Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant residue from the ethanol/sugar industries and its liquefaction can be a lowcost process for the production of liquid biofuels. However, the resulting biocrude has high acidity, which requires an upgrading before being used. In this study, ethanol and fusel oil, which is the heavy residue of ethanol distillation made up of higher alcohols, were used as solvents for the liquefaction of bagasse. The 1:10 biomass: solvent ratio mixture was used at 300 ?C for 30 min and (10 bar) N2 atmosphere. A mixture of both solvents was also tested to make a comparative study. The process with ethanol showed 72\% bagasse conversion, but the best result showed 91\% with fusel oil, producing a low biochar content (9\%). After the distillation of the liquid product, a biocrude with high combustion heat (30.6 MJ.kg? 1) and rich in esters was obtained. The results of GC/ MS revealed the greater presence of esters with substituted isoamyl groups (51.2\%) and, to a lesser extent, phenolic compounds (2.5\%). The biochar has a higher heating value of 30 MJ.kg? 1 and special thermal stability, suitable for application as a solid fuel. The biocrude was mixed with marine diesel (5\%) and the properties of the mixture were evaluated, without relevant modifications. This innovative process showed the use of two residues, bagasse, and fusel oil, to produce a biofuel to be used with different types of diesel, with economic and environmental gains in a cycle economy for the ethanol industry.
The application of green process engineering strategies to obtain high-value, eco-friendly, and biodegradable materials from residual lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to the sustainability of future biorefineries. Here, we investigated the potential of sugarcane bagasse and straw as lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks to obtain nanocellulose, using the enzymatic hydrolysis route as a platform. The fibers were submitted to a purification process followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with a commercial enzyme cocktail. The cellulose nanomaterials obtained from both fibers (sugarcane bagasse and straw) presented a high crystallinity index (similar to 70\%) and thermal stability (degradation onset temperatures higher than 300 degrees C). After the enzymatic hydrolysis, a centrifugation step was used to separate the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) present in the nanocellulose samples. The increase of the duration of enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in an increase of the CNC content and decreases in the diameter and length of the CNC. These findings indicated the potential of using the enzymatic route as a platform to obtain nanocellulose as a value-added bioproduct from both sugarcane bagasse and straw. In addition to being eco-friendly, this process also releases a stream rich in soluble sugars that can be used to produce ethanol or other biobased products, within the biorefinery concept.
The purpose of this study was to assess the myceliation rate, mycelial vigor and ``estimated biomass{''
Solid-state cultivation (SSC) may be defined as growth of microorganisms on a solid support impregnated or not with a nutrient solution in near absence of free-water conditions. The use of sugarcane bagasse as a support for SSC usually demands that the particles are impregnated and moistened with nutrient solution. Vinasse is the main wastewater of ethanol fermentation-distillation. As there are no reports of the use of wastewater for moistening solid supports in SSC, the proposal is the development of an innovative process, with valuation of these by-products. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate SSC of Aspergillus niger using sugarcane bagasse and vinasse for citric acid production. The results indicate that citric acid production and glucose consumption are dependent on oxygen availability, which can be modulated by selection of bed height and air-flow in packed-bed bioreactors.
Purpose Sugarcane bagasse and vinasse are wastes generated at large scales by the Brazilian sugarcane industry. Therefore, new waste treatment and management practices are essential for a sustainable industrial growth and here we purpose the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to converts wet biomass into carbon-based solids. Methods HTC of a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and vinasse was conducted at different temperatures, reaction times and phosphoric acid percentages. The chemical, structural and morphological properties of the hydrochars were evaluated by elemental analysis (CHNS), nutrient quantification (P, Ca, Mg, K), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results In the presence of phosphoric acid, the hydrochar yield increased as the ash content increased due to phosphate precipitates, as observed by XRD. The yield of the hydrochar decreased and the carbon and nitrogen content increased when the temperature increased from 180 to 230 A degrees C. Hydrochars are amorphous and compositionally similar to lignites. The FTIR spectra showed bands at approximately 1700 and 1600 cm(-1) in the hydrochar due to carboxylation and aromatization of the products, respectively. The presence of carboxylic acids is important due to their ability to interact with cations and hydrophilic molecules. Additionally, nutrients such as P, N, K, Ca, and Mg were concentrated in the hydrochar as inorganic phases. Conclusion HTC applied to sugarcane bagasse and vinasse wastes produces hydrochars primarily containing carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients as inorganic phases. Hydrochars could potentially be used as an agricultural fertilizer.
BACKGROUND Efficient production of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol (BDO) and acetoin using the GRAS strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from very high polarity (VHP) cane sugar and sugarcane molasses could lead to the development of a sustainable industrial process. RESULTS The effect of initial substrate concentration, nitrogen source, temperature, inoculum size and pH were evaluated in shake flask cultures. Batch bioreactor cultures showed that (2R,3R)-BDO production (up to 28 g L-1) with high yield (up to 0.43 g g(-1)) and productivity (up to 0.93 g L-1 h(-1)) was favored at low k(L)a values (17-49 h(-1)). Increasing k(L)a values (63-104 h(-1)) initiated acetoin production (up to 25.6 g L-1) with yields up to 0.4 g g(-1) and productivities up to 1.42 g L-1 h(-1). Fed-batch fermentation carried out at k(L)a value of 49 h(-1) with VHP cane sugar resulted in mixed production (127.3 g L-1) of (2R,3R)-BDO, (2R,3S)-BDO and acetoin at 122 h with high yield (0.50 g g(-1)) and productivity (1.04 g L-1 h(-1)). In a similar fed-batch fermentation with sugarcane molasses, mainly (2R,3R)-BDO production (48.7 g L-1 with purity of 87.8\%) was achieved at 59 h with yield of 0.4 g g(-1) and productivity of 0.83 g L-1 h(-1). At 130 h, (2R,3R)-BDO was converted mainly into acetoin (55.4 g L-1). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that k(L)a manipulation could be used in batch cultures to divert the bacterial metabolism towards either (2R,3R)-BDO or acetoin production. Fed-batch cultures with sugarcane molasses could lead to either (2R,3R)-BDO or acetoin production with negligible by-product formation. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Current global prospects of increasing ethanol production face the problem of one of the highest consumptions of fresh water and the generation of large volumes of effluents. This study evaluated the reuse of effluent from the anaerobic digestion of vinasse as a replacement of freshwater in ethanol production. This process combines the use of vinasse and anaerobic digestion effluent to produce biogas energies. The effect of reusing 0, 30, 60, and 100\% effluent to dilute sugarcane molasses to produce ethanol was evaluated. The viability and vitality of the cells of the yeast were not altered by using the effluent. The efficiency of ethanol production with effluent (0, 30, 60, and 100\%) was 43.3, 42.3, 39.2, 38.4 g/L, respectively. Also, we tested reusing 100\% effluent without treatment for dilution of sucrose. This assay gave the highest ethanol production (80.6 g/L). The difference in ethanol production might be due to a wide range of buffering capacity of the combination of molasses and effluent, which moderately affected the performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nonetheless, additional research is required to determine a causal relationship between the buffer capacity of the molasses/effluent mixture and ethanol production. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of sugarcane bagasse ash as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material and its association with improving the fertilizing properties of vinasse, used as a leaching agent. Thus, a bagasse ash with low quartz contamination was divided into three parts: one kept in natura, one submitted to citric acid leaching and the third to vinasse leaching. After production, which was concluded with re-calcination and ultrafine grinding, the three ashes were characterized according to their chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size, porosity, density, and pozzolanic activity. Paste hydration with 20 wt\% cement replacement by each ash was assessed in isothermal calorimetry and chemical shrinkage tests. The elemental and oxide composition of vinasse before and after leaching was also obtained. The results showed that vinasse leaching promoted an increase in specific surface area and pozzolanic activity of ash, comparable to that observed for citric-acid leaching procedure. Tests with pastes containing vinasse-leached ash confirmed the improvement in cement hydration. In addition, after leaching, vinasse exhibited a decline in heavy metal con-centration, increased pH (neutralization) and macronutrient concentration. Thus, vinasse leaching improved the pozzolanic characteristics of ash, making vinasse a more environmentally friendly fertilizer.
The search for energy security and environmental sustainability has fueled a growing interest in biofuel production worldwide. Although first-generation bioethanol is regarded a clean, renewable, and green alternative to fossil fuels, its production process leads to the generation of a huge amount of waste with high polluting potential. This review article presents a thorough analysis of the production chain of sugarcane-based first-generation bioethanol and the chemical characterization of the wastes produced in this process. The sugarcane wastes analyzed in this work include three lignocellulosic materials, namely, sugarcane straw, bagasse, and filter press mud; bagasse ash, a material rich in silica particles and other oxides; and vinasse, a material containing high concentrations of organic matter and diverse nutrients. Considering the negative impacts of the disposal and/or containment of wastes generated during the production of sugarcane bioethanol, the review will shed light on the current value-added uses of these wastes and their potential for the development of highly innovative products. The current value-added uses of these wastes include tapping the energy present in straw and bagasse, by burning them in furnaces of bioethanol refineries, and the application of bagasse ash, filter press mud, and vinasse in agriculture as fertilizers and soil additives. With regard to the innovative application of bioethanol wastes, bagasse can be used for the production of second-generation ethanol, while bagasse ash can be employed as supplementary input for the production of construction materials.
An incubation experiment was carried out at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to explore the possibility of utilizing the organic residue i.e. press mud and bagasse byproducts generated from sugar industries to enhance the availability and reduction in fixation capacity of phosphorus (P). Three levels of organic residue (mixing press mud, bagasse and chopped rice straw in the ratio of 1:1:1) was applied at 0, 2.5 and 5 g/kg of soil with two levels of phosphorus i.e. 0 and 10 mg P2O5/kg of soil. Incorporation of organic residue enhanced the availability of P by 68 \% over the control. Maximum P availability was observed after 11th month in maximum organic residue treatment. Phosphorus fixation capacity also decreased from 43 \% (control) to 32 \% (5 g/kg of soil). But the P fixation capacity increased with increasing level of P, due to easy availability of P for fixation. Use of the bagasse and press mud can be a good source of P mineralization in the already P fixed soil. It also reduced the storage problem in sugarcane industries across the India.
Sugarcane agroindustry, one of the most important in Brazilian economy, can diversify its product portfolio in a biorefinery context through the use of by-products as feedstocks to produce bioenergy and high-added value chemicals, such as xylitol, which is a sweetener with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries and with a growing market. Opportunities for the integration of xylitol bioproduction in a sugarcane biorefinery can be based on the valorization of bagasse, straw, and molasses, which are feedstocks with high content of carbohydrates, specifically xylose from the hemicellulosic fraction of the lignocellulosic biomasses, and sucrose from molasses that can act as co-substrate on this bioprocess. Xylitol bioproduction from the hemicellulosic hydrolysate of the sugarcane bagasse and straw mixture was herein investigated. Particularly, the effects of sucrose supplementation to the medium on the fermentative performance ofCandida tropicalisdepending on its initial concentration and oxygen availability (expressed as K(L)a), which is one of the most important factors for this bioprocess, are discussed. Xylitol yield (0.86 gg(-1)) and volumetric productivity (0.51 gL(-1) h(-1)) were concomitantly maximized by using sucrose (0.91 gL(-1)) and K(L)a (6.5 h(-1)) within the optimization range. Furthermore, the addition of sugarcane molasses to the hemicellulosic hydrolysate improved xylitol production, in comparison with the conventional supplementation. Scientific background is given to contribute to supporting the potential integration of xylitol bioproduction to a sugarcane biorefinery, which may enhance both the feasibility of this bioprocess and sugarcane agroindustry valorization based on the applications and growing xylitol market.
