, cohesiveness and springiness were determined. For the experiments of tensile strength, the fungus was cultivated in two discs of wheat bran separated by a definite void, which was filled by the aerial mycelium along the cultivation and the force required to take apart both discs was measured as a function of the cultivation time. Another tensile strength experiment was carried out in a block of sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran and the force required to disrupt the block was measured along the cultivation. Experiments of double compression before the cultivation were carried out moistening the samples well in advance of the experiment (15 days) and just before the experiment. Experiments of double compression during the cultivation were done with samples at different moisture contents and cultivation times, moistening the samples just before the experiment. The results showed that moistening the samples well before the experiment produced harder samples. A trend of decrease of the compression force was noticed with the increase of the cultivation time, indicating physical degradation of the solid material. The maximum breaking stress of the hyphaes and of the cultivated medium took place at 24 h of cultivation, which was coincident with the maximum respirometric activity of the fungus. This work brings new methods of determination of mechanical properties to the solid-state cultivation field and the determined parameters will be of help for modeling particle movement during the cultivation in different types of bioreactors.
The co -firing of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse (SB) is conducive to their environmentally benign reduction, reuse, and recycling. In this study, the ash fusion behavior of SB and its modification mechanisms by the addition of different sludges (municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and chemical industry sewage sludge (CSS)) were investigated using chemical composition calculations, mineral phase analysis, and thermodynamic calculations with FactSage. The slagging tendency of SB during the combustion process was high based on its ash composition and fusion index value. The ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) of the SB mixtures increased gradually with increasing sewage sludge percentage and this increased more obviously with the addition of CSS compared to MSS. This resulted from the difference in the decreasing non-binding/binding oxygen ratio. The generation of high melting point (MP) potassium aluminosilicates (e.g., KAlSi3O8 and KAlSi2O6) with the addition of sludge resulted in an obvious increase in the deformation temperatures of the SB mixtures. The formation of a small amount of high MP phosphates (e.g., Ca2.72Mg0.28(PO4)(2)) resulted in a corresponding slow increase in the flow temperatures of the SB mixtures. (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An organosolv pretreatment system consisting of 60\% ethanol and 0.025 mol.L-1 FeCl3 under various temperatures was developed in this study. During the pretreatment, the highest xylose yield was 11.4 g/100 g raw material, representing 49.8\% of xylose in sugarcane bagasse. Structural features of raw material and pretreated substrates were characterized to better understand how hemicellulose removal and delignification affected subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The 160 degrees C pretreated solid presented a remarkable glucose yield of 93.8\% for 72 h. Furthermore, the influence of different additives on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated solid was investigated. The results indicated that the addition of Tween 80 shortened hydrolysis time to 6 h and allowed a 50\% reduction of enzyme loading to achieve the same level of glucose yield. This work suggested that FeCl3-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis significantly and reduce the hydrolysis time and enzyme dosage with the addition of Tween 80.
Background: Due to its cost-effectiveness and rich sugar composition, sugarcane molasses is considered to be a promising carbon source for biorefinery. However, the sugar mixture in sugarcane molasses is not consumed as efficiently as glucose in microbial fermentation due to complex interactions among their utilizing pathways, such as carbon catabolite repression (CCR). In this study, 2,3-butanediol-producing Enterobacter aerogenes was engineered to alleviate CCR and improve sugar utilization by modulating its carbon preference. Results: The gene encoding catabolite repressor/activator (Cra) was deleted in the genome of E. aerogenes to increase the fructose consumption rate. However, the deletion mutation repressed sucrose utilization, resulting in the accumulation of sucrose in the fermentation medium. Cra regulation on expression of the scrAB operon involved in sucrose catabolism was verified by reverse transcription and real-time PCR, and the efficiency of sucrose utilization was restored by disrupting the scrR gene and overexpressing the scrAB operon. In addition, overexpression of the ptsG gene involved in glucose utilization enhanced the glucose preference among mixed sugars, which relieved glucose accumulation in fed-batch fermentation. In fed-batch fermentation using sugarcane molasses, the maximum titer of 2,3-butanediol production by the mutant reached 140.0 g/L at 54 h, which was by far the highest titer of 2,3-butanediol with E. aerogenes achieved through genetic engineering. Conclusions: We have developed genetically engineered E. aerogenes as a 2,3-butanediol producer that efficiently utilizes sugarcane molasses. The fermentation efficiency was dramatically improved by the alleviation of CCR and modulation of carbon preference. These results offer a metabolic engineering approach for achieving highly efficient utilization of mixed sugars for the biorefinery industry.
This work explores the use of activated carbon (AC) synthesized from sugarcane bagasse (SB) to adsorb volatile carboxylic acids (VCA). Activation was performed by impregnation of SB with 20 and 35 \% v/v H3PO4 (resulting P20 and P35 respectively) and by impregnation with 30 and 40 \% v/v ZnCl2 (resulting Zn30 and Zn40 respectively). Since a low adsorption of VCA was expected in acid activated carbons, they were modified with KOH resulting P20 K and P35 K. Characterization of the produced ACs showed essentially microporous carbons, and points of zero charge between 8.4 and 9.2 that favor chemisorption of anions as VCA carboxylates. Zn40 showed the highest individual VCA molar adsorption percentages, followed by P35 K which also showed a highly microporous surface and sites of high adsorption energy on the N-2 adsorption isotherms. Desorption by sonication and heating was performed on Zn40 after acetic acid adsorption, obtaining the highest desorption percentage by sonication.
As stated in the European Commission's waste framework directive, the geographic proximity of wastes to the potential recovery/disposal site is of paramount importance in attaining an effective resource recycling paradigm. The global interest in achieving an end-of-waste scenario encourages the recovery of useful products/secondary raw materials from locally available waste materials. Sugarcane bagasse ash is an abundantly available waste (44,200 tonnes day(-1)) from sugar plants in India which has the potential to be used as a partial replacement to cement in ready-mix concrete plants. Although pozzolanic performance of sugarcane bagasse ash and its ability in reducing the carbon emissions associated with concrete production have been reported in earlier research studies, its use in concrete is hindered due to the lack of availability and accessibility data. In this study, the geographical distribution of sugar plants and the available quantity of sugarcane bagasse ash in India have been determined. In addition, a detailed network analysis using a geographic information system was conducted to quantify the geographic proximity of bagasse ash, fly ash and slag sources to ready-mix concrete plants. The study results indicate that for most of the ready-mix concrete plants in India, the probability of having a bagasse ash source in proximity is higher than the probability of encountering slag/fly ash sources.
This work evaluates the performance of activated carbon obtained from sugarcane straw (SCAC) as an adsorbent for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in model wastewater. Two commercial samples of activated carbons with different textural properties were also studied for comparison. The activated carbon prepared from sugarcane straw presents a well-developed porosity with a high surface area, which was comparable to that of one of the commercial samples studied. For all the studied carbons, adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the higher rate constants were found for theSCACsample for the four PAHs. Sips and Hill isotherms best fitted the adsorption equilibrium data of the PAHs on all activated carbons investigated. The activated carbon obtained from sugarcane straw (SCAC) presented a higher adsorption capacity (2.08 mmol g(-1)for naphthalene, 1.26 mmol g(-1)for fluorene, 1.14 mmol g(-1)for phenanthrene, and 0.98 mmol g(-1)for fluoranthene) when compared to the commercial carbon samples studied in this work as well as for those related in the literature. It confirms that its use ofSCACas an adsorbent for PAHs is a promising application for the valorization of this biomass waste.
This work highlights the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from olive mill wastewater using sugarcane bagasse. A 2(5-1) fractional factorial design of experiments was used to obtain the optimum conditions for each parameter that influence the adsorption process. The influence of the concentration of sugarcane bagasse, solution pH, reaction time, temperature, and agitation speed on the percent of COD removal were considered. The design experiment describes a highly significant second-order quadratic model that provided a high removal rate of 55.07\% by employing optimized factors, i.e., a temperature of 60 degrees C, an adsorbent dose of 10 g/L, a pH of 12, a contact time of 1 h, and a stirring speed of 80 rpm. The experimental data acquired at optimal conditions were confirmed using several isotherms and kinetic models to assess the solute interaction behavior and kind of adsorption. The results indicated that the experimental data were properly fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, whereas the Langmuir model was the best model for explaining the adsorption equilibrium.
This study aimed to assess the single-cell oil production integrated to a sugarcane-mill and molasses as main raw material. Rhodotorula glutinis lipid production with low-cost raw sugarcane molasses was accessed. The envisage process relies in an optimized sugarcane molasses culture media in a fed-batch strategy to achieve a high-cell density high-lipid cell content. A Process Flow Design (PFD) integrated to a typical Brazilian sugar mill was proposed according to fermentation experiments. Performed economic analysis provided data for discussion on strategic equipment that can facilitate the viability to the process. Typical results of established protocol were total biomass concentration 62.25 gl(-1), lipid productivity 0.42 gl(-1) h(-1), sugar conversion yield to lipids 0.21 g of lipid g(-1) of total reducing sugar. Microbial lipid production and defatted biomass plant production was proposed at a nominal capacity of respectively 16,720 ton and 21,600 ton per year, running 8300 h per year. The projected selling prices of these products were US\$ 1,300.00/ton of lipid and US\$ 500.00/ton of defatted yeast. It was demonstrated that the industrial plant was potentially attractive when capital investment cost was decreased with the use of low cost epoxy-lined carbon steel stirred bioreactor. In this alternative, the internal rate of return (IRR) will be 24.61\% leading the NPV (at 7\% interest rate) of US\$ 67,797,000/year (before taxes). (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Increasing constraints on the use of concrete and need to promote energy efficient green buildings are leading the research for new materials for civil engineering and architectural applications. Biobased renewable materials such as bamboo and coir are being studied for both indoor and outdoor applications. Utilizing agricultural residues and co-products for construction directly promotes sustainability and green building. In addition, substantial value can be added to the residues, use of synthetic polymers can be reduced and hence benefits to the environment can be accrued. In this research, we report an approach to utilize sugarcane bagasse for high value interior applications. We have used raw bagasse as reinforcement and wheat gluten as matrix to develop completely biodegradable ceiling tiles. Ratio of bagasse and gluten and density of the composite was varied to achieve desired level of performance. The biodegradable ceiling tiles were characterized for their flexural strength, thermal, water and acoustic resistance. The bagasse-gluten composite even at its lowest density had 63\% higher flexural strength than the conventional gypsum based ceiling tiles. The composites exhibited good thermal stability until 250 degrees C. Maximum water absorbed by bagasse-gluten composites was 62\% (w/w) as opposed to the 84\% for the gypsum tiles. Furthermore, bagasse-gluten composites had similar flammability as that of the gypsum tiles and possessed moderate acoustic insulation and heat transmission. Bagasse based ceiling tiles meet most of the performance requirements and show high potential to replace the gypsum based tiles in current use.
The intensification of pisciculture operation requires the provision of an adequate supply of good quality fish feed. Many commercial feeds consist in fishmeal or soybean meal-based formulations, but they constitute costly protein sources. Hence, dietary transition from conventional fish ingredients towards fungi protein sources produced from vinasse could address concern about both fish feed cost and the detrimental environmental effects of distillery waste disposal. This work investigated the nutritional and toxicological aspects of Aspergillus sp. V2 grown on vinasse to be used as a possible fish feed. Proximate analysis of biomass obtained from 50\% (v/v) residue supplemented with 2.0 g/L (NH4)(2)H2PO4 revealed a total proteins content (34.0\%), fat (4.7\%), ash (15.8\%), crude fiber (4.0\%), moisture (0.3\%) and carbohydrate (45.2\%) within acceptable levels for commercial fish diets. The biomass protein composition was similar to soybean meal, containing all the essential amino acids (EAAs) for fish feeding. Finally, total aflatoxins level was 6.8 +/- 0.2 mu g per kg of dry weight, which does not exceed the permissible levels established for feedstuffs. These findings provide evidence that biomass of Aspergillus sp. V2 produced from vinasse could meet the nutritional requirements for use in fish diet, reducing economic pressures for the pisciculture and distilleries.
Sugarcane bagasse ash, which is waste from the combustion process of bagasse for electricity generation, was utilized as received as a catalyst support to prepare the magnetic sugarcane bagasse ash (MBGA) with different iron-to-ash ratios using a simple co-precipitation method, and the effects of NaOH and iron loadings on the physicochemical properties of the catalyst were investigated using various intensive characterization techniques. In addition, the catalyst was used with a low amount of H2O2 for the catalytic degradation of a high concentration of tetracycline (800 mg/L) via a Fenton system. The catalyst exhibited excellent degradation activity of 90.43\% removal with good magnetic properties and high stabilities and retained good efficiency after four cycles with NaOH as the eluent. Moreover, the hydroxyl radical on the surface of catalyst played a major role in the degradation of TC, and carbon-silica surface of bagasse ash significantly improved the efficiencies. The results indicated that the MBGA catalyst shows the potential to be highly scalable for a practical application, with high performance in the heterogeneous Fenton system.
Membranes of blends of polyaniline (PANi) and cellulose acetate (CA) produced from sugarcane bagasse with different degrees of substitution were produced and characterized using various techniques. Results showed that incorporation of PANi into the CA matrices leads to significant alterations of the blend morphologies, with phase separation, and that these differences are less significant for PANi/cellulose triacetate blends. The blends also showed a significant increase in electrical conductivity, with that of PANi/cellulose diacetate demonstrating an almost 200-fold increase. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This research provides an assessment of the Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse (ESCB) and examines its suitability for the pulp and paper production. The study is focused toward carrying out the physical fractionation pretreatment on the ESCB aiming at the reduction of its lignin, extractive, silica and ash content. A measurement on the chemical composition was carried out to determine the cellulose, lignin, holocellulose, ash and silica content. Furthermore, cold and hot water solubility, 1\% NaOH solubility and the presence of ethanol-toluene extractives were measured. Chemical composition analysis of sugarcane bagasse revealed a good level of cellulose (approximate to 50\%) and Klason lignin content (< 30\%). The measurement of the ESCB fiber dimensions (fiber length of 1.86 mm, fiber diameter of 30.02 mu m, cell-wall thickness of 2.53 mu m) advocates its application in the paper and pulp industry. The physical fractionation pretreatment had a significant effect on reducing the lignin, extractive, ash and silica content in the ESCB, as could be evidenced from the FTIR analysis. These results demonstrate the efficacy of Ethiopian sugarcane bagasse and validate it as a suitable raw material for pulp and paper industry.
A laboratory in situ composting study was conducted as a possible alternative method for the current practice of open air burning of post-harvest sugarcane residue by sugarcane farmers. In situ composting of the sugarcane residue by the indigenous bacteria and fungi was accelerated using molasses as an initial substrate. A one-time application of molasses boosted the soil, microbial population, which started to decompose the ligno-cellulosic fractions of the residue. The study showed significant differences in several parameters among the control and molasses applied treatments, namely, visual decomposition of I residue. bacterial and fungal population, soil pH, cellulose content, cellulase activity, and soil organic matter. Further study is needed to refine the process for the future application of this technology as a possible alternative to the current practice of open air burning of sugarcane residue by farmers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present experiment was conducted to assess the soil and plant nutrient content and their uptake by sugarcane plants after applying vinasse as liquid fertilizer. The impact of vinasse application on environment and risk assessment of its application has also been studied. Three treatments used in the experiment were CK1 (no fertilizer + 105.0 t/ha water), CK2 (181.7, 450.0 and 1,327.5 kg/ha of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively + 105.0 t/ha water) and vinasse (75.0 t/ha vinasse + 166.7 kg/ha P2O5 + 30.0 t/ha water). The vinasse treatment decreased N content and increased P and K content in sugarcane plants compared to controls. It also enhanced total P and K content in soil, and decreased the surface runoff losses for N, P and K. In conclusion, the use of vinasse as liquid fertilizer contributed enough P and K for the growth and development of sugarcane crop, improved the soil organic matter content and reduced the N, P and K losses through surface runoff water by enhancing the nutrient retention capacity of the soil.
Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with alcoholates, sodium methoxide (CH3ONa), potassium methoxide (CH3OK) and sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa), was investigated. Analyses of lignocellulose composition and enzymatic saccharification indicated that C2H5ONa showed the highest enzymatic efficiency of 102.1\%. The response surface optimization of C2H5ONa pretreatment showed that under optimal conditions (4\% of C2H5ONa, 121 degrees C, 1 h), 65.4\% of lignin was removed and the enzymatic efficiency reached 105.2\%. Hydrolysis of SCB with cellulases and xylanase at a ratio of 4:1 showed the strongest synergism with reducing sugar production of 21 g/L and conversion rates of cellulose and xylan reaching 110.4\% and 94.5\%, respectively. These results indicated that C2H5ONa is a promising alkali to pretreat SCB and the synergism between cellulases and xylanase has a significant effect on enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated SCB. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Many studies have reported that surface modification of various type of materials by using polyethylenimine (PEI), usually necessitate to be combined with the crosslinkers, namely glutaradehyde, sodium tripolyphosphate, etc. The sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a fibrous agricultural waste derived from sugarcane stalks residue which has rich-cellulose content that makes it amenable to surface functionalization for tailored application. Thus, it is possible for SB material to modify by using solely PEI and eliminate crosslinking step. In this study, SB was used as supporting material for modified PEI to produce polyethyleniminemodified sugarcane bagasse (PmSB) for the adsorption of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dyes from aqueous solution. The effects of contact time (60 - 300 min), adsorbent dosage (0.05 - 0.15 g); initial dye concentration (0.01 - 0.10 g/L), pH (5 -9) and temperature (30 - 70 degrees C) were varied to evaluate the performance of the PSB under different experimental conditions. The kinetics study revealed that the adsorption experimental data fitted the pseudo second order model. The equilibrium adsorption data also fitted the Langmuir model with R-2 of 0.99 and maximum monolayer capacity of 25 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters suggest that the RB5 dye adsorption by PEI modified SB was spontaneous, exothermic and exhibited chemisorption. The adsorbent can be regenerated up to 4 cycles with the percentage dye removal greater than 80\%). Therefore, the PmBS adsorbent has proven that the PEI is solely sufficient as modifying agents for SB material, even without an assistance of crosslinker reagents for removal of RB5 dye in aqueous solution. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative.
The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertigation with mineral fertilizer and vinasse applied by subsurface drip irrigation, in the number of tiller, stem yield, technological quality of sugarcane and yield of recoverable sugar in first three cycles of ratoon cane. The treatments were: T1NI - cultivation without irrigation with mineral fertilization; T2I - cultivation fertigated with mineral fertilizers; T3Iv - cultivation fertigated with the vinasse supplying K and complementation of NP with mineral fertilizer; T4IV - cultivation fertigated with the vinasse supplying NPK. In the cycle of the first ratoon cane, there was no effect of treatments on the variables, already in the subsequent cycles, the T2I and T3Iv showed higher numbers of tillers, 17.4 and 17.2 tiller m(-1), in the second ratoon cane and 16.6 and 16.0 tiller m(-1) in the third ratoon cane, respectively. The stem yield was amended with the T4IV obtaining the higher yield, 179.6 Mg ha(-1), in the second ratoon cane, and the T2I and T3Iv in the third ratoon cane, 151.5 and 151.0 Mg ha(-1), respectively. There was no treatment effect on the technological quality and in the second ratoon cane the T3Iv and T4IV showed higher yield of sugar, 25 and 25.9 Mg ha(-1), respectively.
Sugarcane bagasse and rice straw were subjected to acid and alkaline ethanolysis and sequential enzymatic hydrolysis to produce glucose for lactic acid production. Influence of physico-chemical treatments using ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe was studied compared with mechanical stirring. The results showed that the highest glucose yield with least contamination of xylose was obtained from acid ethanolysis fractionation (5 N H2SO4 + 50\%, v/v ethanol) when stirred at 90 degrees C for 4 h. Alkaline ethanolysis accomplished high amount of both glucose and xylose released, however it was not favorable substrate for homofermentative lactic acid bacteria. In order to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of acid ethanolysis fractionated samples, lignin was subsequently removed by the second step alkaline/peroxide deligniflcation. The maximum lactic acid was obtained at 23.6 +/- 0.2 g/L from Lactobacillus casei fermentation after 72 h when hydrolysate from two-step acid hydrolysis and alkaline/peroxide fractionated sugarcane bagasse containing 24.6 g/L initial glucose concentration was used as substrate. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,
In most tropical countries where sugarcane is grown at a commercial scale, there are substantial quantities of sugarcane bagasse ash rich in amorphous silica. A simple, low-cost chemical method for the extraction of pure silica from the boiler collected ash is of importance. In this study, sol-gel coupled with adsorption using activated carbon was used to extract high-purity amorphous silica from sugarcane bagasse ash. Physicochemical characteristics of the extracted silica samples were checked using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen (N-2) adsorption-desorption method, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. Most metal impurities that include iron, manganese, magnesium, calcium, potassium, titanium and chromium were adsorbed by the activated carbon due to its large specific surface area of 1308 m(2)/g, which enhances the physical adsorption of dissolved or dispersed substances from the solution. Amorphous nano-silica of 98.92\% purity and particle size range of 6-24 nm was obtained. From the N-2 adsorption-desorption analysis, the silica powder showed the following properties 240 m(2)/g for specific surface area, 0.58 cm(3)/g average pore volume and 10 nm for average pore diameter.
The conversion of different waste materials into biogas through anaerobic digestion process has been presented in different literatures. However, studies about the application of these biomass energy resources are limited. The thermodynamic assessment of a neoteric biomass-integrated comprehensive energy system configuration is studied. This study aims to investigate the multigeneration performance of the novel energy system and compare its thermodynamic efficiencies with two different input sources. This study will provide an insight into the better choice of biomass-based thermal input source for thermodynamic modeling. The system is developed to generate power, cooling, hot water, and hydrogen with a steam (power) cycle, absorption system, hot water tank, and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer. With the aim to compare biomass from two different sources, biogas generated from rice husk and sugarcane bagasse is integrated as the thermal input and energetic/exergetic performance of the system presented in this study. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the system are 34.83\% and 12\% for rice husk biomass integrated system, and 68.29\%, and 21.85\% for sugarcane bagasse-integrated system. The highest exergy destruction was recorded at the boiler stage of the comprehensive energy system.
Effective recycling of organic residues contributes to solving energy crisis and resource recycling. In Egypt, sugarcane is considered one of the most produced agricultural product, which in terms leads to the production of a vast amount of its by-products. In this work, for the first time, untreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was utilised as a sorbent in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of selected pesticides including chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, ethion, profenofos (organophosphorus compounds) and cyprodinil (anilinopyrimidine) from water. Optimal parameters influencing the recovery of the studied pesticides including eluting solvent (type, volume and pH), amount of sorbent and water pH were adjusted. Method performance criteria using SCB cartridges were compared with that of commercial SPE cartridges, indicating SCB as an effective and green chemistry alternative. The final SPE procedure can be briefly described as follows: the SCB (500 mg) SPE cartridge was conditioned with 5 mL methanol followed by 5 mL distilled water. Then, 500 mL water sample (DIW) was loaded on the SCB SPE cartridge. Afterwards, the cartridge was dried using nitrogen for 15 min. Then, 4 mL acetonitrile containing 5\% formic acid was used as the eluting solvent to be analysed using LC-MS/MS. The method was validated in accordance with (SANTE/2020/12830 and Eurachem Second Edition 2014). Rapid adsorption and desorption performance for SCB was confirmed by using adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies. Finally, five environmental water samples were analysed using the developed method, only one sample had positive result (profenofos 0.01 mu g/L), which is below the accepted limits.
The viscoelasticity of pulp suspensions of bleached sugarcane bagasse was studied in a stress/shear rate-controlled rheometer using concentric cylinders geometry. Results for the elastic (G.) and viscous (G.) modulus, as well as complex viscosity (eta{*
When fossil fuel substitution with biomass is viewed as a potential solution to global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, the demand for biomass fuel pellets has increased worldwide. Although agricultural waste is an attractive potential feedstock for fuel pellet production due to its relatively high calorific value and low cost, its excessive ash content is a major drawback. This research investigates the properties of sugarcane bagasse fuel pellets treated by dry and wet torrefaction and evaluates the economic value of selling the fuel pellets, which were priced based on their quality. It was found that the wet torrefaction could significantly reduce the ash content in the product (1\% ash content at a torrefaction temperature of above 180 degrees C), resulting in higher quality and more marketable fuel pellets. Consequently, the yield and the net present value of the production of wet torrefied fuel pellets were greater than those of dry torrefied pellets. Nevertheless, the production of fuel pellets from sugarcane bagasse treated by either process is shown to be economically viable.(c) 2022 BRTeam. All rights reserved.
The potential of biogas production from the residues of second generation bioethanol production was investigated taking into consideration two types of pretreatment: lime or alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Bagasse was pretreated, enzymatically hydrolyzed and the wastes from pretreatment and hydrolysis were used to produce biogas. Results have shown that if pretreatment is carried out at a bagasse concentration of 4\% DM, the highest global methane production is obtained with the peroxide pretreatment: 72.1 L methane/kg bagasse. The recovery of lignin from the peroxide pretreatment liquor was also the highest, 112.7 +/- 0.01 g/kg of bagasse. Evaluation of four different biofuel production scenarios has shown that 63-65\% of the energy that would be produced by bagasse incineration can be recovered by combining ethanol production with the combustion of lignin and hydrolysis residues, along with the anaerobic digestion of pretreatment liquors, while only 32-33\% of the energy is recovered by bioethanol production alone. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignin is one of main components in the most abundant lignocelluloses and is recognized as a unique renewable natural resource for the synthesis of aromatic chemicals. Its isolation and transformation have thereby attracted increasing attention in recent times. Here, an efficient method for the separation of lignin from sugarcane bagasse is reported using acidic ionic liquid catalysts. The structure and physicochemical properties and the molecular weight distribution of the isolated lignin were characterized by FT-IR, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR, TG, elemental analysis, UV-vis, SEM and GPC. The results showed that acid functionalized ionic liquids are excellent catalysts for the delignification of sugarcane bagasse: 100\% isolation of the desired product was achieved under optimized conditions. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study demonstrates the production of an active enzyme cocktail produced by growing Trichoderma harzianum on sugarcane bagasse. The component enzymes were identified by LCMS-MS. Glycosyl hydrolases were the most abundant class of proteins, representing 67\% of total secreted protein. Other carbohydrate active enzymes involved in cell wall deconstruction included lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (AA9), carbohydrate-binding modules, carbohydrate esterases and swollenin, all present at levels of 1\%. In total, proteases and lipases represented 5 and 1\% of the total secretome, respectively, with the rest of the secretome being made up of proteins of unknown or putative function. This enzyme cocktail was efficient in catalysing the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse cellulolignin to fermentable sugars for potential use in ethanol production. Apart from mapping the secretome of T. harzianum, which is a very important tool to understand the catalytic performance of enzyme cocktails, the gene coding for T. harzianum swollenin was expressed in Aspergillus niger. This novel aspect in this work, allowed increasing the swollenin concentration by 95 fold. This is the first report about the heterologous expression of swollenin from T. harzianum, and the findings are of interest in enriching enzyme cocktail with this important accessory protein which takes part in the cellulose amorphogenesis. Despite lacking detectable glycoside activity, the addition of swollenin of T. harzianum increased by two-fold the hydrolysis efficiency of a commercial cellulase cocktail. (c) 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:327-336, 2016
Sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulosic biomass produced by sugar production, is rarely utilized directly due to economic concerns. However, pretreatment of this biomass could make it suitable as a feedstock for the beef cattle industry. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of different steam explosion conditions on bagasse digestibility using in vitro fermentation techniques, scanning electron microscopy, and detailed chemical analyses. In vitro incubation of an untreated sample and samples pretreated at 6 different pressures ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 MPa at intervals of 0.2 MPa for 5 min was conducted out for 96 h. Results showed that increasing the pressure in the steam explosion pretreatment induced degradation of the hemicellulose and increased soluble sugar content, especially for arabinose (L; P < 0.01) and xylose contents (Q; P < 0.01). In vitro incubation showed that compared with untreated bagasse, gas production and degradation rate of the bagasse improved linearly (L; P < 0.01) after all treatments. The lag time disappeared with steam pressure above 1.0 MPa and the maximum gas production was obtained under pretreatment at 1.4 MPa for 5 min. Furthermore, pretreatment of bagasse by steam explosion enhanced (Q: P < 0.01) quadratically estimated energy values and OM digestibility. Thus, the current results demonstrate that sugarcane bagasse may be effectively used as a potential beef cattle feedstock after steam explosion pretreatment.
Cement production is environmentally unsustainable due to the high anthropogenic carbon emissions produced. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), derived from the by-products of different industries, have been deemed an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. The reduction in carbon emissions is achieved by lowering the clinker factor of cement, through a partial replacement with an SCM. Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is produced as an agricultural waste from the sugarcane industry and has gained a lot of attention for being a feasible and readily available pozzolanic material, underutilised as an SCM. This study evaluates alkali-activated sugarcane bagasse ash's mechanical and durability performance, at varied contents, in binary blended cement concrete and ternary blended cement concrete containing silica fume (SF). Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), used as the alkali activator, is intended to enhance the reactivity of the ash, with the possibility of a high-volume SCBA content. The mechanical performance was investigated by compressive and split tensile strength tests, and durability performance was investigated using the Oxygen Permeability Index (OPI) test. In addition, a micro-CT porosity test was conducted to assess how the microstructure and porosity of the concrete affect the mechanical and durability performance. The results indicated that using SCBA in a ternary blend with SF can significantly improve the overall performance and create less porous concrete. At 30\% SCBA and 10\% SF replacement, the performance tests revealed the highest mechanical strength and the lowest permeability, outperforming the control concrete and the binary blended cement concrete containing only SCBA.
This paper characterizes the sugarcane bagasse ash as a pozzolan and investigates its influence on the hardened properties of concrete. In Pakistan, the sugar industry recycles raw bagasse for power generation, and as a result, tonnes of bagasse ash are produced every year. For this study, the bagasse ash sample was obtained from one of the local sugar mills of Pakistan. The physical, chemical and mineralogical of bagasse ash were investigated by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence and laser particle size techniques, while the microstructure was studied through scanning electron microscope. In addition, the evaluation of hardened properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and thermal conductivity was also carried out. Here, the concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing the cement with bagasse ash in the ratio of 5 to 30\% (by weight). The chemical, physical and mineral results reveal that this local bagasse ash has all pozzolanic properties. The evidence of amorphous and crystalline phases was found in the XRD pattern, along with silicon dioxide (SiO2) which was recorded more than 70\% in the ash. It was observed that the workability for bagasse ash-blended concrete mixtures increases with ash content. Furthermore, the bagasse ash mixtures with 10\% substitution were found optimal for achieving higher compressive, flexural and tensile strength, while the thermal conductivity showed a consistent drop with higher ash content percentage.
Energy recovery from waste is one of the strategies that can assist the expansion of renewable energy in Brazil. Among the various types of waste, vinasse, which is a residue that contains a high organic load, originates from the sugarcane industry, which is a very important industry for the Brazilian economy. Due to high levels of sugarcane harvesting in the country and the production of large amounts of ethanol, vinasse is, produced at high levels in Brazil. In this context, this paper presents an energy analysis of the avoided carbon dioxide emissions and economic viability associated with the combustion of biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of the vinasse that results from the use of sugar cane planted in Brazil. Based on the literature review, data related to the process of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of the vinasse were collected and used for the calculation of the energy potential associated. The results show that to achieve economic viability for the use of this waste for energy, the following plantation areas would be required, considering their processed sugarcane equivalents: 14,580 ha (if considering the processing of sugarcane in attached plants), and 6000 ha (if considering the processing of sugarcane in autonomous plants). The total energy potential of this use may reach 3.26 TWh(e)/y, which represents 0.52\% of all domestic energy consumption in 2014. The potential to avoid emissions from the same use could reach 1.9 Mt CO2/y, which is approximately 2.1\% of the emissions for the whole industry in Brazil in 2014. These results demonstrate the environmental and energy benefits that can be obtained via power generation from biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of vinasse and highlight the need to include the use of such residue for energy in expansion plans for the Brazilian energy matrix. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane vinasse is wastewater suitable for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by mixed cultures in a three-stage process. In this work, models representing the selection of PHA-producing microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) submitted to a feast-famine process and uncoupled carbon/nitrogen feeding, as well as an accumulation of PHA in a fed-batch reactor from sugarcane vinasse were developed. Sensitivity analysis of the models allowed to rank the influence of parameters and calibration was carried out applying the Box-Draper method in conjunction with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo optimization method. The optimized selection model was able to describe the SBR under different operational conditions. Optimization for each condition of the accumulation showed that higher CODt/Nitrogen ratios in the SBR induced the selection of a culture with a growth response rather than storage, contributing to elucidate the impact that the CODt/Nitrogen ratio in the SBR has on PHA accumulation.
This work aims at increasing the knowledge about the recovery of aromatic compounds from the lignin fraction of sugarcane bagasse, as well as exploring the possibility to recover these fine chemicals of great concern for many industrial sectors. The major natural products contained in the lignin fraction of such a straw material were extracted in previous work by alkaline hydrolysis using different concentrations of NaOH and amounts of bagasse, and HPLC analyses revealed that the extracts mainly contained p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin, the first three containing and the last lacking a carboxyl group. All these aromatic compounds have well-known antioxidant power and are very important in pharmacology. For these reasons, they have been investigated in this study by UV spectrophotometry, with special concern to the pH effect on their spectra and determination of their pK(a) values.
Background: Considering that the costs of cellulases and hemicellulases contribute substantially to the price of bioethanol, new studies aimed at understanding and improving cellulase efficiency and productivity are of paramount importance. Aspergillus niger has been shown to produce a wide spectrum of polysaccharide hydrolytic enzymes. To understand how to improve enzymatic cocktails that can hydrolyze pretreated sugarcane bagasse, we used a genomics approach to investigate which genes and pathways are transcriptionally modulated during growth of A. niger on steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB). Results: Herein we report the main cellulase-and hemicellulase-encoding genes with increased expression during growth on SEB. We also sought to determine whether the mRNA accumulation of several SEB-induced genes encoding putative transporters is induced by xylose and dependent on glucose. We identified 18 (58\% of A. niger predicted cellulases) and 21 (58\% of A. niger predicted hemicellulases) cellulase-and hemicellulase-encoding genes, respectively, that were highly expressed during growth on SEB. Conclusions: Degradation of sugarcane bagasse requires production of many different enzymes which are regulated by the type and complexity of the available substrate. Our presently reported work opens new possibilities for understanding sugarcane biomass saccharification by A. niger hydrolases and for the construction of more efficient enzymatic cocktails for second-generation bioethanol.
Due to the growing demand for renewable energy, the energy based on biomass plays an important role in energy policies of countries all over the world. Seven different pretreatments were performed on SCB to obtain yields, chemical composition, particle sizes and crystallinity indexes. The tools used to study the effects of pretreatments on SCB were X-ray diffraction (change in crystalline and amorphous regions) and SEM images. The application of microwave-assisted irradiation allowed the obtaining of the lowest cellulose removal with the fractions PT-6 and PT-7. FTIR spectra showed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin content during pretreatments. DP values decreased significantly suggesting higher digestibility of the seven cellulosic fractions by cellulolytic enzymes. In the present work, the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin structures in the sample of sugarcane bagasse and cellulosic fractions were indicated by the characteristic absorption bands (cm(-1)) of groups shown by the FTIR spectrum for hemicellulose and lignin. SEM images showed extensive degradation of the buddle of fibers of some cellulosic fractions. Mass loss (ML) obtained with SCB and cellulosic fractions were much greater under O-2 atmosphere than under N-2 atmosphere. The most relevant novelty of the present research was the use of chemical and physical methodologies to characterize sugarcane bagasse and their cellulosic fractions. The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition and physical characteristics such as particle sizes as well as the removal of components resulting from seven different pretreatments. Nevertheless, future work is greatly required for improvement in this area.
Several wild strains and mutants of Rhodotorula spp. were screened for growth, carotenoid production and the proportion of beta -carotene produced in sugarcane molasses. A better producer, Rhodotorula glutinis mutant 32, was optimized for carotenoid production with respect to total reducing sugar (TRS) concentration and pH. In shake flasks, when molasses was used as the sole nutrient medium with 40 g l(-1) TRS, at pH 6, the carotenoid yield was 14 mg l(-1) and beta -carotene accounted for 70\% of the total carotenoids. In a 14-1 stirred tank fermenter, a 20\% increase in torulene content was observed in plain molasses medium. However, by addition of yeast extract, this effect was reversed and a 31\% increase in beta -carotene content was observed. Dissolved oxygen (DO) stat fed-batch cultivation of mutant 32 in plain molasses medium yielded 71 and 185 mg l(-1) total carotenoids in double- and triple-strength medium, respectively. When supplemented with yeast extract, the yields were 97 and 183 mg l(-1) total carotenoid with a 30\% increase in beta -carotene and a simultaneous 40\% decrease in torulene proportion. Higher cell mass was also achieved by double- and triple-strength fed-batch fermentation.
Background: Novel feeding strategies should be developed to produce high-quality meat in current goat production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effects of castration and the association of spineless cactus with sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior and carcass traits of feedlot kids. Methods: A total of 24 male kids (12 castrated and 12 intact), with an average initial weight of 18.5 +/- 3.8 kg were allotted to a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design (sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay; intact or castrated), and confined for 70 days. Results: Nutrient intake and animal performance were similar between treatments. Sugarcane bagasse increased, when compared to elephant grass hay, the digestibility of dry matter (66.12 vs 62.88; p=0.005), crude protein (74.26 vs 70.95; p=0.029) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (91.94 vs 83.07; p<0.001). The forage source affected the time spent resting, ruminating and total chewing time, but there was no effect of diet on feeding and rumination efficiencies. Elephant grass hay increased, when compared to sugarcane bagasse, hot carcass weight (9.87 vs 10.79; p=0.025) and hot carcass yield (43.81 vs 46.87; p=0.013). Intact kids produced heavier hot carcasses when compared with castrated kids (10.80 vs 9.86; p=0.014). Conclusion: Feeding intact or castrated kids with sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay do not affect nutrient intake and performance. Feedlot goats have improved carcass traits if kept intact and fed elephant grass hay.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) used in hydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum was hydrolyzed using H2SO4 at various concentrations (0.25-7.0\% volume) and reaction times (15-240 min) at 121 degrees C, 1.5 kg/cm(2) in autoclave. Optimal conditions obtained were 0.5\% H2SO4 and 60 min which yielded 24.5 g-COD/L of total sugar. At these conditions, 11 g glucose/L; 11.29 g xylose/L; 2.22 g arabinose/L; 2.48 g acetic acid/L and 0.12 g/L furfural were obtained. Effects of initial pH and substrate concentration on the bio-hydrogen production from SCB hemicellulose hydrolysate by C. butyricum were then investigated. The best hydrogen yield of 1.73 mol H-2/mol total sugar and the hydrogen production rate of 1611 mL H-2/L/day were obtained at the initial pH 5.5 and initial sugar concentration 20 g-COD/L and compared very favorably with those reported in literature. Results suggested the possibility of using SCB hemicellulose hydrolysate as a fermentation media for hydrogen production by C. butyricum. (C) 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study compared enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) after application of two different pretreatment methods, Fenton pretreatment (FP) and BiFeO3 Fenton-like pretreatment (BFP). The composition, morphology and structural properties of SCB with different pretreatments were analyzed. Results showed that, after BFP, the yield of reducing sugar of SCB under enzymatic saccharification for 72 h was 25.8\%, and the sugar conversion rate was 36.6\%, which were 2.2 and 2.4-fold those of the FP, respectively. Moreover, the removal of hemicellulose and delignification in the BFP was more severe than that in the FP. The determination of hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) in the two different Fenton processes revealed that the center dot OH generated in the BiFeO3 Fenton-like system was higher in concentration and longer in action time than that in the Fenton system, which was likely key to the stronger effect of BFP than FP on the enzymatic saccharification of SCB.
To identify a possible use for some agroindustrial wastes generated from the sugarcane industry, we evaluated the antioxidant capacity of B and C molasses and vinasses from the sugar and bioethanol production processes. Molasses and vinasses were characterized by physicochemical methods. Subsequently, the samples were diluted in distilled water at five concentrations to obtain aqueous extracts. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples was determined using a spectrophotometric method and was expressed in mg equivalents of gallic acid. The antioxidant capacity of each sample was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-{[
Sugarcane bagasse-based activated carbon (SBAC) materials had been successfully prepared from sugarcane waste by zinc chloride activated method. Structure of the obtained materials was studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and a surface area and pore size analysis method. Adsorption performances of the as-prepared materials were evaluated by a batch method on a 722 spectrophotometer. Results indicated that the obtained materials had abundant pore structure, that is, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area could be up to 1,843 m(2)/g and the total pore volume V-t increased with increasing activator proportion. The proportion of mesopores increased first and then decreased with increasing activator proportion. For the sample of SBAC-3, the mesoporous surface area content can be up to 52\% and there was a sharp peak at 4.9 nm by quenched solid density functional theory. Adsorption experiments showed that the obtained material had good adsorption performance. The acid condition is benefit for the adsorption behaviour. The adsorption quantity of SBAC-3 increased with increasing the initial dye concentration.
To reduce the environmental impacts from sodium silicate synthesis, a ceramic method was suggested, with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the source of silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Although the production of sodium silicate is carried out on a large scale, it should be noted that its process requires temperatures above 1000 degrees C; it also requires the use of highly corrosive agents such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas to neutralize the remaining sodium hydroxide. In the present study, the synthesis temperatures were reduced to 800 degrees C with a reaction time of 3 h by pressing equimolar mixtures of previously purified SCBA and sodium carbonate; then, heat treatment was carried out under the indicated conditions. The resulting materials were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among the crystalline phases, calcium disodium silicate was identified, in addition to sodium silicate; thus, it was inferred that the other components of the ash can interfere with the synthesis of silicate. Therefore, in order to obtain the highest composition of sodium silicate, a leaching treatment of the SCBA is required.
This investigation reports a novel and low-cost method of inoculum production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Funneliformis mosseae (sensu Glomus mosseae), using an organic medium. The experiment is a 3x3x4 factorial design employing three hosts, maize (Zea mays L.), lemon grass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and palmarosa (Cymbopogan martini (Roxb.) Wats.), three forms of sugarcane bagasse substrate (fresh, dry and compost) and four different concentrations of each substrate (without substrate, 25, 50 and 100gpot(1)). Mass multiplication of F. mosseae was measured in terms of AM spore number and per cent root colonization. The plant growth was monitored in terms of plant height, above-ground fresh and dry weights and root fresh and dry weights. All three grasses tested varied in their tendency to be colonized by F. mosseae and in spore formation. Maize was found to be the most appropriate host followed by lemon grass and palmarosa. In the case of maize, a positive relationship was observed between spore number and root colonization rate and compost bagasse with highest concentration, 100g, resulted in the greatest multiplication of F. mosseae. Maize with 100g compost bagasse, lemon grass with 25g of dry and 50g of compost bagasse and palmarosa with 100g compost and fresh bagasse showed greatest increase in plant growth.
Charland is newly developed land in river beds which is poor in fertility. Sugarcane bagasse (SB) biochar was produced and characterized, and its performances were evaluated on carbon sequestration and yields of maize and groundnut in charland. The bagasse after pyrolysis approximate to at 600 degrees C temperature produced 55\% biochar. The pH value increased from 6.5 (SB) to 8.8 (biochar), C from 42\% to 58\%, P from 0.11\% to 0.23\%, K from 0.83\% to 1.32\% and the S content from 0.12\% to 0.61\%; whereas the N content decreased from 2.03\% to 1.17\%. Seven treatments were implemented in field trials of 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Brahmaputra charland consisting of control, 100\% chemical fertilizers (CF), CF+ Cowdung (10 t ha(-1)), CF+ biochar (5 t ha(-1) broadcast), CF + biochar (10 t ha(-1) broadcast), CF+ biochar (5 t ha(-1) furrow application) and CF+ biochar (10 t ha(-1) furrow application). Amendment was done in the year one. Results reveal that the same dose of cowdung or biochar with CF produced higher grain yields of maize and groundnut with 40-60\% increase over sole CF treatment. Integrated use of 10 t ha(-1) biochar with CF can ensure higher crop yield and sustained soil fertility in charland ecosystem.
The MixAlco process is an example of consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) in which anaerobic mixed-culture fermentation biochemically converts any biodegradable feedstock into carboxylate salts. Downstream processing thermochemically transforms the resulting salts into mixed alcohol fuels or gasoline. To enhance digestibility, sugarcane bagasse was treated under mild conditions (55 degrees C, 24 h, and 30\% aqueous ammonia solution with a loading of 10 mL/g dry biomass). Using NH4HCO3 buffer, the feedstock (80\% ammonia-treated sugarcane bagasse/20\% chicken manure) was anaerobically fermented by a mixed culture of marine microorganisms at 55 degrees C. Four-stage countercurrent fermentations were performed at various volatile solids loading rates (VSLRs) and liquid residence times (LRTs). The highest acid productivity (1.14 g/(L day)) occurred at a total acid concentration of 29.8 g/L. The highest conversion (65\%) occurred at a total acid concentration of 27.6 g/L. The continuum particle distribution model (CPDM) predicted the experimental total acid concentrations and conversions within 4.98\% and 10.41\%, respectively. When using NH4HCO3 buffer, ammonia pretreatment is an attractive option. The CPDM ``map{''
The conventional process for producing white sugar is energy intensive and inefficient. This paper discusses an intensified sugar refining process that utilizes ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology as an alternative to a chemical purification process to remove color and simplify further refining. The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate combined with UF filtration improved the occlusion index of the cane juice, by removing excess calcium ions and polysaccharides, which led to improvements in crystal growth rate, crystal size, and sugar color. The UF permeate could be directly boiled and crystallized to produce United States Food Grade white sugar. Pilot studies of the UF process achieved a refined sugar of 83 ICUMSA from a clarified syrup of 11,425 ICUMSA and 85\% purity. Application of a UF membrane system in sugar mills can eliminate various refining processes such as affination, phosphatation, and/or granular carbon/bone char/ion exchange for decolorization. Therefore, the UF-assisted process would produce high-quality food-grade sugar products meeting commercial specifications with considerable savings in both capital and operating costs.
Scleroglucan is a beta-glucan exopolysaccharide (EPS) efficiently produced by Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126, with attractive properties for a wide range of industries. Its production was herein comparatively assessed with nine alternative C- and twelve N-sources. When comparing conventional sucrose-based Production Medium PM20 (8.41 g C/L + NaNO3 as N-source) at shake-flask-scale vs. alternative C-source versions, soluble starch and sugarcane molasses led to efficient EPS production. At bioreactor scale, starch-based medium led to highest EPS production (7.95 g/L), recovery (\~{
Vinasse is the main by-product of the ethanol industry; for each liter of ethanol, 13 to 18 L of vinasse is generated. Vinasse is composed of 93\% water and 7\% organic and inorganic solids and has an acidic pH and a high concentration of macro- and micronutrients used by plants, which is the reason for its widespread application in soil fertigation. However, over time, excessive direct discharge of vinasse into the soil causes damage, such as salinization and groundwater contamination. In this study, we used heterogeneous photocatalysis with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and as an antimicrobial treatment. ZnO-NPs were synthesized by the precipitation of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and sodium hydroxide, resulting in nanoparticles with a size of 21.6 +/- 0.3 nm and an energy bandgap of 2.6 eV. Microscopic examinations revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae microorganisms are present in vinasse and that the minimum inhibitory concentration for the ZnO-NPs is 1.56 g/L. Photocatalysis with 40 mg/L of ZnO-NPs for 4 h of exposure to sunlight resulted in COD and BOD reduction efficacies of 17.1\% and 71.7\%, respectively. This study demonstrates the viability of using ZnO-NPs in vinasse treatment, contributing to sustainable applications and reducing the environmental impacts of fertigation.
A thermotolerant yeast capable of fermenting xylose to xylitol at 40 C was isolated and identified as a strain of Debaryomyces hansenii by ITS sequencing. This paper reports the production of xylitol from D-xylose and sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose by free and Ca-alginate immobilized cells of D. hansenii. The efficiency of free and immobilized cells were compared for xylitol production from D-xylose and hemicellulose in batch culture at 40 degrees C. The maximum xylitol produced by free cells was 68.6 g/L from 100 g/L of xylose, with a yield of 0.76 g/g and volumetric productivity 0.44 g/L/h. The yield of xylitol and volumetric productivity were 0.69 g/g and 0.28 g/L/h respectively from hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse after detoxification with activated charcoal and ion exchange resins. The Ca-alginate immobilized D. hansenii cells produced 73.8 g of xylitol from 100 g/L of xylose with a yield of 0.82 g/g and volumetric productivity of 0.46 g/L/h and were reused for five batches with steady bioconversion rates and yields. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present work aims at improving the generation of H-2 from sugarcane bagasse in steam gasification process by incorporating slow pyrolysis technique. As a bench scale study, slow pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse is performed at various pyrolysis temperature (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 A degrees C) and feed particle size (90 < D (P) < 212, 212 < D (P) < 355, 355 < D (P) < 500, 500 < D (P) < 850 A mu m) to determine effective conditions of char generation. In the combined process (slow pyrolysis of biomass followed by steam gasification of char), first slow pyrolysis is carried out at the effective conditions (pyrolysis temperature and particle size) of char generation (determined from bench scale study) and steam gasification is at varying gasification temperature (600, 650, 700, 750 and 800 A degrees C) and steam to biomass (S/B) ratio (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) to determine the effective conditions of H-2 generation. The effect of temperature and S/B on gas product composition and overall product gas volume was also investigated. At effective conditions (gasification temperature and S/B) of H-2 generation, individual slow pyrolysis and steam gasification were also experimented to evaluate the performance of combined process. The effective condition of H-2 generation in combined process was found to be 800 A degrees C (gasification temperature) and 5 (S/B), respectively. The combined process produced 35.90\% and 23.60\% more gas volume (overall) than slow pyrolysis and steam gasification process, respectively. With respect to H-2 composition, the combined process generated 72.37\% more than slow pyrolysis and 17.91\% more than steam gasification process.
The use of sugarcane residues in mortar and concrete is believed to contribute to the reduction of environmental problems, such as the reduction of mining of natural aggregates as well as the improper disposal of sugarcane residues. Therefore, in this study, bagasse fiber and bagasse sand were added into the preparation of the interlocking concrete blocks, and the flexural strength and an environmental assessment of the blocks were analyzed. The flexural strength of the blocks was not affected by the addition of the bagasse fiber and bagasse sand. In addition, the environmental load of interlocking concrete blocks using sugarcane residues was lower than the blocks using conventional aggregates due to the greater simplicity of acquisition of the residues. Moreover, in the scenarios where the blocks are supposedly made on smaller islands, the emissions increased due to long-distance transportation, since conventional aggregates come from other islands.
Biosorption is considered a promising technique for removing heavy metals from water. However, a biosorbent is usually prepared in the form of biomass powder that has drawbacks in stability and uniformity. Herein, a spherical lignocellulose-based anion exchanger (LCB-AE) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse through the method of dissolution-regeneration of biomass followed by quaternary ammonium modification. Dissolution-regeneration conditions of raw biomass were optimized, and the prepared materials were characterized by element composition analysis, porestructure analysis (mercury intrusion porosimetry), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13-NMR) analyses. The LCB-AE has a macro-porous structure and a rough surface occupied mainly by quaternary ammonium and hydroxyl groups. Adsorption selectivity of LCB-AE follows the order of CrO42- > PO43- > SO42- > NO3-, and adsorption isotherms agree well with the Langmuir model, which suggests the experimental exchange abilities are approximately 0.8 to 0.9 mEq/g. These results show that LCB-AE as a new spherical biosorbent has the potential to be used for anions removal from water.
The influence of time (8-24 min), temperature (144-186 degrees C) and phosphoric acid concentration (0.05-0.20\%, w/v) on the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse in a 20 L batch rotary reactor was investigated. The efficiency of the pretreatment was verified by chemical characterization of the solid fraction of the pretreated bagasse and the conversion of cellulose to glucose by enzymatic hydrolysis. Models representing the percentage of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, solubilized hemicellulose and the enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose were predictive and significant. Phosphoric acid concentration of 0.20\% at temperature of 186 degrees C, during 8 and 24 min, was shown to be very effective in solubilizing hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse, reaching solubilization of 96\% and 98\%, respectively. Relatively low amounts of inhibitors were produced, and the phosphoric acid remaining in the hemicellulosic hydrolysate is at adequate levels for supplying phosphorous requirement during subsequent fermentation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Following juice crushing for sugar or bioethanol production from sugarcane, bagasse (SCB) is generated as the main lignocellulosic by-product. This study utilized SCB generated by a hydraulic press as feedstock to evaluate sugar extraction as well as adsorption potential. Total soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) of 0.4 g/g SCB was recovered with H2O extraction in this case. Insoluble sugar, that is, cellulose in SCB, was further hydrolyzed into glucose (2\%-31\%) with cellulase enzyme, generating a new bagasse residue (SCBE). Persulfate pretreatment of SCB slightly enhanced saccharification. Both SCB and SCBE showed great potential as adsorbents with 98\% of methylene blue (MB) removed by SCB or SCBE and 75\% of Cu2+ by SCBE and 80\% by SCB in 60 min. The maximum adsorption amount (q (m)) was 85.8 mg/g (MB by SCB), 77.5 mg/g (MB by SCBE), 3.4 mg/g (Cu2+ by SCB), and 1.2 mg/g (Cu2+ by SCBE). The thermodynamics indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous, endothermic, and more random in nature. The experimental results offer an alternative to better reutilize SCB.
A complete study of torrefaction process to sugarcane bagasse under different thermal conditions was developed. After torrefaction process, chars were burned in an oxidizing atmosphere and its reactivities were studied. The torrefied biomass was characterized through chemical and physical analysis such as proximate and elemental analyses, lignocellulosic composition, High Heating Value (HHV), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and observations in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The torrefied biomass was also evaluated in oxidizing conditions in order to analyze the impact of torrefaction process over biomass combustion process. Remarkable changes of the main functional groups were observed as the severity of the torrefaction process increased. The main structural carbohydrates affected in the process were hemicellulose and cellulose, which break down largely as a result of decarboxylation reactions, and breakage of links with methyl and acetyl groups. This was evidenced qualitatively when the material was observed in SEM, an increase in the decomposition of the cell wall structures as the process temperature increased was noted. These changes in the material were also verified with FTIR tests, and lignified matrix with higher content of aromatic groups and greater thermal stability is yielded with temperature increases. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, new composites were prepared with coffee capsule residue as polymeric matrix reinforced with amounts of 5 or 10\% m/m sugarcane bagasse fibers (untreated and treated with 4\% NaOH solution). The influence of the bagasse fibers on the thermal properties as well as on the dynamic mechanical behavior of composites was evaluated by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). TG results of the composites indicated that the thermal stability was influenced by the fiber content. In addition, the alkali fiber treatment decreased the thermal stability of the composites. By the DTA curves, it was possible to assume that polypropylene was the main polymer that constitutes the capsule through the appearance of the melting temperature event. It could be also observed that the samples showed different thermal behavior in the range of 300 and 410 degrees C due to the fiber content and the use or not of compatibilizer. Based on the results of thermomechanical analysis, it was found that the viscoelastic properties were also influenced by the addition of fiber (untreated or treated) and the presence or absence of compatibilizer. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy images of the samples revealed greater adherence between fiber and matrix in the composites that were used compatibilizer.
A modification of the conventional batch organosolv process is proposed in a way where the solid biomass remains inside a basket, physically separated from the liquid phase, with the vapor promoting the fractionation of the biomass and the extracted compounds and fragments being washed down to the liquid phase. The modified organosolv process applied to sugarcane bagasse (SB-M) delivers a rich cellulosic solid phase that after enzymatic hydrolysis leads to a hydrolyzed with approximately 100 g L-1 of glucose. At the same enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, the conventional organosolv process (SB-C) delivers a hydrolyzed with 80 g L-1 of glucose, while the autohydrolysis process (SB-A) leads to 55 g L-1 of glucose. These different results are related to the cellulose content: SB-M (70\%), SB-C (57\%), e SB-A (44\%), as well the reduced lignin content in the SB-M. The novelty of this study is the confirmation that it is possible to degrade lignin from sugarcane bagasse and simultaneously remove its fragments from the cellulose fibers in a batch reactor containing an internal basket. This study describes a simple and rapid protocol for the isolation of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), which may lead to the study of new catalysts for the chemical transformation of these components separately or simultaneously to the step of pretreatment.
In this study, natural seawater without additional chemicals was selected to treat sugarcane bagasse for the production of xylooligosaccharides and glucose. This pretreatment not only more effectively conserves fresh-water resources than hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, but also decreases corrosion of the equipment relative to techniques utilizing acid and alkaline pretreatment. The maximum yield of 67.12\% xylooligosaccharides (of initial xylan), including 11.49\% xylobiose, 16.23\% xylotriose, 23.82\% xylotetraose, and 15.58\% xylopentaose was obtained under mild condition (175 degrees C for 30 min). Moreover, greater amounts of xylotetraose were generated during seawater hydrothermal pretreatment under all conditions, likely because NaCl in seawater cut the hydrogen bonds between xylo-oligomers. In addition, 94.69\% cellulose digestibility and 78.58\% xylan digestibility were achieved from the solid residue with an enzyme dosage of 30 FPU/g cellulose. Results indicated that seawater hydrothermal pretreatment is a more environmentally-friendly and sustainable technique for producing xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars than other methods.
In this study, a highly selective CO2 adsorbent from sugarcane bagasse (waste biomass) was prepared, and the enrichment of nitrogen in the adsorbent was achieved via urea-KOH method. Moreover, the influence of preparing parameters such as urea addition, KOH/carbon ratio and activation temperature on the pore textural properties and CO2 uptake capacity of adsorbents were investigated. Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the adsorbents. The results indicated that whereas the temperature and pressure of 25 degrees C and 1 bar, the adsorbent had the highest CO2 uptake of 4.8 mmol/g. The preparation condition of the adsorbent was at 600 degrees C with 15 wt \% urea additions and KOH/carbon ratio of 2.0. It was also found that there were pyridinic-N (N-6), pyrrolic-/pyridonic-N (N-5), quaternary-N (N-Q) and pyridine-N-oxide (N-X) functional groups at the surface. At the same time, the SB-AC had uniform micropores (similar to 0.55 nm). Hence, the adsorbent had an excellent CO2/N-2 selectivity. The CO2 uptake of the adsorbent was almost identical during the five runs of CO2 adsorption/desorption measurements, indicating good stability and regenerability CO2 adsorption. The narrow micro-pore volume (pore width <= 1 nm) fraction and N content in SB-ACs were 80-89\% and 0.6-3.34 wt\%, respectively. The results led to the conclusion that the narrow micropores and N content in the adsorbent were considered as the important roles for CO2 adsorption.
Current agricultural practices such as excessive and inefficient application of conventional fertilizers causes serious environmental problems. Thus, this study aimed to produce a fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium impregnated in an activated sugarcane bagasse biochar which has potential for slow nutrient release. Activated sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 450 degrees C for 1 hour followed by activation using potassium hydroxide. Analysis of the activated biochar showed that it has a high capacity to hold exchangeable cations with a value of 127 mol c/kg soil, high porosity and large surface area (79 m(2)/g), and high carbon content (77.3\% wt). The effects of biochar-NPK ratio (w/w), mixing time, and mixing temperature on the nutrient content of the fertilizer were then evaluated implementing a full factorial experimental design. All main factors were found to be significant on the NPK content of the fertilizer. Optimization runs were subsequently done following Response Surface via Central Composite Design (CCD) to determine formulation conditions for maximum NPK content of the fertilizer. Optimized conditions were 1:2 (w/w) biochar-NPK ratio, 50 degrees C mixing temperature, and 25.60 minutes mixing time. The nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content of the fertilizer at optimum condition were successfully verified to be 4.20 \%N, 7.57 \%P, and 7.01 \%K, respectively. The average particle size of the fertilizer was found to be about 2117.2 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.568. The properties of the biochar-NPK fertilizer may be further examined to evaluate its capacity for controlled- or slow-release of nutrients.
In this study, a pretreatment that consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and formic acid (FA) were performed to improve sugarcane bagasse (SCB) enzymatic hydrolysis. Results showed that the ChCl-FA pretreatment exhibited an extraordinary ability to selectively extract hemicellulose (similar to 95.6\%) and degrade a large number of lignin (similar to 72.6\%) at 110 degrees C for 120 min, which enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SCB. Besides, the impact of various additives on pretreated substrate enzymatic hydrolysis confirmed that Tween 80 was the best enzymatic additive, which could significantly improve the glucose produced from pretreated SCB and remarkably reduce the hydrolysis time (from 72 h to 48 h) and enzyme dosage (from 20 FPU/g pretreated solid to 10 FPU/g pretreated solid). In summary, the coupling of ChCl-FA pretreatment and Tween 80 exhibited a promising way to enhance the sugar release from SCB.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) can be considered as an inexpensive and abundant source for the production of valuable carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). Herein, the synthesis of CNMs via sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pyrolysis was investigated using a simple two-stage process. Bio-silica extracted from rice husk (RH-SiO2) was loaded with 50\%Ni, 40\%Ni-10\%Cu, 40\%Ni-10\%Mo, and 40\%Ni-10\%Co and evaluated as catalysts for the production of CNMs from pyrolysis products. The fresh catalysts were characterized by XRD, H-2-TPR, and CO2-TPD analyses, while the spent catalysts were characterized using TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD and TPR results of the fresh catalysts demonstrated the existence of non-interacted NiO species in the monometallic Ni/RH-SiO2 catalyst. However, mixed oxides of NixCu1-xO, NiMoO4, and NiCo2O4 species were presented in Ni-Cu, Ni-Mo, and Ni-Co catalysts, respectively, in addition to non-interacted NiO species. TEM images revealed the presence of both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanosheets (GNSs) depending on the catalyst type. The results showed that the presence of mixed oxide species in the catalyst was associated with CNTs formation, while the existence of agglomerated Ni particles was correlated to GNSs formation. The catalytic activity of the catalysts in terms of carbon yield was arranged as follows: 50\%Ni > 40\%Ni-10\%Co > 40\%Ni-10\%Cu > 40\%Ni-10\%Mo. Raman spectra proved the production of high-quality CNMs using all Ni-based catalysts.
The application of vinasse in sugarcane plantations has increased, mainly in the form of fertigation, as a form of organic and mineral supplementation. Several factors, such as soil type, can affect the migration and retention of chemicals in such supplements. Based on the hypothesis that in natura vinasse applied to sandy soil has a greater nutrient loss potential in the Cerrado soil profile than that of clay soil, we aimed to elucidate the behavior of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium ions present in the vinasse along the surface profile of a clay Latosol and a sandy Latosol from the Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted at the Irrigation and Hydraulics Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil. Application of vinasse was examined in a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) (dfRL) of medium texture and a Dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) (dRL) of sandy texture contained in rigid PVC columns. Samples (30cm(3)) of effluent were collected to determine K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ levels. We found that these ions had greater retention in dfRL than in dRL owing to their higher clay interaction. The highest interaction between the liquid and solid phase of dfRL was seen in Ca2+, followed by K+, Na+, and Mg2+, whereas in dRL, K+ showed the highest interaction, followed by Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+. Larger volumes of effluent are required for fertigation with vinasse in dfRL to provide the required levels of Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+ in the soil profile.
Lignin is an attractive biomaterial to replace petroleum aromatics due to its intrinsic aromatic structure and availability. In Thailand, the sugar industry has potential as a source of around 7.5 million tons of lignin per annum. Sugarcane bagasse lignin was developed as a low-cost precursor in carbon fiber production to replace polyacrylonitrile, a petroleum-derived polymer using the electrospinning technique. A technical study and financial assessment of carbon fiber production feasibility from bagasse lignin at the laboratory scale were performed in parallel, and the Thai carbon fiber market was surveyed. Results showed that electrospun carbon nanofiber could be produced from a mixture of 25\% lignin and 75\% polyacrylonitrile with diameter of 171 nm. The surface area of carbon nanofiber produced from lignin-polyacrylonitrile mixture was higher than that of pure polyacrylonitrile. However, increasing lignin content in the mixture resulted in lower conductivity. Lignin-polyacrylonitrile carbon nanofiber obtained was appropriate for those where higher surface area was required rather than structural application. A market survey indicated increasing exploitation of carbon fiber in Thailand during the last 5 years even though there was no industrial production of carbon fiber due to technical and financial constraints. Both carbon nanofiber and lignin production costs at laboratory scale (12.4 \$/g) were 27 times lower compared to commercial carbon nanofiber (343.4 \$/g) available in a similar form. This price difference presents an opportunity to further development of carbon nanofiber for industrial application, although intensive research and development are still required.
In this paper, we present extensions to the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) to simulate hydrogen sulphide in biogas and solids retention efficiency. The extended model was calibrated and validated against data from a large-scale covered in-ground anaerobic reactor (CIGAR), processing sugarcane vinasse. Comparative scenarios and set-ups of a CIGAR with and without a settling tank unit (settler) were simulated to investigate the reactor's performance. Biogas flow, methane content, and yield with settler were 15,983 Nm(3)/d, 57\%, and 0.198 Nm(3)CH(4)/kgCOD, respectively, which were 9.4\%, 1.8\%, and 11.64\%, higher than without the settler. Improvements are combination of influent flow rate 116\% higher and increased solids retention time by using a settler. The optimised modelled reactor, the volume of which was reduced by 50\%, was able to produce 83\% more methane per volume of reactor with half the retention time. After model calibration and validation, we assessed the quality of predictions and its utility. The overall quality of predictions was assessed as high accuracy quantitative for CH4 and medium for H2S and biogas flow. A practical demonstration of ADM1 to industrial application is presented here to identify the potential optimisation and behaviour of a large-scale anaerobic reactor, reducing, consequently, expenditure, risk, and time.
Pretreatment can improve biomass biodegradability. Here, a novel sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pretreatment process based on two-stage ultrasonic assisted dilute H2SO4 (TUDA) under mild conditions was reported. After optimization, the pretreatment was shown to significantly degrade hemicellulose (92.40\%) and remove lignin (57.41\%) of SCB, leading to reduction of inhibitors and an ethanol fermentation efficiency of 93.37\% by SSCF under cellulase 10 FPU/g SCB and 30\% pretreated SCB loading. Physical characterization revealed that two-stage ultrasonic could better disrupt SCB than traditional ultrasonic by amplifying the collapse effect and synergistically promoting lignin removal through dilute H2SO4. Furthermore, xylose was also effectively recovered from pretreatment supernatant by biochar derived from bagasse. This study established a simple and efficient pretreatment process for high value-added recycling of SCB from solid residue to pretreatment liquid.
Sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SBAC) was used as an environmentally friendly adsorbent for the removal of zinc (II) heavy metal from aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Zinc (II) adsorption efficiency was evaluated at different process parameters including adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature using general factorial as an experimental design to evaluate the maximum adsorption efficiency. The synthesized SBAC was subjected to advanced characterization techniques that include FTIR, XRD, and TGA/DTA to study the functional groups, crystallinity, and thermal property, respectively. Chemically modified SBAC was able to reduce initial metal concentrations by 82.4\%. The optimized process parameters that give maximum removal efficiency were obtained at 40 min, 6 gm, and 60 degrees C. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to model adsorption kinetics. The experimental data were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with Langmuir isotherm. An important parameter from the isotherm which indicates adsorption capacity was 426.64 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters for entropy, Delta S, enthalpy, Delta H, and the Gibbs free energy, Delta G, reveal that the adsorption of zinc (II) by the SBAC is endothermic, thermodynamically feasible, and a spontaneous process.
The performance of extracted coagulant from the sugarcane bagasse was tested using synthetic wastewater for turbidity removal. Sugarcane bagasse was selected because it is available in abundance as a waste. This study was carried out to analyze the effect of the extraction process in optimizing the active coagulant agent of bagasse as a natural coagulant for optimum turbidity removal. Bagasse was characterized in terms of physical, chemical and morphological properties. The results showed bagasse has very high polysaccharide content which can act as an active coagulant agent together with hemicellulose and lignin. The extraction process for degradation of lignin and hemicellulose was run based on two different solvents (NaOH and H2SO4) with varying concentrations from 2\% to 10\% at different extraction temperatures varied from 60 degrees C to 180 degrees C for various extraction times (0.5 h to 3 h). The optimum polysaccharide content extracted from bagasse was 697.5 mg/mL by using 2\% NaOH at 120 degrees C for 2 h extraction. The coagulation process using extracted bagasse showed the removal of suspended solids up to 95.9\% under optimum conditions. The concentration of polysaccharides as the active coagulant agent plays a vital role where high polysaccharides content removes most turbidity at a lower dosage. Bagasse has the potential to be an alternative coagulating agent due to its efficiency, and eco-friendly properties for the treatment of wastewater.
Sugarcane bagasse is a valuable lignocellulosic biomass resource in India. This work determines the optimal utilization strategy for bagasse considering economic and environmental objectives. An optimization model is formulated for an existing sugar mill and three potential products of bagasse processing, namely, electricity, ethanol, and pellets are considered. Additionally, options of selling bagasse and utilizing it in the boiler are also considered. Mass and energy balance equations for each of these options constitute the optimization constraints. The primary decision variables are the utilization patterns of bagasse and trash collected from farms. Three different objective functions, namely, NPV maximization, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission minimization, and water footprint minimization are considered. This results in the formulation of a mixed integer linear programming problem with three different objectives. The model was applied to a mill processing 181 Mg/hr of sugarcane in Kolhapur region of Maharashtra, India. The results recommended electricity production from bagasse and trash for optimizing NPV and GHG emissions. A strong trade-off was observed between water footprint and the other two objectives. Ethanol and pellet prices must increase by 77\% and 122\%, respectively, to become economically feasible. The model was extended to consider a set of 31 mills in the region and the possibility of transporting bagasse and trash between the mills. The regional integration increased the NPV of the sector by 37\%. Moreover, the break-even selling prices of ethanol and pellets reduced by 30\% and 35\%, respectively, due to this regional integration. This provides a strong support for exploring industrial ecology approaches for the region. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane straw (SCS) lignin is extracted by SO2-Alcohol-Water (SAW) fractionation (155 degrees C, 1 h) using methanol, ethanol or isopropanol as pulping solvent (SO2/Alcohol/Water = 12/44/44 wt\%). The SAW fractionation removes 90-95\% lignin from SCS of which only 30-45\% is isolated as precipitated lignin after solvent evaporation. The precipitated and pulp residual lignin (5-10\%) are analyzed for their degree of sulfonation (S/C9) while precipitated lignin is further analyzed in terms of molecular weight distribution (MWD) and alkoxylation reactions. Similar S/C9 values for methanol, ethanol and isopropanol lignin show that the degree of sulfonation is independent of fractionation solvent. However, the sulfonated lignin is comparatively less soluble in the methanol-based liquor compared to the corresponding lignins in the ethanol- and isopropanol-based liquors. The mass average molecular weight, M-w, is highest for isopropanol lignin (similar to 3800) while the numbers for methanol and ethanol lignins are comparatively smaller but nearly equal in magnitude (similar to 3000). Alkoxyl groups and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses are performed to interpret the differences in lignin Mw and alkoxylation reactions. Different ether and ester type linkages are identified in NMR spectra confirming lignin alkoxylation. Lignin carbohydrate complexes (LCC) are also found in NMR spectra confirming that some of the detected carbohydrates are covalently bound to lignin.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a by-product of ethanol production obtained in large quantities worldwide, including Brazil. Lignin is one of SB components, and its extraction is of great interest due to its vast potential for use. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was subjected to two methods of lignin extraction to obtain: Klason lignin (LKL) and milled wood lignin (MWL). The syringil/ guaiacyl ratio of the lignin obtained from sugarcane bagasse was 1.67. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that LKL is more resistant to thermal degradation than MWL. According to the FTIR spectra, LKL yields a more oxidized lignin, presenting greater changes in its structure than MWL. Thus, this study provides information on the changes caused by different extractions and strengthens future studies on the transformation of lignin into products of high added value.
The new deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized from 1,8-Diazabicyclo {[
Ethanol is an alternative source of renewable fuel, but increasing production of vinasse as a by-product requires proper management. Combining concentrated vinasse (CV) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer into a single operation is increasing in Brazil. However, the chemical stability and potential for volatilization losses remain unknown. Our objectives were to characterize the chemical stability of CV and N fertilizer mixtures and to evaluate volatilization losses following application to sugarcane trash. In an initial study, we monitored variations in pH, total N and inorganic N content after a 22-day incubation of mixtures of CV and N fertilizer. In a second study, we evaluated N-NH3 volatilization losses following surface application to sugarcane trash. We used a medium-textured soil covered with trash (8 Mg ha(-1)), and measurements of N-NH3 losses were taken using acid traps in semi-static chambers during 40 days after mixture application. The addition of urea to the CV did not increase the pH and resulted in the maintenance of N in amidic form, demonstrating the chemical stability of the mixture. However, after application to sugarcane trash, N losses from urea added to the CV ranged from 29 to 35 \% of the applied N. The addition of phosphoric acid and boron has the potential to reduce the N loss of 26 \% of the applied N. The use of UAN mixed with CV had the lowest loss through volatilization (21 \% of applied N) and is the suggested to use for application to sugarcane trash.
Agricultural wastes with a high silica content, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), are abundant and can be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Prior to burning the waste, previous studies have used acid treatments to remove metal impurities as well as increase the amount of silica that can be extracted. However, the chemical dangers associated with the use of acids at high concentrations are a deterrent to treatment as part of an eco-friendly process of adopting agricultural wastes as SCMs. In view of the chemical risks, the current study investigates the effect of performing treatments on sugarcane bagasse with a low concentration acid of 0.1 M on the early compressive strength of cement mortar. Mix proportions are prepared for all sample types, which are control samples with no SCM and samples with 5\%, 7.5\%, and 10\% silica from untreated and treated SCBA as the SCM. After seven days of curing, the compressive strength of the samples was evaluated, and selected samples were scanned using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to analyze their morphology. Cement replacement with 7.5\% silica extracted from treated SCBA resulted in the highest compressive strength of 6.25 MPa, which is an increase of 46.72\% from that of the control sample mix. Observation of FESEM micrographs revealed that high silica content resulted in compressive strength reduction owing to its disruption on the binding material microstructure.
A new N-doped biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse (NSB) was prepared by one-pot pyrolysis with sugarcane bagasse as feedstock, melamine as nitrogen source and NaHCO3 as pore-forming agent, and then NSB was used to adsorb ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. The optimal preparation conditions of NSB were determined based on the evaluation index of adsorbability of NSB for CIP. SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET characterizations were used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the synthetic NSB. It was found that the prepared NSB had excellent pore structure, high specific surface area and more nitrogenous functional groups. Meanwhile, it was demon-strated that the synergistic interaction between melamine and NaHCO3 increased the pores of NSB and the largest surface area of NSB was 1712.19 m2/g. The CIP adsorption capacity of 212 mg/g was obtained under optimal parameters as follows: NSB amount 0.125 g/L, initial pH 6.58, adsorption temperature 30 degrees C, CIP initial concentration 30 mg/L and adsorption time 1 h. The isotherm and kinetics studies elucidated that the adsorption of CIP conformed both D-R model and Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The high CIP adsorption capacity of NSB for CIP was due to the combined filling pore, 7C-7C conjugation and hydrogen bonding. All results demon-strated that adsorption of CIP by the low-cost N-doped biochar of NSB is a reliable technology for the disposal of CIP wastewater.
In this work, sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-g-poly(acrylamide)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites (SBCs) were prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) onto SCBin presence of attapulgite (ATP) using N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker and potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator in aqueous solution. The composite structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The effect of the initiator, crosslinker amounts and attapulgite/hydrogel weight ratio (0.0-14.4 wt\%) on the swelling capacity was investigated. The results indicated that highest swelling capacity in distilled water was 920 g/g, obtained with the composite containing 1.3 wt\% KPS, 0.08 wt\% MBA, 79.9 wt\% AM, 5.3 wt\% ATP and 13.3 wt\% SCB. Different SCBs were loaded with urea and its release was evaluated over time, showing that the urea release rate decreased by increasing ATP amount up to14.4 wt\%. Therefore, the SCB-g-poly(AM)/ATP composites could have promising applications also as controlled urea release fertilizer.
This study focuses on the use of synthetic and low cost carbon sources for enhanced biomass and lipid production from oleaginous yeast strains using batch and fed batch fermentation. Five strains were selected out of 20 strains which were all isolated from various habitats, on the basis of lipid accumulating potential using Sudan B black dye. The selected isolates were characterized and their lipid production was optimized by batch cultivation in waste extract. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that lipids from all isolated yeast strains contained mainly long-chain fatty acids such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid. On the basis of lipid profile and production, two most suitable oleaginous yeast strains were selected for further experiments, i.e. fed batch fermentation using glucose (control) and sugarcane molasses as feed. Using glucose as feed, 38.8 +/- 0.9 g/L and 29.4 +/- 0.2 g/L biomass dry cell weight (DCW) and total lipids were produced respectively, whereas with sugarcane molasses feed, 50 +/- 1 g/L (DCW) biomass and 39.2 +/- 0.6 g/L lipids were produced by Rhodosporidium toruloides ATCC204091. After transesterification the lipid profile was analyzed by GC-MS revealing suitability for use as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.
In this research, Sugarcane Bagasse (SB), an agricultural waste, available in large quantities was used as low-cost adsorbent for removal of ammoniacal nitrogen form the wastewater. Batch operation was used to study the equilibrium behavior of the SB. Kinetic and isotherm studies were carried out by considering the effects of various parameters, such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, particle size and agitation rate. The maximum adsorption was attained at the various optimum parameters. The obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy analysis and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The equilibrium data for the adsorption of ammoniacal nitrogen on SB was tested with various adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The Langmuir isotherm model is found to be the most suitable one for the adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity obtained is 97\%. Adsorption kinetics data were tested using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order reaction. The results indicate that SB can be an attractive option for ammoniacal nitrogen removal from industrial wastewaters.
In the production of sustainable concrete, it is quite essential to develop highly reactive silica rich materials to substitute cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash as one of the agricultural based pozzolan gained less popularity due to its relatively low amorphous silica content after incineration process (<50\% silica). Therefore, an alternative approach was studied in this research to extract high proportion of amorphous silica from sugarcane bagasse that fulfils the minimum requirement of pozzolanic standard. The process was divided into three stages, which were obtaining optimum pre-treatment variables, obtaining optimum burning variables, and substantiation of pozzolanic feature. Pre-treatment were done to remove all impurities and deleterious material from the ash. It involved soaking of bagasse in different concentrations of hydrochloric acid solution for different interval of time after which it was dried in a dedicated solar drying chamber. Bagasse treated with optimum parameter would then undergo burning process with various temperatures and durations. The produced ash was characterized by determining different oxides composition, particle size analysis, mineralogical characteristics and micro-structure using X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscope, respectively. The production process was considered environmentally friendly because the ash was produced with optimum parameters (lowest acid concentration and solar drying). The ash obtained using the appropriate pre-treatment and incineration parameters was found to be amorphous, chemically stable, and ultra-fine. Pozzolanic reactivity test also revealed that the ash possessed quite high pozzolanic reactivity index and suitable to be used as cement replacement material. It is evident that the ash enhances the mechanical properties of the mortar specimens tested. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse was subjected to steam pretreatment impregnated with hydrogen peroxide. Analyses were performed using 23 factorial designs and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at two different solid concentrations and with washed and unwashed material to evaluate the importance of this step for obtaining high cellulose conversion. Similar cellulose conversion were obtained at different conditions of pretreatment and hydrolysis. When the cellulose was hydrolyzed using the pretreated material in the most severe conditions of the experimental design (210 degrees C, 15 min and 1.0\% hydrogen peroxide), and using 2\% (w/w) water-insoluble solids (WIS), and 15 FPU/g WIS, the cellulose conversion was 86.9\%. In contrast, at a milder pretreatment condition (190 degrees C, 15 min and 0.2\% hydrogen peroxide) and industrially more realistic conditions of hydrolysis (10\% WIS and 10 FPU/g WIS), the cellulose conversion reached 82.2\%. The step of washing the pretreated material was very important to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars. (c) 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
This study was carried out to investigate the extraction of cellulose acetate (CA) from cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) twigs and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse using an environmentally friendly method. At first, cellulose was extracted from cajuput twigs (CT) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) through prehydrolysis followed by soda (NaOH) pulping and elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching. Later, the extracted cellulose was acetylated using iodine (I) as a catalyst. The obtained CA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. FTIR and NMR analysis proved the replacement of free OH (hydroxyl) groups by acetyl groups. The degree of substitution (DS) showed the acetylation capability of cellulose extracted from CT and SB as well. The diameter of CA and its crystallinity index (CrI) were measured by SEM and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The cellulose content was 85.4 and 89.5\% for CT and SB, respectively after the pulping and bleaching. The diameter of CA extracted from CT was approximately 10 mu m and it was approximately 20 to 30 mu m for SB. The CrI of the CA extracted from SB and CT was 75.6 and 60.2, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal gravimetric analysis showed that CA extracted from CT and SB was thermal resistant. Therefore, CT and SB will be potential alternative resources for CA production using the mentioned method.
The accumulation of organic waste is one of the most serious problems facing developing countries. Developing countries getting rid of their wastes by dumping them in the waste landfill and this effect negatively the environment. Moreover, these wastes attract a lot of insects which thread the public health and cause many diseases. This research intended to merge the organic wastes into construction industry and turn it into a useful cheap building material. In an attempt to reduce the initial costs of building materials, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was used as an additive in the structural brick industry. This study aims to develop cheap building bricks from integrating sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with cement brick mixture to achieve environmental, social and economic sustainability factors by reducing the black cloud and hence its effect on human health. Removing sugarcane bagasse (SCB) that produced from juice shops in Egyptian streets, affect the visual image of the street as well as the quality of Egyptians life. Moreover, integrating wastes in construction industry will improve street appearance and improves environmental conditions by reducing local climate pollution (carbon dioxide emissions and black clouds). The research used experimental method to measure the structural properties of the new cement brick that is integrated with SCB. The results revelled that replacing cement with 1.5\% sugarcane bagasse content, will preserve the structural performance of the bricks with respect to ductility and higher strength. In addition, the proposed integration will reduce the initial cost of building materials and this action will affect the price of the Egyptian real estate market. (C) 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
The effect of sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) on composition, structure, enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase adsorption profiles of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was investigated. SPORL gave a higher SCB hydrolysis yield (85.33\%) compared to dilute acid pretreatment (DA) (64.39\%). The SEM pictures showed that SPORL SCB structure became more disordered and looser, suggesting SPORL SCB was more accessible to cellulase. The zeta potential of SPORL SCB suspension (-21.89 mV) was significantly different from that of DA SCB (-12.87 mV), which demonstrated the lignin in SPORL SCB was more hydrophilic. With regard to cellulase adsorption profiles, SPORL SCB had a lower non-productive adsorption (14.87 mg/g lignin) and a higher productive adsorption (37.67 mg/g carbohydrate) compared with DA SCB (17.05 mg/g lignin; 25.79 mg/g carbohydrate). These results indicated that SPORL SCB had better accessibility to cellulase and the higher productive cellulase adsorption of SPORL SCB had improved hydrolysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The porosity of lignocellulosic materials is a key feature for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the constituent polysaccharides, being affected by its drying and lignin content. Here we evaluated the influence of both parameters in the porosity of sugarcane bagasse, using raw and chlorite-delignified samples. A fraction of these samples was air dried at room temperature and the remainder one was kept wet. All the samples were subjected to porometry (solute exclusion technique), determination of water retention value and assessment of enzymatic saccharification of polysaccharides. Samples with higher lignin contents had lower porosities and exhibited worse enzymatic conversions of polysaccharides. Mild drying collapsed only the smaller pores, which already were inaccessible to enzymes, and therefore did not affect the efficiencies of saccharification. Our results show that the lignin content plays an important role in the porosity of the material and that its removal improves the enzymatic saccharification of the constituent polysaccharides.