Sugar from sugarcane represents 65-70\% of the world production of sugar and its production is mainly located in developing countries. The production process requires high amounts of steam and electricity at the different stages, and generates important quantities of residues. A major residue of the sugar production is filter cake (in Cuba: Cachaza), the residue from cane juice filtration. Filter cake causes significant pollution, and in several sugar factories it is considered a waste, posing problems of management and final disposal. This paper reviews recycling and recovery opportunities of filter cake (and bagasse) and experimentally studies the use of filter cake as fuel at the sugar factory. Filter cake may e. g. be used as a fertilizer/soil improver directly applied on the fields or after composting. During its decomposition, it generates, however, an acid leachate and emits significant amounts of greenhouse gases. Moreover, the experimental part of the paper shows that blends of filter cake with bagasse can be combusted in industrial boilers in sugar factories, and that loose, non-vitrified ashes with a similar appearance as bagasse ash are obtained. This results in lower volumes and masses of residues to be transported, so that transportation costs are reduced. Moreover, it gives a new economic value to the filter cake, and reduces its environmental impact. When all filter cake would be combusted blended with bagasse, about 25\% more ash would be obtained than for bagasse and the trace element composition would comply with the regulatory limits for use as fertilizer/soil improver.
Sugarcane mills currently use sugarcane bagasse to cogenerate heat and electricity, supplying the process with mechanical, thermal and electrical energy. Some of these plants are able to produce surplus electricity to export to the national grid. With the improvement in collection techniques, sugarcane straw has also become available and has been used in some mills as fuel for steam boilers, mixed with sugarcane bagasse. However, due to different traits compared to bagasse, the use of sugarcane straw may pose additional problems of incrustation and corrosion on heat exchange surfaces. Several alternatives and technologies have been studied and tried out in order to increase the production of surplus electricity. Among others, biomass integrated gasifier-gas turbine combined cycle (BIGCC) is a promising technology. However, several attempts have resulted in failure, whether on a pilot or industrial scale. Biomass gasification integrated with internal combustion engines can become an opportunity for generation of small power capacity (<15 MW) and integrated to sugarcane mills. This paper analyzes the difficulties and barriers to increasing electricity generation in the sugarcane industry through studies, projects and experimental and industrial-scale installations that have already been carried out.
This work performed co-AD from the vinasse and filter cake (from 1G ethanol production) and deacetylation liquor (from the pretreatment of sugarcane straw for 2G ethanol production) in a semi-Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (s-CSTR) aiming to provide optimum operational parameters for continuous CH4 production. Using filter cake as co-substrate may allow the reactor to operate throughout the year, as it is available in the sugarcane off-season, unlike vinasse. A comparison was made from the microbial community of the seed sludge and the reactor sludge when CH4 production stabilized. Lactate, butyrate, and propionate fermentation routes were denoted at the start-up of the s-CSTR, characterizing the acidogenic phase: the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) values ranged from -800 to -100 mV. Once the methanogenesis was initiated, alkalizing addition was no longer needed as its demand by the microorganisms was supplied by the alkali characteristics of the deacetylation liquor. The gradual increase of the applied organic load rates (OLR) allowed stabilization of the methanogenesis from 3.20 g(VS) L-1 day(-1): the highest CH4 yield (230 mL(N)CH(4) g(VS)(-1)) and average organic matter removal efficiency (83\% +/- 13) was achieved at ORL of 4.16 g(VS) L-1 day(-1). The microbial community changed along with the reactor operation, presenting different metabolic routes mainly due to the used lignocellulosic substrates. Bacteria from the syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) process coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis were predominant (similar to 90\% Methanoculleus) during the CH4 production stability. The overall results are useful as preliminary drivers in terms of visualizing the co-AD process in a sugarcane biorefinery integrated to scale.
The gram-positive bacterium Clostridium thermocellum contains a set of carbohydrate-active enzymes that can potentially be employed to generate high-value-added products from lignocellulose. In this study, the gene expression profiling of C. thermocellum B8 was provided during growth in the presence of sugarcane bagasse and straw as a carbon source in comparison to growth using microcrystalline cellulose. A total of 625 and 509 genes were up-regulated for growth in the presence of bagasse and straw, respectively. These genes were mainly grouped into carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), cell motility, chemotaxis, quorum sensing pathway and expression control of glycoside hydrolases. These results show that type of carbon source modulates the gene expression profiling of carbohydrate-active enzymes. In addition, highlight the importance of cell motility, attachment to the substrate and communication in deconstructing complex substrates. This present work may contribute to the development of enzymatic cocktails and industrial strains for biorefineries based on sugarcane residues as feedstock.
The impact of alkaline pretreatment at different alkaline charges (5\%, 10\% and 15\% NaOH w/w, on dry basis) on the chemical composition of eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse and straw were compared with the subsequent bioconversion into ethanol, using semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF). By increasing alkaline charge in pretreatments, substantial amount of lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose were fractionated. The chemical composition of biomasses was expressed based on the complete mass balance. The chemical transformation of biomasses during pretreatments was assessed by comparing the chemical composition of pretreated biomasses and their untreated counterparts. Pretreatments promoted delignification in the range of 11\%-51\% for eucalyptus, 22\%-90\% for bagasse, and 60\%-99\% for straw for the alkaline charges in the range of 5\%-15\% (NaOH w/w). The removal of lignin from bagasse and straw was higher than that from eucalyptus, which was due to the combined effect of higher frequency of both, the free phenolic groups and the ester bonds in grass lignin that made the lignin solubility escalate in alkaline conditions. It was also observed that bagasse had a removal by 37\%-45\% hemicelluloses and 0.8\%-11\% cellulose. For straw, higher amount of carbohydrates was removed, in the range of 55\%-66\% hemicelluloses and 19\%-36\% cellulose. Fragments of lignin and carbohydrates were converted into new structures called ``pseudo-extractives{''
Sugarcane bagasse and rice straw are major agricultural byproducts often discarded or burned as waste after cultivation, leaving their untapped potential for utilization. In this work, cellulose fibers were extracted from sugarcane bagasse and rice straw using a simple procedure: alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with sodium hypochlorite, and acid hydrolysis. The obtained cellulosic materials were successfully prepared into milky white and transparent films, of which the transparency slightly decreased with the addition of glycerol. The surface of all the films appeared homogeneous with a random orientation of fibers. The rice-straw (RS) film had a more fragile texture than the sugarcane-bagasse (SBG) film. The FTIR analysis clearly indicated the functional groups of cellulose, as well as glycerol for the films mixed with glycerol. Thermal analysis showed that the native SBG film decomposed at 346 \& DEG;C, higher than the native RS film (339 \& DEG;C). The presence of glycerol in the films resulted in slightly lower maximum decomposition temperature (T-d,T-max) values as well as mechanical properties. Regarding water susceptibility, the RS film had a higher percentage than the native SBG and glycerol-mixed SBG films. The extracted cellulose from both sources could form almost spherical-shaped cellulose particles. Thus, through the simple extraction method, sugarcane bagasse and rice straw could serve as excellent sources of cellulose materials for preparing cellulose films and particles, which would be advantageous to the development of cellulose-based materials.
Sugarcane molasses vinasse is the residue of the fermentation of molasses and the water and soil environmental pollutants from distilleries. However, its recycling value has been neglected. The chemical analysis of the molasses vinasse led to the isolation of a new benzoyl chloride called 2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-methoxy benzoyl chloride, as well as thirteen known compounds, including six benzoic acids. The structure of the new benzoyl chloride was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The antioxidant activity of all isolated compounds was measured using the ORAC assay. Moreover, we compared the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and inhibitory activity against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase for structure-activity analysis. The results showed that only vanillic acid had CAA (8.64 mu mol QE/100 mu mol in the no PBS wash protocol and 6.18 mu mol QE/100 mu mol in the PBS wash protocol), although other benzoic acid derivatives had high ORAC values ranging between 1879.9 and 32,648.1 mu mol TE/g. Additional methoxy groups at the ortho-positions of the p-hydroxy group of benzoic acids enhanced the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase but reduced the ORAC activity unless at the para-position. This work indicated that phenolics, especially phenolic acids in the sugarcane molasses vinasse, possessed potential antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity, which improved the utilization rate of resources and reduced the discharge of pollutants.
Filter cake is a valuable by-product generated during the process of making sugar from sugarcane in factories. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of different basic solutions on humic acid extraction rate. Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of humic acids extracted from filter cake has also been investigated. In this research, extraction and chemistry of humic acid have been studied in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, humic acid was taken from filter cake using the IHSS reference method in three concentrations (0.5 M, 1 M and 2 M) of KOH and two preparation liquids (water and vinasses) in the laboratory of the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of Guelph. Changes in the extraction rate of humic acid with type and concentration of base solution also were studied. In the second experiment, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and C-13 NMR were used to examine the chemistry of humic acid extracted from filter cake by 0.5 M KOH solutions (prepared using distilled water and vinasse). The results indicate that the highest extraction rate of humic acid was obtained when the 2 M KOH made from vinasse solution was used. Elemental analysis results, FTIR and NMR analyses as well as the E4/E6 ratio showed that all samples of extracted humic acid had similar chemical characteristics compared to the reference humic acid.
In this work, the applicability of xylanases in sugarcane straw pulps and the possibility of recovering this enzyme were evaluated. A commercial xylanase (Pulpzyme HC) was used for pulp treatment and this enzyme was recovered and reused several times in the new pulp enzymatic treatment without addition of new enzyme load. In addition, a combined process of pulping was also evaluated, such as the fungal pretreatment of straw (biopulping) and the acetosolv pulping. Quantity of recovered enzyme in the first treatment was approximately 7\% of initial enzyme load. After the second treatment no enzyme recovery was possible. Several factors interfered on xylanase recovery, such as pulp type, treatment medium (buffered or aqueous) and the methodology employed in the enzyme recovery. An alkaline extraction stage was carried out to verify the action of Pulpzyme on enzymatic treated pulps, but due to concentration of NaOH used in the stage differences were not observed in the kappa numbers and viscosity of the pulps. The Fourier transform infrared and principal component analyses (FTIR-PCA) were used to analyze sugarcane bagasse pulps of a previous work and FTIR-PCA showed differences among untreated, xylanase-treated and alkali ne-extracted pulps of sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
In this present work, three strains of Pleurotus and Trichoderma reesei were cultivated in media with pre-treated bagasse and vinasse. Cellulolytic and lignolytic activities and biomass production were analyzed. The treatment of the bagasse with 2\% H2O2 + 1.5\% NaOH + autoclave resulted in a greater fiber breakage increasing the cellulose level up to 1.2 times and decreasing 8.5 times the hemicellulose content. This treatment also resulted in a high lignolytic activity for all cultures utilized. T. reesei produced laccase, peroxidase and manganese-peroxidase in all the treatments, having its manganese-peroxidase activity raging from 1.9 to 4.8 times higher than the basidiomycetes.
Sugarcane is primarily harvested to meet up to 80\% of global sugar demand. Recently, lipids recovered from their biomass (straw and bagasse) have attracted much attention due to their possible utilisation in biofuel production but also by the presence of health-promoting compounds as phytosterols (i.e., improvement of cardiovascular function) or 1-octacosanol (i.e., anti-obesity). Although this fraction is commonly obtained through solid-liquid isolation, there is scarce information about how different solvents affect the composition of the extracts. This research work aimed to study whether, in sugarcane straw and bagasse samples, Soxtec extraction with widely used dichloromethane (DCM) would be suitable to recover most of the lipid classes when compared to other available solvents such as food grade ethanol (EtOH) or solvents without regulation restrictions for food and drug applications (i.e., acetone and ethyl acetate). The obtained results allow concluding that sugarcane waxes from straw and bagasse are complex lipid mixtures of polar and non-polar compounds. According to the extraction yield, the best results were obtained with ethanol (5.12 +/- 0.30\% and 1.97 +/- 0.31\%) for both straw and bagasse, respectively. The extractant greatly influenced the lipid composition of the obtained product. Thus, DCM enriched the isolates in glycerolipids (mono-, di- and triglycerides), free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, phytosterols and hydrocarbons. On the other hand, EtOH resulted in polar isolates rich in glycolipids. Therefore, depending on the application and objectives of future research studies, the solvent to recover such lipids needs to be carefully selected.