Sustainable development has been growing concern worldwide, with special emphasis to its effects on climate change. An important action to reduce the environmental damage is the decrease of cement use. In this study the pozzolanicity of Sugarcane Straw Ashes (SCSA), thermal treated, at different curing times was investigated. Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction measurements allowed the quantification of several phases of the cement pasts through Rietveld analysis. The properties of cement paste are directly related to the concentrations of Alite, Belite, Portlandite, Brownmilite and amorphous phases. Tomography technique was also used to study the differences amongst the pore structures according to type of ash used. The SCSA substitution of 20\% (weight) in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) shows to be a good option to recover the agroindustrial wastes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study has investigated physical and microstructural properties of red ceramic materials incorporating clay and sugarcane bagasse ash. Ceramic products were fabricated with different percentages of bagasse ash (5 wt\%, 10 wt\% and 20 wt\%) and without bagasse ash for control specimen, by firing at the different range of temperature (900 to 1100 degrees C). The effect of incorporating bagasse ash in a ceramic body was assessed by shrinkage, water absorption, density and compressive strength and compared with without bagasse ash addition ceramic samples. It was found that the SCBA addition with red clay improved the physical and microstructural properties of ceramic sample. The percentage of water absorption was within 1.6 to 8.5\% for different amounts of ash, and compressive strength of ceramic samples ranged over 50 Mpa which met the requirements of different red ceramic products (ceramic bricks and blocks, roof tiles, porous wall tiles) standards. Microstructures of sintered samples incorporating with bagasse ash sintered at 1100 degrees C were observed and confirmed the vitrification of the ceramic sample. The results showed that moderate percentage of waste ash (5\% and 10\%) could be favorable in the production of red ceramic; however, bagasse ash could be utilized up to 20\% to produce different red ceramic materials. The firing temperature for all the samples was 900 degrees C to 1100 degrees C; therefore, SCBA can be used to produce a wide range of red ceramic products with low cost and environmental protection.
Sugarcane burning has been widely practiced in Brazil and worldwide. In the long term, this farming practice can cause soil erosion, reduction in organic carbon (OC) and consequently, changes in the structure of soil organic matter (SOM). Such changes may be difficult to reverse. This study aimed to assess the medium- and long-term effects of sugarcane burning on SOM characteristics, both in terms of quantity and structural quality and evaluate the application of vinasse as a strategy to attenuate fire-induced changes in burned soil. The experiment was conducted in a 50-year-old sugarcane field on soils classed as Cambissolo Haplico (Inceptisol). Four plots were sampled: a) burning of sugarcane for harvest for 37 years (SCB37); b) renewal of the sugarcane field and burning for harvest for 3 years (SCB3); c) renewal of the sugarcane field without burning for harvest for 3 years (SCWB), and d) renewal of the sugarcane field and burning for harvest with the application of vinasse for 3 years (SCV). Chemical and physical characterization of SOM was performed by solid-state spectroscopy ( UV-vis, AIR-FTIR e C-13 NMR CP/MAS) and chemometric techniques. The results showed that sugarcane burning drastically impacts SOM content and its chemical structure, however, the application of vinasse preserves and restores the soil from the fire effects. Content of soil OC, particulate OC, mineral-associated OC, humic acid, humin and light fraction OM that were affected by fire, had an increase and recovery of contents by the vinasse application. Solid state spectroscopy showed that labile structures were lost in humic acids (HA) by fire and recalcitrant structures were preserved. The application of vinasse incorporated fragments of lipids and carbohydrates in HA structure. Burning sugar cane straw affects the integrity of soil organic matter but can be restored by applying vinasse. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The influence of glucose on xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme activity was evaluated from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate fermentations with different glucose:xylose ratios (1:25, 1:12, 1:5 and 1:2.5) by employing an inoculum of Candida guilliermondii grown in media containing glucose, a mixture of glucose and xylose, or only xylose as carbon sources. According to the results, the glucose:xylose ratio affected positively this bioconversion and a correlation was not observed between the favourable conditions for xylitol production and the XR and XDH activities. Also, the results were influenced not only by the glucose:xylose ratio in the fermentation medium, but also by the carbon source employed in the growth medium of the inoculum. The optimum condition for xylitol. production by C. guilliermondii in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate should use hydrolysate with a 1:5 glucose:xylose ratio and inoculum grown in medium containing xylose as the only carbon source. (c) 2006 Society of Chemical Industry.
In this study, various combined pretreatment strategies using liquid hot water (LHW), 60 \% ethanol, 1\% H2SO4 and 0.5 \% NaOH together with different surfactants (PEG 6000, Triton X-100 and Tween 80) were evaluated to improve glucose production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) during enzymatic hydrolysis. After pretreatment with PEG 6000-assisted 1\% H2SO4, the highest glucose yield of 75.04 \% was achieved. Pretreatments of SCB with various combinations of H2SO4 (1-3\%, w/v) and PEG 6000 (0-1.5 \%, w/v) were further investigated for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. When 1.5 \% PEG 6000 was introduced during pretreatment with 2 \% H2SO4, the highest glucose yield of 86.14 \% and ethanol concentration of 20.17 g/L were liberated, which were much higher than those obtained from pretreatment with 2\% H2SO4 alone. This increased digestibility and fermentability can be attributed to decreases in crystalline sizes and PEG 6000 adherence to SCB surfaces, which was confirmed by cellulase adsorption isotherms, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analysis. In addition, prehydrolysate and the stillage remaining after ethanol production were sequentially digested to seek potential biomethane production and resulted in final methane yields of 264.05 mL and 387.77 mL per g of volatile solids, respectively. The feasibility of the process provids an environmentally friendly technology for an integrated biorefinery.
Ethanol/water organosolv pulping was used to obtain sugarcane bagasse pulp that was bleached with sodium chlorite. This bleached pulp was used to obtain cellulosic films that were further evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A good film formation was observed when temperature of 74 degrees C and baths of distilled water were used, which after FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis indicated no significant difference between the reaction times. The results showed this to be an interesting and promising process, combining the prerequisites for a more efficient utilization of agro-industrial residues.
Hemicellulose-derived sugars, especially xylose and xylooligosaccharide (XOS), obtained from lignocellulosic biomass can promote further applications in alternative chemical, food, and health care industries. In this study, a hemicellulose-rich hydrolysate was extracted by the hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at 175 degrees C. The two-step combination process of activated carbon and macroporous adsorption resin demonstrated a high efficiency of removal in terms of total byproducts (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid, and succinic acid) and phenolic content with 70.9\% and 92.0\%, respectively. This synergistic process achieved a higher purity of total sugar (89.7\%) than the single detoxification processes with activated carbon and macroporous resin (83.6\% and 84.3\%, respectively). Moreover, detoxification by activated carbon achieved the removal of the total byproducts in the range of 47.1 to 63.9\%, particularly the removal of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural under the condition from 5 to 10\% (w/v) activated carbon loading and temperature at 4-70 degrees C for 4 h. Using macroporous adsorption resin affected the removal of the total phenolic content in the range of 68.3 to 98.4\% with high loss of XOS sugar under conditions from 2 to 20\% (w/v) resin loading at 25 degrees C for 1 h. This work provides a simple process for the detoxification of hemicellulose-rich hydrolysates by adsorbent materials from hydrothermal sugarcane bagasse processing.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is one of the most abundant food wastes. In this research, SB was incorporated into the development of noodles at three different ratios, i.e. 5\%, 10\% and 15\%. Total dietary fibre of noodles significantly increased from 3.39\% (control noodles; - without SB) to 13.85\% with 15\% SB incorporation. All SB incorporated noodles (SBNs) were qualified to be labelled as `High in dietary fibre'. The 15\% SBN had the highest fibre content and lowest dialyzable glucose, but the organoleptic properties were the lowest. Due to that, 5\% SBN was deemed to be the most suitable ratio for noodles incorporation, as it had the closest value towards the commercial noodles in terms of colour, texture, fibre content and dialyzable glucose concentration of noodles samples. In terms of sensory evaluation, the 5\% SBN had the highest overall acceptability, and the ratio was suitable for noodles development.
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable resource from plants, and has great potential as an alternative to fossil resources to produce second-generation biofuels. Biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive approach to generate clean energy. Here a new ammonium-tolerant mutant named Rhodobacter capsulatus WH02 was isolated by transposon mutagenesis. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of key parameters such as inoculum concentration (5\%-60\%, v/v), glucose concentration (10-50 mmol/L), and ammonium concentration (2-8 mmol/L) on photo-fermentation of WH02. The results showed that the hydrogen yield of WH02 was about 3.74 folds of the wild type strain at 8 mmol/L ammonium chloride addition, suggesting the mutant strain WH02 exhibited improved biohydrogen production performance under ammonium suppression conditions compared with the wild type strain. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate with high ammonium concentration (87.94 +/- 2.22 mmol/L) was used as substrate to evaluate the ammonium-tolerant performance of WH02. The maximum hydrogen production was up to 153.96 +/- 1.98 mLH2/g-SCB by WH02 from SCB hydrolysate with the energy conversion efficiency of hydrogen of 10.95\%, demonstrating the feasibility of producing biohydrogen from lignocellulosic wastes containing high ammonium by the ammonium-tolerant strain WH02.
The effect of different mechanical force application methods was investigated relative to the structure and properties of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from sugarcane bagasse. The NFC was prepared by grinding, high pressure homogenization, and ultrasonication with chemical pretreatment. Fiber morphology, crystalline, chemical structures, and tensile property were analyzed to reveal the mechanisms of NFC production behind different mechanical treatments. The results showed that compared with grinding treatment, high pressure homogenization and ultrasonic treatment can obviously increase the aspect ratio and size uniformity of NFC. Ultrasonic treatment gave the best results. The combination of grinding, high pressure homogenization, and ultrasonic treatment resulted in NFC with the average diameter of 23.18 nm. With the shearing action of grinding, high pressure homogenization, and ultrasonic treatment, the mechanical properties, crystallinity and thermal stability of NFC were gradually enhanced. This results demonstrated that a very low-value agricultural waste product can be easily converted to a high performance nanocomposite with tensile strength of 153.6 MPa and strain at break of 8.83\%.
The aim of this paper is to improve the conversion of sugarcane bagasse to pyrolytic sugar levoglucosan through its pretreatment with acetic acid (10 wt.\%) at 90 degrees C for 10 min under 200 rpm. Then, acid treated biomass was rinsed with deionized water to a neutral pH and dried in a vacuum oven at 70 degrees C up to constant weight. After acid treatment, the samples were subjected to fast pyrolysis in a Py-GC/MS. Thus, the impact of the acetic acid on the levoglucosan yield as well as other pyrolytic compounds released during pyrolysis process at different temperatures (from 350 to 600 degrees C) is reported. The best results respect to levoglucosan yield were attained when pyrolysis was performed at 400 degrees C resulting in around nine folds levoglucosan production from sugarcane bagasse after biomass treatment with acid compared to the control (untreated biomass samples) while the yield of some undesirable lignin derived compounds decreases in acid washed samples. The effect observed is due to the removal of the catalytic activity of alkali and alkaline earth metals. The attained results are very attractive because this pyrolytic sugar exhibits great potential as renewable feedstock for biofuels production and other bioproducts.
The Biofine process is the currently used method for the industrial production of levulinic acid (LA) from biomass. In this process sulfuric acid is used to catalyze the reaction, the former is a corrosive and toxic catalyst. In this work, an environmental friendly catalyst: 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ({[
The present study compares the optimization using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in the sugarcane bagasse delignification process using Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP). Two variables were assessed experimentally: temperature (25-45 degrees C) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (1.5-7.5\%(w/v)). The Klason Method was used to measure the amount of insoluble lignin, the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the glucose and xylose concentrations and the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was applied to identify oxidized lignin structure in the samples. The analytical results were used for training and testing of ANN and ANFIS models. The statistical quality of the models was significant due to the low values of the errors indices (RMSE) and determination coefficient R-2 between experimental and calculated values.
Straw removal requires a complex set of mechanized operations, including machines for raking, baling, and transporting the straw, which may intensify soil physical degradation in sugarcane fields. A field experiment was conducted to estimate the stress transmitted caused by a set of machines used for sugarcane straw removal and to quantify the impact of these stresses on soil physical indicators. The treatments consisted of reproducing the field traffic of individual and sequential operations used for straw removal, including raking; raking + baling; and raking + baling + transporting operations. Soil bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), macroporosity (MaP) and microporosity (MiP) at the depths of 2.5, 5, 15, and 30 cm were measured before and after the field operations. Contact area of the tires and stress transmitted into the soil induced by the straw removal operations were simulated by SoilFlex model and then used to assess the magnitude of the changes in soil physical indicators. Results showed that baling operation transmitted the highest stress (similar to 400 kPa), followed by straw raking and transporting, whose transmitted stress level exceed 300 kPa near the soil surface. The sum of sequential operations (i.e., raking + bale + transporting) showed the highest negative impact on soil physical quality. The magnitude of the changes in soil physical indicators occurred according to initial conditions of BD and transmitted stress. Our results show that operations for straw removal intensify soil compaction, which can be detrimental to sustain soil health and plant growth. Therefore, we advocate that traffic control strategies should be adopted during the straw removal operations to improve soil quality towards greater sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.
Vinasse is a residue of ethanol production from sugarcane. In view of the problems associated with its disposal, this study aimed to propose a treatment for vinasse by hydrothermal carbonization. The influence of temperature (100 to 200 degrees C), acidity (1.7 to 8.3\%) and reaction time (12 to 48 h) on the hydrothermal treatment was evaluated, as well the characteristics of the solid (hydrochar) and liquid (process water) products. For the solid product, two hydrothermal carbonization conditions stood out as leading to higher carbonization and yields. These conditions were 200 degrees C, 8.3\% acidity and times of 12 and 48 h. For the process water, the carbonization reaction at 200 degrees C, 8.3\% acidity and 48 h produced the highest discoloration and 77\% reduction of total organic carbon. Thus, hydrothermal carbonization proved to be an efficient method to treat vinasse, and the hydrochar presents potential for use as fertilizers / soil conditioners, and also the process water after pre-treatment.
Sugarcane vinasse, also known as distillery wastewater, is a key by-product of the ethanol industry. Vinasse characteristics and their huge volume pose environmental concerns about the choice of treatment method. Microfiltration (MF) has been efficiently applied to vinasse clarification; however, it has been underexplored in the literature. In this context, the present study investigated the application of coagulation and cross-flow MF for vinasse clarification. To maximize the process efficiency, operational parameters were optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time method in batch tests. The optimal values were Superfloc C492 concentration of 5 mg L-1, backpulsing frequency of 10 min, and vinasse temperature of 45 degrees C, which showed a removal of 35.0, 86.0, and 99.9\% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and turbidity, respectively. The optimization process significantly improved the vinasse flux but did not show any influence in the permeate quality. Optimal parameters were successfully applied to the continuous mode in the MF system, which operated during 164 h at an average flux of 21.6 L h(-1) m(-2). High removals were reached for color (79.3\%) and turbidity (99.6\%), and low removal was found for COD (31.6\%), which are in agreement with the batch mode tests. This work showed the importance of operational optimization, and the results provide valuable support for establishing practical guidelines for vinasse clarification in the ethanol industry.
Hemicellulose-rich substrates produced in the lignocellulose biorefinery context can yield macromolecular xylan structures with assorted application in the chemical industry. Xylan presents natural affinity to cellulose and its incorporation onto fibers increases the physical processability of pulp; however, current studies diverge on how molar mass affects xylan interaction with cellulose. In the current work, xylans with varied structural characteristics were prepared from alkaline-sulfite pretreated sugarcane bagasse with aid of an alkaline-active xylanase and selective precipitations using different ethanol concentrations. Prepared xylan fractions, containing low levels of lignin contamination (4-9\%) and molar masses ranging from 2.3 kDa to 34 kDa, were incorporated onto eucalyptus pulp fibers up to 4.7 g xylan/100 g pulp. The efficiency of xylan incorporation onto cellulosic fibers was dependent on the xylan structures, where low molar mass and low substitution degree favored high incorporation levels.
In order to meet the increasing demand of 2G ethanol, sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a low cost by-product of sugarcane industry, can be utilized. However, cost-effective degradation of SCB into constituent fermentable sugars and subsequent ethanolic fermentation remains to be a far-fetched goal. In the present study, cellulase and hemicellulase cocktail produced by Aspergillus tubingensis NKBP-55 was applied for SCB hydrolysis under parametrically optimized conditions. Enzyme treatment (SCB: 7\%, enzyme load: 1U = 1 mg) resulted in the liberation of fermentable mono-sugars 20 mg/mL (glucose, xylose and arabinose). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis revealed increase in the crystallinity index from 58.4 to 63.9\% as a result of degradation of hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose. SCB hydrolysate was fermented to ethanol (0.415 g/g) by glucose and xylose-fermenting yeast, Candida shehatae NCIM 3501. Maximum ethanol concentration (15.54 +/- 0.3 g/L) with 77.9\% fermentation efficiency and 0.161 g/L/h productivity was achieved. The present study revealed that A. tubingensis enzyme cocktail can be used for efficient SCB hydrolysis and conversion of resulting hydrolysate into bioethanol using C. shehatae. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present study demonstrates a catalytic thermo liquefaction (CTL) process for the liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse into carboxylic acids using recyclable polymeric Bronsted acid ionic liquids (PolyE-ILs) catalyst. A series of acid catalysts such as mineral acids, imidazole-based ionic liquid and PolyE-ILs with variable counter ions were tested. Of the tested catalysts, {[
The sugar and alcohol industries provide promising alternative energy sources to replace the use of petroleum derivatives. Vinasse is a byproduct of the alcoholic fermentation of various raw materials, and is used in the fertirrigation of sugarcane plantations. However, its excessive use leads to many soil and groundwater related problems, including toxicity to living organisms, acidification of soil and water, accumulation of heavy metals, and contamination of groundwater. The use of integrated systems, such as stabilization, filtration, and phytoremediation, have attracted interest in the treatment of wastewater from various sources, as these highly effective biogeochemical systems can reduce the pollutant concentrations in wastewater, thereby reducing its adverse effects. The aim of this work was to develop a hybrid treatment system to optimize the physical and chemical characteristics of vinasse so that it can be used as fertilizer for crops with a lower pollution impact. The results of this study validated the effectiveness of the proposed system and demonstrated positive modifications of vinasse. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The present study reports on the mechanochemical processing and characterisation studies of Si-based refractory compounds derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). SCB was preliminarily washed and sun-dried for 48 hr. 1 M HCl acid was used for the leaching of the SCB, before which carbothermal treatment was carried out in an enclosed, improvised crucible using a temperature sequence of 600-1000 degrees C at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min. Fourier transmission infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were used to characterise the reaction products. From the results obtained, the major functional groups indicated in the IR spectra are O-H, N-O, O-Si-O and Si-C. The carbothermal treatment showed the viability of producing an Si-based refractory compound (SBRC). There is a high population of SiC in the XRD pattern at 900 degrees C, indicating that 700 degrees C was not sufficient for the full transformation of the SiC phases. The results indicate the presence of unreacted carbon phase precipitates in the reaction product.
Current environmental trends show an increase in pollutant concentrations in water bodies. The alarming concern this poses has made it crucial to remove pollutants from water and eliminate them, owing to the host of issues they cause to the ecosystem. While sorption is a popular method of treating wastewater, there are several concerns regarding its accessibility, affordability, efficiency, and functioning toward a circular sustainable economy. The current study focuses on the feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to remove oil and diesel from water and proposes to do so without turning SCB into biochar, contrary to the usual method. Raw SCB was chemically treated using sodium hydroxide and acetic acid. With little pre-treatment, it was found to have improved sorption abilities with low input materials and environmental toxicity. Sorption experiments conducted on treated and untreated SCB showed the effects of different parameters on the oil or diesel removal efficiency. Furthermore, FTIR, BET, and SEM studies were conducted to characterize the intrinsic morphology and structure of the sorbent.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the extractability of the hemicelluloses from bagasse obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The results showed that the ultrasonic treatment and sequential extractions with alkali and alkaline peroxide under the conditions given led to a release of over 90\% of the original hemicelluloses and lignin. This fact as well as the sugar composition and structural features of the isolated seven hemicellulosic fractions indicated that ultrasonication attacked the integrity of cell walls, cleaved the ether linkages between lignin and hemicelluloses, and increased accessibility and extractability of the hemicelluloses. Increasing alkali concentration from 0.5 to 2 M and alkaline peroxide percentage from 0.5\% to 3.0\% resulted in degradation of hemicellulosic backbone as shown by a decrease in their molecular weights from 43,580 to 14,470 and 30,180 to 18,130 g mol(-1), respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the structural features of the seven sequential alkali- or alkaline peroxide-soluble hemicellulosic fractions, which are composed mainly of L-arabino-(4-O-methyl-D-glucurono)-D-xylans. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were found to be chemically linked with hemicelluloses. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a widely available biomass feedstock currently used for ethanol production in various parts of the world. Here, we carried out a combined liquid hot water and neutral/alkaline sulfonation pretreatments of SCB at relatively low temperatures to maximize enzymatic hydrolysis yields. To describe multi-step pretreatments severities, analytical equations for modified combind severity factors (CSF ` m) were introduced. Although the chemical composition of SCB after the liquid hot water pretreatment alone has not been significantly changed under tested conditions, this pretreatment led to an increase in the efficiency of its enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, a combination of liquid hot water pretreatment (at 120 degrees C for 1 h) and sulfonation of SCB (at 120 degrees C for 2 h) resulted in excellent enzymatic hydrolysis yields. After alkaline sulfonation, glucose yields reached 99.6 +/- 0.21\% for autoclaved and alkaline sulfonated bagasse (AASB) and 97.47 +/- 0.75\% for boiled and alkaline sulfonated bagasse (BASB), whereas xylose yields were 86.9 +/- 1.9\% and 88.0 +/- 1.8\% for AASB and BASB, respectively. High enzymatic hydrolysis yields are in line with elevated CSF ` m of the latter pretreatments. X-ray diffraction, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that the structural desorganization of bagasse after liquid hot water pretreatment associated to chemical modifications of lignin and its massive removal promoted by alkaline sulfonation led to efficient separation of carbohydrates and lignin, revealing underlying structural reasons of the observed efficient enzymatic hydrolysis.
Nano-titanium dioxide (nanoTiO(2)) under ultraviolet irradiation (UV) followed by dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was used to enhance the production of biohydrogen and biomethane in a consecutive dark fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Different concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g nanoTiO(2)/L under different UV times of 30, 60, 90 and 120 min were used. Sulfuric acid (2\% v/v) at 121 degrees C was used for 15, 30 and 60 min to hydrolyze the pretreated bagasse. For acidic hydrolysis times of 15, 30 and 60 min, the highest total free sugar values were enhanced by 260\%, 107\%, and 189\%, respectively, compared to samples without nanoTiO(2) pretreatment. The highest hydrogen production samples for the same acidic hydrolysis times showed 88\%, 127\%, and 25\% enhancement. The maximum hydrogen production of 101.5 ml/g VS (volatile solids) was obtained at 1 g nanoTiO(2)/L and 120 min UV irradiation followed by 30 min acid hydrolysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with various HZSM-5 (23, 50, and 80) catalysts was studied in a tandem micro reactor-GC/MS at 400 degrees C, 450 degrees C, 500 degrees C and 550 degrees C with a catalyst to biomass (C/B) ratios ranging from 2 to 23. The yields of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) were significantly affected by pyrolysis temperature and C/B ratio. The highest BTX yield of 22\% was obtained for the HZSM-5 (23) catalyst at C/B ratio of 12.5 and a temperature of 475 degrees C. Finally, an experimental design was performed to determine the optimal process conditions for BTX yields.
This study focuses on the valorization of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), which is a waste by-product from the sugar industry for ethanol production. A simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was modelled and optimized. In addition, the kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell growth and ethanol formation under the optimized conditions were assessed using the logistic and modified Gompertz models respectively. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization with input parameters consisting of enzyme loading (20-100 U/g), temperature (30-50 degrees C) and yeast titre (1-5 times). A maximum bioethanol concentration of 4.88 g/L was observed under the optimal process conditions of 1 time (yeast titre), 100 U/g (enzyme loading) and 39 degrees C (temperature). The RSM model revealed that the enzyme loading parameter significantly affected bioethanol production. Kinetics of cell growth gave a maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)) of 0.15 h(-1) and a maximum cell biomass concentration (X-max) of 2.58 g/L. The modified Gompertz model showed a maximum bioethanol concentration (P-m) and maximum bioethanol production rate (r(p, m)) of 3.12 g/L and 0.29 g/L/h respectively. These findings demonstrated the potential of sugarcane waste valorization for biofuel production through SSF processes, and provided insights into process design for large scale operations.
This paper discusses the feasibility of utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material in the production of Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC). Ordinary Portland Cement was replaced with Treated Bagasse Ash (TBA) in this investigation. The replacement dosage varied from 5\% to 20\% by weight of cement. The effect of bagasse ash on workability, compressive strength, chloride penetration resistance and sorptivity was examined. In addition to this, the effect of different curing regimens on hardened properties of UHSC was carried out. The results proved that it is possible to produce UHSC with cylinder compressive strength more than 160 MPa by incorporating bagasse ash. Optimum replacement ratio of 15\% yielded better performance in all the tests, without having any adverse effects on hardened concrete. Convincingly, 20\% substitution of sugarcane bagasse ash is good enough for producing UHSC. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The pretreatment is a critical step for lignocellulosic biomass enzymatic hydrolysis, bearing a significant economic weight on the process of producing biomass sugar syrups. This study carried out a thorough investigation of the effect of a prior biological pretreatment (BPT) on the hydrothermal pretreatment (HPT) efficiency, carried out under different severity conditions, to promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane straw. Among the microorganisms studied for BPT, Pleurotus ostreatus was more effective, as it showed high selectivity for removing lignin and promoted higher cellulose digestibility, being selected to be combined with HPT. The sole effect of the HPT treatment, at 170 degrees C for 40 min (combined severity factor of 0.446), promoted high hemicellulose removal and the following enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in a 68.3\% glucose yield. Nonetheless, the efficiency of the HPT was improved by performing BPT prior to HPT, even under lower severity conditions (160 degrees C for 40 min, combined severity factor of 0.073), resulting in an increased glucose yield of 78.5\%, 1.2-fold higher than the HPT carried out solely. These results indicate that BPT is an interesting aid for HPT pretreatment of sugarcane straw. {[
The feasibility of a novel composite adsorbent beads prepared from Sugarcane bagasse biochar (SB) entrapped in Calcium-alginate (CASB) to eliminate Methylene Blue dye (MB) from aqueous solution was investigated by batch and close circuit semifluidized bed column studies. Sugarcane bio-char was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse through slow pyrolysis at 500 degrees C in an oxygen-free environment. Both CASB and SB biochar were characterized using FTIR and FESEM. BET and XRD analysis to understand the surface properties. Batch adsorption kinetics were performed to identify and optimize the various physicochemical process parameters such as solution pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, and adsorbent dose and its effects on adsorption mechanism. In a closed-circuit bed experiment, the effect of initial MB dye concentration, height of the initial bed and liquid feed flow rate on MB removal was studied. The maximum bed capacity of 30.13 mg/g was found at 40 mg/L of initial solute concentration, 10 cm bed height, and 2.5 LPM feed flow rate with 95.47 \% removal of MB. The results suggested the sustainable application of CASB biochar as an effective adsorbent and semi-fluidized bed operation as an improved continuous effluent treatment operation alternative to packed bed and fluidized bed operation.
Reactive Flash Volatilization (RFV) is an emerging thermochemical method to produce tar free hydrogen rich syngas from waste biomass at relatively lower temperature (<900 degrees C) in a single stage catalytic reactor within a millisecond residence time. Here, we show catalytic RFV of bagasse using Ru, Rh, Pd, or Re promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts under steam rich and oxygen deficient environment. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be 800 degrees C, steam to carbon ratio = 1.7 and carbon to oxygen ratio = 0.6. Rh-Ni/Al2O3 performed the best, resulting in highest hydrogen concentration in the synthesis gas at 54.8\%, with a corresponding yield of 106.4 g-H2/kg bagasse. A carbon conversion efficiency of 99.96\% was achieved using Rh-Ni, followed by Ru-Ni, Pd-Ni, Re-Ni and mono metallic Ni catalyst in that order. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal species present in the bagasse ash and char, that deposited on the catalyst, was found to enhance its activity and stability. The hydrogen yield from bagasse was higher than previously reported woody biomass and comparable to the microalgae. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molasses, the main by-product of sugar production, is a well-known source of antioxidants. In this study, sugarcane molasses extract was investigated for its total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant capacity. The experimental total phenolic content was 101.3 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in 1 g of extract, IC50 of Trolox and sugarcane molasses extract were 125.33 mu g/ml and 126.0 mu g/ml, respectively. A chemical model system showed that the sugarcane molasses extract effectively reduced the formation of phenylacetaldehyde and the aldol condensation product, meanwhile, the amount of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{[
Increasingly, future energy conversion systems highly demands non-noble metal catalysts with high activity and low cost for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This paper reports the use of waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB)derived biomass carbon (SCBC) to synthesize carbon-supported molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets for HER activity. The MoS2 nanosheets are uniformly loaded on the SCBC and show a vertical growth trend. Together, a synergistic effect was produced that impacted HER activity. The obtained MoS2/SCBC 2:1 showed admirable HER electrochemical activity, with a minimum overpotential of 142 mV at 10 mA cm-2, Tafel slope of 71 mV.dec-1 and Cdl value of 65.26 mF cm-2. The MoS2/SCBC 2:1 catalyst also exhibited high stability under acidic conditions. In conclusion, a non-noble metal electrocatalyst with low-cost and high-activity for HER from biomass waste has been provided for energy conversion system.
Removal of toxic heavy metal ion concentration (Cr, Pb, and Zn) from the aqueous solution has been investigated using sugarcane bagasse as an adsorbent. The various properties of sugarcane bagasse powder were analyzed and the Fourier transmission infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis of sugarcane bagasse powder, before and after adsorption of Cr(VI), Pb(II), and Zn(II) were also examined. Test results show that the maximum adsorption efficiency of 95.65\% for Cr(VI), 87.26\% for Pb(II), and 83.32\% for Zn(II) were attained at the pH of 6.0, the temperature of 30 degrees C, the contact time of 60 min, the adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g/L with 25 mg/L of metal ion concentrations. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were adopted for the batch adsorption experimental work and the results prove that the pseudo-second-order model was fitted well with kinetic data. Also, the thermodynamic study confirms that adsorption mechanism is endothermic in nature with the best possible correlations.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) respectively dissolved in water and 70\% glycerol were applied to treat sugarcane bagasse (SCB) under the condition of 80 degrees C for 2 h. NaOH solutions could remove more lignin and obtain higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of SCB than Ca(OH)(2) solutions. Compared with the alkali-water solutions, the enzymatic hydrolysis of SCB treated in NaOH-glycerol solution decreased, while that in Ca(OH)(2)-glycerol solution increased. The lignin in NaOH-water pretreatment liquor could be easily recovered by calcium chloride (CaCl2) at room temperature, but that in Ca(OH)(2)-water pretreatment liquor couldn't. NaOH pretreatment is more suitable for facilitating enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin recovery of SCB than Ca(OH)(2) pretreatment.
MIL-101(Fe)/sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with high adsorption capacity and selectivity toward phosphate was prepared through in-situ synthesis method. Effects of bagasse size on the morphology and performances of the composites were investigated, and adsorption behavior and mechanism of phosphate on the composite prepared at the optimum bagasse size were studied. Results showed that composite prepared with bagasse size of 200-300 mesh (MIL-101(Fe)/SCB3) showed much higher adsorption capacity than SCB, blank MIL-101(Fe) and the composites prepared with the other bagasse size, which was due to the more positively charged surface and the more exposed adsorption active sites including FeOHx and exchangeable CF. Co-ions experimental results illustrated that the as prepared MIL-101(Fe)/SCB3 showed high adsorption affinity toward phosphate, and the common cationic and anionic ions exhibited negligible effects on phosphate adsorption capacity and rate. The optimum pH range for phosphate adsorption on MIL-101(Fe)/SCB3 was from 3.0 to 10.0, and in this range Fe release was less than 0.03\%. Adsorption mechanism showed that phosphate was adsorbed mainly through electrostatic force, ion-exchange, and inner-sphere surface complex. Simulated wastewater treatment experiment showed that MIL-101(Fe)/SCB3 could efficiently remove phosphate from aqueous solution.
Fibers obtained from de sugarcane bagasse are being investigated as possible engineering materials. Their application as reinforcement of polymer composites is of interest due not only to environmental benefits associated with a waste recycling but also to their biodegradable and renewable characterisitics. Since it is known that many lignocellulosic fibers present a tensile strength inverse dependence with the diameter, this possibility was investigated on bagasse fibers. By means of the Weibull analysis, it was found that the thinner the bagasse fiber, the greater the strength. Fracture observation of bagasse fibers by scanning electron microscopy, indicated possible mechanisms related to this inverse correlation.
The main objective of the present work is to investigate the influence of catalyst to biomass ratio (C:B) on pyrolysis sugarcane bagasse over cerium loaded Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil -5 (HZSM-5, Si/AL = 23) catalyst via in-situ fixed bed reactor. HZSM-5 catalyst was used as a support with 1 wt.\% of Ce as promoter loaded via incipient wetness impregnation method. The pyrolysis oil (PO) yield and coke yield were significantly affected by the use of Ce/HZSM-5 at various C:B ratio than the none catalytic pyrolysis, in which generating low PO yields (50.0 wt.\%). The increasing Ce/HZSM-5 loading has an additional effect with respect to PO and coke yields. Among the tested C:B ratio, a catalyst to biomass ratio of 1:1 has demonstrated to be potential candidates in the catalytic pyrolysis of SB into a higher yield of condensable pyrolysis oil with lower coke contents. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Bioethanol is the most widely used transportation fuel and is often employed as an alternate to conventional petroleum fuel. The most important challenge in bioethanol production process is to achieve nearly pure ethanol by downstream purification. Production of ethanol from sugarcane bagasse was studied in a membrane integrated hybrid bioreactor for 115 h using yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermented product was subjected to continuous microfiltration after 20 h of batch fermentation and 100\% rejection of microorganism was achieved at this state. A maximum cell density of 2.4 of was reached in the fermenter during fermentation. The maximum cell density reached in the fermenter during fermentation was 2.4 g/l. While studying the membrane performance during microfiltration, a flux decrease from 44.4 l/m(2)h to 8.4 l/m(2)h was observed after 65 h of continuous filtration at constant 3 bar transmembrane pressure. The permeate samples obtained from microfiltration were subjected to nanofiltration in order to recycle unconverted glucose from water ethanol mixture. During nanofiltration, the membrane performance revealed 58-86\% rejection of glucose, a maximum ethanol concentration of 43.2 g/l in the permeate and the reduction of membrane flux from 41.4 l/m(2)h to 8.2 l/m(2)h after 19 h of continuous filtration at 10 bar transmembrane pressure. This membrane based approach for bioethanol production employs a sustainable and clean technology which comes up with low or no waste generation.
In a previous work, chemically modified cellulose (EMC) and sugarcane bagasse (EMMB) were prepared from mercerized cellulose (MC) and twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse (MMB) using ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD) as modifying agent. In this work we described in detail the modification of these materials in function of reaction time and EDTAD amount in the reaction media. The resistance of ester bond at pH 1, 2, 11, and 12 was also evaluated by FTIR. The results were used to model the hydrolysis process and a kinetic model was proposed. The modified materials (EMMB and EMC) were used to adsorb Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from aqueous single solutions. The adsorption isotherms were developed at two pH values. These materials showed maximum adsorption capacities for Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions ranging from 15.6 to 54.1 mg/g and 13.5 to 42.6 mg/g, respectively. The modified material from sugarcane bagasse (EMMB) showed larger maximum adsorption capacities than modified material from cellulose (EMC) for both metals. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was mechanically activated by home-made high efficiency stirring mill. Graft copolymers (SCB-g-PAA) of SCB with different mechanical activation times (t(M)) and acrylic acid (AA) have been synthesized by using ammonium persulfate/sodium sulfite redox pair as an initiator in aqueous solution. The effect of tM on the graft co-polymerization was evaluated by grafting ratio (GR) and grafting efficiency (GE). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the granular morphology, functional groups, crystal structure and thermal properties of the product. It was found that the mechanical activation could split fiber bundles and decrease significantly the crystallinity. SCB degraded after the mechanical activation (MA) and its thermal stability declined. Moreover, the graft copolymerization was enhanced obviously by MA processing. And GR and GE increased with the increase of activation time. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sugarcane is considered as one of the prominent agricultural crops in Brazil, with Goias being the second largest national producer. During the processing of sugarcane, waste is generated, and one of these is vinasse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and technological performances of two varieties of sugarcane for different depths and vinasse parceling. Experiments were conducted at Fazenda Boa Sorte, located in the municipality of Carmo do Rio Verde-GO. A randomized block design was used with a subdivided plot containing two varieties of sugarcane (RB 86-7515 and SP 80-1816) and each subplot having three management types for the application of vinasse (Ml 20-20 mm, M2 40-0 mm, and M3 30-30 mm) and four repetitions. The applications were performed in the months of May and June (dry period). The variables analyzed were the plant height, number of photosynthetically active green leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, stalk productivity, soluble solids content, broth pol, apparent sucrose content, fiber content, total reducing sugars, and reducing sugars. Analysis of variance was performed on the results obtained using the F test; subsequently, for the significant data, the test of means was performed. The SP 80-1816 variety showed superiority for both the biometric and technological variables. The ethanol yield and total recoverable sugar content were higher for the SP 80-1816 variety, with no difference between the vinasse application management. The vinasse application installment did not show viability.
Five pilot-scale steam explosion pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse followed by alkaline delignification were explored. The solubilised lignin was precipitated with 98\% sulphuric acid. Most of the pentosan (82.6\%), and the acetyl group fractions were solubilised during pretreatment, while 90.2\% of cellulose and 87.0\% lignin were recovered in the solid fraction. Approximately 91\% of the lignin and 72.5\% of the pentosans contained in the steam-exploded solids were solubilised by delignification, resulting in a pulp with almost 90\% of cellulose. The acidification of the black liquors allowed recovery of 48.3\% of the lignin contained in the raw material. Around 14\% of lignin, 22\% of cellulose and 26\% of pentosans were lost during the process. In order to increase material recovery, major changes, such as introduction of efficient condensers and the reduction in the number of washing steps, should be done in the process setup. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study is to assess the effect of the laminar inclusion on the physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse particleboard. We used the commercial panels of sugarcane bagasse produced in China. To evaluate the effect of the laminar inclusion was tested two wood species (Pinus and Eucalyptus) and two pressures (10 and 15 kgf.cm(-2)) along with a control (without laminar inclusion). The panels with laminar inclusion obtained improvements in the physical properties, with a significant reduction in the WA2h, WA24h and TS2h. There was a significant increase in the properties MOE and MOR parallel and Janka hardness, while the properties MOE and MOR perpendicular decreased significantly. The pinus and eucalyptus veneers inclusion resulted in similar results when added to the panel with a 10 kgf.cm(-2) pressure. The use of 15 kgf.cm(-2) pressure is not indicated for the pinus veneer inclusion in sugar cane bagasse panels. There was no effect of the pressure level when evaluating the eucalyptus veneer inclusion on the properties of the sugarcane bagasse panels.
Impregnation method is one of the crucial steps involved in producing activated carbon using chemical activation process. Chemicals employed in this step is effective at decomposing the structure of material and forming micropores that helps in adsorption of contaminants. This paper explains thorough procedures that have been involved in producing sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SBAC) by using 5\%, 10\%, 20\%, 30\% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) during the impregnation step. Concentration of H3PO4 used in the process of producing SBAC was optimized through several tests including bulk density, ash content, iodine adsorption and pore size diameter and the charactesristic of optimum SBAC produced has been compared with commercial activated carbon (CAC). Batch study has been carried out by using the SBAC produced from optimum condition to investigate the performance of SBAC in removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from textile wastewater. From characteristic study, SBAC with 30\% H3PO4 has shown the optimum value of bulk density, ash content, iodine adsorption and pore size diameter of 0.3023 g cm-3, 4.35\%, 974.96 mg/g and 0.21-0.41 mu m, respectively. These values are comparable to the characteristics of CAC. Experimental result from the batch study has been concluded that the SBAC has a promising potential in removing turbidity and COD of 75.5\% and 66.3\%, respectively which was a slightly lower than CAC which were able to remove 82.8\% of turbidity and 70\% of COD. As a conclusion, the SBAC is comparable with CAC in terms of their characteristics and the capability of removing contaminants from textile wastewater. Therefore, it has a commercial value to be used as an alternative of low-cost material in producing CAC.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is waste from sugar industry. Many millions of tons of sugarcane bagasse are residues annually throughout Thailand each year. This research aimed to utilize SB mixed with the rubber compound to enhance the mechanical properties and improve flame-retardant properties. In addition, magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were added to study the effect of flammability of NR composites. From the results, we found that SB improved the mechanical properties and flame-retardant property, while the addition of both ATH and MH increased the efficiency of flame retardant. The cure time and scorch time of unfilled NR composites were found to be higher than that of NR filling with SB, ATH, and MH. The Mooney viscosities increased with the increase of SB, ATH, and MH. The tensile strength increased with addition of SB in composites, and when increased the content of ATH and MH tended to decrease the tensile strength of composites. The elongation at break decreased with increase in the contents of SB, ATH, and MH in composites. The microhardness, modulus at 100\% and 300\%, increased with the increase in SB and flame retardant. Moreover, the increase in microhardness was related to the modulus. From the horizontal burning rate analysis, it was observed that the NR composites with SB gave lower values of horizontal burning rate than the NR composites under same testing conditions. The addition of both ATH and MH enhanced to reduce the burning rate of NR composites.