In this study, the production of bio-oil and activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse and molasses was investigated via pyrolysis and CO2 activation. The pyrolysis process yielded char, bio-oil, and gases in 25.90, 41.11, and 32.99 wt\%, respectively. The properties and characteristics of obtained bio-oil are comparable with the proposed specifications of the various grades of pyrolysis oils and could find potential application as fuel or source of a number of valuable chemicals. The activation process with CO2 showed it was possible to obtain activated carbon with surface area up to 900 m2 g(-1) over 4.5 h activation time with a predominance of micro-and mesopores. The bagasse-based activated carbon was found to be efficient in comparison to commercial activated carbon in removing molasses color, and might provide a lower-cost alternative adsorbent for use in sugar decolorization in raw sugar refining. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus, cellulase, and molasses on chemical composition, fermentation qualities, and microorganism count of sugarcane bagasse silage after 30-days fermentation. The treatments were arranged according to a factorial arrangement (2 x 2 x 2) + 1, in a complete randomized design. The first factor consisted of two levels of Lactobacillus casei TH14 (TH14, 0 and 0.05 g/kg fresh matter; the second factor consisted of two levels of cellulase enzyme (C, 0 and 10(4) U/kg fresh matter); and the third factor consisted of two levels of molasses (M, 0 and 5 g/100 mL distilled water). A treatment (+1) referred to the use of rice straw without any treatments. The result showed that dry matter increased by 4\% and neutral detergent fiber decreased by 2\% of sugarcane bagasse when ensiled as a combination of additives as compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse. The pH and ammonia nitrogen were significantly dropped to 3.5 and 2.3 g/kg dry matter. Furthermore, lactic acid was increased by 64\% when compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria count was increased by 28\% as compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse. Based on this experiment, fermenting with L. casei TH14, cellulase, and molasses in combination resulted in the promotion of the best qualities of sugarcane bagasse silage.
Ozonolysis was studied separately and in combination with wet disk milling (WDM) for the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and straw, with the aim of improving their enzymatic saccharification. The glucose yields for ozonolysis followed by WDM were 89.7\% for bagasse and 63.1\% for straw, whereas the use of WDM followed by ozonolysis resulted in glucose yields of 81.1\% for bagasse and 92.4\% for straw, with shorter WDM time. This last procedure allowed a substantial decrease in energy consumption in comparison to the use of WDM alone or of ozonolysis followed by WDM. Higher overall saccharification yields with shorter milling times were observed when ozonolysis was carried out before WDM. This effect might be related to the higher specific surface area. Additionally, a finer morphology was observed by the association of the two treatments in comparison to the sole use of ozonolysis or WDM. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Agricultural residues have been pointed out as an important source to energy conversion by direct burning. Nevertheless, their use still faces operational problems, such as slagging and fouling, mainly related to the inorganic fraction of their composition. The objectives of this work were to understand the fusion behavior of sugarcane biomass ash formed during thermal conversion and the tendency of slag and fouling to occur, in addition to propose possible solutions to minimize these problems using a mixture of biomass species and/or additive minerals. To that end, experimental measurements and thermodynamic simulations were employed to relate the chemical composition to the fusibility. The ashes chemical composition was characterized by EDS and XRD, while the ash fusion temperatures AFT's (DT, ST, HT and FT) were measured by AF700 equipment and estimated using FactSage modeling. Statistical analysis helped to derive the relationship between chemical composition and AFT's. The ashes were rich in SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and revealed that for bagasse the element that most contributes to increase DT is Si, whereas for straw the presence of Al has a stronger effect to increase DT. Fe was found to act as flux element. XRD results showed the phases differences, finding more amorphous components in straw ash than in bagasse, which may lead to a different ash fusion behavior. Straw 2015 ash presented a DT of 733 degrees C while for bagasse 2015 and 2016 ashes the values of DT were 777 and 917 degrees C, respectively. In contrast, the DT of straw ash increased when mixed with bagasse 2015 and 2016 to values of 841 and 885 degrees C, respectively, and also when 1\% of Al2O3 was added, obtaining a DT of 930 degrees C. For bagasse samples, the additives showed a minor effect on ash melting behavior.
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastic was synthesized by Burkholderia glumae MA13 from carbon sources and industrial byproducts related to sugarcane biorefineries: sucrose, xylose, molasses, vinasse, bagasse hydrolysate, yeast extract, yeast autolysate, and inactivated dry yeast besides different inorganic nitrogen sources. Sugarcane molasses free of pre-treatment was the best carbon source, even compared to pure sucrose, with intracellular polymer accumulation values of 41.1-46.6\% cell dry weight. Whereas, xylose and bagasse hydrolysate were poor inducers of microbial growth and polymer synthesis, the addition of 25\% (v/v) sugarcane vinasse to the culture media containing molasses was not deleterious and resulted in a statistically similar maximum polymer content of 44.8\% and a maximum PHA yield of 0.18 g/g, at 34 degrees C and initial pH of 6.5, which is economic and ecologically interesting to save water required for the industrial processes and especially to offer a fermentative recycling for this final byproduct from bioethanol industry, as an alternative to its inappropriate disposal in water bodies and soil contamination. Ammonium sulfate was better even than tested organic nitrogen sources to trigger the PHA synthesis with polymer content ranging from 29.7 to 44.8\%. GC-MS analysis showed a biopolymer constituted mainly of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) although low fractions of 3-hydroxyvalerate monomer were achieved, which were not higher than 1.5 mol\% free of copolymer precursors. B. glumae MA13 has been demonstrated to be adapted to synthesize bioplastics from different sugarcane feedstocks and corroborates to support a biorefinery concept with value-added green chemicals for the sugarcane productive chain with additional ecologic benefits into a sustainable model.
The cogeneration system is one of the most important parts of sugarcane mills which use the bagasse as fuel. In the recent years, modern equipments and energy efficiency measures made possible to the sugarcane industry, the production of surplus electricity which become, besides the sugar and ethanol, a third product from the same renewable source, the sugarcane. This work analyses the surplus electric power systems for three different schemes of cogeneration system in the sugarcane industry through the simulator Thermoflow (R). The analysis is made considering both the available bagasse and sugarcane straw recovery as fuel in three different scenarios for the industrial process energy requirements. The results show that the CEST (Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine) system can have a surplus of electricity of up to four times higher than the BAST (Backpressure Steam Turbine) system. The system CEST can have an increase in surplus power above 23\% and 102\% for the rate of 10\% and 50\% of cane straw recovery in the field respectively. The BPST-C (Backpressure and Condensing Turbines) system can produce similar values of surplus electricity when compared with the system CEST, but may represent an opportunity of flexible operation of the cogeneration systems in harvest and off-seasons. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
More than 10\% of Peruvian sugarcane is irrigated with `filter cake water' (FCW). No responses to applied N have been reported on these soils. This study evaluated N gains and losses in sugarcane crops (H32-8560 cultivar) irrigated with FCW. Input of N via irrigation water corresponded to 101 kg N/ha. The inorganic N (representing 1\% of total N) initially present in the soil prior to planting corresponded to 161 kg N/ha and the mineralized N from total N which becomes available during the growing season to 161 kg N/ha. The N by the aerial part of the plant was 272 kg N/ha; 75\% of this amount was removed during harvest (204 kg N/ha), and the remainder (25\%) was lost by pre-harvest burning (68 kg N/ha). Nitrogen within the stubbles, rhizomes and roots corresponded to 92 kg N/ha. The total input of N into the soil was estimated to be 423 kg N/ha and extractable N to 364 kg/N ha. The balance was in favor of N gains, with an average gain of 59 kg N/ha. This N-balance explains why results from numerous field experiments have demonstrated that there is no response to N fertilization in fields irrigated with FCW.
Increasing the production and quality of the faba bean crop is the main objective of the farmers and breeders. The application of sugarcane press mud is one of the new agricultural strategies of faba bean crop production. The field experiments were conducted to study the effect of sugarcane press mud on the growth and productivity of faba bean (Giza-716 and Nubaria-3) varieties under saline irrigation water in sandy soil. The results showed that the addition of sugarcane press mud significantly increased growth parameters, yield and chemical constituents of Giza-716 and Nubaria-3 varieties compared to control under saline irrigation water in sandy soil conditions. The results could be summarized that there were significant differences between the two varieties on all growth parameters concerning yield and chemical composition per dry grains of faba bean in both seasons. Nubaria-3 variety significantly surpasses Giza-716 variety on growth characteristics, grain and straw yield and percentage of nutritional values of faba bean dry grain i.e. NPK, crude protein, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars. Finally, for improving yield and quality of faba bean plants under saline irrigation water the best treatment with 150 kg/fed sugarcane press\_ mud and it was effective in knowing some new technologies to improve the productivity of faba bean in sandy soil conditions.
Vinasse and sugarcane molasses are abundant residues from the ethanol mills that were used as substrate for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production in this study. The molasses was previously hydrolyzed by acid (HCl or H2SO4) or enzymatic procedures (invertase or bakers yeast), and C. necator growth kinetics were compared, whereby enzymatic hydrolysis was chosen for subsequent tests based upon maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)). The addition of vinasse in a medium containing molasses increased mu(max) from 0.19 to 0.36 h(-1) due to the presence of organic acids in this substrate, which were consumed in the first hours of cultivation. In the production stage, two pulses of molasses were added, reaching 11.7 g.L-1 of PHB and 56\% of product accumulation. The nitrogen content in molasses (around 1.8 g.L-1) was responsible for an atypical increase in biomass concentration during the production phase, which renders this substrate interesting, depending on the cultivation method.
Compost made from mixtures of sugarcane byproducts bagasse and press mud are produced in several countries. In this work experimental results are presented for composting trials in which bagasse was substituted with waste sugarcane in the mixture with press mud. A trial was carried out in large scale windrows mechanically turned. Three mixture piles and one pile for each raw material were processed in 140 days. Substituting cane bagasse as bulking agent for waste whole sugarcane did not introduce significant changes in the composting process which proceeded smoothly. The losses in organic matter ranged from 64 to 72 \%. The C/N ratio of mature composts was between 10 and 20. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed with black bean seeds which germinated between 95 and 100 \%. A greenhouse experiment employing tomato seeds showed that compost made from waste sugarcane could be mixed with soil up to 50-60 \% where tomato plant height and weight were at their maximum value.
Sugarcane bagasse and filter cake are the residual results of the process of extracting sugarcane stems into sugar which is widely used as an organic material that is beneficial to plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of fungi that live in sugarcane bagasse and filter cake to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) hormone. A bagasse sample of 1 gram was crushed and suspended in 99 ml of pure aquades water and a 10 gram sample of filter cake was suspended in 90 ml of pure aquades. 1 ml was taken and put into 9 ml of sterile distilled water and then mixed using vortex and diluted 10(-5) to 10(-6), 0.1 ml pipette then poured into a cup containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Purification was carried out by removing a fungi colony on a sterile PDA media and then morphologically characterized. Qualitatively testing IAA production capability by culturing 1 full loop on the PDA media, then put it into PDB media and added L-Triptophan and Salkowski reagents. Supernatant was stored for 24 hours at room temperature and dark. The change in color of the superoxide to pink indicates IAA and the quantity test was performed using a spectrophotometer lambda 530 nm to measure absorbance. The results show that bagasse and filter cake isolates had morphological differences. All isolates tested had the ability to produce IAA. The average production of the hormone IAA of isolate from sugarcane bagasse was 1.063 - 3.469 ppm while filter cake was 0.891-1.547 ppm. The highest IAA production produced by T4 isolates of 3.469 ppm and fungi isolates which produced the lowest IAA hormone was B21 isolates of 0.047 ppm. T4 isolates from sugarcane bagasse have good potential to be developed for use in plants.
Butanol is a chemical and advanced biofuel whose fermentative production from hemicellulose hydrolysates is hindered by lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitory compounds. In this work, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923 was not able to ferment a sugarcane hemicellulose hydrolysate supplemented with either laboratory-grade nutrients or sugarcane molasses. To circumvent this problem, the crude hemicellulose hydrolysate was fed, after 24 h, to a molasses fermentation containing 45 g/L total reducing sugars. Without the need of supplementing nutrients, the culture was able to co-ferment sucrose, glucose, fructose, and xylose (conversion of sucrose and xylose were 81 and 90 \%, respectively) in a fermentation containing a diluted molasses-to-hydrolysate volume ratio of 3:1. Butanol yield (0.31 g/g) was remarkable, and butanol titer was 10.0 g/L after 72 h of fermentation. Therefore, this research demonstrated that sugarcane molasses a byproduct of the sugar industry rich in sucrose and nutrients can - be an efficient feedstock for enabling the production of butanol from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate.