The suitability of an emulsifier, sucrose ester, to enhance the proportion of dietary fiber in white pan bread was examined. The substitution of dietary fiber from sugarcane bagasse and a commercial dietary fiber (Solka Floc(R) 900) were varied from 0 to 15 g/100 g of wheat flour mass. Expansion and stickiness of dough, volume, specific volume, firmness and springiness of bread, including sensory evaluation all decreased as each of dietary fiber increased. Bread properties improved with sucrose ester addition. Bread made by 10 g/100 g of each dietary fiber substitution, was scored favorable by consumer when sugar ester was added at 1.5 g/100 g as wheat flour mass. (C) 2004 Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD) modified sugarcane bagasse (SB) was prepared, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Due to the presence of a large number of carboxyl groups, the adsorption capacity of the EDTAD-modified SB (EDTAD-SB) for Methylene Blue (MB) showed a significant increase compared with SB. The maximum adsorption capacity was 115.3 mg g(-1) for MB, according to the Langmuir equation. Kinetic studies showed better correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, confirming that the sorption rate was controlled by a chemisorption process. Photocatalytic regeneration of spent EDTAD-SB using UV/TiO2 is effective. Further, the regenerated EDTAD-SB exhibits 85\% efficiency for subsequent adsorption cycle with MB aqueous solutions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study evaluates the benefits of mineral fertilizers replacement for biodigested vinasse. Data from experimental anaerobic digestion (AD) of vinasse were applied to support the analysis. Based on previous experiments, this assessment assumed that vinasse production could reach 2.38 x 10(7) m(3)/year generating around 66,585 MWh/year of electric energy from biogas burning in the Administrative Region of Campinas (ARC). This amount of energy could supply more than 103,000 inhabitants and avoid 35,892 tCO(2eq)/year (from electric energy replacement). The biodigested vinasse might also reduce the total N, P, and K mineral fertilizers demand per hectare of sugarcane crop in 30\%, 1\%, and 46\%, respectively, avoiding additional greenhouse gas emissions of 111,877 tCO(2)eq/year. There is no biodigested vinasse surplus for a moderate fertigation rate of 100 m(3)/ha, complying with local environmental laws related to nutrients excess side effects in areas destined to sugarcane crop. Notwithstanding, a Geographic Information System analysis for a small adjacent area to ARC indicated nine different fertigation rates, ranging from 50 to 100 m(3)/ha. Even though the general analysis for ARC shows high NPK replacement levels, the fertigation practices should be subsidized for robust soil analysis and adequate to safe environmental levels. A management tool can be designed using the results here presented to subsidize investments for AD widespread adoption by the sugarcane industry to catch a reasonable practice from the economic and environmental perspectives. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic wastes are pretreated prior to their utilization in fermentation processes. Such pretreatment also alters the topological features of the substrates, and therefore the suitability of pretreated waste as immobilization matrix for microbial cells needs investigation. RESULTS In this study, the effect of chemical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SB) for its subsequent utilization as a matrix to immobilize a pectinolytic yeast,Geotrichum candidumAA15, was evaluated using cell retention, concentration of immobilized cells, immobilization efficiency, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the substrate and pectinase titers obtained after recycling. The results revealed that untreated SB is more efficient for immobilization with higher values of cell retention and pectinase productivity (99.78\%) retained for up to six production cycles. It was deduced that removal of lignin by pretreatment negatively influenced the ability of SB to support cell adhesion, as lignin acts as a sealing agent that provides strength to the substrate. CONCLUSIONS The strategy of utilizing SB as immobilization matrix was found effective at the laboratory scale as it improved pectinase production and may be investigated further for large-scale and cost-effective production. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
An innovative application of the anaerobic structured-bed reactor (AnSTBR) in thermophilic dark fermentation of sugarcane vinasse targeting biohydrogen (bioH(2)) production was assessed. A detailed metabolite monitoring program identified the major substrates and primary metabolic pathways within the system. Increasing the applied organic loading rate positively affected bioH(2) production, reaching 2074 N mL-H-2 L-1 d(-1) and indicating an optimal load of approximately 70 kg-COD m(-3) d(-1). Controlling the fermentation pH (5.0-5.5) was the primary strategy to maintain bioH(2)-producing conditions, offsetting negative impacts associated with the compositional variability of vinasse. Metabolic correlations pointed out lactate as the primary substrate for bioH(2) production, indicating its accumulation as evidence of impaired reactors. The versatility of the acidogenic system was confirmed by identifying three major metabolic pathways according to the pH, i.e., lactate-producing (pH < 5.0), bioH(2)-/butyrate-producing (pH = 5.0-5.5) and bioH(2)-producing/sulfate-reducing (pH > 6.0) systems, which enables managing the operation of the reactors for diversified purposes in practical aspects.
MgO/N-doped active carbon (Mg/N-C) derived from sugarcane bagasse was prepared for the removal of methyl orange (MO). Mg/N-C composites presented the better adsorption capacity than that of active carbon and N-doped active carbon, of which the maximum adsorption capacity of 2-Mg/N-C-b2 for the MO removal is 384.61 mg g(-1). The effects of MgO dosage, N-doped content, pyrolysis temperature, pH value, inorganic ions and solution temperature on the adsorption performance of Mg/N-C composites in the MO removal were investigated in detail. The pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm model fitted well with the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of Mg/N-C. The rate-determining step was the boundary diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption process of 2-Mg/N-C-b2 was a spontaneous and physisorption process.
In this work, using an agricultural waste of sugarcane bagasse, new biomass of magnetic sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (MSBAC) has been successfully prepared by a simple microwave method. The composition and structure of MSBAC were characterised by SEM, XRD, BET, and FT-IR. It was found that MSBAC was a mesoporous material with a loose structure and rough surface, and it had a high specific surface area. The pH(PZC) was 4.1, and MSBAC presented a greater amount of acid functional groups than basic groups, making it efficient for adsorption of cationic dye. To study the adsorption ability of MSBAC, methylene blue (MB) was selected as sample pollutant. Effects of pH, MSBAC dosage, initial MB concentration, temperature, time on the adsorption of MB, and the possibility of regeneration of MSBAC were investigated. The adsorption results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was 36.14 mg center dot g(-1), and the pH had no significant effect on the MB adsorption in the range of 2-10. The equilibrium data fitted Langmuir isotherm, and the adsorption kinetic data obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process involving the surface diffusion and film diffusion. The positive value of Delta H revealed the adsorption behaviour was an endothermic process. The salt concentration had a negative effect on MB removal. MSBAC had a good magnetic separation performance. The used MSBAC could be regenerated by a simple calcination method under the temperature of 300celcius for 30 min. {[
BACKGROUND Bioprocess development for microbial oil production using cane sugar and sugarcane molasses via fermentation followed by enzymatic conversion into fatty acid esters is presented in this study. RESULTS Microbial oil was initially evaluated in shake flask fermentations of Rhodosporidium toruloides NRRL Y-27012 and R. kratochvilovae Y-43 using either very high polarity (VHP) cane sugar or sugarcane molasses. Supplementation of phosphate salts, trace elements and nitrogen sources in molasses-based cultures influenced yeast growth and microbial oil production. R. kratochvilovae had different nutrient requirements than R. toruloides. Fed-batch bioreactor cultures of R. toruloides in molasses-based cultures without any phosphate salts and trace element supplementation led to a microbial oil concentration of 25 g L-1 and an intracellular lipid content of 61\% (w/w). Nutrient supplementation influenced the fatty acid composition of microbial oils indicating that enrichment in oleic acid could be achieved (up to 65.1\%). The microbial oil produced by R. toruloides was enzymatically converted into polyol esters with a conversion yield of more than 85\% (w/w). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Rhodosporidium sp. can be cultivated in molasses for the production of oleic acid enriched microbial lipids by adjusting medium composition. The polyol esters derived from microbial lipids could be used as a renewable feedstock for oleochemical production. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Monascus purpureus red pigments were produced in submerged cultivations employing sugarcane bagasse (SB) as carbon source in combination with various nitrogen sources. Peptone and soy protein isolate (SPI) as nitrogen sources generated the best pigment yields. NH4Cl has not supported high pigment production. Red pigments produced using SB and SPI as growth substrates were submitted to temperature and pH stability analysis. Data from thermal pigment degradation were fitted to five mathematical models, and a first-order equation was accepted as the best one to describe color decay. Red pigments showed high stability at low temperatures (30-60 A degrees C) and at near-neutrality pH values (6.0-8.0) when compared to that at high temperatures (above 60 A degrees C) and at acidic pH values (4.0-5.0). Monascus pigments produced using a low-cost agroindustrial waste (SB) as carbon source could be utilized as colorants in foods and foodstuffs manufactured under mild process conditions.
The present work examines the printability, biodegradability, water sorption studies, and applicability of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for developing customized three-dimensional food package casings. Material supply was found to be extrudable by applying 3.2 bar pressure using a 1.28-mm diameter nozzle with the speed of the motor at 240 rpm. The process parameters for printing were optimized at 500 mm/min printing speed, 0.304 +/- 0.003 g/min printing rate, and 0.450 mm nozzle height. The printed SCB showed degradation in the soil upon microbial attack. The 3D-printed SCB package casings had a water sorption capacity of more than 0.07 (g of water/g of solids) at above 50\% relative humidity. An applicability test was performed for the storage of cake. The moisture content of the packaging increased, and decreased moisture content was observed for the cake, over 9 days. The flexural properties were also examined for 9 days that suggests the use of SCB packaging for low moisture-containing foods. This work explains an alternative approach for the replacement of petroleum-based single-use plastic that causes serious damage to the environment.
Background Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is biodegradable, water-soluble, environment-friendly, and edible. Consequently, it has a variety of industrial applications. It is crucial to control production cost and increase output for industrial production gamma-PGA.Results Here gamma-PGA production from sugarcane molasses by Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC NO. 23967 was studied in shake-flasks and bioreactors, the results indicate that the yield of gamma-PGA could reach 40.668 g/L in a 5L stirred tank fermenter. Further study found that gamma-PGA production reached 70.436 g/L, gamma-PGA production and cell growth increased by 73.20\% and 55.44\%, respectively, after FeSO4 \& BULL;7H(2)O was added. Therefore, we investigated the metabolomic and transcriptomic changes following FeSO4 \& BULL;7H(2)O addition. This addition resulted in increased abundance of intracellular metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and key TCA cycle intermediates, as well as upregulation of the glycolysis pathway and TCA cycle.Conclusions These results compare favorably with those obtained from glucose and other forms of biomass feedstock, confirming that sugarcane molasses can be used as an economical substrate without any pretreatment. The addition of FeSO4 \& BULL;7H(2)O to sugarcane molasses may increase the efficiency of gamma-PGA production in intracellular.
Production of ethanol with two corn endophytic fungi, Fusarium verticillioides and Acremonium zeae, was studied. The yield of ethanol from glucose, xylose and a mixture of both sugars were 0.47, 0.46 and 0.50 g/g ethanol/sugar for F. verticillioides and 0.37, 0.39 and 0.48 g/g ethanol/sugar for A. zeae. Both fungi were able to co-ferment glucose and xylose. Ethanol production from 40 g/L of pre-treated sugarcane bagasse was 4.6 and 3.9 g/L for F. verticillioides and A. zeae, respectively, yielding 0.31 g/g of ethanol per consumed sugar. Both fungi studied were capable of co-fermenting glucose and xylose at high yields. Moreover, they were able to produce ethanol directly from lignocellulosic biomass, demonstrating to be suitable microorganisms for consolidated bioprocessing. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse-based activated carbon (AC) was produced via a physical activation method using CO2, to remove lead (Pb) ions from an aqueous solution. The physical and chemical properties of ACs were examined by scanning electron micrograph (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The effect of both pH and contact time on adsorption was studied via a batch process. Based on the BET results, we have identified that BET surface area and micropore volume decreased at the highest activation temperature, while the intensity of the functional groups increased when the activation temperature was raised. The adsorption isotherms were best fitted with the Langmuir equation, which was used to describe the adsorption process and to examine the adsorption mechanisms of Pb(II) on the AC. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) was 60.24 mg g(-1) with AC850. The adsorption kinetic study closely followed the pseudo-second order (R-2 > 0.99). AC has the potential to economically remove metal ions in the purification process of wastewater. AC850 was also utilized in the manufacture and testing of pouch cell supercapacitors to demonstrate the potential of the sugarcane bagasse family of materials in energy storage applications. The devices made with the unmodified, nonoptimized material used for Pb(II) sorption demonstrated high rate and power-energy characteristics (>50\% capacitance retention with 10-fold increase in current density, 10 Wh Kg(-1) at 2500 W Kg(-1), active material mass) but there remains a need for further optimization, particularly the removal of oxygen functionality, to enhance lifetime and specific capacitance. This work demonstrated the potential for sugarcane bagasse carbons across environmental applications.
Iron(III)-doped SiO2/TiO2 composite (SiO2/TiO2-Fe) has been prepared from sugarcane bagasse ash for photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red. This research was initiated by preparing SiO2 from sugarcane bagasse ash through a sol-gel method. The SiO2/TiO2-Fe was obtained by mixing SiO2 gel with TiO2-Fe sol which was produced with titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as precursor and FeCl3 center dot H2O as the dopant source. Dopant concentration was varied by 0, 1, 3, 5, 7\% (w/w). The prepared materials were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SR-UV, XRF, SAA, and SEM-EDX. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated for Congo Red degradation in a closed reactor under visible light illumination. The degradation yield was determined by the UV-Visible spectrophotometry method. Results showed that SiO2 was successfully extracted from bagasse ash with a silica content of 90.87\%. The SiO2/TiO2-Fe composite was successfully prepared with the bandgap energy value (E-g) decreasing as the dopant concentration increased. The optimum E-g of 2.63 eV was obtained at the concentration of Fe was 5\%. Under that condition, the SiO2/TiO2-Fe photocatalyst degraded Congo Red solution by 98.18 \% under visible light at pH 3 with a mass of 30 mg for 90 min. The SiO2/TiO2-Fe composite is expected to be a photocatalyst material candidate for dye wastewater treatment.
Recently, there is an increasing demand for water due to rapid industrialization and a growing human population. There is a too shortage of available water sources; thus, one option for increasing existing resources is the treatment and reuse of wastewaters. Vinasse poses a long-term risk to public health because of its toxic nature and a huge amount. This study investigates a new prospect of a combination of persulfate (PS)/ peroxymonosulfate (PMS) (activated by Ion (II)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for reducing total organic carbon (TOC) from vinasse and reuse of treated vinasse as well. Behaviors of PS/Fe(II)/ H2O2 and PMS/ Fe(II)/ H2O2 on total organic carbon (TOC) removal are explored by evaluating various effects, including H2O2 dosage, Fe (II) dosage, pH and reaction time. Hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidation agent to improve the degradation of the organic matter of vinasse. The addition of H2O2 to PS/ Fe (II) or PMS/ Fe (II) generates highly oxidizing radicals, which enhanced, significantly, the removal of TOC. Both of PS/ Fe (II)/ H2O2 and PMS/ Fe (II)/ H2O2 systems favored neutral pH in removing the organic matter, and they were very active in the first 5 minutes. At the optimum conditions, about 86 \% and 83\% of TOC removal were achieved by PS/ Fe (II)/ H2O2 and PMS/ Fe (II)/ H2O2, respectively. Therefore, a combination of PS/PMS activated by Fe (II) with H2O2 can be considered as a capable technique for sugarcane vinasse treatment and allowing to reuse the effluents in many applications.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose under industrial conditions is prone to contamination by lactic acid bacteria, and in this study, a cellulose hydrolysate produced from dilute-acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse contained 13 g/L lactic acid and was used for IBE production by Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423. In fermentation of the cellulose hydrolysate supplemented with sugarcane molasses for nutrients and buffering of the medium (40 g/L total sugar), 92\% of the lactic acid was consumed, and the butanol yield was as high as 0.28 (7.9 g/L butanol), suggesting that lactic acid was preferentially metabolized to butanol. When the hydrolysate was mixed with a detoxified bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate and supplemented with molasses (35 g/L total sugar), the culture was able to exhaust glucose and utilized sucrose (by 38\%), xylose (31\%), and lactic acid (70\%). Overall, this study shows that C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 can co-ferment firstand second-generation sugars while consuming lactic acid.
The possibility of recovering the cellulases used for enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. A strategy was adopted to maximize the enzyme recovery: desorption of the enzymes adsorbed in the solid residue after hydrolysis, and re-adsorption of the enzymes from the liquid medium onto a fresh substrate. The use of surfactant during the enzymatic hydrolysis was important to improve the glucose release from the material structure and also to facilitate the enzyme desorption from the solid residue after hydrolysis. The temperature and pH used during desorption influenced the enzymes recovery, with the best results (90\% adsorbed cellulase) being achieved at 45 degrees C and pH 5.5. The enzymes present in the liquid medium after enzymatic hydrolysis were partially recovered (77\%) by adsorption onto the fresh substrate and used in new enzymatic hydrolysis batches. It was concluded that it is possible to recycle cellulases from an enzymatic medium for use in subsequent hydrolysis processes.
In this study, we prepared graphene oxide-based styrene/acrylic elastomeric disks (GSAE) from sugarcane bagasse/ferrocene (GO) and styrene/acrylic emulsion (SAE) to apply as new adsorbents for Ni(II) from aqueous media. The adsorption activity of Ni(II) from aqueous environments by the prepared elastomeric disks was investigated against time, temperature, and concentration of adsorbate in a batch system. Environmentally-friendly graphene oxide (GO) was successfully synthesized in a single step starting from sugarcane bagasse via oxidation in the presence of ferrocene under muffled atmospheric conditions. SAE copolymers were then grafted with the generated GO nanosheets at different weight ratios of (SAE: GO) 0:1, 0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1 and 1:1 to produce the corresponding GSAE elastomeric disks represented. The synthesized adsorbents were studied using various analytical techniques. Those technical methods proved that the thermal stability, crystallinity, and mean hydrogen bond strength (MHBS) of the prepared GSAE elastomers decreased, and porosity increased upon increasing the total content value of SAE. The highest removal percentages of Ni(II) were accomplished at 98.48 and 96.62\% for weight ratios 0.5:1, 0.75:1, respectively for 15 min at 318 K.
Sugarcane bagasse-a lignocellulosic material derived from sugarcane after crushing and extracting of its juice-is a promising feedstock for bioethanol production. The current study presented a two-step alkaline and acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using sodium hydroxide and maleic acid as a strategy to enhance enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse. The two-step alkaline and acid pretreatment resulted to a significant increase in glucan content (69.72\%) with accompanying decreases in xylan (12.99\%) and lignin (4.89\%) contents. Preliminary study on enzymatic hydrolysis of the two-step alkaline and acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse with low solid loading and low cellulase concentrations resulted to high glucose yields. Optimization of high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of two-step alkaline and acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was executed based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). BBD-a response surface methodology-is a powerful method that can be used to test several parameters by applying a minimum number of experimental trials. The optimal level of process variables as indicated by the statistical model namely solid loading (20\%, w/w), incubation time (72 h), enzyme loading (2 FPU/g glucan), and substrate feeding (mode 2) were validated. Optimization of the process parameters resulted to 61.85\% of glucose yield which was close to its predicted value (65.71\%). The current study highlights the potential of high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis using two-step alkaline and acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse for efficient fermentable sugar production.
Formation of brown deposit is quite a common problem in hot pressing stage of cellulosic pulp molded tableware production, especially using bleached sugarcane bagasse pulp as raw material which blocks the pipes, corrodes and damages the equipment, increases the cleaning frequency and correspondingly increases the costs as well as reduces the quality of the products. In this work, the composition of the deposit was analyzed, and the effects of fines to the drainage and drying process of cellulosic pulp molded tableware production was studied by thermogravimetric analysis to investigate the cause of this problem. It was found that high contents of fines containing waterproofing agent and oilproofing agent was the main cause of this problem. Compared to the pulps without fines, pulp composed of 100\% fines had lower absolute value of zeta-potential and higher adsorption ability of waterproofing agent and oilproofing agent. Besides, fines could increase the water retention capacity and prolong drainage time of pulp, which would result in higher drying intensity and generated strong vapor during drying. During hot pressing process of cellulosic pulp molded tableware production, the strong vapor could bring the small and light fines containing waterproofing agent and oilproofing agent into the air vents and the deposit was formed. The finding of this work would give supports for cleaner production of cellulosic pulp molded tableware by understanding the mechanisms of deposit formation which would be helpful to reduce the deposit problem to some extent. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Straw dead stock is a key driver for crop residue management decisions regarding bioenergy production. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the sugarcane straw decomposition under different straw removal rates, characterize straw composition changes, and quantify the straw-derived C and N loss. Four sugarcane straw removal rates were evaluated: no removal (14.0 Mg ha(-1) of DM), 25 (10.5 Mg ha(-1) of DM), 50 (7.0 Mg ha(-1) of DM) and 75\% (3.5 Mg ha(-1) of DM) of straw removal. Our results showed that straw removal rate had no effect on first year of straw deposition, but during the second year, the lowest decomposition was associated with higher straw removal rates. Dry mass loss was also approximately 25\% higher in the second year than in the first. Furthermore, carbon and nitrogen loss were two- and threefold higher in the first year compared to the second year of deposition. Overall, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased by 13 and 7\%, respectively, while lignin increased proportionally by 92\% during the two year experiment. Our findings suggest that the most appropriate removal rate to maintain soil quality and meet the demands for energy production is 50\% of the total straw deposited on the soil.
In this study ethanol was produced without using expensive commercial enzymes from sugarcane bagasse. Alkali pretreatment was used to prepare biomass before enzymatic hydrolysis. The comparison between NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)(2) revealed that NaOH has been more effective on bagasse structure. The required enzymes for biomass hydrolysis were produced by bagasse solid state fermentation using three fungi: Trichoderma longibrachiatum, T reesei and Aspergillus niger. Results indicated enzyme solution produced by A. niger has functioned better than the other two in cellulose conversion during sole hydrolysis. Ethanol was produced by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with on-site prepared crude enzyme solutions and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, T longibrachiatum had the best performance in ethanol production. To evaluate this procedure, SSF of pretreated bagasse applying Celluclast 1.5L by Novozymes was also investigated. The yield of ethanol production by commercial enzyme and T longibrachiatum enzyme solution were 81\% and 52.5\% respectively.
To improve the water-fertilizer utilization ratio and mitigate the environmental contamination, an eco-friendly superabsorbent polymer (SPA), modified sugarcane bagasse/poly (acrylic acid) embedding phosphate rock (MSB/PAA/PHR), was prepared. Ammonia, phosphate rock (PHR) and KOH were admixed in the presence of acrylic acid to provide nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrients, respectively. Impacts on water absorption capacity of the superabsorbent polymer (SAP) were investigated. The maximum swelling capacity in distilled water and 0.9 wt.\% (weight percent) NaCl solution reached 414 g g(-1) and 55 g g(-1) (water/prepared SAP), respectively. The available NPK contents of the combination system were 15.13 mg g(-1), 6.93 mg g(-1) and 52.05 mg g(-1), respectively. Moreover, the release behaviors of NPK in the MSB/PAA/PHR were also studied. The results showed that the MSB/PAA/PHR has outstanding sustained-release plant nutrients property. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Decreasing world reserve of fossil resources (i.e. petroleum oil, coal and natural gas) encourage discovery of renewable resources as subtitute for fossil resources. Biomass is one of the main natural renewable resources which is promising resource as alternate resources to meet the world's energy needs and raw material to produce chemical platform. Conversion of biomass, as source of energy, fuel and biochemical, is conducted using thermochemical process such as pyrolysis-gasification process. Pyrolysis step is an important step in the mechanism of pyrolysis - gasification of biomass. The objective of this study is to obtain the kinetic reaction of catalytic pyrolysis of dry torrified sugarcane bagasse which used Ca and Mg as catalysts. The model of kinetic reaction is interpreted using model n-order of single reaction equation of biomass. Rate of catalytic pyrolysis reaction depends on the weight of converted biomass into char and volatile matters. Based on TG/DTA analysis, rate of pyrolysis reaction is influenced by the composition of biomass (i.e. hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) and inorganic component especially alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM). From this study, it has found two equations rate of reaction of catalytic pyrolysis in sugarcane bagasse using catalysts Ca and Mg. First equation is equation of pyrolysis reaction in rapid zone of decomposition and the second equation is slow zone of decomposition. Value of order reaction for rapid decomposition is n > 1 and for slow decomposition is n<1. Constant and order of reactions for catalytic pyrolysis of dry-torrified sugarcane bagasse with presence of Ca tend to higher than that's of presence of Mg.
Early prevention methods in massive concrete structures to control the heat of hydration and, consequently, the development of cracks due to thermal expansion are important subjects, since these cracks may compromise structural integrity. In the present study, the sugarcane residues in massive concrete were used in order to investigate the reduction in the heat of hydration, the thermal expansion resistance, and also the fresh and mechanical properties of the concrete. The results showed that, by adding 2.0\% of bagasse fiber and 5.0\% of pozzolanic material to the concrete, the heat of hydration was reduced, and the strain due to the thermal expansion was smaller than the control mixture. Moreover, the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength increased in comparison to the control mixture.
In this study, NaOH-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment with different loading of NaOH (0-10\%) was proposed to disrupt the recalcitrant structure by degrading lignin, reserve the majority of cellulose and hemicellulose, and improve the enzymatic efficiency of sugarcane bagasse. It was found that the higher loading of NaOH during organosolv pretreatment yielded more glucose, and the synergistic performance of NaOH and ethanol on enzymolysis was superior to that pretreated with only NaOH and only ethanol during two-step pretreatment. Furthermore, Tween 80 was added to determine its influence on enzymolysis after NaOH-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment, leading to the highest glucose yield of 95.1\% at 24 h, which saved 2/3 hydrolysis time while generating the similar glucose yield comparing with that without Tween 80. However, the increased yields of glucose by adding Tween 80 were decreased as hydrolysis time was prolonged from 6 h to 24 h.
The effect of sugarcane molasses on lipid content and fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) profile by Chromochloris zofingiensis is investigated in this work. For this purpose, the strain has been cultivated under mixotrophic conditions in a medium amended with specific concentrations of molasses (0.5 g/L, 1 g/L, and 2 g/L) able to sustain microalgae growth. Better biomass concentration, lipid content, and lipid productivity (1.6 g/L, 38\% wt, and 286 mg/L/day) than the control (1.32 g/L, 16\% wt, and 139 mg/L/day) were obtained with 2 g/L of molasses. The highest value of the total lipid content (42\% wt) was reached with 1 g/L of molasses. FAME profile revealed a 97\% composition in C16-C18 with no statistically meaningful differences among the three concentrations of molasses tested. The most represented fatty acids were C18:1 oleic (> 38\% wt), C18:2 linoleic (> 21\% wt), and C16:0 palmitic (> 14\% wt). When using 2 g/L of molasses unsaturated fatty acids reached the highest portion (77\%) than the control (61\%). Specifically, all FAMEs have been quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed in order to improve biodiesel properties. The main characteristics of biodiesel obtainable from the algal lipids appeared in compliance with ASTM standards for unblended biodiesel and fulfilled European regulations (EN 14,214 and EN 590) for the quality of biodiesel. Owing the compliance of the corresponding biodiesel characteristics with international standards, a profitable biodiesel can be obtained under mixotrophic conditions triggered by the use of a food industry waste.
The Panela production is an important item of the Colombian economy. This agricultural industry has a low technification and uses mechanically inefficient machines that cause high- energy consumption. This work aims to check the power consumption of a hammer mill during the sugarcane bagasse processing. A Voltiamperimetric clamp recorded the current, voltage and phase angle information for a period, simultaneously adding controlled loads of bagasse at regular intervals. It was found that there is a relationship between the load and the power consumption, which was adjusted by a quadratic model whose correlation coefficient is 0.99.
Supplementary cementing materials are promoted to replace cement throughout the world to curb the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is obtained through burning agricultural waste bagasse, which can be used as a cement replacement to produce structural concrete. A comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the properties of concrete containing SCBA as partial replacement of cement is presented in this paper. The physical and chemical properties of SCBA and the effect of SCBA on the fresh, mechanical, durability and microstructural properties of concrete are described. Generally, the mechanical properties of concrete containing SCBA increase with the increase in SCBA cement substitution, and the optimal replacement ratio of SCBA is 10\%-20\%. The incorporation of SCBA into concrete improves the resistance to chloride ions, acid and sulfate attacks and alkali silica reaction. In addition, appropriate pretreatment methods (e.g. sieving, grinding, and burning) aid the improvement of the macro and micro properties of concrete containing SCBA. Environmental and cost analyses indicates that the use of SCBA as a partial substitute can reduce the carbon emissions and costs and have high economic and environmental benefits. Gap analysis shows that the longterm durability, abrasion resistance, shrinkage, freezing-thawing resistance and cost of SCBA concrete require further evaluation.
Hydraulic modeling of denitrification beds is very useful for improving the performance of substrates. In this work, a column study was conducted for 98 days on two types of substrates using two different column lengths and at varying loading rates to determine the best hydraulic dimensions of the substrates. One substrate consisted of soil alone and the other substrate consisted of the same soil along with sugarcane bagasse (acting as an additional carbon source). The substrate with 0.7 h actual hydraulic retention time and 5.84 cm h(-1) hydraulic loading rate was chosen as the best model for simulation of denitrification substrate with an optimum nitrate removal efficiency (85\%) and a maximum removal rate (50 mg L-1 h(-1)). The Fourier Transform Infrared analysis confirmed the degradation of sugarcane bagasse during the denitrification process. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by soaking it in aqueous ammonia (SAA) and methanolic aqueous ammonia (SMAA) at 70 degrees C for 12 h. Then the pretreated as well as untreated bagasse was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at 50 degrees C for 72 h by 15 FPU cellulase and 30 CBU cellobiase per g of substrate. The hydrolysis of SAA-pretreated bagasse with a solid to liquid (S:L) ratio of 1:10 resulted in 95.9\% of the maximum theoretical yield. The production yield for SMAA at an S:L ratio of 1:6 with 15\% methanol was 88.6\%, while it was only 21.3\% for the untreated bagasse. Ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was conducted at 37 degrees C for 72 h. The results revealed that the ethanol production yield was improved from 12.7\% for the untreated bagasse to 92.45\% and 90.8\% for the SAA and the SMAA pretreated bagasse, respectively. The compositional and chemical structural analysis suggested that lignin removal and crystallinity reduction were responsible for the hydrolysis and SSF improvements.
The Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) was applied in this study to simulate the processing of sugarcane vinasse in an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (AnSBBR). In the model calibration, the values of the free parameters, concentration of anaerobic biomass for specific species (X-su, X-c4, X-pro, X-ac, X-h2)(1), were obtained by minimizing the objective function expressed by the determinant of the Box-Draper Matrix. Afterwards, these parameters were optimized with the Monte Carlo Markov Chain Method, using the Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis Algorithm. The Geweke statistic test evaluated the convergence of the method. All results passed for direct and cross validation to elucidate the methane production, production and consumption of the organic acids and organic matter removal. The ADM1 was able to show the syntrophism between the species and to describe the experimental data, thus making it possible to be applied in others scenarios. However, it was not so adequate for all conditions in cross validation due to a lack of experimental data and the need to include other metabolic pathways in the model. The chosen concentration of anaerobic biomass for specific species were shown as an important step in this work, because these parameters are difficult to be determined in practice. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Biochar has found application in many fields due to its promising physicochemical properties, which can be further improved by various physical and chemical modifications. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize biochar from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a by-product of the sugar processing industry, and zinc chloride-modified SCB, using a novel low-temperature thermochemical conversion reactor. The biochar was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The biochar samples were found to contain various functional groups that are typical of oxygenated hydrocarbons, reflecting the carbohydrate structure of cellulose and hemicelluloses of SCB. It was also observed that the chemical modification greatly improved the properties of the biochar, with the presence of several mineral elements and a higher specific surface area (172.35 m(2)/g) in the modified/activated biochar than in the pristine SCB biochar (126.80 m(2)/g surface area), while reducing its pore volume. The enhanced properties of the engineered biochar would undoubtedly have a positive increase in the applicability of the biochar, including its utilization in pollutant removal and soil reclamation.
The purpose of this research is to synthesize zeolite from sugarcane bagasse ash using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as structure directing agent. This research used cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant to invent the high porosity, surface area, acidity and thermal stability of synthesized zeolite. The Silica was extracted by alkaline fusion using sodium hydroxide solution. The synthesis was conducted by hydrothermal process at 100 degrees C for 7 days, ageing process for 24 h and calcination at 500 degrees C for 5 h. The ratio of Si/Al (v/v) was 1, 15 and 25, meanwhile the concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was 5x10(-4) M, 1x10(-3) M and 1x10(-2) M. The result showed all of product have strong absorbance at 950-1050 cm(-1) and 620-690 cm(-1), 420-460 cm(-1), double ring at 520-570 cm(-1), pore opening at 300-370 cm(-1). Vibration of -OH as silanol group or water was indicated by broad absorbance at 3400-3450 cm(-1). The diffractograms XRD showed that the product had high crystallinity. The composition of product on ratio Si/Al 1 with concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium 10(-2) M is sodalite, the ratio Si/Al 15 and 25 are NaP1 and SiO2 quartz and contain 12.23\% and 12.19\% of Si, 4.17\% and 13.18\% of Al, respectively. Observation on SEM revealed that the crystal produced using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was more homogenous and regular in shape.
The aim of this study was to develop a sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-based biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels (SAH) with a good swelling. To this end, SCB was firstly mechanically activated by home-made high efficiency stirring mill to enhance its reactivity by breaking the lignin seal and decreasing crystallinity of cellulose in SCB. Then, the SAH were synthesized by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) onto SCB with different mechanical activation times (t (M)) by using ammonium persulfate/sodium sulfite redox pair as an initiator in the presence of a crosslinker (N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, MBAAm). The effect of t (M) on the equilibrium swelling capacity (Q (eq)), swelling kinetics of the SAH in deionized water, as well as the influences of pH, electrolytic media, and temperature on Q (eq) were studied. In addition, the products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that mechanical activation promoted the graft copolymerization and thereby altered the Q (eq) of the SAH. The swelling process of the SAH exhibited anomalous swelling behavior and first-order dynamics, and the Q (eq) of the SAH was pH, salt, and temperature dependent.
Global promotion of bioenergy for mitigating climate changes has arisen the interest of the Brazilian sugarcane industry to use crop residue (straw) as an important source of biomass for bioelectricity and cellulosic ethanol production. However, the sugarcane straw influences several soil properties, supporting soil quality and crop yields. Thus, defining an optimal removal rate would keep the benefits of the sugarcane straw in soil, and also maximize the bioenergy production. Shifts on soil bacterial structure have been used as a sensitive indicator of land management and could help to prescribe an optimal removal rate. We conducted a field study at two sites in Sao Paulo state to investigate how rates of sugarcane straw removal are associated with soil bacterial community changes over 1 year. Four sugarcane straw removal rates were evaluated: no removal (\~{
In this paper, sugarcane bagasse was used as the raw material to produce hydrochar (HC) through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process, then Ni and Mg were loaded on HC by the impregnation method. Thus, a serial of Ni-Mg-x@HC core-shell structural catalysts for CO2 dry reforming were synthesized. In order to evaluate the application of Ni-Mg-x@HC catalyst derived from sugarcane bagasse, the catalytic performance for CO2 dry reforming were investigated. Experimental results showed that the hydrochar based catalyst (Ni-Mg-15@HC) exhibited an excellent activity and stability at 750 degrees C, CH4 and CO2 conversions were 63.7\% and 76.9\%, respectively. XRD, TEM, CO2-TPD and TG-DTG characteristic proved that the addition of Mg into Ni@HC would promote the active site formation and the adsorption capacity of CO2. Moreover, the coke deposition was also suppressed in the DRM process. The catalytic performance of Ni-Mg-15@HC catalyst demonstrated that it was a practical candidate for the DRM reaction due to its unexpected activity and stability.
The application of agro-industrial wastes in concrete production gives a sustainable solution to not only solid waste management but also to the environmental concerns associated with the construction industry. In the present study, raw sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) was preliminarily characterized (laser particle size analysis, mineralogical phases, chemical oxides composition, morphological studies, and the thermogravimetric analysis). The objective of the research is to develop the thermo-mechanical process and to study its effect on pozzolanic characteristics of SBA. The pozzolanicity was quantified using a strength activity index, electrical conductivity test, and the Chapelle activity test. The ordinary, standard, and high-strength grade high volume ash concrete were developed by incorporating the treated SBA (TA) in it as a pozzolanic material and GGBS as a supplement to it. The mechanical performance (compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength), porosity performance (water absorption, and coefficient of water absorption), ultrasonic pulse velocity, durability performance (rapid chloride penetration test, chlorides and sulphate contents), and the thermal performance (thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity) was quantified and compared with the conventional concrete. 50, 45 and 25\% of cement can be optimally replaced in the manufacturing of ordinary, standard, and high-strength concrete respectively without affecting its properties.
Fly ash (FA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) are the wastes from lignite power plants and sugar industries, usually disposed of as landfills. In this research, these wastes were effectively utilized as a construction material, namely geopolymer. The effect of the SCBA (0-40 wt.\%) addition to the FA geopolymers was investigated. The compressive strength of the FA geopolymers was reduced with the SCBA addition. The reduction was mainly due to the presence of the highly stable and non-reactive quartz (SiO2) phase in SCBA. The SCBA was not dissolved in the alkaline activated solution and hence did not contribute to the geopolymerization process. The unreacted SCBA particles remained in the geopolymer matrix but did not provide strength. However, if the amount of SCBA was about 10 wt.\% or less, the impact on the characteristics and properties of FA geopolymers was minimal. Furthermore, this research also studied the dielectric properties of the FA geopolymer/SCBA composites. The relatively large dielectric constant (epsilon ` = 3.6 x 10(3)) was found for the pristine geopolymer. The addition of SCBA decreased the epsilon ` slightly due to high carbon content in SCBA. Nevertheless, the variation in epsilon ` was mainly controlled by the geopolymerization process to form the aluminosilicate gel structure.
In this work, pretreatment-enzymatic series of the bagasse-sugarcane pulp and alkaline extraction of enzyme treated pulp were carried out. In the pretreatment an enzyme dose was utilized and acetosolv pulp suspension of 3\% (w/v) with different solvents ( distilled water, 0.05 mol/L acetate buffer pH 5.5 and 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer pH 7.25) stirred at 85 rpm for 2 or 4 h. The enzymes used were pulpzyme and cartazyme, both commercial. The accompaniment of the enzymatic activity was carried out through measurement in initial and finish of each enzymatic pretreatment. The xylanasetreated pulps and xylanase-alkaline-extracted pulps were analyzed regarding kappa number and viscosity. Pulpzyme recovery was better in phosphate buffered medium ( 84, 46, and 23\% for first, second, and third enzymatic treatment, respectively) although in aqueous medium reached only 2\% for every treatments. However, the improvement of pulp properties was evidenced only in aqueous medium for pulpzyme. Cartazyme recovery was similar for both solvents ( water and acetate buffer), reaching values around 19\% for first enzymatic treatment and 9\% for second one. Nevertheless, the pulp properties increased only in acetate buffered medium.
The adoption of green cane harvesting system without burning has triggered the increase of pest infestations in sugarcane fields. This makes straw removal a promising alternative for pest control in sugarcane fields. However, further research is needed to understand the impacts of straw removal on pest infestation under field conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of root spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata) and sphenophorus (Sphenophorus levis) under different rates of straw removal and contrasting edaphoclimatic conditions in the Sao Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. Eight field experiments were conducted throughout the sugarcane cropping cycle (two crop seasons) and were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. The experimental design included four straw removal rates: total removal, low removal, high removal, and no removal. The incidence of pests was evaluated during September and March (spring/summer seasons in the Southern Hemisphere) for root spittlebug and April to August (autumn/winter) for sphenophorus populations. Straw removal reduced root spittlebug infestation and this effect was more evident in clayey soils. The incidence of root spittlebug was three times higher in clayey soils compared to sandy soils. Straw removal did not influence sphenophorus population but reduced damages in sugarcane plants especially in clayey soils. The damage caused by sphenophorus was three times higher in clayey than in sandy soils. This study emphasizes that straw removal by itself is not a feasible strategy to control the root spittlebug and sphenophorus infestations in sugarcane cultivated areas of Brazil, thus an integrated management strategy should be a high priority.
The techno-economic potential of bioelectricity from sugarcane straw is highly affected by the availability and distribution of straw, the scale of the sugarcane mill and its proximity to the grid connection. All these parameters present high spatial variation. This study aims to spatially assess the technoeconomic potential of bioelectricity from straw of the mills from Sao Paulo state (Brazil). It is assumed that all 174 mills are equipped with an adjacent power plant, and that all straw within the collection radius of the mill can potentially be used in the adjacent power plant. The straw costs are assessed making use of the spatial information on straw availability and the collection radius of the mills. The bioelectricity costs are calculated taking into account the scale efficiency, investments and operational costs, and cost of connecting to the nearest transmission infrastructure. The bioelectricity costs range between 68 and 266 US\$.MWh(-1) across mills. The mills with high bioelectricity potential and low costs are generally large mills located in traditional sugarcane areas characterized by suitable agro-ecological conditions. Assuming a cut-off price of 80 US\$.MWh(-1), the techno-economic potential of bioelectricity of straw in Sao Paulo is 14.2 TWh, which equals 10\% of total electricity consumption of the state. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Two new phthalic salts, dicholine terephthalate ({[
Polypropylene composites were prepared from sugarcane bagasse fibers by extrusion and injection molding. Wood flour was used as reference filler in the study. The fiber content of the composites changed between 0 and 30 wt\% in 5 wt\% steps. Maleated polypropylene was used as coupling agent to improve interfacial adhesion. Mechanical properties were characterized by tensile and fracture testing, while local deformation processes were followed by acoustic emission and instrumented impact testing, as well as by the analysis of scanning electron micrographs. The results showed that sugarcane bagasse fibers reinforce polypropylene similarly to other natural fibers. They increases stiffness, but decrease tensile yield stress, tensile strength and deformability. Increased interfacial adhesion leads to the considerable improvement of reinforcement. Bagasse fiber and wood flour filled composites have very similar properties. The impact resistance of the composites increased in the presence of both fibers compared to the neat matrix. Debonding is the dominating process in the absence of the coupling agent, while mainly fiber fracture occurs in its presence. Increased plastic deformation after debonding results in slightly improved impact resistance.
This study investigated the catalytic co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and waste high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over faujasite-type zeolite derived from electric arc furnace slag (FAU-EAFS) in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst-to-feedstock ratio, and HDPE-to-SCB ratio on product fractional yields and chemical compositions were discussed. The co-pyrolysis of SCB and HDPE over FAU-EAFS increased the liquid yield and enhanced the quality of bio-oil. The maximum bio-oil (68.56 wt\%) and hydrocarbon yield (74.55\%) with minimum yield of oxygenated compounds (acid = 0.57\% and ester = 0.67\%) were achieved under the optimum experimental conditions of catalyst-to-feedstock ratio of 1:6, HDPE-to-SCB ratio of 40:60, and temperature of 500 degrees C. The oil produced by catalytic co-pyrolysis had higher calorific value than the oil produced by the pyrolysis of SCB alone.
Most of the global sugar and ethanol supply trade comes from the harvesting of Saccharum officinarum (i.e., sugarcane). Its industrial processing results in numerous by-products and waste streams, such as tops, straw, filter cake, molasses and bagasse. The recovery of lipids (i.e., octacosanol, phytosterols, long-chain aldehydes and triterpenoids) from these residues is an excellent starting point for the development of new products for various application fields, such as health and well-being, representing an important feature of the circular economy. By selecting green scalable extraction procedures, industry can reduce its environmental impact. Refluxed ethanol extraction methods have been demonstrated to meet these characteristics. On the other hand, effective non-solvent methodologies such as molecular distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction can fractionate lipids based on high temperature and pressure application with similar yields. Sugarcane lipophilic extracts are usually analyzed through gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques. In many cases, the identification of such compounds involves the development of high-temperature GC-MS/FID techniques. On the other hand, for the identification and quantification of thermolabile lipids, LC-MS techniques are suitable for the separation and identification of major lipid classes. Generically, its composition includes terpenes, phytosterols, tocopherol, free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, wax esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. These compounds are already known for their interesting application in various fields such as pharma and cosmetics due to their anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
The scCO(2)-assisted organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was carried out using aqueous ethanol and organic acid catalysts. Variables involved were temperature (150-190 degrees C), time (0-60 min), type of catalyst (acetic, citric, and oxalic acids), amount of CO2 (25-50 g), ethanol titer in water (0-80 vol\%), and catalyst concentration (0.5 to 1.5 \% w.v(-1)). The best delignification (86 wt\%) and glucan retention (89 wt\%) were achieved at 170 degrees C for 15 min using 60 vol\% ethanol in water, 1 wt\% oxalic acid, and 25 g CO2. Organic acid esterification was a limitation for pretreatment operations using ethanol titers above 60 vol\%. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated materials at 1 \% (w.v(-1)) glucans released 74.3 +/- 0.2 \% glucose in 96 h using Cellic CTec3 (Novozymes) at 9.89 FPU.g(glucans)(-1). The concentrated pretreatment liquor allowed lignin recovery by water precipitation in high yields, while the aqueous supernatant contained low levels of fermentation inhibitors.
Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus awamori enzymes were concentrated, pooled and assessed for the hydrolysis of steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The enzyme profile of T. reesei gave (IU/L): 1700 FPA, 20,000 CMCase, 340 beta-glucosidase and 12,600 xylanase. FPA and CMCase activities that were 4-fold higher than those of A. awamori (420 and 4900 IU/L, respectively). However the beta-glucosidase and xylanase activities were 134- and 6-fold lower than those of A. awamori (45,600 and 79,100 IU/L, respectively). Furthermore, A. awamori produced ferulic acid esterase (160 IU/L) which acts synergistically with cellulolytic-xylanolytic enzymes in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. The FPA and CMCase activities in the T. reesei-A. awamori blends were enhanced synergistically by 2-fold. Moreover, the hydrolytic effectiveness of the blends was superior to the use of unblended T. reesei or A. awamori enzymes, under corresponding conditions (10 FPU/g bagasse, 20 g bagasse/L and 50 degrees C). Hydrolysis experiments, presenting either 20 or 200 g/L bagasse, resulted in 3.9 or 40g glucose/L, respectively. These values corresponded to 41\% cellulose hydrolysis within 6 or 24h, respectively. A. awamori enzymes hydrolyzed 91\% (1.7 g/L xylose) of the residual xylan in the bagasse within 6 h in experiments presenting 20 g/L bagasse. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bio-polyethylene (BioPE, derived from sugarcane), sugarcane bagasse pulp, and two compatibilizers (fossil and bio-based), were used to manufacture biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Biocomposite filaments were manufactured and characterized in detail, including measurement of water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal stability and decomposition temperature (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the fracture area of the filaments after mechanical testing. Increases of up to 10\% in water absorption were measured for the samples with 40 wt\% fibers and the fossil compatibilizer. The mechanical properties were improved by increasing the fraction of bagasse fibers from 0\% to 20\% and 40\%. The suitability of the biocomposite filaments was tested for 3D printing, and some shapes were printed as demonstrators. Importantly, in a cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis of the biocomposites, we demonstrated that replacing fossil compatibilizer with a bio-based compatibilizer contributes to a reduction in CO2-eq emissions, and an increase in CO2 capture, achieving a CO2-eq storage of 2.12 kg CO2 eq/kg for the biocomposite containing 40\% bagasse fibers and 6\% bio-based compatibilizer.
Unfired admixed soil blocks are made up of soil plus stabilizers such as binders, fibers, or a combination of both. Soil is abundant on Earth, and it has been used to provide shelter to millions of people. The manufacturing and usage of cement and cement blocks raise several environmental and economic challenges. Due to disposal issues, agricultural and industrial waste is currently the biggest hazard to the environment and humanity in the world. Consequently, environmental degradation brought on by agricultural waste harms the ecology. As a result, researchers are attempting to develop an alternative to cement blocks, and various tests on unfired admixed soil blocks have been done. This investigation uses agricultural waste (i.e., paddy straw fiber and sugarcane bagasse ash) and industrial waste (i.e., marble dust) in manufacturing unfired admixed soil blocks. Under this investigation, the applicability of unfired soil blocks admixed with marble dust, paddy straw fiber, and bagasse ash was studied. The marble dust level ranged from 25\% to 35\%, bagasse ash content ranged from 7.5\% to 12.5\%, and the content of paddy straw fiber ranged from 0.8\% to 1.2\% by soil dry weight. Various tests were conducted on the 81 mix designs of the prepared unfired admixed soil blocks to find out the physical properties of the block followed by modeling and optimization. The findings demonstrate that the suggested method is a superior alternative to burned bricks for improving the physical properties of admixed soil blocks without firing.
The bagasse of two sugar crops i.e. sugarcane (variety CoJ 83) and sweet sorghum (variety RSSV 9) were evaluated for their potential for the production of bioethanol. Different chemical pretreatments were carried out with 2 \% H2O2, 1 \% NaOH and 2 \% H2O2 + 1 \% NaOH solutions each with pH 11.5 and 13 for 24, 48 and 72 h followed by saccharification of pretreated bagasse with sulfuric acid (0.8 and 1 M) for 50 min. Bagasse hydrolysates were then fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. The amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 47.1, 29.2, 11.2 \% in sugarcane and 45.8, 28.1, 14.0 \% in sweet sorghum respectively. Loss of weight in alkaline pretreatment was found more in sugarcane (45.4 \%) than in sweet sorghum (43.1 \%). The maximum amounts of reducing sugars 528.8 and 504.8 mg/g were obtained by saccharification of pretreated bagasse of sugarcane and sweet sorghum respectively, after saccharification with 0.8 M H2SO4. Bioethanol production was found maximum 30.5 and 26.2 ml/100 g pretreated bagasse in sugarcane and sweet sorghum with pretreatment conditions of (2 \% H2O2 + 1 \% NaOH; pH 11.5, 72 h) and (2 \% H2O2 + 1 \% NaOH; pH 13, 72 h) respectively, followed by saccharification with 0.8 M H2SO4, and fermentation for 72 h. But when estimated ethanol production on unit weight basis of crops, it was found higher in sweet sorghum (25.4 L/ton stalks) crop than in sugarcane (21.4 L/ton stalks).
This article investigated the cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse by five different extraction mercerization methods. The comparison of the methods gives a clearer picture of that is more effective and feasible for production of SCB cellulose. All the celluloses were characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM). All the methods led to white material resembling pure cellulose due to removal of non-cellulosic constituents as can be seen by disappearance of aromatic bands. The removal indicated a decrease in diameter and improved thermal stability in most methods. The materials in general stand a better chance of competing as fillers for polymeric composites.
An alternative to the energy matrix diversification and leveraging the use of renewable sources is the energy recovery of wastes. In this sense, sugarcane vinasse is a potential by-product of the sugar-energy sector and it is estimated a generation of 10 to 15 liters per liter of ethanol produced. The study developed in this work evaluated the use of vinasse as an alternative fuel, aiming at expanding the sustainability of the ethanol production process. Vinasse in natura samples were provided by a facility located in the State of Sao Paulo for the analyses of total solids (16,887 mg/L) and density (1.009 g/mL). Through literature data, the higher heating value on dry basis and the lower heating value on wet basis were estimated. Using data from the sugarcane harvests from 1987/1988 to 2019/2020, a mathematical model was developed capable of estimating the quantity of vinasse produced for 2019/2020 harvest (287 to 430 thousand cubic meters), being its environmentally adequate destination an important challenge to the sugar-energy sector.
The aim of this study is to optimize the lipid accumulation in microalgae by using two agricultural residues of pineapple peels and sugarcane bagasse as low-cost organic carbon sources. Green microalgae Scenedesmus acutus was isolated and selected for cultivation. Effects of three initial sugar concentrations and the stage for adding sugar during cultivation on biomass and lipid production were investigated. The results clearly showed that two-stage cultivation is more suitable than one-stage. The maximum biomass concentration and productivity were obtained at 3.85 g/L and 160.42 mg/L/day when sugarcane bagasse was used. The highest lipid content and lipid yield was reached at 28.05 \% and 0.93 g/L when pineapple peels were used, while in the case of sugarcane bagasse, 40.89 \% and 1.24 g/L lipid content and yield were obtained. Lipid content was found in normal condition (autotrophic) at 17.71 \% which was approximately 2.13-fold lower than when sugarcane bagasse was used (40.89 \%). Biodiesel production via in situ transesterification was also investigated; the main fatty acids of palmitic acid and oleic acid were found. This work indicates that using agricultural residues as organic carbon sources could be able to increase lipid content and reduce the cost of biofuel production.
The affect of the oxygen transfer coefficient on the production of xylitol by bioconversion of xylose present in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate using the yeast Candida guilliermondi was investigated. Continuous cultivation was carried out in a 1.25-L, fermenter at 30 degrees C, pH 5.5, 300 rpm, and a dilution rate of 0.03/h, using oxygen transfer coefficients of 10, 20, and 30/h. The results showed that the microbial xylitol production (11 g/L) increased by 108\% with the decrease in the oxygen volumetric transfer coefficient from 30 to 20/h. The maximum values of xylitol productivity (0.7 g/{[
A L-9(3)(4) orthogonal array (OA) experimental design was applied to study the four parameters considered most important in the ozonolysis pretreatment (moisture content, ozone concentration, ozone/oxygen flow and particle size) on ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Statistical analysis highlighted ozone concentration as the highest influence parameter on reaction time and sugars release after enzymatic hydrolysis. The increase on reaction time when decreasing the ozone/oxygen flow resulted in small differences of ozone consumptions. Design optimization for sugars release provided a parameters combination close to the best experimental run, where 77.55\% and 56.95\% of glucose and xylose yields were obtained, respectively. When optimizing the grams of sugar released by gram of ozone, the highest influence parameter was moisture content, with a maximum yield of 2.98 g(SUGARS)/g O-3. In experiments on hydrolysates fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae provided ethanol yields around 80\%, while Pichia stipitis was completely inhibited. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on plastic during co-pyrolysis with biomass. Pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and their mixtures of different ratios was carried out in a semi-batch reactor with varying temperatures ranging from 350 to 600 degrees C at a heating rate of 20 +/- 1 degrees C/min. The maximum liquid product yields for the pyrolysis of SCB and LDPE obtained were 47.15\% and 74.40\%, respectively, whereas the maximum liquid product yield for SCB/LDPE co-pyrolysis was 52.75\% at 500 degrees C with 1: 1 blend ratio. A significant improvement of the calorific value has been observed for the co-pyrolytic oil in comparison with SCB pyrolytic oil. The results of GC-MS and FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction between SCB and LDPE during co-pyrolysis, which resulted into a decreasing amount of oxygenated compounds, phenol and acidic compounds, makes the copyrolysis process more favorable for the production of high calorific value fuel. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The activated carbon was prepared firstly by soaking sugarcane bagasse in 0.39\% AlCl(3) solution, and then by carbonization in a charcoal kiln at 400 degrees C for 2 days and activation in a muffle furnace at 900 degrees C for 100 minutes. The adsorption removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution by the prepared activated carbons was studied in a batch adsorption system. The amount of phosphorus adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent decreased from 1.13 to 0.33 mg/g and the removal percentage of phosphorus increased from 22.64 to 99.27\% with increasing adsorbent dosages from 100 to 1500 mg in 50mL solution of the initial phosphorus concentration of 10mg/L. With increasing phosphorus concentrations from 1 to 30 mg/L, the amount of phosphorus adsorbed increased from 0.06 to 1.11 mg/g and the percent adsorption decreased from 91.93 to 57.34\%. The dynamical data fit very well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R(2)>0.9962) and the Langmuir model agreed well with the experimental data (R(2)>0.9648).
A biomass-based catalyst with amine groups (-NH2), viz., amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse (SCB-NH2), was prepared through the amination of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in a two-step process. The physicochemical properties of the catalyst were characterized through FT-IR, elemental analysis, XRD, TG, and SEM-EDX techniques, which confirmed the -NH2 group was grafted onto SCB successfully. The catalytic performance of SCB-NH2 in Knoevenagel condensation reaction was tested in the batch and continuous flow reactions. Significantly, it was found that the catalytic performance of SCB-NH2 is better in flow system than that in batch system. Moreover, the SCB-NH2 presented an excellent catalytic activity and stability at the high flow rate. When the flow rate is at the 1.5 mL/min, no obvious deactivation was observed and the product yield and selectivity are more than 97\% and 99\% after 80 h of continuous reaction time, respectively. After the recovery of solvent from the resulting solution, a white solid was obtained as a target product. As a result, the SCB-NH2 is a promising catalyst for the synthesis of fine chemicals by Knoevenagel condensation reaction in large scale, and the modification of the renewable SCB with -NH2 group is a potential avenue for the preparation of amine-functionalized catalytic materials in industry.
The biomass-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have been regarded as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, the preparation of biomass-based hierarchically porous CNFs by electrospinning without any chemical and physical activation is still challenging, especially when using the whole components of lignocellulose. Herein, a feasible way to synthesize a hierarchically porous CNF by electrospinning of the blends of acetylated sugarcane bagasse (ASCB) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) followed by carbonization is proposed. Degradation of ASCB during carbonization induced multiscale defects that led to the formation of hierarchical pores and introduced flexibility for the CNFs. The specific capacitance and areal capacitance of CNFs respectively were 289.5 F g-1 and 64.2 mu F cm-2. The flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor (ASSC) derived from the CNFs showed high power density (1.26 kW kg-1) and energy density (56.0 W h kg-1), as well as high capacitance retention and great cycling stability. This synthetic strategy provides a practicable way to utilize the whole components of lignocellulosic biomass and explore its application on high-performance flexible electrode materials.
Sugarcane ethanol is produced at large scale generating wastes that could be used for microalgae biomass production in a biorefinery strategy. In this study, forty microalgae strains were screened for growth in sugarcane vinasse at different concentrations. Two microalgae strains, Micractinium sp. Embrapa| LBA32 and C. biconvexa Embrapa| LBA40, presented vigorous growth in a light-dependent manner even in undiluted vinasse under non-axenic conditions. Microalgae strains presented higher biomass productivity in vinasse-based media compared to standard Bold's Basal Medium in cultures performed using 15 L airlift flat plate photobioreactors. Chemical composition analyses showed that proteins and carbohydrates comprise the major fractions of algal biomass. Glucose was the main monosaccharide detected, ranging from 46\% to 76\% of the total carbohydrates content according to the strain and culture media used. This research highlights the potential of using residues derived from ethanol plants to cultivate microalgae for the production of energy and bioproducts. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A new xylose fermenting yeast was isolated from over-ripe banana by enrichment in xylose-containing medium. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences of ribosomal RNA of isolate BY2 revealed that it shows affiliation to genus Pichia and clades with Pichia caribbica. In batch fermentation, Pichia strain BY2 fermented xylose, producing 15 g l(-1) ethanol from 30 g l(-1) xylose under shaking conditions at 28A degrees C, with ethanol yield of 0.5 g g(-1) and volumetric productivity of 0.31 g l(-1) h(-1). The optimum pH range for ethanol production from xylose by Pichia strain BY2 was 5-7. Pichia strain BY2 also produced 6.08 g l(-1) ethanol from 30 g l(-1) arabinose. Pichia strain BY2 can utilize sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose acid hydrolysate for alcohol production, efficiency of fermentation was improved by neutralization, and sequential use of activated charcoal adsorption method. Percent total sugar utilized and ethanol yield for the untreated hydrolysate was 17.14\% w/v and 0.33 g g(-1), respectively, compared with 66.79\% w/v and 0.45 g g(-1), respectively, for treated hemicellulose acid hydrolysate. This new yeast isolate showed ethanol yield of 0.45 g g(-1) and volumetric productivity of 0.33 g l(-1) h(-1) from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate detoxified by neutralization and activated charcoal treatment, and has potential application in practical process of ethanol production from lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
Brown sugar raw sugarcane juice, and enzymatic hydrolyzates fr-om amilaceous or ligno(hemi)cellulosic sources like cane bagasse turned out to be a minimal but satisfactory culture medium for the production of astaxanthin in Phaffia rhodozyma The condition for this was a small supplementation (1 g/l) of a nitrogen source. Urea resulted in a preferential yeast biomass increase as compared to soya meal and tannery shavings, the major beneficial effect of which was in the pigment content of the yeast cells. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
The high cost of enzymes is one of the main bottlenecks affecting the industrial production of cellulosic ethanol, which therefore requires the development of improved bioprocesses for the manufacture of cellulases. The present work concerns the selection of operating parameters for enzyme production in three-phasic bioreactors, using sugarcane bagasse as substrate. The parameters considered included cultivation method, substrate particle size and pretreatment, agitation speed, and pH. For both shake flask and stirred tank bioreactor (SIB), a new sequential cultivation method employing steam explosion pretreated sugarcane bagasse significantly improved enzyme production, compared to conventional submerged fermentation. Larger substrate particle size provided a better support for fungal growth in shake flasks, while smaller particles resulted in greater homogeneity in stirred tank bioreactors. Maximum endoglucanase and xylanase production in the STB were 1599 +/- 66 and 4212 +/- 133IUL(-1), respectively, under sequential cultivation using pretreated bagasse particles smaller than 0.5 mm, agitation speed of 700 rpm, and pH 5.0. The findings provide useful information concerning the influence of operational variables on (hemi) cellulases production in STB three-phasic cultivations, which should contribute to the development of bioprocesses using lignocellulosic materials in large-scale bioreactors. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Levulinic acid (LA) is a platform chemical that can be produced from biomass. Diphenolic acid (DPA) is a derivative of LA with the potential to replace bisphenol A, a plasticizer. To determine the optimum conditions for DPA production, commercial LA was used with a mild environmentally benign acid, namely, methanesulfonic acid (MsOH). The optimized reaction parameters were time (6 h), temperature (75 degrees C), and catalyst loading (5.5 g), yielding 65.8\% DPA at 90\% LA conversion. The response surface methodology (RSM) study indicated that the temperature had the most significant effect on DPA yield, followed by time and catalyst loading. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the model was able to satisfactorily predict the DPA yield. To determine the effect of catalyst on DPA production from commercial LA, ionic liquids (ILs), MsOH, and sulfuric acid were used. IL catalysts produced 59 to 68\% of DPA, MsOH produced 65.6\% of DPA, and sulfuric acid produced the maximum DPA of 74\%. The study of LA: phenol ratio revealed that more reactants (2:5) yielded the most DPA (86.35\%). The optimized reaction conditions were then used to produce DPA from LA derived from depithed sugarcane bagasse (DSB), which yielded 64.5\% of DPA.
A green and facile approach was proposed to simultaneously produce fermentative sugar (FS), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) from sugarcane bagasse through the hydrothermal-carbonization process. In this work, the maximum yields of FS were 35.77\%, 30.54\%, 1.23\%, 28.52\%, and 41.85\% for xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, and arabinose, respectively. The GQDs, with bright blue fluorescence, had an average diameter at 2.26 nm, and exhibited a well-defined spherical shape and graphene structure. The formation mechanism of GQDs was further investigated, and the GQDs mainly derived from the dissolved lignin and polysaccharides. Moreover, the HPC presented a much higher surface area and controllable oxygen content than non-hydrothermal pretreatment porous carbon, whose unique pore structure was mainly resulted from the dissolution of FS. The green and facile approach provides a novel pathway to produce high value-added materials from sugarcane bagasse, developing a foundation for the preparation of better biomass materials.
The technical performance of lignocellulosic enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation versus pyrolysis processes for sugarcane bagasse was evaluated, based on currently available technology. Process models were developed for bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse using three different pretreatment methods, i.e. dilute acid, liquid hot water and steam explosion, at various solid concentrations. Two pyrolysis processes, namely fast pyrolysis and vacuum pyrolysis, were considered as alternatives to biological processing for the production of biofuels from sugarcane bagasse. For bioethanol production, a minimum of 30\% solids in the pretreatment reactor was required to render the process energy self-sufficient, which led to a total process energy demand equivalent to roughly 40\% of the feedstock higher heating value. Both vacuum pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis could be operated as energy self-sufficient if 45\% of the produced char from fast pyrolysis is used to fuel the process. No char energy is required to fuel the vacuum pyrolysis process due to lower process energy demands (17\% compared to 28\% of the feedstock higher heating value). The process models indicated that effective process heat integration can result in a 10-15\% increase in all process energy efficiencies. Process thermal efficiencies between 52 and 56\% were obtained for bioethanol production at pretreatment solids at 30\% and 50\%, respectively, while the efficiencies were 70\% for both pyrolysis processes. The liquid fuel energy efficiency of the best bioethanol process is 41\%, while that of crude bio-oil production before upgrading is 67\% and 56\% via fast and vacuum pyrolysis, respectively. Efficiencies for pyrolysis processes are expected to decrease by up to 15\% should upgrade to a transportation fuel of equivalent quality to bioethanol be taken into consideration. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Straw management systems influence biomass accumulation and yield of sugarcane crop (var. RB855453). Maintaining sugarcane straw over the soil surface after harvest without burning may damage sugarcane sprouting, tillering and crop yield, mainly in cold climate sites, in addition to contributing to higher levels of spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata) infestations. Therefore, this work was developed with the objective of evaluating the tillering, fresh biomass accumulation and yield of sugarcane ratoon (var. RB855453), as well as the infestation level of M. fimbriolata, when the crop was submitted to three different straw management systems: (i.) straw in total area; (ii.) uncovered rows and (iii.) accumulating the straw of three rows in one interrow. As a result of experimental rigor provided by the Tukey test and the size and representativeness of each plot (2700 m(2)), it was possible to conclude that keeping sugarcane straw over the soil in total area, after harvest without burning, reduced ratoon development, presenting lower yield and tiller biomass. Straw accumulation of three rows in one interrow did not contribute to the number of tillers; however, it promoted higher biomass of tillers and consequently higher yield, without difference for the management of uncovered rows. Lower infestations of M. fimbriolata were identified in the treatment with uncovered rows; however, the control level was not reached and thus, the entomological damages must not have contributed to the lower crop yield under straw in total area.
The current study used acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to obtain fermentable sugar for bioethanol production. However, toxic compounds that inhibit fermentation are also produced during the process, which reduces the bioethanol productivity. In this study, atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) was adopted to degrade the toxic compounds within sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse. After ACP treatment, significant decreases in toxic compounds (31\% of the formic acid, 45\% of the acetic acid, 80\% of the hydroxymethylfurfural, and 100\% of the furfural) were observed. The toxicity of the hydrolysate was low enough for bioethanol production using Kluyveromyces marxianus. After adopting optimal ACP conditions (200 W power for 25 min), the bioethanol productivity improved from 0.25 to 0.65 g/L/h, which means that ACP could effectively degrade toxic compounds within the hydrolysate, thereby enhancing bioethanol production. Various nitrogen substitute was coordinated with detoxified hydrolysate, and chicken meal group presented the highest bioethanol productivity (0.45 g/L/h).
Sugarcane bagasse, consisting of cellulose, xylan, and lignin, was chemically treated to generate bagasse samples with continuously decreasing content of lignin. These bagasse samples were hydrolyzed by cellulase and xylanase enzymes, produced earlier by Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1171 in the same bagasse polysaccharides production medium. The hydrolysis was carried out by using different concentrations of the enzymes at two different temperatures, 30 and 50 degrees C, taking hydrolysis of Avicel as control. It was found that while the maximum hydrolysis for Avicel was 70\% that of some of the bagasse polysaccharides was as high as 95\%. The products of hydrolysis were glucose, xylose, and arabinose, as confirmed by high pressure ion chromatography (HPIC). It is interesting to note that arabinose, which constitutes about 10\% of the weight of bagasse xylan, could also be released easily by the enzymes. Also, the initial rates of hydrolysis was found to be much higher for the bagasse polysaccharides, and in some cases about 90\% of the hydrolysis occurred within 20 h. Amongst all bagasse samples, the sample with (Kappa no. 1.2, lignin content 0.18\%) gave the highest degree of hydrolysis at 50 degrees C. Even the bagasse polysaccharide with Kappa no. 16.8 (lignin content 2.5\%) underwent greater extent of hydrolysis than Avicel. Apparently, the delignified bagasse medium appears to be a facile medium for the combined hydrolytic action of the cellulase and xylanase enzymes. Considering that sugarcane bagasse is a waste biomass material available in abundance annually, this methodology can be used to value-add to this biomass to produce sugars, which can be fermented to produce biofuels like ethanol. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Extracted alkali lignin (AL) and organosolv lignin (OL) from sugarcane bagasse were acid-catalyzed liquefied in methanol with the aim of producing oligomeric aromatic oxides. Acids were screened for their effects on the output of oligomeric aromatic oxides from alkali lignin liquefaction. Based on the highest amount of lignin conversion, the order of catalytic efficiency was: p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) > CCl3COOH (TCA) > KHSO4 > AlCl3 > H3O40PW12 > H2SO4. The most alkali lignin conversion was 86.2 wt\% when catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid. Optimized liquefaction temperatures indicated that AL liquefaction optimum temperature was 250 degrees C and OL was 175 degrees C. GPC characterized AL, OL and resultant products implied that TsOH could degrade both lignins to about 780 g/mol of molecular weight. HSQC-NMR and GC-MS observations suggested that simultaneous vinyl ether cleavage and intermediate stabilization of phenolic hydroxyl group etherification at high temperatures achieved AL liquefaction. Acidolysis of beta-ether linkages at mild temperatures was the mechanism of OL liquefaction.
This study aimed to determine the effect of moisture content of three different feedstocks on overall ethanol yield. Switchgrass and sugarcane bagasse from two sources were either soaked in water (similar to 80\% moisture) or left dry (similar to 12\% moisture), and half each of these were impregnated with 3\% w/w SO2 and all were steam pretreated. The twelve resulting substrates were compared based on overall sugar recovery after pretreatment, cellulose conversion following enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol yield following simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The overall ethanol yield after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of hexoses was 18-28\% higher in samples that were soaked prior to SO2 addition than in SO2-catalyzed samples that were not soaked. In samples that were uncatalyzed, soaking made little difference, indicating that the positive effect of increased moisture content may be related to increased permeability of the biomass to SO2. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
There is growing interest in sugarcane straw removal from the field to use as raw material for bioenergy production. In contrast, sugarcane straw removal may have negative implications for many soil ecosystem services and subsequent plant growth. A two-year experiment was conducted at Bom Retiro and Univalem mills within the dry and wet seasons for assessing the impact of straw rates removal on plant production. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments proportional to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100\% of straw removal. Plant parameters evaluated included: tillering, phytomass accumulation, stalk yield and stalk industrial quality. Straw removal increased plant tillering at Bom Retiro mill in both seasons and within dry season at Univalem mill, however the plant population at the end of each ratoon cycle was not affected by straw management. Phytomass yield across each ratoon cycle was fit to a sigmoidal model (R-2 >= 0.92, p < 0.05). Time necessary for plant completes its lag-phase is higher at the treatments applied in the dry season, whereas there was no time pattern for plants to complete the linear and stationary growth phases. Moderate amounts of straw: 4-9 Mg ha(-1) (dry base) on soil surface enhanced stalk yield. Different rates of straw removal did not affect stalk industrial quality. Overall, partial straw removal, at least in the short-term, could be a win-win situation, sustaining sugarcane yields and providing feedstock for bioelectricity cogeneration and/or 2G-ethanol production.
Carbonaceous catalysts derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), cellulose and lignin were synthesized by three different methods using slow pyrolysis and subsequent sulfonation. The synthesized catalysts were used for hydrolysis of lignocellulose and cassava starch. The catalysts synthesized from SCB 100 mesh (type I) and lignin (type II) were highly active for hydrolysis of SCB (70 mesh), cellulose and starch at 140 degrees C for 3 h yielding 18.0\%, 27.6\%, 87.6\% and 65.0\%, 46.0\%, 96.5\% total reducing sugar (TRS) yields, respectively. Box-Behnken design was applied to investigate the influence of reaction temperature, amount of catalyst and reaction time on hydrolysis yield of delignified SCB in the presence of these two catalysts. The finding demonstrated that the lignin catalyst (type II) prepared by direct sulfonation without pyrolysis had equal or higher catalytic performance than catalysts prepared by pyrolysis and sulfonation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nitride silica-based ceramics were prepared by sintering under nitrogen atmosphere using rice husk ash and bagasse ash as raw materials. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray Diffractometor (XRD) studies revealed that the main phase of rice husk ash (after calcined at 600 degrees C for 6 h.) was amorphous silica, whereas the sugarcane bagasse ash contained quartz and CaCO3. Thus, both ashes would be a good source for silica. Two batches of the 100 wt\% rice husk ash (RHA100) and the mixture of 50 wt\% rice husk ash and 50 wt\% bagasse ash (RHA50BA50) were wet milled using planetary ball milling machine, and were then dried at 90 degrees C. The powders were uniaxially pressed at the pressure of 150 MPa. The disk shape samples were sintered at 1300-1500 degrees C in the nitrogen atmosphere with gas flow rate of 600 ml/min. The physical and mechanical properties of the sintered disk shape samples were determined. The phase structure and microstructure of the samples were investigated using XRD and SEM techniques, respectively. The main phases obtained after sintering were cristobalite, tridymite, alpha and beta-silicon nitride and SiC. The RHA50BA50 sample sintered at 1450 degrees C showed the optimum properties with low firing shrinkage, low water absorption and high strength.
Adsorbent materials for industrial and environmental applications are the goal of seeking research under active investigation now. Activated carbons could be obtained from the organic material after been chemically or physically treated. In Egypt, Sugarcane bagasse could be considered one of the agricultural wastes that frequently produced. In this study, the low-cost adsorbent was prepared from raw Bagasse. The batch experiment was set up to determine the effect of using the agriculture waste (sugarcane bagasse) without any modification and activated it chemically and physically on methylene blue removal. The influence of adsorbent amount, agitation rate, and temperature on the dye removal were studied. The result shows that the percentage of dye removal reached up to \%99.6 when the initial dye concentration was 15 ppm, and the amount of sorbent (chemically activated) was 0.3 g at room temperature. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms for the removal of methylene blue were represented with different models. It was detected that Langmuir and Freundlich's equations have the R-2 value closed to unity, and the maximum adsorption calculated capacity was 2.2 mg/g when the initial dye concentration was 15 ppm. Furthermore, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order were fitted to examine the adsorption kinetic, and a pseudo-second order calculated the highest adsorption rate for the raw bagasse (0.59446 g/mg.min).
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw has been identified as a valuable asset for bioenergy production, but it is also a primary carbon input for sustaining soil resources. Therefore, excessive removal of this crop residue can potentially decrease soil organic carbon (SOC) and have negative environmental consequences. Most crop residue management studies focus on site-specific responses which are important, but do not provide comprehensive assessments across the multiple edaphoclimatic conditions needed by decision makers to guide sustainable sugarcane straw management. Temporal modifications in SOC stocks induced by straw removal were quantified in 10 field experiments located in south-central of Brazil. Each field experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, including four straw removal rates: total (TR), high (HR), low (LR) and no removal (NR). Soil sampling was performed to a 30 cm depth at the trial establishment (baseline) and after 2 and 4 consecutive years of straw removal. The data indicate that about 19\% and 25\% of the C added via straw were retained in areas of sandy and clay soils, respectively, and show that excessive removal rates depleted SOC stocks across the evaluated sites. Furthermore, regardless of removal rate, maintenance of straw on sandy soils was not sufficient to sustain SOC stocks, which were depleted by 2.3, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.4 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) for the TR, HR, LR, and NR. Our measured data provide scientific information to support policy and management decisions for straw-derived bioenergy in Brazil. They also suggest straw removal from clay soils will be less deleterious to SOC stocks than from sandy soils, where removal should be avoided.
Activated carbon (AC) from sugarcane bagasse was prepared using dry chemical activation with KOH. It was then subjected to a high-energy ball milling (HEBM) treatment under various milling speeds (600, 1200 and 1800 rpm) to produce AC nanoparticles from micro-size particles. The AC samples after the HEBM treatment exhibited reduced particle sizes, increased mesopore volume and a rich surface oxygen content, which contribute to higher pseudocapacitance. Notably, different HEBM speeds were used to find a good electrochemical performance. As a result, the AC/BM12 material, subjected to HEBM at 1200 rpm for 30 min, exhibited the highest specific capacitance, 257 F g(-1), at a current density 0.5 A g(-1). This is about 2.4 times higher than that of the AC sample. Moreover, the excellence capacitance retention of this sample was 93.5\% after a 3000-cycle test at a current density of 5 A g(-1). Remarkably, a coin cell electrode assembly was fabricated using the AC/BM12 material in a 1 M LiPF6 electrolyte. It exhibited a specific capacitance of 110 F g(-1) with a high energy density of 27.9 W h kg(-1).
In this paper the results of the biosorption of lead(II) and cadmium(II) with sugarcane bagasse in fixed bed columns are presented. Experimental data were fitted to several models describing the rupture curve for single-component and two-component systems. The percentages of removal of lead and cadmium in single-component systems are 91\% and 90\%, respectively. In lead-cadmium bicomponent systems the percentage of elimination of lead was 90\% and cadmium 92\%. In single-component systems, Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models successfully reproduce the rupture curves. In two-component system, the Dose-Response model was the best one reproducing the experimental rupture curves in the entire measured range.
In a worldwide scenario of search for renewable fuels, the knowledge of the contents of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose in different biomass materials is of great importance for their use in the biofuels industry. However, the current methods used for the determination of these contents are long, involve laborious procedures and make use of hazardous chemicals. In this context, solid-state BC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy appears as one of the possible spectroscopic methods to be used for quantification of the lignin and carbohydrate contents in lignocellulosic materials. In this work, this method was used to monitor the evolution of the lignin and carbohydrate contents as function of treatment time for a sample of Brazilian sugarcane bagasse treated with hydrochloric acid. The recorded BC NMR spectra allowed the observation of the fast removal of hemicellulose and of cellulose in structurally disordered regions, as well as the process of depolymerization of the lignin structure for long treatment times. Through the construction of calibration curves from commercial samples of lignin and cellulose, it was possible to estimate the lignin, holocellulose and crystalline cellulose contents in the studied samples. An increase in the lignin and crystalline cellulose contents was then observed for the samples with long treatment times. The analysis of the crystallinity index by X-ray diffraction corroborated the information obtained by solid-state NMR, whereas the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy allowed to observe general characteristics of the surface of the fibers of the natural and acid-treated sugarcane bagasse samples.
Bagasse is a waste generated in abundance from the sugarcane industry. This investigation was planned to convert bagasse waste into a useful composite. For this purpose the bagasse waste was obtained from sugar cane juice producer. In this study, the extraction of bagasse fibers was done manually and they were treated with sodium hydroxide. The treated bagasse fibers had higher tensile properties as compared to untreated ones, so the alkali treated fibers were used as reinforcement for making composites. Hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture bagasse composite samples. The fiber length (1 inch and 2 inch) and fiber weight percentage (10 wt\% and 20 wt\%) were considered as variables. It was found that better tensile properties were obtained with higher fiber length (2 inch) and weight percentage (20 wt\%). Bagasse-cotton fabric composites were also produced using cotton fabric as a base material and the bagasse fibers were sandwiched between a printed and plain cotton fabric. The idea was to consider these composites useful for sun-shades or for decorative purposes. It was also found that bagasse-cotton fabric reinforced composites had higher tensile strength and strain; however the modulus had reduced due to higher elongation of cotton fabrics. With the increase in the weight percentage the tensile properties had reduced this might be because during the composite manufacturing the epoxy resin had to pass through the fabric to wet the bagasse fiber out and they were not wetted out properly. This phenomenon needs further investigation.
A technological scheme was developed to produce 2G fermentable sugar from sugarcane bagasse and was assessed for the process feasibility. This paper describes recovery of fermentable sugar, characterization of pretreated hydrolysed bagasse, in-silico elucidation of enzymatic hydrolysis and techno-economic analysis of the recovery of sugar from bagasse. The in-silico approach included characterization of both the enzymes, estimation of physiochemical and functional properties through ProtParam. Secondary structures of enzymes were represented using SOPMA. Modelling of enzymes was done using MODELLER 9.24. The developed model was validated through PROCHECK and was evaluated using Verify3D. The active sites of both the enzymes were predicted using 3D LigandSite - Ligand binding site prediction server and molecular docking of the predicted Models were performed using Swiss Dock. The techno-economic analysis showed 0.516 kg (2G fermentable sugar)/kg bagasse). {[
The growing interest in finding partial substitutes for cement is the result of the desire to reduce air pol-lution caused by the cement industry. One of these partial substitutes is sugarcane bagasse (SCB). SCB is a by-product of the sugar industry extracted from sugarcane. After burning, a large volume of SCB becomes sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to generate electricity during sugar processing. Many papers studied the SCBA influences as a construction material due to having pozzolanic characteristics. This paper is a comprehensive review of the SCBA used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCMs) to produce eco-friendly concretes. Firstly, treatment, physical and chemical properties of SCBA. Finally, review the concrete properties, including SCBA. The concrete properties such as slump, mechanical properties, water absorption, porosity, and microstructure. Based on the literature review, the slump increases or decreases with increasing the SCBA percentage because of influenced treatment by heating and/or milling, and optimum replacement ratio range of 5\%-10\% better mechanical properties.Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-ence on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.
Pre-heated elephant dung was used as inoculum to produce hydrogen from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate. SCB was hydrolyzed by H2SO4 or NaOH at various concentrations (0.25-5\% volume) and reaction time of 60 mm at 121 degrees C, 1.5 kg/cm(2) in the autoclave. The optimal condition for the pretreatment was obtained when SCB was hydrolyzed by H2SO4 at 1\% volume which yielded 11.28 g/L of total sugar (1.46 g glucose/L; 9.10 g xylose/L; 0.72 g arabinose/L). The maximum hydrogen yield of 0.84 mol H-2/mol total sugar and the hydrogen production rate of 109.55 mL H-2/L day were obtained at the initial pH 6.5 and initial total sugar concentration 10 g/L. Hydrogen-producing bacterium (Clostridium pasteurianum) and non hydrogen-producing bacterium (Flavobacterium sp.) were dominating species in the elephant dung and in hydrogen fermentation broth. Sporolactobacillus sp. was found to be responsible for a low hydrogen yield obtained. Copyright (C) 2010, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The crucial need for alternative oil sources due to increasing energy demand has motivated research to find alternatives resources. In the current study, different fungal groups were isolated from diverse Egyptian localities for oil production screening as well as sugarcane bagasse management. A total of 499 fungal isolates were recovered from soil and dung samples; one isolate was identified as Mortierella wolfii AH12 using morphological and molecular techniques and was demonstrated to produce high lipid concentrations. Taguchi design was used to obtain higher lipid productivity. Accordingly, dry biomass, total lipids, and lipid percentage were 3.81 g l(-1), 1.57 g l(-1), and 41.2\%, respectively, under the optimized culture conditions: 40 g glucose, 5 g peptone, pH 5 at 30 0 degrees C for 10 days. Non-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was not only utilized as an alternative carbon source, but it was also an effective source of nutrients for mold sprouting and lipid biosynthesis using solid-state fermentation (SSF) technique. Promising fatty acid profile was deduced, where palmitic (PA) and oleic acid (OA) were predominant. Moreover, unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) as linoleic acid (LA), Gamma linolenic acid (GLA), Dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (ARA) were present in low quantities according to GC-MS analysis. The study offers a promising result that serves in the management of agricultural waste, converting it into lipids with a promising profile which could be considered as a precursor for biodiesel.