The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical and physical/hydraulic properties of sugarcane bagasse and filter cake substrates in different compositions and proportions with sand and subsoil, as well as their use in the development of pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) of sugarcane. The treatments were set up in a 5 x 5 factorial completely randomized design, with five proportions {[
To enable the production of butanol with undiluted, non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysates, this study developed a three-staged repeated-batch immobilized cell fermentation in which the efficiency of a 3D-printed nylon carrier to passively immobilize Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923 was compared with sugarcane bagasse. The first stage consisted of sugarcane molasses fermentation, and in the second stage, non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysates (SBHH) was pulse-fed to sugarcane molasses fermentation. In the next four batches, immobilized cells were fed with undiluted SBHH supplemented with molasses, and SBHH-derived xylose accounted for approximately 50\% of the sugars. Bagasse was a superior carrier, and the average xylose utilization (33\%) was significantly higher than the treatment with the 3D-printed carrier (16\%). Notably, bagasse allowed for 43\% of the butanol to be SBHH-derived. Overall, cell immobilization on lignocellulosic materials can be an efficient strategy to produce butanol from repeated-batch fermentation of non-detoxified hemicellulose hydrolysates.
This work evaluates the potential of vinasse (a waste obtained at the bottom of sugarcane ethanol distillation columns) as nutrient source for biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production by means of anaerobic consortia. Two different media were proposed, using sugarcane juice or molasses as carbon source. The consortium LPBAH1 was selected for fermentation of vinasse supplemented with sugarcane juice, resulting in a higher H-2 yield of 7.14 molH(2) molsucrose (1) and hydrogen content in biogas of approx. 31\%, while consortium LPBAH2 resulted in 3.66 molH(2)/molsucrose and 32.7\% hydrogen content in biogas. The proposed process showed a rational and economical use for vinasse, a mandatory byproduct of the renewable Brazilian energy matrix. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dependency on fossil fuels raises an economic and ecological concern that has urged to look for alternative sources of energy. Bio-refinery concept is one of the alternate frameworks for the biomass conversion into biofuel and other value-added by-products. The present work illustrates importance of an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula pacifica INDKK in an integrated bio-refinery field by utilizing renewable sugars generated from lignocellulosic biomass. The maximum 11.8 g/L lipid titer, 210.4 mg/L beta-carotene and 7.1 g animal feed were produced by R. pacifica INDKK in bioreactor containing 5\% (v/v) molasses supplemented with enzymatically hydrolyzed and alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (35\% v/v). Furthermore, xylooligosaccharides (20.6 g/L), a beneficial prebiotics were also produced from the hemicellulosic fraction separated after alkali pretreatment of bagasse. This novel concept of integrated yeast bio-refinery for concomitant production of biodiesel and multiple value-added products with minimum waste generation is proposed as a sustainable and profitable process.
The aim of this work was on the thermal characterization of wastes of the sugarcane industry, such as bagasse, filter cake and vinasse, in both forms: pure and blended. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used for the evaluation of the thermal behavior of the samples under four different atmospheres: N-2, CO2, N-2/O-2 and CO2/O-2. Comparison of thermal behavior of the samples under combustion (N-2/O-2) and oxy-combustion (CO2/O-2) reveals that replacing N-2 by CO2 causes displacement of mass loss steps to higher temperatures and increases some DTG peaks. Higher heat capacity of carbon dioxide and higher partial pressure of CO2 molecules in relation to N-2 ones explain these observations. Under CO2 (100 \%) environment, an endothermic event-due to CO release-is observed at around 900 A degrees C, which is attributed to the reverse Boudouard reaction. Interestingly, in all samples, when vinasse is present, such endothermic event starts at lower temperature (similar to 700 A degrees C), which can be understood as a reaction catalyzed by the high potassium content in the vinasse. Synergistic effect studies indicated that bagasse improved reactivity of blends due to its higher volatile content. Since there are no reports regarding the thermal characterization of wastes of the sugarcane industry under combustion, oxy-combustion and gasification atmospheres, this work establishes an important database for the study of similar types of biomass in the field of bioenergy.
This work studied the feasibility of biohydrogen production by co-digestion of vinasse/molasses in an AnSBBR operated with mechanical stirring (30 degrees C and 200 rpm). Hydrogen production by co-digestion of vinasse/sucrose was also studied to verify the performance of the process with a known co-substrate with easy degradation. The effects of influent composition (vinasse/sucrose and vinasse/molasses), influent concentration (3000 and 4000 mgCOD. L-1) and cycle time (3 and 4 h) on performance indicators were evaluated using stability, organic matter removal efficiency, molar hydrogen yield, productivity and biogas composition. The condition with vinasse/molasses in the influent that showed the best results was obtained with a 3-hour cycle time, influent concentration of 3000 mgCOD. L-1 and composition of 33\% vinasse and 67\% molasses. The molar productivity in this condition was 3.8 molH(2).m(-3).d(-1) with a hydrogen molar fraction of 16\% (and a methane molar fraction of 14\%). A first order kinetic model was fitted efficiently to the best conditions.
Sugarcane bagasse is produced by sugar mills as a by-product during cane processing. It is a rich source of several chemical components like lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, ash, etc. Bagasse being fibrous in nature retains moisture content for a longer period and can enrich the organic carbon and nutrients available in soil to the plant. In the present study, the utility of sugarcane bagasse as a natural cost-effective medium for raising sugarcane nurseries and transplanting the raised settlings in the main fields in sub-tropical India was attempted. Single bud setts of promising sugarcane varieties CoS 13235, CoSe 13452, and CoLk 14201 were used. The single bud settlings were raised in the poly tray and the mediums used for raising settlings from single bud sett comprised of seven different treatments as T1 = sugarcane bagasse alone, T2 = sugarcane bagasse + compost (3:1), T3 = sugarcane bagasse + press mud (3:1), T4 = sugarcane bagasse + soil (3:1), T5 = soil alone, T6 = soil, sand, and compost (1:1:1), and T7 = coco peat alone. The results revealed that the germination percent was achieved maximum (97 percent) in T1 followed by (T2) treatment (95 percent). However, the settlings produced in treatment T2 were lush green and healthier than treatment T1. Bagasse medium produced remarkable promising results in terms of germination and survival of the settlings after transplanting in the field as compared to the other treatments. Our study suggests that sugarcane bagasse can be used as an efficient and effective medium for growing sugarcane nurseries of promising cultivars.
The process known as ``solid-state cultivation{''
The physical and thermal properties of the briquette were determined by varying rice straw and sugarcane leaves ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50, 20:80 and 0:100 using molasses as the binding agent. The briquette-molasses to binder ratio of 100:50 was used. Ultimate and proximate analyses were carried out to determine the average composition of their constituents. The physical properties studied included species density, compressive strength and moisture content. Fuel properties were determined using standard laboratory methods. The result was indicated that the density, high heating value, and compressive strength were also tested. Results showed that fixed carbon was 9.06-13.63\%, volatile matter was 68.14-74.67\%, ash content was 7.84-12.85\%, and moisture content was 4.2-6.2\%. Results from ultimate analysis showed that the content of C H O N S was follows; 38.6-43.2\%, 5.4-6.2\%, 34.5-36.4\%, 0.27-0.44\% and 0.02-0.04\%. The high heating value was in the range of 16.3-17.83MJ/kg. The density was in the range of 0.53-0.58kg/m(3). The compressive strength was in the range of 32.4-44.7 kg/cm(2). The briquette from rice straw:sugarcane leaves had optimum ratio at the ratio 50:50. The thermal properties and physicochemical characteristics of these wastes demonstrated that they are potential candidates to produce briquettes as fuel in several applications. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Oleaginous microorganisms pose a number of technical advantages when compared to first generation oil crops, but a common drawback to their utilization is often linked to the high operational costs involved in media preparation, using mostly industrial-grade sugars as carbon sources. Considering the abundance of by-products generated by the sugarcane industry, the combined use of molasses and vinasse is suggested in this work as culture medium for the fungal strain Mucor circinelloides URM 4182. Results demonstrate that a 3:1 vol\% medium (vinasse to diluted molasses ratio) with minor supplementation of organic nitrogen can provide values within the range of 5 g L-1 of oil-rich biomass with 25 wt\% of lipids. The microbial oil was then analyzed in terms of fatty acid profile, demonstrating a favorable composition for biodiesel production, and was subjected to simultaneous esterification and transesterification assays using ethanol and heterogeneous catalyst (H3PMo/Al2O3) in a pressurized reactor, demonstrating satisfactory conversions ( > 95\%). The purified ethyl esters possessed viscosity and density values within the regulating standards and lack of triacylglycerols, suggesting a potential biodiesel production system that could be coupled within sugarcane ethanol facilities.
Sugarcane bagasse and straw can be converted into pulps, oils, controlled-release formulations, chelating agents, and composites. This article reviews bagasse and straw conversion efforts in Brazil. Laboratory-scale processes were developed aiming at the integral use of these biomass byproducts. Organosolv pulping and oxidation of lignin are the most promising processes for the rational use of sugarcane residues.
Sugarcane bagasse and sugar beet molasses represent the by-product materials, obtained following the processing of sugarcane and sugar beet, respectively. Both substrates comprise complex lignocellulosic carbon-containing compounds that can be used as low-cost energy sources for microbial growth and production of microbial metabolites under different fermentation conditions. Sugarcane bagasse and sugar beet molasses can be used as ideal substrates for microbial processes because of their plentiful availability. Improved substrate utilization often resulted from a pretreatment process by various microbes. Recently, the utilization of bagasse and beet molasses is gaining momentum as alternative substrates for the manufacture of high valued products such as enzymes, protein-enriched animal feed, amino acids, organic acids, and antibiotics. Several species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi grown on these low-cost substrates are famous for the production of antibiotics and enzymes. They offer many advantages over the traditional carbon sources. Moreover, the consumption of bagasse and beet molasses will tremendously enhance the productivity resources required for human sustainability. This review covers the industrial applications of bagasse and beet molasses with special reference to their potential significance as efficient substrates for the derivation of biochemicals.
Sugarcane bagasse (stalk) and straw (leaves), an agricultural waste, which had been subjected to either an organosolv or organosolv-oxidative pretreatment were used for the removal of methylene blue dye or heavy metals (Fe(III) and Cu(II)) from model aqueous solutions. The sorption of methylene blue was investigated as a function of pH, dye concentration, and contact time. The sorption of metal ions was studied as a function of concentration. Classical Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to analyze the sorption process. It was shown that adsorption isotherms fitted better into Freundlich isotherm model, which assumes a multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. The morphological, textural, and structural characteristics such as bulk and true densities, particle size distributions, porosity, and thermal decomposition features of the biosorbents were determined to understand better the mechanism of sorption of various pollutants. The results showed significant differences in the chemical compositions and physical properties of the initial and modified biomass samples, especially for the cellulosic biosorbents prepared with organosolv-oxidative pretreatment. For the removal of dyes, the development of a pore structure as a result of the pretreatment seemed to play an important role, while the sorption of metals was strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the biosorbent. The highest adsorption capacity for methylene blue and for Fe(III) and Cu(II) was obtained for a lignocellulosic sorbent from sugarcane straw prepared by organosolv pretreatment. The results obtained confirm a great potential use of agricultural waste from sugarcane industry in wastewater treatment.
Sugarcane yellow mite, Oligonychus sacchari McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important sugarcane pests in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran. This mite directly damages leaf cells by sucking chloroplasts and weakens the plant. In this study, the effects of two sugarcane by-products including molasses, vinasse, and a commercial formulation, Bino2 were investigated against O. sacchari on sugarcane, varieties CP69-1062 and CP57-614, under field conditions. Population densities of different life stages of the mite including eggs, nymphs, and adults were recorded immediately after the application and 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after spraying. The results showed that the population density of different life stages of mite decreased over time after foliar application. The sugarcane molasses showed the most significant effect in controlling the population of the pest. After that, vinasse and Bino2 had appropriate acaricidal potential compared to the control. For the CP69-1062 variety, the mean population density of mites in the control treatment was 55 per leaf, and in molasses, vinasse, and Bino2 treatments was 6.48, 26.7, and 15.48 per leaf, respectively. For the CP57-614 variety, the mean population density in the control treatment was 75 per leaf, and in the molasses, vinasse, and Bino2 treatments was 5.88, 28.77, and 22.59, respectively. The highest amount of Brix, Pol, and Purity in two varieties CP69-1062 and CP57-614 was related to the molasses-treated plots. The molasses, vinasse, and Bino2 have appropriate acaricidal potential and can be used in sugarcane yellow mite management programs. However, more studies are required to confirm the findings.