The production of useful phenolic flavor compounds by utilizing Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC 10307 was studied. Ferulic acid, vanillic acid and vanillin were obtained as the significant phenolic acids from the fermentation medium. The compounds were identified and quantified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The phenolic acids were detected for 15 days. A maximum quantity of ferulic acid was quantified on the 9th day of incubation and the quantity decreased on further incubation. While the utmost amounts of vanillic acid and vanillin were detected on the 12th day of incubation. The concentration of carbohydrates from the de-starched bagasse was also estimated and was contrasted with that of the original (control) bagasse. The growth pattern of the microorganism was also studied. The quantity of ferulic acid measured per kg of sugarcane bagasse on the 9th day of incubation was determined to be approximately 275 mg whereas 18 mg and 15 mg of vanillic acid and vanillin, respectively, were measured per kg of bagasse on the 12th day of incubation. Ferulic acid esterase was isolated and the fermentation conditions such as pH, temperature and incubation period were standardized for the maximum recovery of the enzyme. The results revealed that in optimized condition, ferulic acid esterase yield was found to be 2.2 U ml(-1) at 35 degrees C, whereas ferulic acid esterase yield was 2.3 U ml(-1) at 6.5 pH and 2.4 U ml(-1) after 60 h of the incubation period.
Bottom ash (BA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) are by-products from power plants and the sugar industry and they have a great potential to be used in green-concrete structure applications. This study reports the effects of BA and SCBA on the properties of Portland cement (PC) pastes and mortars as cement replacement, by up to 20 percent by weight. All mortars had a water to binder ratio (w/PC + BA, w/PC + SCBA, and w/PC + BA + SCBA) of 0.5. Normal consistency, setting time, compressive strength, and microstructure (using scanning electron microscope, SEM) were systematically investigated. The results showed that the water requirement for a normal consistency was decreased with increasing BA content. The addition of SCBA, on the other hand, caused the water requirement to increase. The initial and final setting times of all pozzolan mixes were longer when compared to that of PC mix. The compressive strengths of all mixtures with BA were similar to that of the PC mix at 90 days. In addition, the SEM micrograph of pastes confirmed a good pozzolanic reaction between ash particles and Portland cement, resulting in an increase in the compressive strength of the mortars, especially after a period of time (more than 28 days). {[
In order to effectively utilize the bagasse waste generated by sugar factories, an attempt is made to produce activated carbon from it by steam activation and chemical activation (with zinc chloride). Upon carbonization at temperatures from 1073 K to 1273 K, bagasse generates char having a specific surface area of 405-600 m(2)/g and a pore volume of 0.2-0.3 ml/g, A sample of activated carbon was prepared from mechanically-mixed and compressed bagasse by activation at 1073 K for 1 hour with steam added in an amount of 3.0 g-water/g-bagasse. The resulting activated carbon is found to have a specific surface area of 878 m(2)/g and a hardness of 2.5 x 10(-3) kg/cm(2), In addition, it has an adsorption equilibrium for aqueous phenol and acetic acid which can be expressed by either a Langmuir type or Freundlich type isotherm.
Ethanol may be produced using sugarcane bagasse as raw material through the Organosolv process with dilute acid hydrolysis, thus increasing ethanol production with the same cultivated sugarcane area. In this work simulations of bioethanol production from sugarcane juice and bagasse are carried out using software UniSim Design. A typical large scale production plant is considered: 1000 m(3)/day of ethanol is produced using sugarcane juice as raw material. A three-step hydrolysis process (pre-hydrolysis of hemicellulose, Organosolv delignification and cellulose hydrolysis) of surplus sugarcane bagasse is considered. Pinch analysis is used to determine the minimum hot utility obtained with thermal integration of the plant, in order to find out the maximum availability of bagasse that can be used in the hydrolysis process, taking into consideration the use of 50\% of generated sugarcane trash as fuel for electricity and steam production. Two different cases were analyzed for the product purification step: conventional and double-effect distillation systems. It was found that the double-effect distillation system allows 90\% of generated bagasse to be used as raw material in the hydrolysis plant, which accounts for an increase of 26\% in bioethanol production, considering exclusively the fermentation of hexoses obtained from the cellulosic fraction. (C) 2009 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
The use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in water treatment has received an increasing amount of attention because of its characteristics and low cost. Bagasse was used as the matrix in this study. Barium chloride and sodium carbonate were mixed with bagasse under certain conditions to generate barium carbonate and to prepare the bagasse-barium carbonate (SCB-BaCO3) composite adsorbent to adsorb the malachite green (MG) dye in the solution. MG's adsorption on the adsorbent conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model, and the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was 1250 mg/g. SCB-BaCO3 composite material is a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and efficient green adsorbent.
In this work, a strategy to promote ethanol fermentation through the complete utilization of fermentable sugars released from sugarcane bagasse was proposed. Initially, the sugarcane bagasse was subjected to a diluted sulfuric acid pretreatment, leading to 89.5\% of hemicellulose solubilization, in which 82\% was recovered as monomeric sugars (xylose and arabinose) in the liquid stream. The cellulignin obtained was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in 51.2 and 95.08\% of cellulose and hemicellulose yields, respectively. The C5rich hemicellulosic hydrolysate was fermented to ethanol by the pentose-fermenting yeast Spathaspora passalidarum NRRL Y-27907, achieving an ethanol yield of 86.11\%. The C6-rich enzymatic hydrolysate, on the other hand, was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 through the application of a cell-recycle batch fermentation system. This strategy improved the overall fermentation performance throughout the cycles, with a substantial increase in the ethanol productivity of 361\% from the first to the last batch. Based on a mass balance with input of 1000 kg of sugarcane bagasse and taking into account a complete pentose and hexose fermentation, 191.96 kg of ethanol could be produced from this integrated platform, which corresponded to 243.3 L of ethanol.
Xylose, arabinose and glucose were studied their fermentabilities to ethanol by yeast Pichia stipitis. The experiments were conducted by using 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 g/l of mono-saccharide solutions in a close fermentation system at 30 degrees C with 100-rpm shaking rate for 120 h. Fermentabilities of mono-saccharides appeared to produce high ethanol yield when a low concentration of xylose and arabinose was applied. Glucose fermentability was, however, found to be preferable at high sugar concentration. The highest ethanol yields could be achieved at 106.27, 86.25, and 73.10\%, reported as a relative \% to its theoretical ethanol yield, by using 1.0 g/l of xylose, 1.0 g/l of arabinose, and 20.0 g/l of glucose solutions, respectively. The empirical equations were then established based on the fementabilities obtained to predict ethanol yield for a given concentration of mono-saccharides. A comparative study on fermentation of the mono-saccharide mixture and sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate, of which xylose, arabinose and glucose concentrations were similar, were moreover conducted. It was revealed that the empirical equations provided an excellent estimation of ethanol concentration when the mono-saccharide mixture was used. The presence of furans and other compounds in sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate besides the mono-saccharides, however, resulted in a lower ethanol fermentability compared with that calculated by the empirical equations. This is due apparently to an inhibition effect of these additional components to Pichia stipitis. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Quaternized, crosslinked sugarcane bagasse can adsorb anionic dyes from textile wastewater. Disposal of dye-saturated adsorbent by composting or land application would require that modifications made to the bagasse do not interfere with its decomposition. The impact of quaternization and crosslinking on bagasse biodegradability was examined. Bagasse in varying states of modification was mixed with soil and monitored for carbon dioxide evolution for four weeks at 27 degrees C. After subtracting the amount of carbon evolved from control soil samples, the net carbon evolved from the bagasse samples was determined and used as a measure of their extent of biodegradation. Biodegradability decreased in the order: bagasse (approx. 60\% degraded after four weeks) > quaternized bagasse > quaternized, epichlorohydrin-crosslinked bagasse > quaternized, methylene-bis-acrylamide-crosslinked bagasse > epichlorohydrin-crosslinked bagasse (less than 5\% degraded). Crosslinking severely impacted biodegration, probably by preventing the penetration of (hemi)cellulytic and lignolytic enzymes into the interior of the modified bagasse particles. It is concluded that the biodegradability of quaternized, crosslinked bagasse is too low for composting or land application.
This work experimentally evaluated the pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in a fixed bed reactor in order to obtain products useful in energy applications. The raw material was characterized to understand its behaviour during the thermal degradation process. The effects of operating conditions on mass yields of bio-oil, biochar, and non-condensable gases were investigated. The operating variables studied were temperature (400 to 700 degrees C), particle size (<0.5 mm, 0.5-1.0 mm, and 1.0-1.41 mm), heating rate (5, 10, and 15 degrees C/min), and nitrogen flow (50, 100, and 200 mL/min). Analysis of variance showed that for almost all product mass yields, with the exception of the effect of nitrogen flow in bio-oil yield, the treatment levels result in different means. The highest bio-oil yield (0.54 g/g) occurred at 600 degrees C, at a heating rate of 15 degrees C/min, at a flow rate of 200 mL/min, and for a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. The process temperature and particle size were the most influential factors in the results.
This paper reports on a study of highly filled composites of polypropylene (PP) and 75\% by weight sugarcane bagasse fiber with and without alkali treatment and with and without coupling agent (SEBS-gMA). Composites were prepared using a Rheomix600 mixer connected to a HAAKE torque rheometer. The thermal and mechanical behavior of these composites were investigated by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), flexural tests, impact tests and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images taken from sugarcane bagasse fibers showed enhancements in the fiber's surface topography after the surface treatment process. The FTIR, TGA and SEM results for the fibers showed that the alkali treatment modified the fiber surface as well as the chemical composition. The impact test results showed a good potential of SEBS-g-MA as coupling agent and impact modifier in highly filled composites, increasing by more than 100\% the impact strength of the composite as compared to those without the coupling agent. Scanning electron microscopy showed that addition of coupling agent improved the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and polypropylene.
Brazil is the first producer of sugarcane ethanol, considered a green and renewable biofuel. However, for each liter of ethanol, 10-15 L of vinasse-liquid rich in organic matter and minerals-are generated. For this reason, this project aimed to assess the anaerobic digestion performance in a 4.5 L UASB reactor fed with vinasse containing 30 g L-1 and 41.2 g L-1 of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Increasing the COD concentration increased the liters of methane produced per grams of COD reduced from 0.19 to 0.25 and did not reduc e the macronutrients concentration of the effluent, that can be used as biofertilizer. Based on this experiment results for 30 g of COD L-1, a study case was conducted considering an average ethanol plant in the state of Sao Paulo, that produces 192 million liters of ethanol and 2.4 billion liters of vinasse per harvest season. Anaerobic digestion can increase the energy generation of this plant by 6\%, avoiding 57,600 tons of COD to be applied in the field, and providing an effluent with enough potassium to fertilize more than 30,000 ha of sugarcane fields. Therefore, biogas and biofertilizer from vinasse can make the sugarcane ethanol greener.
Sugarcane bagasse fiber cellulose nanocrystals (SBFCNC) and microcrystalline cellulose-derived-cellulose nanocrystals (MCC-CNC) were extracted from sugarcane bagasse fiber (SBF; an agricultural waste) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), respectively. Both SBFCNC and MCC-CNC were synthesized using sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by the freeze-drying method. Both MCC-CNC and SBFCNC show stable suspension in water with zeta potential values of - 40.5 mV and - 42.2 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the SBFCNC has a higher aspect ratio (l/d = 65) compared to the MCC-CNC (l/d = 25). The poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites containing of MCC-CNC and SBFCNC was prepared using solvent casting method, and the films are highly amorphous as evidenced from the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. The tensile strength of PLA/SBFCNC-10 is higher than that of PLA/MCC-CNC-10 films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the thermal stability of PLA was improved significantly by the incorporation of MCC-CNC and SBFCNC. Poly(lactic acid)/SBFCNC-15 nanocomposites exhibited higher UV shielding properties (i.e., a UV blocking ratio of 0.63-0.66 in the UVA, UVB, and UVC regions) compared to PLA/MCC-CNC-15 nanocomposites (a UV blocking ratio in the range of 0.38-0.54). Sugarcane bagasse fiber cellulose nanocrystal is a potential biofiller that can provide good thermal stability and UV shielding properties for green bionanocomposites, which can give it an opportunity for food packaging applications.
Agro-industrial residue from sugarcane cultivation in Brazil generates more than 200 million tons of bagasse per year, which is rich in plant fibers that can be potentially applied in polymer composites. New processing routes are required to process composites with fiber contents above 50\% wt. The objective of this work was to incorporate sugarcane bagasse fibers to polypropylene at high contents (50\%-80\% wt) in the development of composites via thermokinetic mixture. Composites with 50\% and 60\% fibers showed a traditional composite morphology, while those with 70\% and 80\% resembled agglomerated composites. The water absorption varied between 5\% and 34\%, increasing with fiber content, while the bulk density remained relatively constant, close to 1 g/cm(3). The flexural strength and the flexural modulus reached 31 MPa and 2.4 GPa, respectively, tending to decrease with fiber content. In summary, the present work showed the viability of the proposed processing route, with only two starting materials, to produce cheap, relatively lightweight composites with mechanical properties close to and water absorption much lower than wood composites (medium-density fiberboard and medium-density particleboard) used in similar applications, such as furniture, construction, and automobile industry.
The objective of this study was to screen cellulolytic clostridia from soil, compost, cow dung, buffalo dung and elephant dung in Thailand for one-step butanol production from cellulosic materials. Cellulolytic activity and butanol tolerance were used as criteria to isolate cellulolytic and butanol-tolerant bacteria using mineral salt medium supplemented with 20 g/L Avicel and 5 g/L butanol. It was found that two isolates from each source were obtained according to the isolation criteria. These isolates were gram positive, rod-shaped, endospore forming and sulfite-reducing, which corresponded to the Clostridia class. Then, a one-step butanol production from sugarcane bagasse by these isolates was investigated. Butanol production in a 5-L fermenter showed that the isolate E11-KKU from elephant dung exhibited the highest potential and achieved the highest butanol concentration of 3.17 g/L. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence showed that the isolate E11-KKU was identified as Clostridium beijerinckii with 99.99\% identity. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This study reports production of microbial oil from a yeast strain Trichosporon sp., (RW) isolated from decayed wood. Preliminary analysis based on fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy of Nile red stained yeast cells showed accumulation of lipid globules. The potential of the yeast to produce lipids was evaluated on glucose, glycerol and acid hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse, where Trichosporon sp. (RW) was found to accumulate 21.45 (59.6\%), 18.41 (56\%) and 10.25 g/l (40.5\%) of the lipids after 120 h of fermentation at 30 degrees C. FAME analysis of lipids by GC-FID and NMR revealed oleic acid (18: 1) as the major constituent, corresponding to 50.05, 46.48 and 54.66\% of the accumulated lipids in glucose, glycerol and hydrolysate grown cultures, respectively. Other accumulated lipids included palmitic (16: 0), linoleic (18: 2) and stearic acids (18: 0) in that order. The cetane number of the lipids ranged from 52.39 to 59.57 indicating suitability for biodiesel production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nanocellulose production from biomass has generated a lot of interest as biomass residues are cheaper, renewable and abundantly available. Biomass residues such as sugarcane bagasse also face severe disposal challenges and it is therefore imperative to convert them to value-added products. To obtain nanocellulose from biomass, a pre-treatment step is generally employed to remove lignin. In the current study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a fungal strain, was used to remove the lignin. The effect of using fungal treatment was studied on bagasse of varying size, and varying incubation days. Also, the effect of mild chemical pre-treatment prior to fungal treatment was studied. FTIR was used to study structural differences in bagasse residues. Klason's lignin test and cellulose test were done to estimate the cellulose and lignin content. Thermal properties were found using TGA. Optical microscopy was used to find out size reduction. DLS was performed to obtain and confirm nanocellulose dimensions. Optimization was done on the basis of cellulose and lignin content, size reduction and thermal properties. It was found that the fungal treatment was more effective on large particles with prior mild chemical treatment. Furthermore, the average particle size of nanocellulose obtained from optimized process was found to be 401 nm and the final yield was similar to 34\%.
Biorefinery with deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an emerging processing technology to overcome the shortcomings of conventional biomass pretreatments. This work evaluates the biorefinery of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with DES formulated with choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and three hydrogen bond donors: lactic acid, citric acid, and acetic acid. Acetic acid showed unique ionic properties responsible for the selective removal of lignin and the deconstruction of cellulose to improve the digestibility of up to 97.61 \% of glucan and 63.95 \% of xylan during enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, the structural characteristics of the polysaccharide-rich material (PRM) were analyzed by X-rays, ATR-FTIR, SEM, and enzymatic hydrolysis, and compared with the original material sample, for a comprehensive understanding of biomass deconstruction using different hydrogen bond donors (HBD) as DES pretreatment.
The cellulose dissolution solvent used in Lyocell process for cellulose fiber preparation, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) monohydrate, was demonstrated to be an effective agent for sugarcane bagasse pretreatment. Bagasse of 20 wt\% was readily dissolved in NMMO monohydrate at 130 degrees C within 1h. After dissolution, bagasse could be regenerated by rapid precipitation with water as a porous and amorphous mixture of its original components. The regenerated bagasse exhibited a significant enhancement on enzymatic hydrolysis kinetic. Not only the reducing sugars releasing rate but also hydrolysis yield was enhanced at least twofold as compared with that of untreated bagasse. The cellulose fraction of regenerated bagasse was nearly hydrolyzed to glucose after 72h hydrolysis with Cellulase AP3. The recycled NMMO demonstrated the same performance as the fresh one on bagasse pretreatment for hydrolysis enhancement. The regenerated bagasse was directly used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis. No negative effect on ethanol fermentation was observed and ethanol yield approximately 0.15g ethanol/g baggasse was achieved. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is an inexpensive and eco-friendly natural biosorbent for the removal of various organic pollutants. The adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R (RBV-5R) dye on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was studied. Biosorbent was characterized using EDX and FTIR. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as pH, biosorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorption with shaking and without shaking, and the temperature, was optimized. At pH 6, maximum biosorption of 92.22\% was achieved using 0.15 g of SCB. The equilibrium was attained within 30-40 min for the removal of RBV-5R. The initial dye concentration of 10 mu g/mL was determined as an optimum concentration for maximum removal of RBV-5R at 30 degrees C. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applied, and it was found that the biosorption of RBV-5R follows Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies were also carried out and it was found that the proposed method followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R-2 = 0.98). From desorption study, it was found that maximum desorption in the increasing order was obtained using ethanol, methanol, and 0.2 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The biosorption study was applied to actual textile waste effluent to pave way for the practical usage of this technology on a larger scale and the results were found effective.
This work aimed to evaluate the control of root-knot nematodes and sugarcane growth in function of Bacillus subtilis in soil after multiplication in vinasse. Laboratory tests were developed to define the best concentration of vinasse on the composition of culture medium to optimize the growth of B. subtilis. For the experiment in the greenhouse, soil collected in the area of sugarcane cultivation was used. The following treatments were established: control, vinasse (50 m(3) ha(-1)), Bacillus subtilis in aqueous suspension (50 m(3) ha(-1)); B. subtilis multiplied in vinasse (50 and 100 m(3) ha(-1)). The multiplication of Bacillus subtilis in pure vinasse (25\%) was significantly superior when compared to nutrient solution. The application of B. subtilis in aqueous solution promoted growth of sugarcane and reduced reproduction of the nematodes in the roots during the experiment. The use of B. subtilis, multiplied in vinasse did not achieve the benefits to promote growth and control of nematodes in sugarcane, found with the application of only bacteria in soil.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the enzymatic extraction of xylan using xylanases active in alkaline conditions. One on-site produced and three commercial xylanases designed to boost bleaching of pulped wood were characterized for their optimal pH, temperature and stability to compare their effects on xylan extraction from pretreated sugarcane bagasse. On-site produced xylanase was prepared from cultures of the alkaliphilic Bacillus pumilus CBMAI 0008 strain. The optimal temperatures and pH levels for all commercial xylanases were 60 degrees C and 6, whereas for B. pumilus xylanase, they were 50 degrees C and 8, respectively. B. pumilus was active up to pH 10, but it had low thermal stability. Five sugarcane substrates were prepared to contain decreasing lignin content based on alkaline-sulfite pretreatment or acid-chlorite delignification. Xylanase doses (5-100 IU/g substrate) were applied to these substrates at pH 8.0, 50 degrees C and a 24-h reaction. Xylan extraction yields were strongly dependent on the lignin content of the substrates. Maximal xylan extraction yields were obtained in acid-chlorite delignified substrates, reaching values of 64\% and 45\% for Luminase and B. pumilus xylanases, respectively. Residual (non-extractable) xylans seemed occluded by and/or complexed with residual lignin of the substrates.
For biotechnological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, a pre-treatment step is required before enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrate fractions of the material, which is required to produce fermentable sugars for generation of ethanol or other products in a biorefinery. The most of the reported pre-treatment technologies are in batch operation mode, presenting some disadvantages as dead times in the process. In this context, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-assisted alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pre-treatment in continuous process was proposed for pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The system was designed with a main reactor containing two devices to generate cavitation by passing liquid medium through orifice plates. For SCB pretreated in continuous process, 52.79, 34.31, 22.13 and 15.81 g of total reducing sugars (TRS) per 100 g of SCB were released in samples pretreated using orifice plates with a number of holes of 24 (d = 0.45 mm), 16 (d = 0.65 mm), 12 (d = 0.8 mm) and 8 (d = 1 mm), respectively. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools showed that 0.94 of vapor phase volume fraction and 0.19 of cavitation number were achieved at 31 m/s of throat velocity and upstream pressure of 350,000 Pa. By using pretreated SCB, 28.44 g of ethanol/L (84.31\% of yield respect to theoretical value) was produced by immobilized Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL-Y7124 in a simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation process at high solid loading (16\% S/L). Thus, HC-assisted process was proved as a promising technology for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.
Background and objectives One of the important applications of dextranase enzyme is preventing dextran accumulation in sugarcane juice as well as, consequently, for enhancing the resultant fermentable reducing sugars and ethanol yield in the fermentation of sugarcane molasses by yeasts. Materials and methods Different materials and methods were used for fungal strains {[
Waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was modified by pyromellitic dianhydride to improve its adsorption capacity for cationic dyes. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of the modified SCB for methylene blue was 564 mg g(-1), which was about 12 times than that obtained on the unmodified SCB. Methylene blue loaded modified SCB was regenerated by a self-clean eluent: TiO2 hydrosol with pH ranged from 1 to 4, and HNO3 solution with the same pH range was tested at the same time for comparison. Results showed that desorption kinetics of methylene blue in the hydrosol systems fit two-step kinetic model and controlled mainly by the slow step. As a self-clean eluent, acid hydrosol could firstly desorb and then photodegrade methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. After five desorption-photodegradation cycles, 78.3\% of the absorbed dyes could be desorbed by using hydrosol (pH 2) as eluent. The hydrosol could be continuously used in desorption and photodegradation process, which would economize large volume of the eluent and moreover it would not bring secondary pollution. (C) 2011 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
The high temperature in which sugarcane vinasse (SV) is generated (similar to 90 degrees C) and the positive effect of higher temperatures in biochemical reactions have motivated the evaluation of SV anaerobic digestion (AD) under extreme temperature conditions. Two-stage (acidogenic/methanogenic) and single-stage (methanogenic) AD of SV were evaluated under 70 degrees C in structured-bed reactors. The extreme temperature was beneficial to the acidogenic step of the two-stage AD process. The methane production, however, was hindered at 70 degrees C. The VMP of the single and two-stage reactors accounted, respectively, for only 13\% and 7\% of the production rate reported in sugarcane vinasse AD at 55 degrees C. At 70 degrees C, the main genera responsible for methane production was Methanothermobacter and the acetoclastic methanogenesis did not occur, resulting in acetic acid build up (15,800 mg L-1). These results brought a new perspective for sugarcane vinasse management, with acetic acid production alternatively to methanization. In this perspective, two-stage process would be composed of acidogenic and acetogenic reactors, and beyond acetate, hydrogen and other soluble compounds could be recovered in a complete biorefinery process. {[
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sugarcane molasses on the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ?? Sorghum sudanense). To explore this objective Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was harvested at the milking stage and well-chopped for making silage in the laboratory silos by using sugarcane molasses at the rate of 0, 1, 2, and 3\%. Silage developed so, was analyzed for nutritive quality traits (dry matter, pH, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicelluloses and ash). Silage quality was also assessed by calculating digestible dry matter, dry matter intake, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and relative feed value. Flieg score was deliberated by using the pH and dry matter. The results of the research revealed that application of molasses improved dry matter (26.27\%), crude protein (8.14) and ash contents (7.68) as compared to the control, but had lower values of pH (3.99), neutral detergent fiber (57.86), acid detergent fiber (30.74), lignin (3.72), cellulose (27.02) and hemicelluloses (27.13) in comparison with the untreated silage (control). Flieg score of treated silage was also in the category of very good. All these findings lead us to conclude that the silage quality of sorghum-sudangrass can be considerably improved by the use of sugarcane molasses as an additive. Molasses addition at a rate of 3\% can improve the nutritive value of sorghum-sudangrass silage to the maximum extent.
In the present work, the natural composites based on sugarcane bagasse fiber and Rice husk powder were processed using hand layup technique. The matrix selected was polyester. The composites prepared with 0\%, 3\%, 5\%, 10\%, volume fraction rice husk with 10\% sugarcane bagasse. The mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural were investigated as per ASTM standard. Test results are investigated and shown the better ratio composites. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work evaluated for the first time the sustainability of vinasse reuse as a fertilizer in sugarcane crops by assessing the occurrence of organic contaminants and their potential for dissemination to soils and groundwater in fertigated areas. A comprehensive screening of organic contaminants was performed in vinasse, soil and groundwater using target analysis, to investigate the occurrence of multiple-class antibiotics, in combination with suspect screening using NORMAN Digital Sample Freezing Platform. Even though antibiotics are used in the ethanol production process and were expected to be ubiquitous contaminants, they were not detected in any of the samples. Nevertheless, the HRMS-based wide-scope suspect screening (including >7800 substances such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, preservatives and industrial chemicals) allowed the tentative identification of 56 compounds, mostly pesticides, food additives, industrial and naturally occurring substances. Results showed no overlap between the compounds detected in vinasse and environmental samples, suggesting that the pollutants found in soil and groundwater might come from alternative sources other than vinasse reuse. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (ScBA) obtained as a byproduct of sugar processing may be used as a raw material for producing autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC). We examined the chemical composition and physical properties of ScBA and determined that the material is not hazardous as defined by the Thai Ministry of Industry. The optimal production conditions for ScBA-containing ALC were a cement/sand ratio of 65/36, a water/total composition ratio of 0.24, and a curing time of 16 h. Maximum compressive strength was obtained in samples containing 20 wt\% ScBA.
Sugarcane bagasse waste, consisting of approximately 40-50\% cellulose, has been widely used in a number of industries. The extraction and defibrillation of nanometer-scale cellulose fibers from such waste using strong chemical solutions have been extensively investigated. However, the using of strong chemical solutions can cause adverse effects to the fibers as well as negatively affect the environment. Some evidence has shown that mechanical treatments, such as steam explosion and high-pressure homogenization, are environmentally friendly when compared with chemical treatment techniques. This work aimed to isolate the cellulose nanofibers from sugarcane bagasse waste using steam explosion pretreatment at various temperatures (195, 200, 205, and 210 degrees C) and durations (5, 10, and 15 min) before passing through a microfluidizer within 12 passes of 200 mL cellulose suspension. The mean separation analysis using Duncan's Multiple Range test showed that higher temperatures significantly improved the efficiency of non-cellulosic substances reduction, as evidenced by an increment of whiteness index (81.39-90.02), thermal degradation temperature (313.92-326.34 degrees C) and crystallinity index (74.27-81.42\%). The obtained cellulose nanofibers exhibited very fine diameter within the range of 3-7 nm, had a high cellulose content (92.74 +/- 0.14\%) and a low density (0.8989 g/cm(3)). The obtained cellulose nanofibers could be applied in various fields such as medical, cosmetic, food packaging, and electronic device applications. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper reports an investigation of a very-long-term compressive-behavior evaluation of concretes containing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). Initially, two different SCBA samples collected in two sugarcane plants located 1,800 km apart and 8 years apart in sampling interval were compared. From these ashes, two series of conventional and high-strength concretes were mix-designed within the Compressible Packing Model aiming for 28-day compressive strengths of 25 and 60 MPa, respectively. In the first series, a SCBA (SCBA-1) was used as a cement replacement with 10 \%, 15 \%, and 20 \% by mass content. The different concretes were evaluated by compressive strength at 7, 28, 90, 180 days, and 1 and 10 years, and by modulus of elasticity at 28 days and 10 years. The second series of concretes was examined with similar procedures performed on the first series and another SCBA (SCBA-2, 15 \% cement replacement). Compressive strength in 7, 28, 90, and 180 days, and modulus of elasticity at 28 days were evaluated. The results showed that both SCBA-1 and SCBA-2 presented similar characteristics to be considered pozzolanic materials. The effect of these ashes on the compressive strength was positive considering the cement-replacement levels used, especially for later testing ages. The results also demonstrated that all first-series concretes presented gain in compressive strength and modulus of elasticity up to 10 years of hydration. At this age, no significant differences were found in compressive strength for conventional and high-strength mixes containing SCBA compared to their respective reference mixes.
Pastes of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) were activated with sodium silicate solutions, varying the SCBA content (80-95 wt.\%), the SiO2/Na2O ratio (8-14 wt.\% respect to the weight of SCBA), and the curing temperature (20 and 40 degrees C or 100 and 200 degrees C). 28 dayscompressive strength between 5-20 MPa were obtained. The results are close to the reported in the literature for pastes of SCBA/metakaolin. Overall, it was observed that the compressive strength decreased with the increase in the curing temperature from 100 to 200 degrees C. The gain in the compressive strength was attributed to the formation of a dense matrix of amorphous reaction products such as C-S-H, N-A-S-H, CA-S-H, or silica gel. Our results stress the feasibility to use higher contents of sugarcane bagasse ash to obtain alkali-activated cement with compressive strengths up to 20 MPa. Further work is currently underway to identify the effect of some variables on the compressive strength of composites.
Asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes have been successfully fabricated by phase inversion, using sugarcane bagasse (SB) as the starting material. SB is a raw material with high potential to produce cellulose derivatives due to its structure and morphology. Cellulose was extracted from SB by pretreatment with solutions of 5 wt\% NaOH, 0.5 wt\% EDTA; then bleached with 2 wt\% H2O2. Cellulose acetate (CA) was prepared by the reaction between extracted cellulose with acetic anhydride, and H2SO4 as a catalyst. The obtained CA exhibited a high degree of substitution (2.81), determined with H-1-NMR spectroscopy and titration. The functional groups and thermal analysis of the extracted cellulose and the synthesized CA have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The change in the crystallinity of the extracted cellulose and CA was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Asymmetric membranes were fabricated using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent, with a casting thickness of 250 mu m. The obtained membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DSC and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hydrophilicity of the membranes was evaluated, as demonstrated by the measurement of water contact angle (WCA) and water content. Furthermore, the antifouling properties of membranes were also investigated.
This study was aimed to evaluate bio-hydrogen production from sugarcane vinasse by the mixed culture enriched through controlling operational parameters in an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (AnSBR), as well as determining the effect of the sugarcane vinasse concentration on hydrogen production and the critical kinetic analysis. The Volumetric Hydrogen Production Rate (VHPR) of 28.1 mL H-2/L h at the substrate concentration of 10 g COD/L was obtained in biomass enriching step. In batch tests, the increase in substrate concentration ranging from 1.70 to 11.60 g COD/L caused an increase in Hydrogen Yield (HY); however, it had a negative effect on HY at the substrate concentrations of higher than 11.60 g COD/L. The maximum HY in terms of initial Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODi) of 58.41 mL H-2/g CODi was obtained at the substrate concentration of 11.60 g COD/L. Additionally, Andrew and Han-Levenspiel models were employed to model the hydrogen production rate (R) in case of different chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of vinasse. According to the comparison made between the correlation coefficient values of the fittings using the aforementioned models, the Han-Levenspiel model could be considered as a better model to describe the substrate inhibition effect. The carbohydrate removal efficiency was superior to 90\% at substrate concentrations less than 16.80 g COD/L.
Sugarcane is an important crop within the Brazilian socioeconomic landscape. There is a constant need for approaches to increase sustainability at all steps of the production chain. Irrigating sugarcane crops with vinasse is one of these approaches, because vinasse is a residue of sugarcane processing that can be used to fertilize these same crops. However, due to its chemical properties, vinasse may be harmful to soil fauna. Analyzing the structure and functional organization of ant communities is a fast and practical way to monitor sites affected by the addition of chemicals. This study compared the structure of soil ant communities in vinasse-irrigated sugarcane crops to those in secondary forests adjacent to the crops. In total, 32 genera and 107 species of ants were observed; of these, 30 species foraged in crop fields and 102 foraged in forests. Twenty-five percent of the species were present in both crops and forests. Ant communities in crop soil had poorer taxonomic composition and lower richness in each functional group compared to communities in forest remnants. However, regardless of vegetation type, epigeic ants were more diverse, and Dorymyrmex brunneus (crop) and Pachycondyla striata (forest) were very frequent. Vinasse did not increase the diversity of epigeic and hypogeic ants, but it may affect the community composition.
Molasses is one of the most common feedstocks for ethanol production, which requires a large amount of water for dilution during fermentation. In present study, paddy straw hydrolysate (PSH) was integrated to molasses as diluent and fermentation bioprocesses were developed using a robust Saccharomyces cerevisiae NGY10 strain. Batch fermentation in serum bottle using 40\% v/v molasses diluted with PSH under optimized conditions at 35 degrees C produced 97.11 +/- 2.36 g/L (12.31\% v/v) ethanol with 0.46 g/g yield and 2.2 g/L.h productivity in 30 h. During batch fermentation in a bioreactor at 35 degrees C and pH 5.5 with aeration (0.3 vvm for initial 6 h) maximum 104.63 +/- 2.97 g/L (13.26\% v/v) ethanol was produced with 0.47 g/g yield and 4.35 g/L.h productivity in 24 h. In fed-batch fermentation, similar to 6.06\% higher ethanol titre was achieved than batch fermentation, but productivity was decreased. Remarkably, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation at 40 degrees C with high solid loading (22.5\% w/v) and pre-saccharification produced 104.21 +/- 3.23 g/L (13.21\% v/v) ethanol in 72 h when 1:1 mixture of molasses and acid-pretreated paddy straw was used. Taken together, the integration of PSH as diluent to molasses not only increases the ethanol yield and productivities but also saves water consumption and operational costs, and can be accommodated in existing sugar mill infrastructures. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Economical sustainability of cellulosic ethanol technology still requires considerable improvements in efficacies of both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps. In this work a number of physical techniques were applied to characterize sugarcane bagasse samples that underwent hydrothermal and/or organosolv pretreatments under variable conditions and to correlated the observed changes with the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. Confocal and field emission scanning electron microscopy studies revealed morphological changes in lignin distribution in the plant cell wall. The hydrothermal pretreatment caused a disorder in the arrangement of the lignin, whereas organosolv pretreatment partially removed lignin from bagasse and fraction of it redeposited at the surfaces of cellulose fibers. The delignification process was also analyzed by both chemical composition analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance. Pretreatment conditions leading to a significant increase of the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis were identified. Our studies open avenues for further biophysical investigations of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass, which could lead to its improved enzymatic hydrolysis.
In order to decrease the alkali and water consumptions in the sugarcane bagasse alkaline/oxidative pretreatment for ethanol production, an alkaline recycle process was carried out. Two recycles of NaOH/H2O2 pretreatment did not decrease the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiencies and the consumptions of NaOH and water would be saved by 26\% and 40\%, respectively. A simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) culture with pretreated bagasse as substrate was developed giving 25 g ethanol 1(-1) with a yield of 0.2 g g(-1) bagasse and productivity of 0.52 g 1(-1) h(-1).
Sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses were partially acetvlated with acetic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a catalyst under mild conditions in an almost solvent-free system. The overall yield and degree of substitution (DS) were varied from 66.2 and 83.5\% and between 0.27 and 1.15, respectively, by changing the reaction temperature and duration. It was found that the yield and DS increased with reaction temperature from 18 to 80degreesC and reaction time between 0.5 and 5.0 h. The results showed that treatment of the native hemicelluloses with acetic anhydride using NBS as a catalyst conveniently provided the corresponding biopolymer esters. The products were characterized by FTIR, C-13-NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The new biopolymer acetates were thermally stable to over 200degreesC but underwent significant and rapid thermal degradation when heated above the onset of thermal degradation. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pathway engineering of Enterobacter aerogenes was attempted to improve its production capability of 2,3-butanediol from lignocellulosic biomass. In the medium containing glucose and xylose mixture as carbon sources, the gene deletion of pflB improved 2,3-butanediol carbon yield by 40\%, while the deletion of ptsG increased xylose consumption rate significantly, improving the productivity at 12 hr by 70\%. The constructed strain, EMY-22-galP, overexpressing glucose transporter (galP) in the triple gene knockout E. aerogenes, ldhA, pflB, and ptsG, provided the highest 2,3-butanediol titer and yield at 12 hr flask cultivation. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with green liquor, a solution containing Na2CO3 and Na2SO3 and was hydrolyzed by enzymes. The resulting hydrolysate was used as a carbon source for 2,3-butanediol production. After 72 hr in fermentation, the yield of 0.395 g/g sugar was achieved, suggesting an economic production of 2,3-butanediol was possible from lignocellulosic biomass with the metabolically engineered strain. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This investigation utilized sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract (SBAE), a nontoxic, cost-effective medium to boost triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in novel fresh water microalgal isolate Scenedesmus sp. IITRIND2. Maximum lipid productivity of 112 +/- 5.2 mg/L/day was recorded in microalgae grown in SBAE compared to modified BBM (26 +/- 3 \%). Carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio was 12.5 +/- 2 \% higher than in photoautotrophic control, indicating an increase in photosystem II activity, thereby increasing growth rate. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile revealed presence of C14:0 (2.29 \%), C16:0 (15.99 \%), C16:2 (4.05 \%), C18:0 (3.41 \%), C18:1 (41.55 \%), C18:2 (12.41), and C20:0 (1.21 \%) as the major fatty acids. Cetane number (64.03), cold filter plugging property (-1.05 A degrees C), and oxidative stability (12.03 h) indicated quality biodiesel abiding by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 fuel standards. Results consolidate the candidature of novel freshwater microalgal isolate Scenedesmus sp. IITRIND2 cultivated in SBAE, aqueous extract made from copious, agricultural waste sugarcane bagasse to increase the lipid productivity, and could further be utilized for cost-effective biodiesel production.
Sugarcane bioethanol has favorable energy and greenhouse gas balance, although the production process generates several residues including vinasse, which deserves attention because of its significant methane (CH4) emission during storage and transportation stages. Considering that CH4 emissions are dependent on the structure and abundance of microbial communities, we hypothesized that different vinasse transportation systems would harbor different microbial community composition, resulting in distinct CH4 patterns. To test this hypothesis, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing with real-time PCR to evaluate the composition and abundance of microorganisms in the two main systems of vinasse storage and transportation (i.e. open channels and tanks systems) in Brazil. Our results showed higher microbial diversity and CH4 emissions in channel system, especially in the uncoated section. Significant differences in microbial community structure, diversity, and abundance between the uncoated/coated open channel and tanks indicated a clear selection at taxonomic and functional levels, especially in relation to CH4 production. These responses included higher methanogens diversity in the uncoated section of the channel and are in agreement with the methanogen abundance determined by mcrA and mba genes copy number (1.5 x 10(7) and 4.3 x 10(10)) and subsequent positive correlation with CH4 emissions (R-2 = 0.8). The most representative methanogen genus across the samples was Methanobrevibacter. The results observed herein shows that the use of the coating in the bottom of channels and tanks prevent the growth and development of a methanogen-related community. We concluded that the improvements in vinasse storage and transportation systems would significantly change the microbial community and reduce CH4 emissions, thereby making bioethanol a greener biofuel.
Various mixing ratios of alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse and starch-rich waste Dioscorea composita hemls extracted residue (DER) were evaluated via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with 12\% (w/w) solid loading, and the mixture ratio of 1:1 achieved the highest ethanol concentration and yield. When the solid loading was increased from 12\% to 32\%, the ethanol concentration was increased to 72.04 g/L, whereas the ethanol yield was reduced from 84.40\% to 73.71\%. With batch feeding and the addition of 0.1\% (w/v) Tween 80, the final ethanol concentration and yield of SSF at 34\% loading were 82.83 g/L and 77.22\%, respectively. Due to the integration with existing starch-based ethanol industry, the co-fermentation is expected to be a competitive alternative form for cellulosic ethanol production.
Antioxidants (melanoidins and polyphenols) present in sugarcane molasses distillery wastewater are not readily biodegradable. However, these compounds exhibit potential physiological properties which may be tapped for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. Recovery of these compounds from distillery wastewater could thus lead to products of commercial interest while improving the conventional biological (anaerobic) treatment step. Three processes viz. ultrafiltration (UF), adsorption-desorption and solvent extraction were investigated for antioxidants recovery from distillery wastewater and selected fractions were subjected to biomethanation (anaerobic digestion). The effect of different adsorbents and solvents as well as operational parameters on antioxidants recovery was studied and the separated fractions were analyzed for melanoidins content, polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. UF through 100 kDa membrane resulted in an antioxidant rich retentate (245 mM TEAC) but the permeability was low. Solvent extraction with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) led to 113 mM TEAC recovery in organic phase. Adsorption on XAD16 resin followed by desorption with acidified ethanol enabled antioxidants recovery of 192 mM TEAC. Antioxidant removal from the wastewater improves biomethanation. Overall, adsorption on XAD16 resin followed by biomethanation (74\% COD reduction and 71\% methane in biogas within 25 days) appears to be promising for improving the existing biomethanation facility while recovering antioxidants with potential commercial value. Further analysis of the antioxidants fraction is required to ascertain the content of specific commercially viable polyphenols.
To increase the efficiency of enzyme cocktails in deconstructing cellulose and hemicelluloses present in the plant cell wall, a combination of enzymes with complementary activities is required. Xylan is the main hemicellulose component of energy crops and for its complete hydrolysis a system consisting of several enzymes acting cooperatively, including endoxylanases (XYN), beta-xylosidases (XYL) and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (ABF) is necessary. The current work aimed at evaluating the effect of recombinant hemicellulolytic enzymes on the enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB). One recombinant endoxylanase (HXYN2) and one recombinant beta-xylosidase (HXYLA) from Humicola grisea var thermoidea, together with an alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (AFB3) from Penicillium pupurogenum, all produced in Pichia pastoris, were used to formulate an efficient enzyme mixture for SEB hydrolysis using a 2(3) Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The most potent enzyme for SEB hydrolysis was ABF3. Subsequently, the optimal enzyme mixture was used in combination with commercial cellulases (Accellerase 1500), either simultaneously or in sequential experiments. The supplementation of Accellerase 1500 with hemicellulases enhanced the glucose yield from SEB hydrolysis by 14.6\%, but this effect could be raised to 50\% when hemicellulases were added prior to hydrolysis with commercial cellulases. These results were supported by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on SEB fibers. Our results show the potential of complementary enzyme activities to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of SEB, thus improving the efficiency of the hydrolytic process.
Sugarcane bagasse was esterified with acetic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide as a catalyst under mild conditions in a solvent free system. The extent of acetylation was measured by weight percent gain, which varied from 2.1\% to 24.7\% by changing the reaction temperature (25-130 degreesC) and duration (0.5-6.0 h). N-Bromosuccinimide was found to be a novel and highly effective catalyst for acetylation of hydroxyl groups in bagasse. At a concentration of 1\% of the catalyst in acetic anhydride, a weight percent gain of 24.7\% was achieved at 120 degreesC for 1 h, compared with 5.1\% for the un-catalyst reaction under the same reaction condition. FT-IR and CP-MAS C-13-NMR studies produced evidence for acetylation. The thermal stability of the products decreased slightly upon chemical modification, but no significant decrease in thermal stability was observed for WPG greater than or equal to 24.7\%. More importantly, the acetylation significantly increased hydrophobic properties of the bagasse. The oil sorption capacity of the acetylated bagasse obtained at 80 degreesC for 6 h, was 1.9 times higher than the commercial synthetic oil sorbents such as polypropylene fibres. Therefore, these oil sorption-active materials can be used to substitute non-biodegradable materials in oil spill cleanup. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The energy potential of residue-derived biogas via electricity and biomethane production was assessed in an integrated 1G2G sugarcane biorefinery concept. The mono-digestion of 1G-vinasse (1G-VN) was compared with different co-digestion systems, namely, 1G-VN + filter cake (FC) + deacetylation liquor (DL) in the season and FC + DL in the off-season. Gross energy output values and the resulting sugarcane use efficiency were also assessed in different biorefinery schemes. Electricity production from 1G to VN (5.0 MW) could be increased by over 400\% through its co-digestion with FC and DL (22.3 MW). Alternatively, biomethane could fully supply the diesel-powered fleet (1.8 ? 106 Nm3 month-1) of a sugarcane plant processing 10 million tons of sugarcane per harvest, and the surplus biogas could flexibly provide 36 MW of extra electricity. Biomethane could enhance the energy output of 1G2G sugarcane biorefineries by 15\%. However, 2G processes still require marked improvements to maximize energy production from sugarcane.
Postbiotics are defined as a ``preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host.{''
This study aimed to evaluate cement-bonded panels produced with sugarcane bagasse cured by accelerated carbonation at early ages. The cement-bonded bagasse panels produced were subjected to two separate curing processes: (1)curing for 2days (48h) in a climatic chamber, followed by 25days in an air-saturated environment; and (2)curing for 2days (48h) in a climatic chamber, and after in environment with carbon dioxide (24h), followed by 24days in an air-saturated environment. After 28days of curing, physical and mechanical characterizations were conducted following the recommendations of European regulations. The physical results of the cement-bonded bagasse panels were lower than that the required by international standards. Moreover, accelerated carbonation decreased the water absorption value by 37.29\% and the thickness swelling value by 64.84\%, i.e.,there was an improvement on dimensional stability of the carbonated cement-bonded bagasse panels. In addition, accelerated carbonation increased the mechanical strength values in the bending of the modulus of rupture by 78.69\% and the modulus of elasticity by 125.13\% of the cement-bonded bagasse panels.
A novel effective cellulose-based adsorbent was prepared through two common reactions, which included the esterification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with excess stearic acid and the reaction of grafting polyacrylamide brush by ultraviolet radiation initiation. The adsorbent can effectively adsorb Hg(II) ion from wastewater. The characterization of the adsorbents was conducted by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Full kinetic and thermodynamic investigations as well as isotherm analysis were also undertaken. Due to the abundant amide groups, the cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit excellent adsorption performance for the removal of Hg(II) ion from aqueous solution with a maximum adsorption capacity of 178 mg/g. Furthermore, the cellulose based adsorbents can be easily separated from the aqueous solution after adsorption and regenerated using 0.2 M HCl solution, which exhibits high adsorption capacity after six adsorption desorption cycles. In view of the easily-operated cost-effective preparation technique, substantial adsorption efficiency and excellent adsorption recyclability, therefore, the eco-friendly cellulose-based adsorbents could be used for water purification effectively. More importantly, this work improves value of low-cost biomass resources. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) industrial waste was used to partially substitute feldspar in the production of porcelain electrical insulators from a mixture of locally available Bombawuha clay (BC), Chancho sand (CS), and mixture of Wolkite (WF) and Arerti feldspar (AF) (50:50\%). The raw materials were characterized for their chemical composition, mineralogy, thermal behavior, and plasticity. The porcelain electrical insulator formu-lations containing various proportions of SCBA (0 wt\%, 10 wt\%, 15 wt\%, and 20 wt\%) were fired at different firing temperatures of 1200 degrees C, 1250 degrees C, and 1300 degrees C for 2.5 h. The fired bodies were evaluated for water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density, flexural strength, dielectric strength, and microstructure. The results showed that SCBA had 65.06\% silica (SiO2) and had higher alkaline and iron oxide (Fe2O3) contents than the natural feldspars. Bombawuha clay contained kaolinite as a major mineral with a middle range plasticity index (PI = 11.2\%) and the met the required purity necessary for mullite phase formation. The feldspars had a low alkali content of sodium oxide plus potassium oxide (Na2O + K2O) of < 6 wt \%. The prepared porcelain insulator containing 10\% SCBA, 50\% BC, 30\% mixed feldspars, and 10\% CS, and fired at 1250 <degrees>C for 2.5 h exhibited a water absorption of 0.35\%, flexural strength of 42.50 MPa, and a dielectric strength of 6.59 kV/mm, which satisfies the obligatory properties for quality porcelain insulators. Further, the partial replacement of feldspar by SCBA up to 10 w\% lowered the firing temperature by 50 degrees C.
Soil aggregation is a very complex issue related to important soil attributes and processes. The aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse were evaluated using ultrasonic energy. Vinasse is an important byproduct of sugarcane industries, intensively applied to soils in Brazil as liquid fertilizer. Samples of two Oxisols and one Ultisol were used in this study. The physical and chemical characterization of soils was performed, and the 1 to 2 mm size aggregates (200 g) were packed in PVC columns (6.0 cm high and 4.0 cm internal diameter) and incubated with sugarcane vinasse under lab conditions for 1, 30 and 60 days. After incubation, aggregates were submitted to levels of ultrasonic energy, and the particle size distribution (53 to 2,000 mu m, 2 to 53 mu m, and < 2 mu m fractions) was quantified. Mathematical equations were used to relate the mass of aggregates in each of these fractions to the applied ultrasonic energy, and parameters related to aggregate stability were then obtained. Soils showed an aggregate-hierarchy resulting in a stepwise breakdown under ultrasonic agitation. Considering this soil-aggregation hierarchy, vinasse contributed even in a short time to the bonding between and within 2 to 53 mu m aggregates, mainly in the Oxisols. This may be related to organic compounds present in the vinasse, cementing soil particles. Potassium enrichment of soil samples did not contribute to soil dispersion.
To promote the decomposition of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for conversion into value-added products and to reduce waste, the capability of fungal mixes (FMs) to degrade SCB was examined. A total of 169 isolates from SCB and non-SCB were categorized as thermotolerant and thermoresistant. Thirty-six fungal candidates were screened for the presence of polyphenol oxidase, endoglucanase (EDN) and xylanase (XLN) activities, and EDN and XLN activities were quantitated. Five identified isolates (Aspergillus flavus AG10; Aspergillus niger AG68 82 NB23; and Penicillium citrinum AG93 \& AG140) were selected as the best enzyme producers, and 15 moderately to highly xylolytic, cellulolytic and ligninolytic isolates were added to construct FMs. Using a Taguchi design, the top ten reducing sugar-producing FMs (no. 12 showed the maximum amount of reducing sugar, at 2.11 mg g(-1), followed by no. 7, 15, 2, 16, 11, 13, 6, 4, \& 8) were selected as potential agents for decomposition durations of 1, 2 and 3 months. The maximum decrease in SCB materials compared with the control was generated by FM 6 (9.08\% cellulose reduction); FM 13 (21.03\% hemicellulose reduction); and FM 16(9.21\% lignin reduction). These results indicate the potential use of SCB as a substrate for synergistic FMs. These FMs could be applied to the large-scale composting of SCB and other related agricultural residues, thus improving the biological pretreatment of lignocellulose. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The expansion of Brazilian agricultural production was very important in the last decade. A number of waste residues were produced showing an enormous potential for industrial crops and products. Sugarcane bagasse is the most important one and it has been investigated for chipboard panel's preparation. In this sense, this work aims to develop, characterize and compare chipboard panels made with sugarcane bagasse with urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins. Panels were obtained with a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and particles, like pine or eucalyptus, with and without paraffin in the formulation. Nine different types of panels have been made, all with 9\% in resin mix, under a pressing cycle of 4.0 MPa cm(2), and temperature of 160 degrees C. Under physical tests, the panels complied with the American Standard CS 236-66 for trading chipboards of medium density and, in most cases the results obtained were lower than the ones raised in the literature. Under mechanical tests, that same standard was not complied with and, in most cases the results were close to or higher than those obtained in the literature. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Five sugarcane bagasse lignin samples, namely, dilute sulfuric acid (DSAL), sodium hydroxide (SHL), ethanol (EL), hot liquid water (HLWL)-pretreated residual solids, and raw material (cellulolytic enzyme lignin, CEL), were extracted. Comparative studies on the physicochemical properties of isolated lignin, nonproductive adsorption of cellulase by lignin, and its effect on enzymatic hydrolysis was performed. Results showed that the molecular weight and homogeneity of lignin remarkably decreased after pretreatment compared with CEL. Lignin with low negative zeta potential, high phenolic hydroxyl group content and hydrophobicity exhibited strong nonproductive adsorption performance to cellulase. This phenomenon was positively correlated with it's inhibitory effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared with the control (without lignin), the Avicel conversion rate (40 mg lignin/200 mg Avicel) decreased by 10.74\%, 9.28\%, 8.73\%, 4.22\%, and 2.80\% after digestion of Avicel for 72 h with the presence of EL, SHL, CEL, HLWL, and DSAL, respectively. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane straw is an important agricultural residue in the ethanol industry. In this work, an activated carbon with high surface area was prepared by activating this straw with H3PO4 (CP) and used as support for Ru catalysts. A commercial activated carbon (CA) was used for comparison. Ru/activated carbons were prepared using RuCl3 (RuCAC) and Ru(NO)(NO3)(3) (RuCAN, RuCPN) and characterized by textural analysis, XRF, Boehm titration, pyridine FTIR, TPD-He, TPR, H-2-chemisorption, SEM and TEM. The catalysts were tested in the glycerol hydrogenolysis under different conditions of T, P and glycerol concentration. In the standard condition, 200 degrees C, 50 bar and 10 vol \% glycerol (GLY), the activity was strongly influenced by the availability of Ru sites on the catalysts surface and acidity following the order RuCPN>RuCAC>RuCAN. Ethylene glycol (EG) formation in RuCAC and RuCPN catalysts was related to metallic sites instead of acidic sites. The formation of 1,2-propanediol (1,2PD) instead of 1,3-propanediol was ascribed to predominance of Lewis sites. Reactions with GLY, 1,2PD and EG allowed to propose a reaction scheme comprising the formation of intermediates.
The electricity mix of Brazil is for 80\% composed by renewable sources, of which the majority is supplied by hydropower. However, as the domestic energy demand is expected to increase and the abilities to expand hydropower capacity in Brazil are constrained, it is important to increase the contribution of other renewable energy resources. Considering the high theoretical potential and mature conversion technologies, bioelectricity from sugarcane straw could be a promising option. Our study aims to assess the bioelectricity potential from ecologically available sugarcane straw in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil) at multiple scales for the 2012 crop-year. We use a spatially explicit approach taking into account the spatial distribution of sugarcane fields, the spatial variation of sugarcane yield, the location and the milling data of each mill. We define a business as usual, a moderate and a high scenario on the amount of straw that can be removed given environmental constraints. The bioelectricity potential from ecologically available sugarcane straw is estimated between 18.7 and 45.8 TWh in Sao Paulo, equal to 22-37\% of the electricity demand. The results show large geographical differences, with generally higher potentials and shorter collection radiuses for the mills in the traditional sugarcane areas compared to the mills in the expansion areas. We conclude that bioelectricity from sugarcane straw could have a significant contribution to the electricity supply in Brazil. The identification of regions with high potentials for bioelectricity production could support local and regional decision making on bioenergy planning.
Generic procedures for the determination of extractives and carbohydrates (glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose) were improved specifically for sugarcane bagasse. The extraction time was optimized using a specific design of experiments. The optimal condition for sugarcane biomass with up to 20\% extractives was 11.5 h of extraction in water, followed by 9 h in ethanol. For the carbohydrate analysis, a separation method using liquid chromatography was improved and optimized to reduce the retention time of furanic compounds. The reduction obtained was approximately 30\%. The optimal condition was the isocratic elution of the mobile phase with an aqueous solution containing 15\% acetonitrile. The percentages of glycans, xylans, and arabinans in the extractive-free biomass was 33\%, 22\%, and 6.5\%, respectively. The galactans and mannans were not detected. Acetyl groups and uronic acids were not determined.
Sugarcane is an important industrial crop in India and the by-product bagasse is used as a fuel in sugar industries generating large quantities of fly ash. Unburned carbon from waste bagasse fly ash was used to prepare porous carbon for use as adsorbent and catalyst support for VOC removal. The carbons were prepared by steam activation and phosphoric acid modification. The textual properties, thermal stability and surface chemistry were characterized in detail using different techniques and the prepared samples from industrial unburned carbon were tested for toluene adsorption. A commercial carbon was also characterized and tested for comparison. The surface area and pore volume increased on activation while the surface oxygen was reduced. Phosphoric acid modification led to incorporation of phosphorus on the surface of the prepared carbons which led to improved thermal stability which was higher than the commercial activated carbon. The toluene adsorption capacity of the carbons synthesized in this study is improved with increasing degree of activation which corresponds with lower surface oxygen and greater micropore volume both of which promote VOC adsorption. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study presents the influence of different dual salts on the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with H2O2 for the production of bioethanol. The results showed better cellulose recovery and delignification for MnSO4 center dot H2O and ZnO system. At optimized conditions (1\% H2O2, 1 g SCB, 30 min, 100 degrees C and 0.5:100g/mL), the maximum cellulose recovery of 93.42 +/- 1.74\%, and delignification of 74.18 +/- 1.51\% were obtained. The SCB was subjected to dilute acid hydrolysis, and under optimized conditions, the maximum glucose, xylose and arabinose concentrations obtained were 15.26 +/- 0.37 g/L, 11.62 +/- 0.21 g/L and 3.58 +/- 0.17 g/L, respectively. The results of SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis suggested that the proposed method effectively removed lignin and disrupted the crystal structure of cellulose for a better hydrolytic process. The fermentation of hydrolyzate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed maximum bioethanol production of 13.1 g/L at the end of 72 h and bioethanol yield of 0.184 g/g SCB. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building unit in masonry construction around the globe. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing. In this study, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and rice husk ash (RHA) were collected locally from a sugar mill and bull's trench kiln, respectively. Brick specimens were manufactured at an industrial brick kiln plant using various dosages (5\%, 10\% and 15\% by clay weight) of SBA and RHA. Mechanical and durability properties of these bricks were studied. It was observed that clay bricks incorporating SBA and RHA exhibited lower compressive strength compared to that of clay bricks without SBA and RHA. However, compressive strength of bricks with 5\% of SBA and RHA satisfied the Pakistan Building Code requirements (i.e. >5 MPa). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms the porous microstructure of the brick specimens incorporating SBA and RHA, which resulted into lesser unit weight leading to lighter and economical structures. Furthermore, resistance against efflorescence was improved in all the tested bricks incorporating SBA and RHA. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the brick specimens incorporating lower dosage of SBA and RHA (i.e. 5\% by clay weight) will not only relieve the environmental burden but also result into a more sustainable and economical construction. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Adaptation of a xylose-utilizing genetically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by cultivation during 353 h using medium with increasing concentrations of inhibitors, including phenolic compounds, furaldehydes and aliphatic acids, led to improved performance with respect to ethanol production. The remaining xylose concentration in the medium at the end of the cultivation was 5.2 g l(-1), while it was 11 g l(-1) in the feed, indicating that approximately half of the xylose was consumed. The performance of the adapted strain was compared with the parental strain with respect to its ability to ferment three bagasse hydrolysates with different inhibitor concentration. The ethanol yield after 24 h of fermentation of the bagasse hydrolysate with lowest inhibitor concentration increased from 0.18 g g(-1) of total sugar with the non-adapted strain to 0.38 g g(-1) with the adapted strain. The specific ethanol productivity increased from 1.15 g ethanol per g initial biomass per h with the non-adapted strain to 2.55 g g(-1) h(-1) with the adapted strain. The adapted strain performed better than the non-adapted also in the two bagasse hydrolysates containing higher concentrations of inhibitors. The adapted strain converted the inhibitory furaldehydes 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) at a faster rate than the non-adapted strain. The xylose-utilizing ability of the yeast strain did not seem to be affected by the adaptation and the results suggest that ethanol rather than xylitol was formed from the consumed xylose. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pretreatment using dilute acid is one of the strategies employed in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. The current study deals with the isolation, characterization, and oxidation of lignin from the enzymatic residue of acid pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. The study also focused on evaluating the reactivity of Laccase mediated oxidized lignin with the non-oxidized one for the preparation of lignin-based formaldehyde (LF) resin. In the current study, 100 \% phenolic lignin was utilized for the synthesis of LF resin. Three different approaches (Alkaline hydrolysis, mild acidolysis \& organosolv) have been employed to evaluate the effect of isolation method on the physicochemical properties of lignin. The isolation method had a bearing on the properties of lignin and its reactivity towards formaldehyde for the synthesis of LF resin. Alkali and organosolv lignin were found as promising candidates for the preparation of LF resin. Oxidized lignin exhibited better reactivity than the nonoxidized one.
Since 1980s, the Chinese sugar industry has been developing at a fast pace. In the milling year 2007/2008, the total sugar production in China reached 14.83 MT, which was 24.04 \% higher than that in previous milling year, and cane sugar production reached 13.67 MT, which was 92.18 \% of the total. Guangxi is the largest sugarcane and sugar producer in China, which produced 9.41 MT sugar in 2007/2008 and 8.56 MT sugar in 2013/2014. China has developed a series of unique farming technologies in commercial sugarcane production and has developed an advanced technology system since 1990s. These technologies include deep ploughing and fine preparation of soil, economical fertilization system; trash addition to field, water-saving irrigation, use of pathogen-free healthy seedcane, rational application of vinasse in sugarcane field, chemical control, mechanization for sugarcane management, and comprehensive control of diseases, pests and weeds. The exploitation and comprehensive application of the new sugarcane farming technologies have promoted the Chinese sugar industry to a new level in about every 5 years, and made China become the third biggest sugar-producing country in the world. However, the sugar industry has been experiencing a very difficult time in the last two milling years because of the worldwide low sugar price and the high production cost at the domestic level, which led to a substantial reduction in sugarcane-growing areas and sugar production. Mechanization and the related sugarcane variety selection and farming technology development have become the bottleneck for sustaining the development of the sugar industry in China.
In this study, catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of pretreated and intact sugarcane bagasse was investigated using waste heavy paraffin (as an in-situ supply of hydrogen). A Y-type commercial zeolite catalyst (HGY-A) which is a gasoline boosting catalyst suitable for hydrocracking reactions in oil refining was used for catalytic pyrolysis. Co-feeding of bagasse with paraffin produced higher liquid product yields and lower solid yields. The improved effective hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/(Ceff)) of the feedstock, and primary cracking and fragmentation reactions of heavy paraffin at temperatures around 600 degrees C are responsible for considerable improvement of bio-oil yield. Use of HGY-A catalyst did change the composition of the produced bio-oil; however, it did not have any appreciable impact on the bio-oil yield under various operational conditions. Results showed that acidic pretreatment of bagasse (with a 30\% w/w HCl) reduced the bio-oil yield and increased the char yield. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A major economic obstacle in lignocellulosic ethanol production is the low sugar concentrations in the hydrolysate and subsequent fermentation to economically distillable ethanol concentrations. We have previously demonstrated a two-stage fermentation process that recycles xylose with xylose isomerase to increase ethanol productivity, where the low sugar concentrations in the hydrolysate limit the final ethanol concentrations. In this study, three approaches are combined to increase ethanol concentrations. First, the medium-additive requirements were investigated to reduce ethanol dilution. Second, methods to increase the sugar concentrations in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate were undertaken. Third, the two-stage fermentation process was recharacterized with high gravity hydrolysate. It was determined that phosphate and magnesium sulfate are essential to the ethanol fermentation. Additionally, the Escherichia coli extract and xylose isomerase additions were shown to significantly increase ethanol productivity. Finally, the fermentation on hydrolysate had only slightly lower productivity than the reagent-grade sugar fermentation; however, both fermentations had similar final ethanol concentrations. The present work demonstrates the capability to produce ethanol from high gravity sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate using Saccharomyces pastorianus with low yeast inoculum in minimal medium. Moreover, ethanol productivities were on par with pilot-scale commercial starch-based facilities, even when the yeast biomass production stage was included.
This comparative study explores the production and characterization of biochar derived from a combination of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and chicken feathers (CF), with a doping strategy for each biomass in the other. Two biochars, SB92CF-BC (92\% SB and 8\% CF) and CF92SB-BC (92\% CF and 8\% SB), were produced using a top-lit updraft reactor, resulting in a yield of 34\% and 27\%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed characteristic functional groups in both biochars, with minimal impact from the doping process. Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) analysis showed distinct morphological features, with SB92CF-BC exhibiting a smoother surface and CF92SB-BC displaying an irregular and rough morphology. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of several elements in both biochars, with a higher nitrogen content in CF92SB-BC. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis demonstrated significant specific surface areas for both biochars, exceeding those reported for unmodified SB and CF biochars. The findings suggest potential synergistic effects resulting from the doping strategy. The study expands knowledge on biochar production from diverse biomass sources and highlights the potential for utilizing lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic biomass waste materials for sustainable biochar production.
Organosolv delignification assisted by high-pressure carbon dioxide (HP-CO2), a low cost, non-corrosive and recoverable compound was evaluated as a potential green pretreatment technology for lignin extraction from liquid hot water (LHW) pretreated sugarcane bagasse to produce fermentable sugars in a lignocellulosic biorefinery concept. In this study, LHW pretreated bagasse (180 degrees C for 20 min with a liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR) of 9 (v/w)) was delignified with an ethanol-water mixture (1:1, v/v) and HP-CO2 as a co-solvent at milder temperatures (111.7-168.3 degrees C) and times (23.8-66.2 min) at a LSR of 5 (v/w). To evaluate the effects of varying operational conditions on the lignin content and delignification extent, while preserving the glucan fraction, a 2(2) central composite design was used as a factorial planning. Solid fractions with low lignin contents (7.35\% and 10.78\%) and high delignification extents (82.5\% and 72.2\%) with good glucan preservations (84.6\% and 85.3\%) were obtained at 140 degrees C for 45 min and 111.7 degrees C for 45 min, respectively. These solid fractions were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, yielding enzymatic conversions of 60.8\% and 63.7\%, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is a notable crop grown in the tropical region of the world. It is an abundant waste material of the sugar industry which is a low cost and low combustion fuel thus the bagasse can be exploited to manufacture adsorbents for water treatment. Because the presence of contaminants in polluted water is not uniform, pollutant species compete for active sites during the adsorption process. Investigation of the competitive adsorption of Zn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Fe(II)in a quaternary solution using hybrid biochar developed from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) mixed Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and pure SCB biochar is the main aim of this study. The biochar was developed using the retort carbonisation process and characterised via SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), BET (Branueur Emmett Teller) analysis, and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Both biochar species mixture possessed some orbicular properties with mesoporous heterogeneous superficial morphology. The biomass biochar and hybrid biochar specific surface area are 533.6 m(2)/g and 510.5 m(2)/g respectively. For the two used adsorbents, >99\% removal efficiency was recorded over the sphere for dosage investigation. Thus, this implies they are capable of removing heavy metals from the aqueous solution simulated. The Langmuir isotherm fitted best in each domain however there was an exception for Pb(II) ions in biomass biochar with the experimental adsorption capacity of similar to 22 mg/ g for the HMs. Based on the correlation coefficient (R-2); the experimental data fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic model well having a correlation coefficient value of greater than 0.9. The mechanism of adsorption for the HMs was chemisorption. This study has a three-pronged benefit of water treatment, resource conservation, and solid waste utilisation.
This study aimed to understand the influence of sowing depth and the amount of sugarcane straw on the emergence of weed species Luffa aegyptiaca Miller (Cucurbitaceae); Mucuna aterrima Piper \& Tracy (Fabaceae - Leguminosae) and Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae). A completely randomized design with a 5 x 4 x 3 factorial layout with four replications was used, at five sowing depths (0, 2, 4, 8 and 10 cm), four different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) and three different evaluation periods (7, 14 and 21 days after sowing). After sowing, different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) were deposited on soil. Seedling emergence was analyzed at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing, counting the number of seedlings that had emerged. At the end of the trial, weed height (cm), leaf area (cm(2)) and shoot dry mass (g) were measured. In relation to emergence ability, studied species presented different responses according to sowing depth and to the amount of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil. For the L. aegyptiaca and M. aterrima, no significant difference was observed in the interaction between depth and sugarcane straw, showing the adaptation of these species to no-burn sugarcane system. For R. communis, seeds placed at 0 cm of sugar cane straw depth were observed to favor the emergence of seedlings.
Sugarcane bagasse was selected as residual feedstock to investigate the effects of an acid/peroxide-alkali (APA) combined pretreatment on the extraction of cellulose and on its applicability for producing cellulose acetate. The pretreatment was effective in disrupting the recalcitrant lignocellulose structure and isolating cellulose (SBC), which reached 85.67\% purity. High performance liquid chromatography, H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis were applied to characterize the materials. Crystallinity and accessibility were evaluated by Segal and deconvolution crystallinity indexes, full-width at half maximum, crystallite size (L), total crystalline index and lateral order index parameters. SBC cellulose presented lower crystallinity and was classified after XRD peak deconvolution as a mixture of cellulose II polymorph with considerable amorphicity and some features of remaining cellulose I beta from sugarcane bagasse, while CC was labeled type I beta, indicating that the sustainable material is more susceptible to chemical modifications. The degrees of substitution of acetylation products showed that both celluloses have satisfactory reactivity and reached mono, di and triacetylation in different reaction conditions. SBC cellulose is presented as an efficient and renewable alternative to commercial cellulose for producing chemicals, and it is proposed that the APA pretreatment had a significant influence on the low crystallinity and high accessibility of this material. {[
Many compounds released during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass inhibit enzymes and yeasts, leading to a negative impact on the overall efficiency of biorefineries. Here, we propose the removal of phenolic compound and furaldehyde inhibitors by adsorption using CO2-activated sugarcane bagasse fly ash in order to improve both the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the alcoholic fermentation processes. The activation of fly ash resulted in a substantial enhancement of the specific surface area and pore volume of the adsorbent, improving the adsorption capacity for phenolics by 4.5-fold. The treatment of an inhibitor cocktail with 2\% (w/v) activated fly ash resulted in removal of 97\% of the phenolic compounds. The enzymatic hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in the presence of the treated inhibitor cocktail resulted in glucose concentration values equivalent to that obtained for the control without the inhibitors. Moreover, the alcoholic fermentation performed using the fly ash-detoxified hydrolysate resulted in a remarkable 5.5-fold increase of the fermentation efficiency. These findings demonstrated that the CO2 activation of the fly ash resulted in an efficient adsorbent for the removal of inhibitors from both the enzymatic hydrolysis and the alcoholic fermentation processes, and could be used to improve the overall efficiency of future biorefineries.
A process of isobutanol production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates in Enterobacter aerogenes was developed here with a pervaporation-integrated procedure. Isobutanol pathway was overexpressed in a mutant strain with eliminated byproduct-forming enzymes (LdhA, BudA, and PflB). A glucose-and-xylose-coconsuming ptsG mutant was constructed for effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Toxic effects of isobutanol were alleviated by in situ recovery via a pervaporation procedure. Compared to single-batch fermentation, cell growth and isobutanol titer were improved by 60\% and 100\%, respectively, in the pervaporation-integrated fermentation process. A lab-made cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane membrane was cast on polyvinylidene fluoride and used in the pervaporation process. The membrane-penetrating condensate contained 55-226 gm(-2) h(-1) isobutanol with 6-25 g L-1 ethanol after separation. This study offers improved fermentative production of isobutanol from lignocellulosic biomass with a pervaporation procedure.
Bio-oil produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass is unstable and cannot be transported over long distances to a refinery for upgrading to transportation fuel. This study examined the effect of the liquefaction solvent on the stability of bio-oils derived from the HTL of sugarcane bagasse. The accelerated aging test (0-8 days at 80 degrees C) was used to assess the stability of these oils with the aid of indicators such as water content, molecular weight range, functional groups present, phase separation, thermal stability, and the amount of residue after thermal analysis of the oils. The HTL solvent mixture of ethanol/water was found to produce the most stable bio-oil when compared to crude glycerol/water or water on its own. The light oils fractionated by solvent extraction were more stable than their corresponding bio-oils. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the light oils during the agiging process were relatively stable and were between 33 and 35 MJ/kg. The maximum boiling temperature of the first peak in the DTG thermogram of the aged light oil derived from ethanol/water is 147 degrees C (cf. diesel of 157 degrees C), while that of crude glycerol/water light oil is up to 190 degrees C. The stabilities of the oils derived from either ethanol or crude glycerol are related to alkylation, esterification, and acetalization reactions. This study has demonstrated that the HTL of sugarcane bagasse in the presence of ethanol/water produces oils of good quality that have long shelf-lives and have been projected to be stored for up to 8 years with minor compositional and structural changes.
Press mud, a by-product from sugar milling, has agronomic soil input value, but its transport distance from the mill site is limited by its high moisture content (75-80\%). This results in over-application close to the mill, concentrating nutrient sources from a wider harvest region, and has potential for environmental harm. Moisture reduction methods have traditionally focussed on centrifuge techniques, but pressurised systems have been shown to have benefit in other waste industries. This work investigates a press-based system for the dewatering of press mud with sequential loading. Subsequently, the solid and filtrate components were assessed for agricultural land application value, with the solid further assessed for livestock feed value. The observed weight reduction was between 20 and 50\%, which increased the viability of land application. Results suggest a combination of mill by-products (PM, ash and bagacillo) could result in a product that is more suitable for dewatering. The separated solids had potential for both land application and livestock feed, while the filtrate nutrient value was observed as low.
Sugarcane straw (SS) is a widely available agricultural processing feedstock with the potential to produce 2nd generation bioethanol and bioproducts, in addition to the more conventional use for heat and/or electrical power generation. In this study, we investigated the operational parameters to maximize the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) using mild deacetylation, followed by hydrothermal pretreatment. From the laboratory to the pilot-scale, the optimized two-stage pretreatment promoted 81.5\% and 70.5\% hemicellulose solubilization and led to XOS yields up to 9.8\% and 9.1\% (w/w of initial straw), respectively. Moreover, different fungal xylanases were also tested to hydrolyze XOS into xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3). GH10 from Aspergillus nidulans performed better than GH11 xylanases and the ratio of the desired products (X2 + X3) increased to 72\% due to minimal monomeric sugar formation. Furthermore, a cellulose-rich fraction was obtained, which can be used in other high value-added applications, such as for the production of cello-oligomers.
In the present study, sugarcane straw residue (SCS) is used to generate fermentable sugars. Impregnation in different media and ozonolysis were combined for SCS treatment. The best results were obtained for the basic medium (80 degrees C at atmospheric pressure for 8 h) followed by ozonolysis (rotary reactor, ozone concentration of 0.24\% (w/w), 60 min of reaction and 35\% moisture content). Increasing the ozone concentration from 0.24\% to 1.3\% (w/w) did not increase the amount of glucose released (yields of 60.8 and 60.2\%, respectively) indicating that no high ozone concentrations are required. The chemical characterization of the treated material showed that there were no losses due to holocellulose dissolution. In contrast, the cellulose and hemicellulose content increased by 75\% and 42\%, respectively when compared to the raw material, while the lignin content decreased by 47\%. Samples subjected to ozonolysis showed the greatest reduction in the recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis, reaching 60 and 71\% of yield in glucose and xylose conversion, respectively, when compared to the impregned material (26 and 31\% respectively) and the raw material (4 and 5\%).
Xylan was always extracted as the feedstock for xylooligosaccharides production. The xylan-removed residue may contain high content of cellulose and thus had a possibility to be converted into ethanol. After soaked in 12\% of NaOH at room temperature overnight, solubilization of cellulose, xylan, and lignin was 4.64\%, 72.06\%, and 81.87\% respectively. The xylan-removed sugarcane bagasse (XRSB) was enzymatically hydrolyzed by using decreased cellulase loadings. The results showed that 7.5 FPU/g cellulose could obtain a cellulose conversion yield of 82\%. Increasing the cellulase loading did not result in higher yield. Based on this, bioethanol production was performed using 7.5 FPU/g cellulose by employing fed-batch fermentation mode. The final ethanol concentration reached 40.59 g/L corresponding to 74.2\% of the theoretical maximum. The high titer ethanol and low cellulase loading may reduce the overall cost. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vinasse, a residual substance left after sugarcane alcohol distillation, is a mixture of water and organic compounds and can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Some alcohol industries in Mexico have adopted its utilization in the irrigation of sugarcane plantations. If vinasse percolates and reaches the groundwater, microbial degradation of the organic matter produces a sequence of redox reactions in which O-2, NO3-, Mn (IV), Fe (III), SO42- and CO2 are reduced. This causes problems with groundwater quality, because manganese and iron become soluble, causing the water to acquire a brown colour and bad taste. The aim of this study was determine the effect of ferti-irrigation with vinasse over 50 years in the groundwater quality of an aquifer in east central Mexico. The results shows a shallow groundwater table (14 m) in the area where vinasse is used. The results also show reduction of oxygen, nitrate reduction and manganese reduction where vinasse is used for ferti-irrigation. In fact, some wells exceed the maximum permissible limit for manganese established by Mexican standards. The primary cause of groundwater contamination is attributed to the dissolution of the manganese present in the soil, during the oxidation of organic matter introduced to the aquifer by deep percolation of irrigation water with vinasse. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
The utilization and storage of surplus waste bagasse in underdeveloped sugar mills is problematic due to limited space within the sugar factories and pollution from bagasse debris, thus, pyrolysis offers a possible solution for the clearance of factory bagasse wastes. In this study, Fijian sugarcane bagasse was subjected to pyrolysis, and the effects of combined acetic acid (CH3COOH) pretreatment and high temperature on the distribution of gaseous products were investigated. Bagasse wastes delivered from Fiji were pretreated with different concentrations of CH3COOH (1, 3, 6, and 9 mol L-1 (M)) to partially hydrolyze cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The pretreatment disrupted the bagasse cell structures and enhanced bagasse pyrolysis. The gas yield from untreated bagasse at 500 degrees C (117.7 mL g(-1)) significantly increased (350.4 mL g(-1)) with the combination of 1 M CH3COOH pretreatment and thermal cracking at 800 degrees C. This study will aid the recovery of energy or chemical feedstock from surplus Fijian bagasse, which cannot be otherwise used effectively. {[
Sugarcane molasses, a sugar industry by-product, is being used as a convenient source of carbon for microorganisms to produce bioethanol. The industrial yield of bioethanol derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases with increasing temperature in the summer season and it is a common issue in the tropical region. It is inevitable to boost the production of bioethanol on an industrial scale to make it commercially profitable. This study has been conducted to analyze and compare the effect of three supplements on boosting alcohol products including thiamine (vitamin B1), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and D-biotin (vitamin H). Collected molasses were diluted to 20 Brix to make them consumable by yeast, and thiamine, pyridoxine, and biotin were added as 1 mg/l, 1 mg/l, and 0.44 mu g/l, respectively. Results depicted that the addition of vitamins impacted very positively on increasing alcohol production, yeast growth, and dry yeast weight where the residual glucose concentration was further decreased. Despite an extended lag phase resulting from higher vitamin doses, there was a significant improvement observed in both alcohol generation and yeast cell growth. This study presents the optimal dosing of supplements in the fermentation broth as a strategy to enhance bioethanol production.
Tetraethylenepentamine modified sugarcane bagasse was prepared and applied to test its feasibility in removing and recovering Cu2+ from wastewater under dynamic condition. Results showed that the Cu2+ could be selectively absorbed from wastewater by the modified SCB fixed bed column. To understand the adsorption mechanism, Cd2+ had been selected as the model interfering ion to investigate how co-ions influence the adsorption of Cu2+ on the sorbent. It was observed that the adsorption capacity of the sorbent for Cu2+ (0.26 mmol g(-1)) was significantly higher than that of Cd2+ (0.03 mmol g(-1)), even when the Cd2+ initial concentration was 100 times higher than that of Cu2+ in the binary system. This finding indicated that the presence of Cd2+ in the solution exerted negligible influence on the adsorption of Cu2+ on the modified SCB. The selectivity of the modified sorbent was further confirmed in the Cu/Cd/Mg/Pb/K quinary system. Further analysis to dynamic adsorption experiment illustrated that, due to the presence of amine groups, the modified SCB showed strong coordination ability to Cu2+, which allowed the other adsorbed ions (e.g., Cd2+) desorbed. This high adsorption selectivity toward Cu2+ suggested that this prepared sorbent would be a promising candidate for removing and recovering Cu2+ from wastewater.
Vermicomposting is considered a clean, sustainable, and effective technology to recycle food waste. However, the current knowledge of how different food waste combinations produce high-quality compost remains poor. Hence, the present study investigated the vermicomposting of soybean meal (SM) waste with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in different ratios of SM:SMB (v/v, based on dry weight), i.e., 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. Vermicompost quality was evaluated based on its maturity, agrochemical properties, earthworm (Eisenia fetida) biomass, and reproduction. The results showed that SM increased the activities of dehydrogenase, acid-and alkaline-phosphatase, and urease while decreasing the activity of cellulose. The beta-glucosidase activity was highest with 25:75, followed by 50:50 of SM:SCB ratio. A higher proportion of SM increased the mineralization and nitrification rate during the vermicomposting, whereas total and available nutrients contents increased in the final product. The concentration of all heavy metals in the final vermicomposts was below than threshold. The degree of polymerization (DP) showed that all of the final vermicomposts were sufficiently mature for agricultural application. A higher percentage of SCB (>= 50\%) in SM:SMB mixtures, however, resulted in best vermicompost owing to reduced pH and EC, increased CEC and humic substance concentration, and higher germination index. So far, earthworm mass and abundance were highest in SM:SCB ratio of 50: 50. In short, a 50:50 mixture of SM:SCB promoted earthworm growth and produced the best quality vermicompost.(c) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Environmental benign catalytic process was developed for the valorisation of sugarcane bagasse into functional nanomaterials. Bagasse saccharification was carried out with an acid catalyst (H(2)SO(4)0.5\%, wt/wt) to separate sugars after pre-treatment of biomass with ethanol. Subsequently, a combination of peroxide and base (0.5\% H2O2, wt/wt and 1\% NaOH, wt/wt) was stacked to concurrently synthesise SiO2(35 nm with 5.65\% yield) and lignin (20 nm with 10.15\% yield) from bagasse slurry. In the final step, precipitation using catalyst was completed to separate highly pure functional materials in powdered form. Zeta potential (zeta) of the synthesised materials was found to be - 35.6 mV for SiO(2)and - 13.1 mV for lignin. Obtained silica and lignin nanomaterials were used in the fabrication of strong as well as flexible functional membrane for purification of solute particles and gases. The adsorption/desorption curve of the developed functional membrane showed type II isotherm with a H3 hysteresis loop. The observed Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of the membrane was 400.3 m(2)/g. The pore size and pore volume as recorded by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method was 25.5 nm and 0.624 cm(3)/g, respectively. Hence, the developed simple and sustainable process could be highly suitable for filtration of contaminated water and air purification.