Sugarcane had its participation in the Brazilian energy sector boosted when PROALCOOL was enacted, a program that encourages the production of ethanol fuel made from sugarcane. The ethanol production process generates a residue in large proportions, called vinasse. This study aimed to assess the economic feasibility of using vinasse to produce electricity in an ethanol plant located in the northwestern region of the state of Parana, Brazil. The electricity generated will be consumed by the plant itself, and the sugarcane bagasse, which was used to be burned in a boiler to generate that electricity, will now be sold to other consumers. The study was conducted considering two operating modes. For each operation, it was considered five scenarios, ranging from the most optimistic (highest salesprice per ton of sugarcane bagasse) to the most pessimistic (lowest sales price per ton of sugarcane bagasse). It was calculated the feasibility of the project by using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV) and the discounted payback period. All indexes indicated great economic feasibility to project development. It was conducted an NPV sensitivity analysis considering the variation of the sales price of sugarcane bagasse, the quantity sold and the fixed costs involved. It was also carried out a Probability Analysis, using 1000 NPV simulations, considering that the change in the selling price of the bagasse has a normal distribution. The energy production cost for the expected scenario in Operations 1 and 2 were, respectively, US\$51.98MWH(-1) and US\$ 86.64MWh(-1).
Aiming to evaluate the use of sugarcane industry waste such as byproducts from vinasse concentration process, it was assessed the organomineral fertilizer BIOFOM (concentrated vinasse, filter cake, boiler ash, soot from chimneys and supplemented with mineral fertilizers). The study included characterization and agronomic potential analysis of a test plant (corn), by noting the differences between mineral fertilizers and BIOFOM fertilization until 45 days after sowing. The technology traditionally used to produce BIOFOM was based on vinasse evaporation with high heat transfer coefficients. It was observed that the technology, which can be formulated according to the needs of any crop, could be used in many cases as mineral fertilizer. Therefore, the use of this organomineral fertilizer reduces waste generation of sugarcane industry.
This paper presents a study carried out in a Brazilian pellet industry in order to determine the main properties of sugarcane bagasse pellets. Materials and methods are in accordance with standards from the Associa double dagger ao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas (ABNT), Agencia de Prote double dagger ao Ambiental (EPA) and European Pellets Standard. The pellet properties mean values found in this study are: diameter (9.70 mm), length (22.70 mm), bulk density (726.32 kgm(-3)), mechanical durability (98.2\%), moisture (5.49\%), heating value (16.0 MJ kg(-1)), ash content (8.70\%), fixed carbon (14.03\%), volatile matter (77.27\%), nitrogen (0.28\%), sulphur (0.02\%) and chlorine (< 0.02 \%). The results are compared with those obtained from the literature and discussed according to international standards for biomass pellets, wood pellets and solid biofuel. The comparative analysis showed that there are differences between the results found in our study in comparison with other studies and international standards. The paper also presents the production process energy consumption and cost analysis.
This study investigates the feasibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) of press mud previously pretreated, using two methods: Liquid Hot Water (LHW) and Thermo-Alkaline (TA), from an economic, energetic and environmental point of view. Two scenarios, a sugar mill with and without distillery were studied, considering monodigestion and vinasse codigestion. The results have shown that the LHW and TA pretreatments are self-sufficient in terms of thermal requirements since they can recover heat from the biogas engine, but the maximum electric and thermal net energy (64 MWh d(-1) and 95 MWh d(-1), respectively) was obtained during co-digestion with vinasse. The results of the environmental Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) show that the alternatives improve the environmental profiles, in both scenarios. The endpoint impact category ``Human health{''
Sugarcane and bioethanol production produces large amounts of bagasse fly ash and vinasse, which are solid and viscous liquid wastes, respectively. However, these wastes are often disposed into the environment without treatment, thus posing an environmental and public health risk. This study investigated the treatment of vinasse effluent in terms of reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acidity removal using sugarcane bagasse fly ash. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 72\% was obtained using an effluent volume of 100 mL, contact time of 180 min, and shaking speed of 240 rpm. The adsorbent dose and particle sizes were 4.5 g and 90-125 mu m, respectively. Furthermore, the potential application of bagasse fly ash as an adsorbent in a sand filtration bed was assessed using a column test. A maximum recovery of 68\% was obtained at the 25-min interval. The adsorption data was found to fit the Freundlich model best (K-f = 2.16 mg g(-1); R-2 = 0.96), and the kinetics fit the pseudo-second order model (R-2 = 0.98).
Mixed sugar co-fermentation represents an interesting fermentation strategy to improve bioethanol production from low-cost raw materials, such as sugarcane bagasse. The aim of this study was to evaluate a mixture of sugars (hexoses and pentoses) from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate diluted with sugarcane molasses as substrate to be converted either in monoculture or co-culture fermentations. A co-culture fermentation technique using hexoses-fermenting yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae: from Santa Adelia Mill, an industrial strain (SA) and a respiratory-deficient mutant strain (ScP)) together with xylose-fermenting yeasts (Scheffersomyces stipitis (SS) and Spathaspora passalidarum (SP)) was carried out to enhance bioethanol production. Co-culture fermentation in a medium with a high mixed sugar concentration (100 g.L-1) resulted in a complete sugar consumption, ethanol titer of 30.2 g.L-1 and increased ethanol productivity (Q(p) = 4.44 g.L-1. h(-1)) using wild type strains (SP + SA). In contrast, the maximum ethanol titer (49.2 g.L-1) was reached during co-culture performed with S. stipitis and the respiratory-deficient mutant strain of S. cerevisiae, however ethanol productivity (Q(p) =0.60 g.L-1. h(-1)) decreased due to the poor fermentation performance of the mutant strain. This work suggests that improved efficiency and good scalability of the mixed sugar fermentation process makes an important basis for the economic viability of bioethanol production from lignocelluloses.
Sugarcane molasses was examined for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) {[
Sugarcane ethanol is the main liquid biofuel used in Brazil as a substitute for fossil fuels for the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, ethanol production also produces GHG emissions during the agricultural phase through the disposal of its residues. Vinasse, as the main residue from ethanol production, may contribute to GHG emission during its storage, transportation and application to soil as ferti-irrigation. The objective of this study was to quantify the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O resulting from vinasse application in sugarcane fields under different straw managements and to determine the N2O emission factor derived from this practice. This study was performed at the Boa Vista Farm, in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The application of 200 m(3) ha(-1) of vinasse tripled the CO2 emissions in areas with burnt or unburnt harvest systems. The consumption of CH4 was observed, supporting the hypothesis that this usually applied amount of vinasse to the soil does not necessarily result in CH4 emissions. The 46 kg of N contained in this dose of vinasse increased the release of N2O by the soil and resulted in emission factors of 0.68\% and 0.44\% for the burnt and unburnt areas, respectively. The fluxes of N2O and CH4, converted into CO2 eq, indicate that each m(3) ha(-1) of vinasse applied to the soil emits 0.491 and 0314 kg of CO2 eq. in the burnt and unburnt sugarcane areas, respectively. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In the present study Sugarcane bagasse ash has been used to stabilize the OPC cement and Wheat straws are used as a reinforcement. The attempt has been made to understand the change in the properties of the casted CEB compared to conventional ones. Thereafter, the cost consideration has also been taken in to count to define the better product. Present work support the use of SBA and WS for compressed earth blocks. Simultaneously, study also propose the future scope to determine the durability of the casted product as, both SBA and WS are Bio-degradable materials. However, both SBA and WS are agri-cultural waste and their disposal as a utilization for strength of earth block is a step towards green development. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Con-ference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering - 2021.
The thermal decomposition of sugarcane bagasse and cassava bagasse was investigated by the use of the non-isothermal thermogravimetric technique. The experiments were performed with the following heating rates: 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 A degrees C min(-1). The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition were estimated by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and the Kissinger methods. The results obtained for activation energy by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were in the range of 126.62-148.80 kJ mol(-1) for the sugarcane bagasse and 157.64-227.74 kJ mol(-1) for the cassava bagasse, whereas the Kissinger method resulted in 124.54 kJ mol(-1) for the sugarcane bagasse and 144.31 kJ mol(-1) for the cassava bagasse. The pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse occurred in the temperature range 270-480 A degrees C with average efficiency of 85.23 \%, whereas the pyrolysis of cassava bagasse occurred in the range 270-540 A degrees C with average efficiency of 98.85 \%. The experimental result for the high heating value was 16.103 MJ kg(-1) for sugarcane bagasse and 15.274 MJ kg(-1) for cassava bagasse, which means that these materials are suitable for use as alternative fuels.
POTENTIAL OF SUGARCANE STRAW FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION. Sugarcane straw biomass accounts for 1/3 of the energy potential of sugarcane and represents a rich source of sugars. Studies have been intensified for the use of this biomass along with bagasse for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Development of this technological path will allow for taking full advantage of sugarcane, increasing ethanol production without expanding the area cultivated. However, in order for this technology to be viable certain challenges must be overcome, including establishment of appropriate conditions of pretreatment and hydrolysis of these materials for release of fermentable sugars.
Aiming to evaluate the digestive use and performance of growing rabbits fed with diets containing sugarcane bagasse enriched with vinasse, 118 New Zealand white rabbits was used in a digestibility, caecotrophy and performance trials. The experimental design was completely randomized, being applied in the digestibility and caecotrophy three treatments (a reference diet, a diet containing sugarcane bagasse and a diet containing sugarcane bagasse enriched with vinasse) and in performance trial, four treatments (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg(-1) of bagasse enriched with vinasse). The data were subjected to variance analysis and subsequently carried out comparisons between the averages of the treatments. The bagasse enriched or not with vinasse changes consumption, excretion and the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy. The inclusion of vinasse promotes the improvement of the values of digestible energy and digestible protein of bagasse. There was no change in the dry matter of the cecotrophes, while there wasn't on the crude protein of cecotrophes by the inclusion of the bagasse enriched or not with vinasse. There was a reduction of the nutritional contribution in dry matter, from the inclusion of test feeds. This did not affect nutritional contribution in crude protein. The use of bagasse enriched with vinasse in diets for growing rabbits proved viable, so that the inclusion did not alter the average daily weight gain of animals and therefore, the time required to reach slaughter weight.
Purpose Organomineral fertilizers formulated from different organic sources have been studied for the fertilization of several crops. Filter cake is currently one of the most used sources of organic matter; however, sewage sludge also presents characteristics of agronomic interest, being one of the major environmental problems in Brazil. In this sense, the efficiency of pelletized organomineral fertilizers produced with both sources were evaluated for the development of soybean under different fertilization levels. Methods The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. The soil was characterized as Red Eutrophic Oxisol. The experimental design was randomized block design in a 2 x 4 + 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to two sources of organic matter (sugarcane filter cake and treated sewage sludge), in four doses (50, 75, 100 and 125\% of recommendation for soybean cultivation), as well as a mineral fertilization and no-fertilization treatments. The plant development was evaluated (stem diameter, plant height and chlorophylls a and b) at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. Results Organomineral fertilizers formulated from sanitized sewage sludge or sugarcane filter cake promote a higher soybean plant height in relation to mineral fertilizer, especially after the middle of the crop cycle. The level of fertilization referring to 75\% of the recommended dose for soybean, when made with sanitized sewage sludge or filter cake, resulted in large stem diameter in relation to mineral fertilization. Conclusion Organomineral fertilizers based on sanitized sewage sludge or filter cake promote increases in soybean characteristics up to 90 days.