This work describes the preparation of green ceramic hollow fiber membranes derived from waste sugarcane bagasse ash (WSBA) using phase inversion and sintering techniques as membrane support for water filtration. The first step consisted in the production of WSBA is by the calcination process of sugarcane bagasse at 800 degrees C and followed characterizing of the microstructure, phases present, and thermal behavior using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),(-) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This process was followed by the preparation of ceramic dope suspension consisting of WSBA powder as the main material, NMP as the solvent, PESf as the binder, and Arlacel P135 as the dispersant. In this work, various spinning parameters (effect of SWBA contents, bore fluid flow rate, air gap, and sintering temperature) were evaluated. By varying these parameters, significant effects on the membrane structure and mechanical strength were observed. The different sintering temperatures resulted in wormlike pores in the membrane structure due to neck growth and melting mechanism. The preliminary performance tests show that the green ceramic hollow fiber membrane prepared with a WSBA content of 60 wt\%, bore fluid flow rate of 10 mL/min, air gap of 10 cm, and sintering temperature of 1000 degrees C induced a stable permeate water flux (PWF) of similar to 466.2 L/m(2) h at the beginning of the filtration process.
Ethanol production is responsible for the generation of significant amounts of vinasse, a liquid organic waste that contains high concentrations of nitrogen (N). Its direct application in the soil is widely performed in agriculture, but the vinasse N transformations that occurs in the soil remains poorly understood. This study aimed at evaluating N mineralization after applying vinasse doses (0, 75 and 150 m(3) ha(-1)) in soils with distinct textures (sandy, sandy clay and clayey). The absorption of N by sugarcane plants was also evaluated in a pot experiment, combining the same factors (doses and soils) considered in the mineralization experiment, aiming at correlating the quantities of mineralized N with the N absorbed by the plants. In the first 42 days of incubation, N immobilization was observed in all soils and vinasse doses, with higher values of mineralized N being registered in the first 14 days in the sandy soil. Furthermore, an increase in the potentially mineralizable N was observed in all soils, when increasing doses were considered, while the half-life time augmented with the escalation of the clay content in the soils. A positive correlation between absorbed N and the dry matter of sugarcane plants was found, while negative correlations were observed between absorbed N and mineralized N after 42 days, and between absorbed N and potentially mineralizable N.
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) is a waste material widely used in concrete industry. It can be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete mixes and can be a suitable alternative in preparation of concrete mixes due to its good pozzolanic properties. In order to examine the characteristics, composition and morphology of bagasse ash, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of ScBA were performed. In order to optimize the percent replacement of cement by ScBA, the cement has been partially replaced by ScBA in proportions of 0\%, 10\%, 15\%, 20\% and 25\% by weight in concrete mixes. The various outcomes of replacement by ScBA have been analyzed through evaluation of different properties like workability (WkA), compressive (CS) and split tensile strength (STS) for 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and 180 days. A durability property of concrete was also evaluated by the method of sulphate resistance. The results further reveal that the CS of concrete mix was relatively higher at 10\% replacement of cement by ScBA and was observed decreasing beyond 10\% replacement. It was also found that addition of ScBA in the replacement percentage significantly enhanced the sulphate resistance. The minimum strength loss obtained were 1.24\% and 5.02\% for 90 days and 180 day at 10\% ScBA replacement. The results indicate that ScBA is a pozzolanic material possessing good binder properties and can potentially be used in concrete mixes as a partial replacement of costly cement. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing \& Characterization.
In a previous work, succinylated sugarcane bagasse (SCB 2) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse (B) using succinic anhydride as modifying agent. In this work the adsorption of cationic dyes onto SCB 2 from aqueous solutions was investigated. Methylene blue, MB, and gentian violet, GV, were selected as adsorbates. The capacity of SCB 2 to adsorb MB and GV from aqueous single dye solutions was evaluated at different contact times, pH, and initial adsorbent concentration. According to the obtained results, the adsorption processes could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacities for MB and GV onto SCB 2 were found to be 478.5 and 1273.2 mg/g, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pre-treated with laccase was used as substrate in two acidogenic phases (1 P and 2 P). In 1 P, the pretreatment conditions were statistically optimized (pH 4.0, 37 degrees C, 0.4 U of laccase/mL, 24.0 g SCB/L and 120 min of reaction), which allowed obtaining 84\% more H-2 (166.8 mL/L) than SCB in natura (90.4 mL/L). In 2 P, the liquid fraction of the 1 P reactors was diluted (90\%) and more 108.5 ml H-2/L was obtained. Furthermore, the quantification of enzymes genes responsible for the hydrolysis (Cel) and H-2 production (Hyd) was carried out. An increase in the expression of both genes was observed from the phase of highest H-2 production rates in P1. In 2 P, the 1 P low genic expression was indicative of the autochthonous bacteria activity. The 2nd acidogenic phase strategy proved to be a promising novelty for the use of pre-hydrolyzed substrates with concomitant production of more value-added products. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agricultural waste which can be transformed, for cementing purposes, into an interesting material by combustion. Specifically, the ash (SBA) obtained by auto-combustion was used for preparing alkali-activated cements by blending blast furnace slag (BFS). SBA had a large amount of quartz; however, it reacted in high alkaline medium. Mixtures of BFS/SBA have been used for preparing alkali-activated mortars, by using NaOH (8 M solution), sodium silicate (8 M solution in Na+ and SiO2/Na2O molar ratio of 0.5) and KOH (8 M solution) as activating solutions. Replacements of 25\%, 33\% and 50\% of BFS by SBA were carried out and compressive strengths in the range 16-51 MPa were obtained after 90 curing days. Microstructural studies demonstrated that the hydration products formed in the activation of BFS are not significantly affected by the presence of SBA in the mixture. The durability of alkali-activated mortars was compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar in the following media: hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, ammonium chloride, sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate. The behaviour of alkali-activated mortars with BFS and BFS/SBA was better than that found for plain OPC mortars, especially in ammonium chloride, acetic acid and sodium sulphate media. After 200 days of testing in ammonium chloride solution, the compressive strength loss for Portland cement mortar was about 83.3\%. For the same test conditions, alkali-activated mortars presented a maximum reduction of 48.4\%. The presence of SBA in alkali-activated BFS mortars did not produce any serious problems in durability. As a general conclusion, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) obtained by auto-combustion showed good cementing properties as a mineral precursor blended with blast furnace slag (BFS) in alkali-activated systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
Magnetic modified sugarcane bagasse with high adsorption capacity and rapid adsorption rate was prepared by two simple steps. Experimental results showed that the adsorption capacities of the magnetic sorbent for Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 1.2 and 1.1 mmol g(-1), respectively. Pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first-order kinetic model both could predict the adsorption and desorption kinetic process occurred on the modified sorbent. EDX analysis showed that Pb2+ and Cd2+ were adsorbed on the sorbent mainly through ion exchange. Competitive adsorption results showed that the presence of Pb2+ exerted a great inhibitory effect on Cd2+ adsorption, and the inhibitory effect increased with the increase of the initial concentration ratio of Pb2+ and Cd2+ (C-0(Pb): C-0(Cd)). Pb2+ could be selectively adsorbed by the magnetic sorbent when the values of C-0(Pb): C-0(Cd) was higher than or equal to 4:1. It was also found that Langmuir competitive model was suitable to predict the sorption isotherm in the binary system. The as prepared magnetic sorbent had a potential in heavy metal wastewater treatment. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Some aluminosilicates, for example mullite and wollastonite, are very important in the ceramic and construction industries. The most significant glass-ceramic for building applications has wollastonite as the main crystal phase. In this work we report on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to produce glass-ceramics with silicates as the major crystalline phases. The glasses (frits) were prepared by mixing ash, limestone (calcium and magnesium carbonates) and potassium carbonate as the fluxing agent. X-ray fluorescence was used to determine the chemical composition of the glasses and their crystallization was assessed by using thermal analysis (DTA/DSC/TGA) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that glass-ceramic material can be produced with wollastonite as the major phase, at a temperature lower than 900 degrees C. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is used to produce bioenergy in sugar mills and export excess energy as electricity to the community. Researchers have investigated the production of high-energy bio-oil and hydrochar from bagasse using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) on a laboratory scale. However, the energy efficiency of the HTL integrated bagasse utilization system at the industrial level is unknown, especially compared with present practices of baggage utilization. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the theoretical energy utilization of an HTL integrated bagasse utilization system compared with conventional bagasse utilization systems. A new bagasse utilization system was modeled and combined with HTL. We used data from published articles and experiments to analyze the model. We simulated the model with different bio-oil and hydrochar yields and four levels of heat recovery from the HTL final products. The results show that the novel process could exceed electricity export rate compared with the conventional system, with high bio-oil and hydrochar yield at 23\% heat recovery level. Further results show that the HTL integrated system with high bio-oil and hydrochar yields and 75\% heat recovery presented an electricity export benefit, which was above 170\% higher than that of the existing method in ideal conditions when using high-moisture bagasse. Finally, further research should develop high-efficiency heat recovery systems, environmentally friendly HTL product separation techniques, and direct combustion of bio-oil and hydrochar to realize this concept for improving the energy utilization of sugarcane mills.
In this work, three different concentrations of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were used (i.e. 5 M, 8 M, and 11 M) to isolate cellulose nanocrystals (hereafter labeled as 5-PCNC, 8-PCNC and 11-PCNC, respectively) from sugarcane bagasse. The PCNC was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From TEM and XRD results, it was found that the morphology and crystallinity index of the PCNC was influenced by the different concentration of phosphoric acid. FTIR and XPS results indicate that self-interaction of CNC occurs via P-O-P linkages. These data are important for PCNC selection in application; one may consider the aspect ratio (5-PCNC could be a good choice); while other may require higher crystallinity index (8-PCNC and 11-PCNC could be a good candidate).
The potential use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) for microalgal oil in a heterotrophic mode and the oil accumulation mechanisms by SBH-induced Chlorella protothecoides cells were investigated in this study. Results demonstrated that SBH performed better than glucose for cell growth and lipid accumulation under the same reducing sugar concentration. The lipid productivity of 0.69 g/L/d was accomplished at 40 g/L of reducing sugar by batch culture. Under the fed-batch culture condition, the maximum biomass and lipid productivity were 24.01 g/L and 1.19 g/L/d, respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis results indicated that xylose and arabinose involved in pentose phosphate pathway might be predominant over sole glucose involved in glycolysis for lipid accumulation in cells. Three metabolic checkpoints in the proposed metabolic network, including xylulose kinase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase reveal new possibilities in developing genetic and metabolic engineering microalgae for desirable lipid productivity. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dilute-alkali-catalyzed hydrothermal treatment (HT) was conducted to improve the enzymatic degradability of sugarcane bagasse. Wet-disk milling (DM) was also performed after HT. Sodium carbonate with 0-6\% concentration on dry weight basis of bagasse was used as the alkali catalyst. A content of more than 4\% of the alkali catalyst was necessary for producing a higher amount of glucose than that produced after HT without an alkali catalyst. HT with 6\% of the alkali catalyst, which decreased the pH to the neutral region, retained more xylan and less lignin than HT without an alkali. Subsequent DM improved the enzymatic degradability further and increased the specific surface area. For a substrate concentration of 10\%, the amounts of glucose and xylose produced were 344 and 188 mg/g-bagasse, respectively. These values corresponded to yields of 77\% and 67\% on the basis of the glucan and xylan contents in raw bagasse, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment technique usually adopted for improving biomass properties to be on par with that of coal for energy production. In this study, the torrefaction characteristics of blended fuel of sewage sludge (SS) and sugarcane bagasse (BG) biomass were investigated for the purpose of gasification. The thermal degradation behavior of the blended biomass sample was tested in an inert atmosphere from ambient temperature to 900 degrees C using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained TGA data aided in the determination of thermochemical parameters that are of necessity in gasification. Morphological changes in the blended torrefied samples were examined through scanning electron microscopy. Further changes in the chemical structure of the samples were investigated through Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The blend ratio of 75\% SS + 25\% BG torrefied at 350 degrees C gave the highest energy value (HHV) of 23.62 MJ/kg, fixed carbon of 51.37 wt \% and fuel ratio of 1.70. The obtained fuel ratio is comparable to that required for optimum combustion performance of coal. The morphological structure of the samples showed that there was an aggregation of the biomass particles into small lumps at higher torrefaction temperature for 50\% SS + 50\% BG and 75\% SS + 25\% BG blend indicating a better grind ability of the biomass material. Thus, it can be concluded that the blend and torrefaction enhanced the properties of the biomass materials.
Recently, many studies have been published on the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, to improve the quality of the liquid product from fast pyrolysis, especially with ZSM-5 catalysts. However, only a few studies in the literature were not limited to the use of woody biomass as feed. This paper describes a catalytic pyrolysis study with two different biomass types (sugarcane bagasse and pinewood) using a commercial ZSM-5 catalyst and silica as a reference in a pilot- scale circulating fluidized bed unit. The chemical characterization of the liquid products was performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOFMS). The gas yields increased with temperature and the presence of ZSM-5 contributed to greater quantities of gaseous deoxygenation products. The coke yields decreased with reaction temperature, but were not influenced by the bed reactor material. Bagasse produced more gas and less coke than pinewood. The liquid yields passed through a maximum at 500 degrees C. The catalytic pyrolysis with ZSM-5 generated a significantly greater amount of valuable aromatic compounds, such as toluene and C2-benzene isomers (xylenes and ethyl-benzene), which are petrochemical intermediates with high added values. The source of biomass proved to be relevant to define bio-oil chemical composition. Hydrocarbon and ketone yields were higher for pyrolysis of pinewood, while carboxylic acids, cycloketones, and O-heterocyclic compounds increased when bagasse was pyrolyzed. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Candida guilliermondii cells were immobilized in Ca-alginate beads and used for xylitol production from concentrated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. A full factorial design was employed to determine whether variations in the immobilization conditions would have any effects on the beads, chemical stability and on the xylitol production rates. Duplicate fermentation runs were carried out in 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks maintained in a rotatory shaker at 30 C and 200 rpm for 72 h. Samples were periodically analyzed to monitor xylose and acetic acid consumption, xylitol production, free cell growth, and bead solubilization. Concentrations of sodium alginate at 20.0 g/L and calcium chloride at 11.0 g/L and bead curing time of 24 h represented the most appropriate immobilization conditions within the range of conditions tested.
In South Africa, approximately 3 x 10(6) tons of sugarcane bagasse is produced annually by 14 factories located on the north coast of KwaZulu-Natal. It is one of the most readily available lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production through enzymatic saccharification and hydrolysis. Pre-treatment enables disruption of the naturally resistant structure of lignocellulosic biomass to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for conversion to biofuels. In this study, pre-treatment of depithed bagasse and mill-run bagasse was done using acid (3\% H2SO4 v/v) followed by alkali (4\% NaOH w/v), and the pre-treated solid was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of different conditions for enzymatic saccharification such as enzyme dose, reaction time, and amount of surfactant were studied in detail. The pre-treated substrate (10\% w/v) when hydrolysed using 30 FPU/gds/40 FPU/g dry substrate (gds) with 0.4\% (v/v) Tween (R) 80 for 20 h resulted in 608 mg/gds (depithed bagasse) and 604 mg/gds (mill-run bagasse) total reducing sugars.
Significant improvements in pretreatments and a deeper understanding of changes in the physical structure and chemical composition of pretreated lignocellulosic materials are required to guarantee the technical and economic sustainability of second-generation ethanol technologies. In present work, several biophysical techniques were applied to characterize sugarcane bagasse samples that have been subjected to autocatalytic, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid catalyzed steam explosion under equivalent combined severity factors (CSF). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging studies demonstrated unequal changes in lignin distribution in the plant cell wall that could be nicely correlated with substrate susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance corroborated these observations by showing the differences in biomass composition primarily associated with hemicellulose removal , whereas X-ray diffraction analysis revealed changes in crystallinity indexes and average crystallite sizes. Thus, the impact of pretreatment temperature on the physical structure and chemical composition of CSF-equivalent steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse was identified as the key factor for developing substrate accessibility. This calls for caution in using combined severity factor as a chief parameter for comparison of different pretreatment conditions.
Biomass co-gasification and syngas fermentation is one of the least trotted paths in the Indian biofuel production scenario. The aim of the research here is to develop an equilibrium model of biomass co-gasification and syngas fermentation in Aspen plus. Two Indian lignocellulosic biomass namely wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse have been selected as feedstock for this co-gasification process followed by the syngas fermentation. The process shows promising results in terms of ethanol production and energy usage. The effects of gasification process parameters on overall process performance have been analysed. Empirical regression equations were constructed to account for the effects of biomass ratio, which is the ratio of the masses of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse, gasification temperature and equivalence ratio over ethanol yield, lower heating value of syngas, cold gas ef-ficiency, overall system efficiency, and CO2 emission using response surface methodology. Finally, a multi-objective optimization has been conducted to maximize the ethanol production and overall system efficiency, and to minimize the CO2 emission of the system. Results suggest that the wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse ratio of 4:1, 919.5oC temperature and 0.15 equivalence ratio is the optimum point with an ethanol production rate of 20.917 tonnes/hr, overall efficiency of 52.184\%, and a minimum CO2 emission of 32669.862 kg/h.
Conditions for a natural fermentation during ensilage of sardines or their waste in sugarcane molasses (60:40 w/w) were evaluated regarding the effect of temperature (15, 25 and 35 degreesC), anaerobiosis (closed vs. open jars), daily stirring of the Mixture, and salt addition to the initial mix at 5\% (w/w) level. Successful natural fermentation took place in sardine silages incubated at 25 or 35 degreesC in open jars to reach a pH of 4.4 in about 2 and 1 weeks, respectively. For samples kept at 15 degreesC, the pH decline was very slow and pH did not decrease below 5.5 after one month of incubation. At 25 degreesC, the most favorable conditions for silage of sardine waste in cane molasses, as evidenced by the fastest decline in pH to a stable value of about 4.4, were achieved in closed jars and with daily stirring of the mix. The pH 4.4 was reached in one week with an advance of at least 3 days compared to the other conditions (open jars and closed jars without daily stirring). Addition of salt at 5\% (w/w) in the mix before incubation inhibited the fermentation process. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Alkaline extraction of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic materials is an efficient separation method but also extracts polysaccharides with high proportions of lignin. In this study, aromatic-selective adsorption resin was used to the remove lignin in the purification of alkaline-extracted hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse. The content of lignin in the alkaline extracted hemicellulose decreased and the removal rate reached 89.2\% at 1/10 wt ratio of lignin to resin. Resin treatment led to a slight loss of hemicellulose but had a minute effect on its molecular weight and structure. The 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR analysis of adsorbates suggested that the decrease in carbohydrate contents in the extract resulted from the removal of the lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) during the resin treatment. It was concluded that the resin treatment had a minute effect on the properties of hemicellulose and could significantly improve its separation and purification.
This work involves the assessment of various pre-treatment methods for the production of bioethanol in South Africa from sugarcane bagasse. The possibility of producing methane was also considered. The pre-treatment methods that have been modelled are acid pre-hydrolysis, steam explosion (acid-catalysed and un-catalysed), delignification with sodium hydroxide, acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. These pre-treatment options were arranged in a superstructure, and optimization was performed by decomposing the superstructure into eight possible flowsheets. These flowsheets were then optimized in General Algebraic Modelling Systems by using economic and environmental objective functions sequentially. The solution space was used to evaluate the possible flowsheets in terms of both objectives. Steam explosion pre-treatment would be recommended for the production of only methane. Acid hydrolysis can be added to steam explosion in order to produce glucose (for bioethanol production), and this increases profitability and reduces environmental impact of the steam explosion only flowsheet; however, the glucose flowrate from the steam explosion with acid hydrolysis flowsheet is low. The steam explosion with enzymatic hydrolysis flowsheet would be recommended to produce a higher glucose flowrate; however, the environmental impact of this flowsheet may be large if the electricity consumption of enzyme production is large. Copyright (c) 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
Blends of fiber from sugar cane bagasse, corn starch, and whey protein concentrate were extruded. A single screw extruder, equipped with a screw at a constant compression ratio of 1: 1 and a die diameter of 3 mm, was used. The best processing conditions were determined according to a central composite rotatable design (alpha = 1.41) with 5 central points, which gives a total of 13 tests. During the extrusion process the content of insoluble fiber decreased and that of soluble fiber increased. An increase in the contents of fiber and in the barrel temperature resulted in a decrease in the expansion index values and an increase in the water absorption index values; whereas in blends with intermediate fiber contents the effects in these parameters were found to be the opposite. High fiber contents increased penetration force but decreased luminosity, water solubility index values and the adhesive force in gels. The extrusion process improved the functional properties of sugarcane fiber bagasse enabling its addition to diverse alimentary systems.
Process modeling and simulation are essential to predict process energetic demands, and determine possible throughputs and process emissions in biorefineries. In this paper non-linear multiobjective optimization studies with conflicting process and environmental objectives are performed in a sugarcane biorefinery. The process produces bioethanol (first and second generation), bioelectricity and concentrates vinasse in multiple-effect evaporators. Objective functions, concerning process and environmental issues, are defined and studied in five optimization problems. Decision variables are fraction of bagasse diverted to E2G production (Var1), and the fraction of vinasse that is concentrated up to 7.0 degrees Bx in multiple-effect evaporator (Var2). The results show that Varl cannot assume values greater than circa 0.5, due to thermal demands of the integrated process, while Var2 cannot be lower than 0.15, due to process demands for vegetal steam. Flows of concentrated vinasse are generally higher when maximization of bioethanol throughputs is imposed. When electric power generation and bioethanol throughput maximization are the objectives, the former varies 45.6\%, while the latter varies 16.6\%, among non-dominated solutions. The adopted approach can be used as a decision-making tool that may help to choose suitable operating conditions, in order to obtain a trade-off between greater profits and a more sustainable process. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The generation of a great quantity of black liquor (BL) and waste wash water (WWW) has been key problems of the alkaline pretreatment. This work tried to build a sustainable way to recycle the BL for pre-treating sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and the WWW for washing the residual solid (RS) of alkali-treated SCB which would be subsequently hydrolysed and fermented. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of the washed RS decreased with the recycling times of BL and WWW increasing. Tween80 at the loading of 0.25\% (V/V) could notably improve the enzymatic hydrolysis and had no negative impact on the downstream fermentation. Compared with the non-recycling and BL recycling ways based on alkaline pretreatment, the BL-WWW recycling way could not only maintain high conversion of carbohydrate into monosaccharides and save alkali amount of 45.5\%, but also save more than 80\% water and generate less than 15\% waste water. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study was to clarify the role of the relative amounts of hemicelluloses and lignin on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse, by using the glucans/lignin ratio and the glucans/xylans ratio as a quick estimation of the enzymes accessibility to cellulose. The samples were selected to contain about 3-20\% lignin, 52-90\% glucans, and 6-26\% xylans (by extraction of hemicelluloses and delignification). The enzyme loads used for saccharification were 10 FPU of cellulases and 20 IU of beta -glucosidases per gram of samples. Conversions of glucans to glucose were highly influenced by the chemical composition, varying between 18.1\% and 83.4\%. The concentration of lignin and xylans in the pretreated bagasse affects the conversion to glucose. High conversions are achieved when the substrates are highly delignified. Less delignified samples can also lead to high conversion when the percentage of xylans are also decreased. Thus, the removal of both lignin and xylans contributes to an increase in the accessibility of cellulases to cellulose.Graphical Abstract
The ethanol industry in Brazil is booming, resulting in the production of byproducts, among them the vinasse. The industry have used vinasse in agricultural areas through fertigation. The main objective of this study was to analyse the effect of application of vinasse in some chemical attributes of soil and productivity of sugarcane, for a period of three years. The experiment was conducted in soil classified as Quartzipsamment located in Campo Grande, MS, in the period from November 2008 to September 2011. The experimental plots were of 4.2 x 10.0 m (42 m(2)), and the treatments consisted of vinasse doses (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 m(3) ha(-1)), distributed in the field in random blocks design with four replications. Vinasse was retrieved from alcohol plant in the region and applied to seedlings of sugarcane (1st, 2nd and 3rd ratoon). The results showed that the vimasse used provided an increase in productivity of sugarcane and increases in pH and exchangeable potassium of soil levels, up to 0.4 m depth.
Sixteen co-cultures composed of four bacteria and four fungi grown on sugarcane bagasse pith were tested for phenanthrene degradation in soil. The four bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginose, Ralstonia pickettii, Pseudomonas sp. and Pseudomonas cepacea. The four fungi were identified as: Penicillium sp., Trichoderma viride, Alternaria tenuis and Aspergillus terrus that were previously isolated from different hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Fungi had a statistically significant positive (0.0001 < p) effect on phenanthrene removal, that ranged from 35\% to 50\% and bacteria removed the compound by an order of 20\%. Co-cultures B. cepacea-Penicillium sp., R. pickettii-Penicillium sp., and P. aeruginose-Penicillium sp. exhibited synergism for phenanthrene removal, reaching 72.84 +/- 3.85\%, 73.61 +/- 6.38\% and 69.47 +/- 4.91\%; in 18 days, respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bio-hydrogen production from sugarcane vinasse in anaerobic up-flow packed-bed reactors (APBR) was evaluated. Four types of support materials, expanded clay (EC), charcoal (Ch), porous ceramic (PC), and low-density polyethylene (LDP) were tested as support for biomass attachment. APBR (working volume -2.3 L) were operated in parallel at a hydraulic retention time of 24 h, an organic loading rate of 36.2 kg-COD m(-3) d(-1), at 25 degrees C. Maximum volumetric hydrogen production values of 509.5, 404, 81.4 and 10.3 mL-H-2 d(-1) L-reactor(-1) and maximum yields of 3.2, 2.6, 0.4 and 0.05 mol-H-2 mol(-1) carbohydrates total, were observed during the monitoring of the reactors filled with LDP, EC, Ch and PC, respectively. Thus, indicating the strong influence of the support material on H-2 production. LDP was the most appropriate material for hydrogen production among the materials evaluated. 16S rRNA gene by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the selection of different microbial populations. 454-pyrosequencing performed on samples from APBR filled with LDP revealed the presence of hydrogen-producing organisms (Clostridium and Pectinatus), lactic acid bacteria and non-fermentative organisms. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vinasse generated by bioethanol industry is the acid liquid waste with high content of organic matter that causes undesirable impacts when it is poured into the ecosystem, indiscriminately. Therefore, the development of new technologies to improve the vinasse management is relevant worldwide. As a possible alternative, in this study, conversion of sugarcane vinasse into biomass of Aspergillus sp. V1 for use as a cheap fish feed ingredient was evaluated. Vinasse toxicity was also monitored, before and after biomass production, using growth parameters in Lactuca sativa as endpoints. Biomass of Aspergillus sp. V1 produced from vinasse supplemented with 2 g/L urea revealed a nutritional composition within recommended levels for fish diets, and an aflatoxins concentration of 12.9 \& mu;g/kg, which was within permissible levels for animal feeds. Fish feeding assays with 50 \% and 100 \% fungus biomass did not demonstrate any adverse effects for Poecilia reticulata, used as a model organism. Finally, inhibitory concentration (IC50) on L. sativa root elongation was 11.7 \% for initially received vinasse and 23.8 \% for vinasse resulting from biomass production. These findings demonstrate that it is feasible to minimize the transfer of distilleries pollution to the environment through biological conversion of vinasse into fungal biomass with nutritional value.
Key objective of this work was to evaluate the use of cellulosic fraction from sugarcane straw pretreated by liquid hot water (LHW) for butanol production via acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), and pre-saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) were investigated at 10 and 15 \% w/v biomass loading. For 15 \% w/v, the synergistic effect of weak acids and phenolic compounds made the sugarcane straw hydrolysate poorly fermentable. The 10 \% w/v solid load was more favorable (similar to 4-fold higher) in both SHF and PSSF strategies with respect to the ABE production, without including a detoxification step. However, PSSF achieved higher ABE titer (10.5 g/L - SHF; 13.5 g/L - PSSF) and productivity (0.09 g/(L.h) - SHF; 0.14 g/(L.h) - PSSF) when compared with SHF. Using best condition (PSSF at 10 \% w/v), it would be possible to estimate a yield of 169 L ABE per ton pretreated sugarcane straw (or 84.5 L ABE per ton of raw sugarcane straw), containing 65 L acetone, 95 L butanol, and 9 L ethanol. This result represents a process efficiency of 28 \%, based on carbohydrates content in raw material.
-The use of high doses of vinasse in sugarcane crop can cause modifications in the chemical characteristics of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of high doses of vinasse on the chemical characteristics of an Ultisol cultivated with sugarcane for 210 days. The treatments used were doses equivalent to 0 (D0), 150 (D150), 300 (D300), 600 (D600) and 1200 (D1200) m3 ha-1 of vinasse plus a control treatment with mineral fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and six repetitions. Exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) contents, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, electrical conductivity and pH were analyzed at 90, 120, 150 and 210 days after planting (DAP), in addition to microbial basal respiration at 210 days at depths of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. Soil pH increased with the use of vinasse within the proper range for sugarcane, varying from 6.2 to 6.4. The highest K and Na contents were found at D600 and D1200; the highest K and Na availability occurred at 120 DAP and 150 DAP, respectively, indicating competition between these nutrients for exchange sites. Organic matter content was proportionally high according to the vinasse dose applied. D600 and D1200 doses increased Na content in the soil, with greater magnitude at the 0-0.20 m depth.
Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus), a forage biomass, was used as carbon source for cellulases production by Fusarium verticillioides. A Plackett Burman design was employed to evaluate the effects of different factors over enzymatic production and two different media composition, M1 and M2, were found. In M1 media, endoglucanase and cellobiase activities were 6.5 and 0.39 U/mL, respectively. By another hand, the activities of endoglucanase and cellobiase in M2 conditions were 2.6 and 6.8 U/mL, respectively. Blends of these two extracts were tested on a sugarcane bagasse saccharification and M1 presented the best performance, indicating that higher ratios endoglucanase/cellobiase (12:1) improved sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis. Different dosages of protein (10, 20 and 40 mg/g of dry biomass) were tested intending to improve the hydrolysis performance of M1 extract. Saccharification rates of 43.4 and 73.1\% were observed for glucan and xylan fractions respectively when 40 mg/g was used. Some non-productive factors such as enzyme adsorption, sugar inhibition and thermostability were evaluated to get a better understanding about saccharification bottlenecks related to Fusarium verticillioides enzymatic extract. This paper showed, for the first time, that gamba grass can be an efficient inductor for cellulase production in the endophytic fungus Fusarium verticillioides. It was also showed that, in Fusarium verticillioides, the induction of enzymes specialized on plant biomass degradation is highly dependent on carbon source concentration. Endoglucanase was mostly induced in middle concentrations while cellobiase is induced in high concentrations.
Sugarcane grows on over 170,000 ha in the state of Louisiana as part of a sugar industry that generates over \$2 billion in annual economic impact. The multipurpose crop produces sugar, molasses, bagasse, boiler fly ash, filter press mud, water, and electricity. As a component of a theoretical bioenergy economy, bagasse and sugarcane itself may find a value-added niche as a renewable feedstock source. The objectives were to characterize yields of Ho 02-113' at two locations over 2 years and compare two harvest strategies, green-cane harvest (stalks-only), or complete biomass harvest (intact plants). The first- and second-ratoon crop and the plant-cane and first-ratoon crop were harvested monthly at the Ardoyne Farm or Spanish Trail, respectively. Total biomass yields of 120 Mg ha(-1) and up to 35 Mg dry matter (DM) ha(-1) at the Ardoyne Farm and total biomass > 140 Mg ha(-1) and 50 Mg DM ha(-1) at Spanish Trail were observed. Sucrose levels ranging from 2000 to 8000 kg ha(-1) were recorded between August and September of each year. However, freezing conditions rapidly reduced sucrose levels from as high as 12,000 kg ha(-1) to below detection limits within 60 days. Dry matter energy content of intact plants, stalks, and dry leaves was 17.0, 17.4, and 16.5 kJ g(-1), respectively. The overall energy yields were 530 and 620 GJ ha(-1) for the Ardoyne Farm and Spanish Trail, respectively. Results demonstrate that Ho 02-113 is a versatile feedstock and can meet sucrose and/or lignocellulosic feedstock needs in areas with temperate to subtropical temperatures.
Whey protein isolate (WPI) has been utilized as edible film or food packaging material. However, WPI films are hydrophilic due to highly polar amino acids which provide a moderate barrier to water vapor and low mechanical properties. To overcome these drawbacks, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from sugarcane bagasse were incorporated with whey protein. FTIR and TGA were used to confirm the changes in chemical structures and to observe the thermal properties, respectively. The CNCs had sizes of 200-300 nm and diameters of 20-40 nm using TEM and AFM technique, respectively. Different amounts of CNCs (0-8 wt\% based on WPI) were added into whey protein solution and formed films. The lightness and transparency of the films tended to decrease with increasing WPI content. The water activity (a(w)) and water solubility of those films increased, whereas their water contact angle values decreased, implying that the film became more hydrophilic when the cellulose nanocrystal was added. The addition of CNCs increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus and reduced the water vapor permeability of WPI-based CNC films. However, the CNCs did not change the oxygen permeability of the film. Therefore, the obtained WPI films provided good mechanical performance and may be promising as an alternative product for film packaging.
VALIDATION OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD AND SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM SUGARCANE LEAVES AND VINASSE AND COMPARISON WITH AN HPLC-UV METHOD. This paper reports on a modification of the procedures originally described in the French Pharmacopoeia for the UV-visible spectrometric analysis of flavonoids, and proposes a validation of the method and its application in the determination of total flavonoids from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) leaves and vinasse. An analysis of precision and accuracy revealed a low relative standard deviation (< 5.0\%) and a good recovery percentages (99.79 and 98.34\%). A comparison of the spectrometric results against those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) demonstrated complete compatibility between the modified French Pharmacopoeia (spectrometric) and HPLC-UV methods.
Biocomposite cellulose-based scaffolds derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were integrated with hydroxyapatite (HA) to enhance the proliferation, attachment and differentiation of preosteoblast cells for tissue engineering. Sugar extraction produces a lot of SCB with approximately 40\% cellulose content. Cellulose fibers were successfully achieved from SCB using steam explosion and bleaching and then dissolved by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) followed by the addition of HA. Complete homogenous dissolution of cellulose in BmimCl was achieved at 7 h. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the appropriate porosities of the scaffolds for cellular activities. The prepared scaffolds exhibited a low degradation rate. The cytotoxicity of all scaffolds prepared showed no adverse toxicity to the osteoblast cells, which was higher than 70\% in all scaffold types. The MTS tetrazolium assay, live/dead cell staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity results indicated that cellulose combined HA scaffolds supported bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell morphology revealed increasing HA concentration in the scaffolds, with enhanced growth and adhesion of osteoblast cells. Results suggested that regenerated cellulose from SCB is an ideal material in bone scaffolding applications.
The process simulation technique is integrated into life cycle assessment (LCA) in this study to reduce biased parameters in process data collection and perform a fair comparison among different processes. Bioethanol production processes from cassava, cane molasses, and rice straw are studied as an example, to show the usability of process simulation. The simulation results are compared with actual bioethanol plant data to validate the reliability of the technique. The study is a comprehensive LCA comparison, based on unbiased process data from simulations, and minimum variations in other settings, i.e., process fuel type, waste recovery options, etc. The results show that cleaner process designs, using simulations with renewable process energy and sustainable waste recovery, improve the energy efficiency, renewability, and environmentally-benign aspects of the three bioethanol feedstocks. Bioethanol from cassava shows the best values of net energy ratio (1.34), renewability (5.16), and reduced greenhouse gas emissions (410 kg CO2 eq/1000 L). The unbiased LCA results from net energy analysis, and environmental impact assessment, including emissions/hotspot identification and sensitivity analysis, are comprehensively discussed. The simulation technique in this study is also adaptable for future LCA of new/modified processes. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were obtained from sugarcane bagasse (SC) without high-energy mechanical treatments, using TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Variable NaClO concentrations were used to impart electrostatic repulsion between surface charged groups thus facilitating fibril separation. CNFs with diameters in the 3-5 nm range were obtained by oxidation of SC pulp with NaClO at 25 and 50 mmol/g. After a 30 min-sonication step, these CNFs were broken down into cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) by mechanical action. Both CNF and CNC preparation by this method are possible in SC due to its particular cell wall morphology and were not achieved in eucalyptus biomass, which is more recalcitrant. This work provided thus a new pathway to modulate the final morphology of cellulose particles by combining a low recalcitrant raw material with different surface charge densities.
An efficient pretreatment method using NH4OH-H2O2 and ionic liquid (IL) was developed for the recovery of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The regenerated SCB from the combined pretreatment exhibited significantly enhanced enzymatic digestibility with an efficiency of 91.4\% after 12 h of hydrolysis, which was 64\% higher than the efficiency observed for the regenerated SCB after the individual NH4OH-H2O2 pretreatment. 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
Sugarcane is a worldwide grown crop producing a large amount of residues in the form of molasses, bagasse and trash. The molasses and bagasse utilization technologies are well established and commercialized. Sugarcane trash (ST) is also a potential energy resource of biomass containing one-third energy that of sugarcane. However, its domestic applications are restricted due to lack of utilization awareness, technological impedance, harvesting difficulties and inadequate extension activities. This paper summarizes the end-use applications of ST suggested by worldwide researchers. The potential ways for utilization of ST for energy application were investigated and discussed with its merits, demerits and challenges for acceptance. In the present context, farmers utilize ST for open burning in the field (for destroying weeds and pests breeding places), mulching, compost making, fodder for livestock, burying infield to improve the fertility of soil and stacking for future use. Sugarcane produces nearly 8-10 tonnes of trash per ha. The utilization of this large quantity of trash for beneficial use is not possible for the farmers. Therefore, farmers usually burn the trash to clean the field for next crop, leading to pollution and energy waste. From reviewed data, it was found that the best end-use application of sugarcane trash is for energy generation.
The production of cellulosic ethanol was carried out using samples of native (NCB) and ethanol-extracted (EECB) sugarcane bagasse. Autohydrolysis (AH) exhibited the best glucose recovery from both samples, compared to the use of both H3PO4 and H2SO4 catalysis at the same pretreatment time and temperature. All water-insoluble steam-exploded materials (SEB-WI) resulted in high glucose yields by enzymatic hydrolysis. SHF (separate hydrolysis and fermentation) gave ethanol yields higher than those obtained by SSF (simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation) and pSSF (pre-hydrolysis followed by SSF). For instance, AH gave 25, 18 and 16 g L (1) of ethanol by SHF, SSF and pSSF, respectively. However, when the total processing time was taken into account, pSSF provided the best overall ethanol volumetric productivity of 0.58 g L (1) h (1). Also, the removal of ethanol-extractable materials from cane bagasse had no influence on the cellulosic ethanol production of SEB-WI, regardless of the fermentation strategy used for conversion. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus casei TH14, cellulase, and molasses combination fermented sugarcane bagasse (SB) as an exclusive roughage source in the total mixed ration (TMR) for mid-lactation 75\% crossbred Holstein cows on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal ecology, milk yield and milk composition. Four multiparous mid-lactation crossbred (75\% Holstein Friesian and 25\% Thai native breed) dairy cows of 439 +/- 16 kg body weight, 215 +/- 5 days in milk and average milk yield 10 +/- 2 kg d(-1) were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The unfermented SB (SB-TMR), SB fermented with cellulase and molasses (CM-TMR), SB fermented with L. casei TH14 and molasses (LM-TMR), and SB fermented with L. casei TH14, cellulase and molasses (LCM-TMR) were used as dietary treatments. RESULTS CM-TMR, LM-TMR and LCM-TMR significantly (P < 0.01) increased dry matter and fiber digestibility, gross energy and metabolizable energy intake (P < 0.05), blood glucose, total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.05), propionic acid and milk yield, but decreased ammonia, acetic acid, acetic:propionic ratio and methane production (P < 0.05) when compared with the SB-TMR. Compared with fermented SB treatments, LCM-TMR had lower (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia and greater blood glucose (P < 0.01); LCM-TMR showed (P < 0.05) greater volatile fatty acids, propionic acid, milk yield and total solids, and lower acetic:propionic ratio (P < 0.01); methane, protozoa and somatic cell count were found to be lowest in LCM-TMR. CONCLUSION Combination of L. casei TH14 and additives (LCM-TMR) effectively enhanced feed use, rumen ecology and milk production of Holstein Friesian cows. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
This study was carried out to evaluate the fertility of rice soil and the effect of inorganic fertilizers combined with sugarcane filter cakes on rice yield in a protected dike area in Cho Moi district, An Giang province. The experiment consists of 4 treatments, and the dose of fertilizer in each treatment is (1) controlled according to the farmers' dosage (224 kg N + 148 kg P2O5 ha(-1)), (2) fertilize according to farmers + 6 tons/ha of cow manure composted with straw, (3) fertilizer according to farmers + 6 tons/ha of cow manure composted 15 cm deep, and (4) fertilize according to farmers + 2 tons/ha of organic fertilizer with sugarcane filter cakes. By analyzing the nutrient content of soil samples, it was found that inorganic fertilizers in combination with sugarcane residues improved soil fertility as reduced soil acidity and electrical conductivity, and increased organic matter, total nitrogen content, and exchangeable K. In addition, exchange and enriched exchangeable Mg achieved the highest rice yield, a statistically significant difference compared with organic fertilizer treatment with straw compost and inorganic fertilizer. However, the content of total P, available P, exchangeable Na, and Ca have not improved significantly. Therefore, applying inorganic fertilizers combined with sugarcane filter cakes is an excellent measure to help improve the supply of nutrients from the soil and increase rice yield in the dike land.