Two fractions of sugarcane, namely bagasse and straw (or trash), were characterized in relation to their chemical composition. Bagasse presented values of glucans, hemicelluloses, lignin and ash of 37.74, 27.23, 20.57 and 6.53\%, respectively, while straw had 33.77, 27.38, 21.28 and 6.23\% of these same components. Ash content was relatively high in both cane biomass fractions. Bagasse showed higher levels of contaminating oxides while straw had a higher content of alkaline and alkaline-earth oxides. A comparison between the polysaccharide chemical compositions of these lignocellulosic materials suggests that similar amounts of fermentable sugars are expected to arise from their optimal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Details about the chemical properties of cane biomass holocellulose, hemicelluloses A and B and a-cellulose are provided, and these may offer a good opportunity for designing more efficient enzyme cocktails for substrate saccharification. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Filter cake is a major residue of the sugarcane industry; more than 3 million tons of filter cake waste from the sugarcane industry are annually disposed in Thailand. This paper investigates the effect of incinerated sugarcane filter cake (ISFC) on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Fifteen SCC mixtures were investigated in this study. ISFC was used as a partial replacement of cement from 0\%, 10\%, 20\%, 30\% to 40\% by weight of Portland cement (OPC). The powder materials were design to have three total powder contents of 450, 550 and 650 kg/m(3), whereas the water-powder (OPC plus ISFC) material ratio for all mixtures was kept constant at 0.40. The mixtures were designed to produce a controlled slump flow diameter of 700 +/- 25 mm. Tests were performed on all mixtures to determine the properties of fresh SCC in terms of workability and stability. The mechanical properties of hardened SCC, such as the compressive strength and flexural strength, were also determined. The results show that SCC with 30\% ISFC replaced Portland cement with a 650 kg/m(3) powder content has a compressive strength of more than 30 MPa for 28 days, which is larger than the compressive strength of mixes with 550 kg/m(3) and 450 kg/m(3) powder contents by approximately 24\% and 60\% at the identical percentage replacements. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vinasse is considered as the largest source of contamination in the ethanol production industry from sugarcane. Vinasse can be used to produce suitable fertilizer; however, it contains low macronutrients and micronutrients. On the other hand, it is one of the resources with a high potential for biogas production. The biogas production from vinasse has both economical and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, vinasse has a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio; thus, complementary substances, e.g., animal manure, organic industrial waste, and lime fertilizers, should be added to improve the biogas yield. Currently, 22.4 gigalitres of vinasse are produced throughout the world, which have the potential for producing 407.68 gigalitres of biogas. This potential can be considered as a significant source of renewable energy. This paper gives a general summary of the properties of vinasse and the production of biogas from vinasse. Furthermore, a review of the optimal conditions for biogas production, the potential of biogas production, and the advantages of biogas production from vinasse are provided.
Vinasse is a liquid residue applied as a fertilizer in sugarcane crops. However, in areas far away from sugarcane mills the cost of the distribution can be very high due, the large volume of water. So, one solution is to concentrate the vinasse by the evaporation process to reduce transport costs. Considering that the nitrogen mineralization kinetics is not known in concentrated vinasse, the objective of this study was to evaluate the net and potential nitrogen mineralization in soil that received vinasse concentrated and not concentrated. The treatments with concentrated vinasse provided the highest values of net mineralization and total nitrogen, which presented significant correlation each other, the same way as the potential mineralization values had a positive correlation with the doses and the amounts of total nitrogen. The total nitrogen values can be used as an index of nitrogen availability in soils that received concentrated vinasse.
With the application of induction heating, a fast pyrolysis was used for producing valuable products from rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an externally heated fixed-bed reactor. The effect of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and holding time on the yields of pyrolysis products and their chemical compositions were investigated. The maximum yield of ca. 50\% on the pyrolysis liquid product could be obtained at the proper process conditions. The chemical characterization by elemental (CHNO), calorific, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the pyrolysis liquid products contain large amounts of water (> 65 wt.\%), and fewer contents of oxygenated hydrocarbons composing of carbonyl groups, resulting in low pH and low heating values. The results were very similar to bio-oils obtained from other biomass materials. The residual solid (char or charcoal) was also characterized in the present study. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Solid-state cultivation (SSC) is microbial growth on solid supports under limited water conditions. Citric acid is a microbial aerobic metabolic product with several industrial applications, with production potential that can be obtained by SSF. Several wastes from agro-industries are used in SSF, such as sugarcane bagasse and vinasse. Cultures of mixed fungi or co-cultures are used in this SSF in order to complement the inoculum's xylanolytic enzymes for action on the lignocellulosic material (bagasse). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of inoculum (Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei consortium) in the production of citric acid from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with vinasse using bench packed-bed reactors (PBR). The results show the importance of T. reesei and A. niger in inoculum at a ratio of 50:50 and 25:75, suggesting the use of solid support due to the complementation of the hydrolytic enzymes. The highest concentration of citric acid, approximately 1000 mg L-1, was obtained for 100 mm of bed height in 48 and 72 h, with maximum glucose yield in citric acid (2.2 mg (citric acid) mg (-1)(glucose)). k(L)a indicates that maintaining solid moisture and liquid film thickness is important to keep the oxygen transfer in SSC.
Vinasse is the main by-product of ethanol production. In 2005, its application was regulated in the state of Sao Paulo, so if it is to be applied to the fields, its volume must meet the established concentration regulations. Straw contains one-third of sugarcane calorific value and can be used for cogeneration. For these purposes, the project objective was to assess the effects of straw on the concentration of vinasse solids through physical and chemical processes, so its concentrated form could be used as biomass for cogeneration. For that, different concentrations of straw, ferric sulphate, and ferric chloride were used. Turbidity reduction was the parameter analysed. Both reagents were effective in reducing the turbidity. The 200 ppm of ferric chloride and 0.25\% straw content reduced the turbidity by 55.02\% and 400 ppm of ferric sulphate and 0.25\% of straw reduced it by 57.96\%. The addition of straw showed no significant effect in terms of the turbidity reduction, however, both best treatments had 0.25\% straw content addition in it. Straw can be used to concentrate vinasse, contributing to the efficiency of the process and increasing the energy potential of the concentrated solids.
THE PRESENT investigation was carried out at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag Governorate (latitude of 26 degrees 33'N, longitude of 31 degrees 41'E and Altitude of 69m), in the two successive seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 to investigate the effect of study the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and filter cake on yield and quality of sugarcane. The filed experimental work was carried out in a Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) using a split-split plot arrangement in three replications in both growing seasons. The results showed that increasing nitrogen levels from 150 up to 210kg N/fad resulted in a significant increase in plant length, diameter, stalk weight, number of millable canes, cane and sugar yields, as well as brix, sucrose, quality and sugar recovery percentages in both seasons. Super phosphate addition by rates 30kg P2O5/fad resulted in a significant increase in plant length, diameter, number of millable canes, stalk weight and cane and sugar yields, as well as brix, sucrose and sugar recovery percentages in both seasons. Results showed that the addition of filter cake by 4tons/fad give a significant increase in plant length, diameter, number of millable canes, stalk weight, cane and sugar yields, as well as brix, sucrose and sugar recovery percentages in both seasons.
Currently, the final destination of waste generated through urban, industrial, agricultural, and other activities has been a major concern in Brazil. The pyrolysis process is an excellent alternative for the treatment of agroindustrial residues such as filter cake. The objective of this paper was to evaluate a treatment by low pyrolysis of the filter cake residue of the sugarcane industry, aiming to obtain bioproducts with probable applications in the market. The results showed that the yield of the bioproducts were 68\% biochar, 17\% gas, 11\% water and 4\% bio-oil. In addition, the biochar generated was the bioproduct with the greatest potential of application, because it presented characteristics to be used as organic adsorbent and organic fertilizer.
Extensive use of fossil-fuel energy has led to environmental problems such as climate change and global warming. Therefore, the need for environmentally friendly fuels has become urgent. The conversion of waste biomass to useful fuels is seems to be most effective and low-cost way to obtain renewable and clean fuels. Fuel additives are another promising solution to reduce harmful emissions resulted from vehicles. Although different nano-metal additives have been reported for reducing the emission of diesel engine, growing concerns have emerged regarding their toxic effects on living organisms and environmental impact. Utilizing bio-based nano additives can remarkably reduce these concerns. Fusel oil and sugarcane bagasse are the main by-products of sugarcane industries. Sugarcane nano-biochar (SNB), as a bagasse-based nanoparticle, is an excellent candidate for substituting conventional metallic-based fuel additives. The present work, for the first time, highlights the influence of fusel oil ratio, sugarcane nano-biochar concentration, and the engine speed on the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine operated at full-load. The optimal value of parameters for engine performance and exhaust emissions achieved by using the Response Surface Method (RSM). A blend of 10\% fusel oil, a concentration of 100 ppm SNBs, and an engine speed of 2300 rpm were found to be optimal values with a maximum desirability value of 66\%. In addition, fusel oil/SNBs usage decreased NOx and UHC emissions up to similar to 20.51\% and similar to 14.6\%, respectively, while increased CO emissions up to similar to 33\%.
BackgroundSugarcane bagasse (SCB) is one of the most promising lignocellulosic biomasses for use in the production of biofuels. However, bioethanol production from pure SCB fermentation is still limited by its high process cost and low fermentation efficiency. Sugarcane molasses, as a carbohydrate-rich biomass, can provide fermentable sugars for ethanol production. Herein, to reduce high processing costs, molasses was integrated into lignocellulosic ethanol production in batch modes to improve the fermentation system and to boost the final ethanol concentration and yield.ResultsThe co-fermentation of pretreated SCB and molasses at ratios of 3:1 (mixture A) and 1:1 (mixture B) were conducted at solid loadings of 12\% to 32\%, and the fermentation of pretreated SCB alone at the same solid loading was also compared. At a solid loading of 32\%, the ethanol concentrations of 64.10g/L, 74.69g/L, and 75.64g/L were obtained from pure SCB, mixture A, and mixture B, respectively. To further boost the ethanol concentration, the fermentation of mixture B (1:1), with higher solid loading from 36 to 48\%, was also implemented. The highest ethanol concentration of 94.20g/L was generated at a high solid loading of 44\%, with an ethanol yield of 72.37\%. In addition, after evaporation, the wastewater could be converted to biogas by anaerobic digestion. The final methane production of 312.14mL/g volatile solids (VS) was obtained, and the final chemical oxygen demand removal and VS degradation efficiency was 85.9\% and 95.9\%, respectively.ConclusionsMolasses could provide a good environment for the growth of yeast and inoculum. Integrating sugarcane molasses into sequential cellulosic biofuel production could improve the utilization of biomass resources.
Biodiesel is an important renewable fuel that can be used as a substitute of petro diesel. Downstream processes represent a major concern in biodiesel production due to cost and because it is time consuming. The application of dry purification processes emerges as a promising alternative for biodiesel purification, but the applied adsorbent material should ensure biodiesel quality and process efficiency. Here we propose the application of sugarcane bagasse as a low cost adsorbent material for biodiesel treatment. Sugarcane bagasse was used in three different forms: raw sugarcane bagasse (as received), steam explosion pre-treated bagasse and bagasse ash. Equilibrium adsorption data showed that the addition of only 0.5 wt\% of sugarcane bagasse removed 40\% of the glycerine of the crude biodiesel and produced a purified biodiesel with less than 0.02 wt\% of glycerine. The adjustment of equilibrium data to isotherm models showed that glycerine adsorption on sugarcane bagasse is not fully Langmuirian due to the heterogeneous surface of the adsorbent and the non-uniform distribution of heat of adsorption. Sugarcane bagasse proves to be a promising adsorbent for glycerine, with the maximum predicted glycerine adsorption of 88.86 mg g(-1). The kinetic data of glycerine adsorption in raw sugarcane bagasse could be adjusted to the pseudo-second order model, which indicates that the rate-limiting step may be chemisorption. Kinetic data highlighted the fast nature of the process, since the glycerine removal was greater than 70\% after only 10 min of adsorption process. Sugarcane bagasse presented results for biodiesel purification similar to those for the wet washing process or with Magnesol. Thus, dry purification with sugarcane bagasse is a suitable alternative for biodiesel treatment in a low cost and efficient process. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Efficient use of the entire lignocellulosic biomass is important for biorefinery sustainability, especially considering the extraction of high value-added products, such as nanocellulosic materials. This work investigates the feasibility of using sugarcane straw as a feedstock to obtain lignocellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs). Together with bagasse, the straw is a residue from the processing of sugarcane in the ethanol/sugar mills, but its effective use remains to be further studied. An organosolv pretreatment process was first applied to the straw for partial removal of the lignin and hemicellulose contents (reductions of 72.2 and 62.1 \%, respectively) and to increase the surface area (observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy). Acid hydrolysis carried out for different reaction times, with or without mechanical treatment, resulted in high yields of sugarcane straw LCNCs (40-64 \% of the total mass). X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the crystallinity of the LCNCs increased from 65 to 80 \%, with an estimated average elementary crystallite size of 3.3 nm. The aspect ratios of the LCNCs were determined by AFM and ranged from 18.0-30.1. The onset of thermal degradation of the LCNCs occurred between 145 and 191 degrees C. The findings demonstrated the effective extraction of cellulose nanocrystals with residual lignin from sugarcane straw, opening the possibility of obtaining high value-added nanomaterials and contributing to the sustainability of future lignocellulosic biomass biorefineries.
Traditionally, biochar is generally proposed to substitute Canadian Sphagnum peat moss. Sugarcane bagasse, filter press mud and sugarcane bagasse ash were mixed in different ratios and proposed as an alternative to substitute commercial Sphagnum peat moss (SPM) for the soilless cultivation of tomato (S. lycopersicum Linnaeus). The choice of the agroindustrial waste ratio was performed from physical-chemical sample characterization. During vegetable production, an adequate ratio was evaluated based on plant height, substrate pH, number of leaves, yield, and fruit size. The addition of essential macro- and micro-nutrients was performed manually. The results show that as-received materials contain different minerals with a structure that corresponds to the quartz, cristobalite, and feldspar phases. A morphology composed of lamellate structures was observed for sugarcane bagasse, whereas the filter press mud and the sugarcane bagasse ash presented compact agglomerates with a surface area of 1.60, 3.78, and 1.07 m(2) g(-1), respectively. The properties of each component promote the water adsorption, retention and releasing capacity. Important differences were observed as the quantity of filter press mud increased, but also it is required an amount of sugarcane bagasse above of 18 wt\% to reach a superior performance. This work demonstrated that, in adequate quantities, agroindustrial wastes can be used as a soilless substrate for growing tomatoes in greenhouse, reducing their disposal problems.
A laboratory scale cleaner technology for raw sugar or muscovado production that uses sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (BAC) for raw sugarcane juice purification was studied. The treatment with BAC, substituted for the chemical and thermal treatments used in the current manufacture of cane sugar. It is a gentler process that protects the nutritional characteristics of the product, gives energy savings, and less pollution. The materials involved were characterized using thermogravimetry. The BAC was evaluated on its ability to remove color from cane juice samples obtained from a sugarcane mill. Muscovado or raw sugar (unrefined or non-centrifuged sugar) was obtained through crystallization from the juices treated only with BAC, and its main properties were compared with those produced using the traditional raw sugar-manufacturing process. The thermogravimetric and derived thermogravimetric curves, TG and DTG, for impregnated bagasse showed the effect of the activation agents on its decomposition and carbonization processes. The BAC was able to remove up to 98\% of the color from juice at ambient temperatures, and the sugar obtained through this laboratory scale procedure, in its main physicochemical and organoleptic properties was similar to the sugar obtained in some Mexican and other countries' sugar mills.
Sugarcane bagasse, a major by-product from cane sugar industry contains mainly cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose which can be fractionated and used for further products. In this study, an organosolv fractionation based on formic acid was used to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse, separate, and recover cellulose. A central-composite matrix with three independent variables (formic acid concentration, temperature, and fractionation time) was designed to study their simultaneous effects on the delignification, purity of recovered cellulose. Temperature was found to be the main factor affecting the fractionation process, following the formic acid concentration and fractionation time. The fractionation process removed not only lignin and hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse but also altered the crystallinity of cellulose to facilitate the glucan hydrolysis. The fractionation temperature and delignification were inversely proportional to the crystallinity of the recovered cellulose (R-2 = 0.99 and 0.83, respectively), regardless the formic acid concentration used. There was a strong linear correlation between delignification and hydrolysis ability of the fractionated glucan. The formic acid-based fractionation removed 90.6\% lignin, resulted in recovered relatively pure cellulose with 92.3\% glucan which enzymatic saccharification ability was achieved 91.4\% to produce fermentable sugars.
Biogas production from sugarcane waste has large potential for energy generation, however, to enable the optimization of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process each substrate characteristic should be carefully evaluated. In this study, the kinetic challenges for biogas production from different types of sugarcane waste were assessed. Samples of vinasse, filter cake, bagasse, and straw were analyzed in terms of total and volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, macronutrients, trace elements, and nutritional value. Biochemical methane potential assays were performed to evaluate the energy potential of the substrates according to different types of sugarcane plants. Methane yields varied considerably (5-181 Nm(3)ton(FM)(-1)), mainly due to the different substrate characteristics and sugar and/or ethanol production processes. Therefore, for the optimization of AD on a large-scale, continuous stirred-tank reactor with long hydraulic retention times (>35 days) should be used for biogas production from bagasse and straw, coupled with pre-treatment process to enhance the degradation of the fibrous carbohydrates. Biomass immobilization systems are recommended in case vinasse is used as substrate, due to its low solid content, while filter cake could complement the biogas production from vinasse during the sugarcane offseason, providing a higher utilization of the biogas system during the entire year.
The generation of large volumes of vinasse during the production of biofuel ethanol is a challenging problem since inappropriate application of the byproduct as an agro-fertigant can give rise to contamination of soil and watercourses and cause harm to aquatic life. The aims of the study were(i) to evaluate an alternative strategy involving the generation of biogas by anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse in two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors (R1 and R2 connected in series), and (ii) to determine the ethanol content and fermentation efficiency of mashes prepared by diluting sugarcane molasses with deionized water, fresh vinasse and effluents from R1 or R2, both before and after submission to the Fenton reaction. The highest percentages of ethanol were obtained with fermentation mashes prepared from molasses diluted with Fenton-treated R1 (5.1\%) or R2 effluents (5.7\%) or with non-treated R2 effluent (5.7\%). The corresponding fermentation efficiencies of these processes were 88.5, 92.1 and 89.3\%. The proposed combination of biofuel and biogas production would provide a sustainable source of energy, contribute to the safe disposal of large quantities of vinasse and help to reduce the volume of freshwater employed by the sugarcane processing industry. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The anaerobic digestion of sugarcane filter cake and the option of co-digestion with bagasse were investigated in a semi-continuous feeding regime to assess the main parameters used for large-scale process designing. Moreover, fresh cattle manure was considered as alternative inoculum for the start-up of biogas reactors in cases where digestate from a biogas plant would not be available in remote rural areas. Experiments were carried out in 6 lab-scale semi-continuous stirred-tank reactors at mesophilic conditions (38 +/- 1 degrees C) while the main anaerobic digestion process parameters monitored. Fresh cattle manure demonstrated to be appropriate for the start-up process. However, an acclimation period was required due to the high initial volatile fatty acids concentration (8.5 g L-1). Regardless the mono-digestion of filter cake presented 50\% higher biogas yield (480 mL gVS(-1)) than co-digestion with bagasse (320 mL gVS(-1)) during steady state conditions. A large-scale co-digestion system would produce 58\% more biogas (1008 m(3) h(-1)) than mono-digestion of filter cake (634 m(3) h(-1)) due to its higher biomass availability for biogas conversion. Considering that the biogas production rate was the technical parameter that displayed the most relevant differences between the analyzed substrate options (0.99-1.45 m(3) biogas m(3) d(-1)). The decision of which substrate option should be implemented in practice would be mainly driven by the available construction techniques, since economically efficient tanks could compensate the lower biogas production rate of co-digestion option. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The chemically as well as hot water treated agrowaste sugarcane bagasse was subjected to degradation by Pleurotus citrinopileatus. The fungus degraded lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and carbon content of both chemically as well as hot water treated waste and produced in turn the edible and nutritious fruiting body. Biodegradation of the waste in terms of loss of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose showed positive correlation with cellulases, xylanase, laccase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of the fungus. During mycelial growth of the fungus, lignin degradation was faster and during fructification, lignin degradation was slower than cellulose and hemicellulose. The carbon content of the sugarcane bagasse decreased while, nitrogen content increased during degradation of the waste. Hot water treated substrate supported better production of enzymatic activity and degraded more efficiently than chemically sterilized substrate. The total yield and biological efficiency of the mushroom was maximum on the hot water treated substrates. Degradation of the hot water treated sugarcane bagasse was better and faster than chemically treated substrates.
This work evaluates the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a source of cellulose to obtain whiskers. These fibers were extracted after SCB underwent alkaline peroxide pre-treatment followed by acid hydrolysis at 45 degrees C. The influence of extraction time (30 and 75 min) on the properties of the nanofibers was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse whiskers (SCBW) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air atmosphere. The results showed that SCB could be used as source to obtain cellulose whiskers and they had needle-like structures with an average length (L)of 255 +/- 55 nm and diameter (D) of 4 +/- 2 nm, giving an aspect ratio (L/D) around 64. More drastic hydrolysis conditions (75 min) resulted in less thermally stable whiskers and caused some damage on the crystal structure of the cellulose as observed by XRD analysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, nutrients were immobilized on the hydrochars obtained by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a vinasse and sugarcane bagasse mixture, in the presence of acid, base and salt additives at temperatures of 150, 190 and 230 degrees C. The increase in temperature caused higher immobilization of Ca, Mg, K, N, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, P and Fe in all hydrochars produced. H3PO4 and NaOH immobilized higher amounts of P, Mg and Mn, while Ca was immobilized in higher quantities in the presence of H3PO4 and (NH4)(2)SO4. The addition of H2SO4, H3PO4 and (NH4)(2)SO4 was responsible for an increased immobilization of P, N, Ca, Mg and K. The immobilization of B, not present in the starting raw material, was possible with the addition of H3BO3. The results showed that it is possible to alter the reaction medium to immobilize nutrients on hydrochars produced from vinasse and sugarcane bagasse, for agricultural applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Succinic acid (SA) has been produced from rice straw (RS) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) as low-cost feedstocks in this study through sequential peracetic acid (PA) and alkaline peroxide (AP) pretreatment assisted by ultrasound and pre-hydrolysis followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). The effect of yeast extract (YE) concentration, inoculum concentration, and biomass type on SA production was investigated. The results showed that SA production from RS and SB was significantly affected by the YE concentration. Final concentration and yield of SA produced were significantly increased along with the increasing of YE concentration. Moreover, inoculum concentration significantly affected the SA production from SB. Higher inoculum concentration led to higher SA production. On the other hand, SA production from RS was not significantly affected by the inoculum concentration. Using RS as the feedstock, the highest SA production was achieved on the medium containing 15 g/L YE with 5\% v/v inoculum, obtaining SA concentration and yield of 3.64 +/- 0.1 g/L and 0.18 +/- 0.05 g/g biomass, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest SA production from SB was acquired on the medium containing 10 g/L YE with 7.5\% v/v inoculum, resulting SA concentration and yield of 5.1 +/- 0.1 g/L and 0.25 +/- 0.05 g/g biomass, respectively. This study suggested that RS and SB are potential to be used as low-cost feedstocks for sustainable and environmentally friendly SA production through ultrasonic-assisted PA and AP pretreatment and PSSF.
Sugarcane bagasse is a promising renewable lignocellulosic feedstock. Hence, proper characterization of bagasse powders is important for the development of novel technologies based on this resource. In this work, bagasse powders are prepared by sieve fractionation followed by cutting milling and rotor milling (which acts by impact, shear, and friction). The generated powders are characterized by techniques commonly applied to other particulate systems, namely scanning electron microscopy, light scattering particle sizing, and nitrogen adsorption. Particle size distribution, envelope density, specific surface areas, and effective cell wall thickness are determined. Results obtained from different techniques are compared. Finally, the applicability of the analytical techniques to sugarcane bagasse powders is discussed. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of vinasse application on physico-chemical properties of soil. Different treatments, viz., (i) spraying water at 105.0 t/ha (CK), (ii) conventional fertilization ? spraying water at 105.0 t/ha (CF) and (iii) soil application of vinasse at 75.0 t/ha + spraying water at 30.0 t/ha, have been applied in two sugarcane fields in Fusui County, Guangxi, during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007, respectively. The results showed that, after 2-3 years of continuous vinasse application to sugarcane fields, the soil bulk density declined, while the total porosity and capillary porosity increased in the plow layer of soil. The soil water stable aggregate content enhanced, but the soil clay content decreased. Soil K content increased, and soil did not showed the phenomenon of acidification. The vinasse application in sugarcane fields resulted in improved physicochemical properties of soil, and soil hardening and soil acidification were not detected in the field. The present study not only provides the basis of using vinasse as a liquid fertilizer in agriculture fields but also help in reducing the environmental pollution imposed due to disposal of non-treated sugar industry effluents.
Extraction of high-value products from agricultural wastes is an important component for sustainable bioeconomy development. In this study, wax extraction from sugarcane bagasse was performed and the beneficial effect of dewaxing pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. About 1.2\% (w/w) of crude sugarcane wax was obtained from the sugarcane bagasse using the mixture of petroleum ether and ethanol (mass ratio of 1:1) as the extraction agent. Results of Fourier-transform infrared characterization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry qualitative analysis showed that the crude sugarcane wax consisted of fatty fractions (fatty acids, fatty aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and esters) and small amount of lignin derivatives. In addition, the effect of dewaxing pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was also investigated. The digestibilities of cellulose and xylan in dewaxed sugarcane bagasse were 18.7 and 10.3\%, respectively, compared with those of 13.1 and 8.9\% obtained from native sugarcane bagasse. The dewaxed sugarcane bagasse became more accessible to enzyme due to the disruption of the outermost layer of the waxy materials.
Solid-state cultivation (SSC) is the microbial growth on solid supports, producing a nutrient-rich solution by cell enzymes that may be further used as a generic microbial medium. ``Second-generation{''
Ethanol production from the available 150,000 tons of molasses by the sugarcane industry in Mauritius would generate annually some 400,000 tons of vinasse that will need to be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. As large scale application of vinasse has been reported to impart both benefits and demerits and data under conditions prevailing in Mauritius are lacking, the impact of disposing 25-100 m(3) ha(-1) vinasse in sugarcane fields on soil quality and on sugarcane production was studied in field trials at four different agroclimatic regions. Results showed that vinasse did not negatively affect soil pH and salinity. It increased slightly the soil organic carbon as well as the exchangeable K. The results, moreover, provided evidence that high application rates of vinasse would not affect cane or sugar yield. On the contrary, the data obtained during the three year study, which covered a plant cane crop and two ratoons, have shown that vinasse gave a higher cane yield (average of 84.9 T ha(-1)) than mineral fertilizers alone (average of 77.3 T ha(-1)). As all the treatment plots received the same N level, this increase in cane yield may be attributed to a better K nutrition as well as to an improvement in soil organic matter status brought about by the vinasse. The present study provides evidence that the sustainability of the productive capacity of soils in Mauritius would not be affected by the application of large doses of vinasse.
Molasses is generally used as a grinding aid in cement and as a water reducer and retarder in concrete. In China, the output primarily consists of sugarcane molasses. In this paper, the effects of sugarcane molasses on the physical performance and hydration chemistry of conventional Portland cement were investigated. The setting times, the normal consistency of cement pastes, the compressive strengths and fluidities of the mortars were respectively determined according to Chinese Standard GB/T 1346, GB/T17671 and GB/T 2419. The effect of molasses on the hydration kinetics of cement was investigated using a calorimeter. The hydration products and pore size distribution of the cement pastes were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and a mercury injection apparatus. The results show that a small amount of sugarcane molasses retards the setting and hardening of cement paste and increases the fluidity of cement mortar, while excess molasses accelerates the setting and hardening. Molasses improves significantly the compressive strength at 3d due to the decrease of porosity. The addition of 1.0 \% molasses accelerates the formation of ettringite, prevents the second hydration of aluminate phase and delays the hydration of C3S.
This paper reports the characterization of the polluting potential of sugarcane vinasse, the main wastewater from ethanol production. Compositional data from vinasse samples collected from sugarcane biorefineries were used to predict negative effects on the soil, water resources and crops potentially associated with fertirrigation, the primary final destination of vinasse in Brazil. High risks of soil salinization were associated with the land disposal of vinasse, as evidenced by the high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS; >4,000mg L-1) and electrical conductivity (>6.7 dS m(-1)). The high TDS levels coupled with the high biodegradable organic content of vinasse (>14g L-1) also favor organic overloading events, leading to local anaerobiosis conditions. Conversely, soil sodification should not be observed in areas fertirrigated with sugarcane vinasse, given the low Na concentrations (<66mg L-1) relative to Mg (>145.1mg L-1) and Ca (>458.4mg L-1) levels. Priority pollutants (Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) and phytotoxic elements (Al and Fe) were also found in the analyzed samples; however, relevant environmental impacts should not be associated with these particular constituents. Overall, the relatively simple methodology used herein could efficiently replace massive field data collection to provide a basic understanding of the fate of vinasse in the environment in order to highlight the priority points to be considered in the management of this effluent. In summary, the prompt implementation of treatment plants in distilleries, in addition to a continuous and broad compositional characterization of vinasse, is essential to guarantee its adequate reuse.
The production and use of biofuels have increased rapidly in recent decades. Bioethanol derived from sugarcane has become a promising alternative to fossil fuel for use in automotive vehicles. The savings' calculated from the carbon footprint of this energy source still generates many questions related to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from sugarcane cultivation. We quantified N2O emissions from soil covered with different amounts of sugarcane straw and determined the direct N2O emission factors of nitrogen fertilizers (applied at the planting furrows and in the topdressing) and the by-products of sugarcane processing (filter cake and vinasse) applied to sugarcane fields. The results showed that the presence of different amounts of sugarcane straw did not change N2O emissions relative to bare soil (control). N-fertilizer increased N2O emissions from the soil, especially when urea was used, both at the planting furrow (plant cane) and during the regrowth process (ratoon cane) in relation to ammonium nitrate. The emission factor for N-fertilizer was 0.46 +/- 0.33\%. The field application of filter cake and vinasse favored N2O emissions from the soil, the emission factor for vinasse was 0.65 +/- 0.29\%, while filter cake had a lower emission factor of 0.13 +/- 0.04\%. The experimentally obtained N2O emission factors associated with sugarcane cultivation, specific to the major sugarcane production region of the Brazil, were lower than those considered by the IPCC. Thus, the results of this study should contribute to bioethanol carbon footprint calculations.
Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse to xylose using a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst was investigated. An optimum xylose yield of roughly 0.18 g/g of dry bagasse was obtained in 32 min with 0.77\% sulfuric acid at 143 degrees C. Model-Based Calibration Toolbox in MATLAB software was used for the design of experiments, statistical modeling, and optimization. The mathematical model for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse to xylose was developed using experimental data obtained based on the Central composite design. Although the combined effect of temperature, acid concentration, and time was positive towards the formation of glucose and furfural, harsher treatment conditions have negative effects on the yield of xylose. With a maximum yield of 54.09\%, the teff straw-based solid acid catalyst (TSSC) was stable and successful in converting the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate into furfural.
In this work, bio-renewable, high-performance supercapacitors were prepared from sugarcane wastes. Activated carbon and carbon dots (CDs) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse and leaves, whereas electrolyte, for the first time in any kind of electrochemical device, was prepared from molasses. The supercapacitors were then fabricated from activated carbon electrodes and molasses electrolyte. The supercapacitors using bagasse- and leaf-derived activated carbon and molasses aqueous solution yielded a specific capacitance of 101 and 80 F g(-1), respectively, at a scan rate of 30 mV s(-1). When the molasses electrolyte was prepared in H2SO4 solution, the specific capacitance increased to 308 and 268 F g(-1), respectively. Interestingly, when the CDs were added to molasses/H2SO4 electrolyte, the specific capacitance was further boosted to 456 and 356 F g(-1), which are equivalent to 148 \% and 133 \% increases. In addition to enhancing the specific capacitance, the use of CDs also improved the cycling stability of the supercapacitors. A combination of enhanced surface capacitance and reduced interfacial resistance offered by the CDs led to a significantly enhanced performance. This work thus demonstrates a value-adding strategy for sugarcane wastes and the fabrication of novel, high-performance supercapacitors.
Four batches of fresh sugarcane press mud (SPM), an agricultural waste were collected from the sugar mill near Bareilly city to analyse the chemical composition for exploring this unconventional feed as a suitable alternative feed in the livestock ration. A representative sample from each batch was taken and run in triplicate for the chemical composition study. It was found that the SPM on DM basis contained relatively more crude protein (18.01 +/- 0.57\%) and low crude fibre (12.38 +/- 0.33\%) and ash content (17.73 +/- 0.36\%) than the earlier reports. Besides, it was proved as a good mineral source as it contained high level of calcium (5.90 +/- 0.27\%) with excellent micro minerals status. Linoleic acid, one of the important essential fatty acid was found in the maximum percentage (34.85\%) of the ether extract fraction of the SPM with others, proved its ether extract composition as equivalent to the oil of plant and marine origin. Further, mean gross energy (GE) of SPM was 4294.51 +/- 79.64 kcal/kg DM which was very close to the GE value of corn. The detailed chemical analysis of SPM revealed that it was a valuable source of both organic and inorganic nutrients and comparable to the nutrient composition of some cereal grains and by-products and appeared to be a potential alternate feed ingredient for the livestock.
Sugarcane and agave bagasse samples were hydrolyzed with either mineral acids (HCl), commercial glucanases or a combined treatment consisting of alkaline delignification followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse yielded a higher level of reducing sugars (37.21\% for depithed bagasse and 35.37\% for pith bagasse), when compared to metzal or metzontete (agave pinecone and leaves, 5.02\% and 9.91\%, respectively). An optimized enzyme formulation was used to process sugar cane bagasse, which contained Celluclast, Novozyme and Viscozyme L. From alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse samples, a reduced level of reducing sugar yield was obtained (11-20\%) compared to agave bagasse (12-58\%). Selected hydrolyzates were fermented with a non-recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maximum alcohol yield by fermentation (32.6\%) was obtained from the hydrolyzate of sugarcane depithed bagasse. Hydrolyzed agave waste residues provide an increased glucose decreased xylose product useful for biotechnological conversion. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermophilic anaerobic digestion is a viable option for processing sugarcane vinasse that recovers energy in the form of methane. However, restarting real-scale vinasse-treating reactors, at the resumption of the sugarcane harvest season, can lead to difficulties, making it desirable to keep them in continuous operation in the off-season. Thus, was evaluated the thermophilic anaerobic conversion of sugarcane vinasse in a two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (reactors R1 and R2), employing sugarcane molasses in the off-season for methane production, followed again by vinasse in the following harvest season. UASB reactor R2 yielded a higher methane percentage in biogas and higher volumetric methane production rates and methane yield than R1, accounting for a 58\% increase in energy production in the two-stage system compared to the single-stage system using vinasse. It is observed that the molasses is an important source of carbon for the energy production using the thermophilic UASB reactors (18.01 MJ L-1 molasses), compared to alcoholic fermentation (8.30 MJ L-1 molasses). The methane produced in the reactors system (R1 + R2), after the off-season, can generate 5.1 kWh d(-1) per m(3) of vinasse, or 17\% of the electricity needed to process a ton of sugarcane. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The application of thermophilic anaerobic digestion is a logical choice for the treatment of sugarcane vinasse (industrial wastewater from ethanol production) because this process enables the recovery of energy as hydrogen and methane without requiring energy for heat or interfering in its quality as a bio-fertilizer. Thus, this study evaluated the performance of thermophilic methanogenic up-flow sludge blanket reactors (UASB) operating continuously in single-stage (UASB I) and two-stage (UASB II) systems vinasse during the sugarcane harvesting season (180 days). The maximum methane yields were 250.9 NmL-CH4.g(-1)COD(removed) and 316.0 NmL-CH4.g(-1)COD(removed) for UASB I and II, respectively, corresponding to 71.7\% and 90.3\% of the maximum theoretical methane yield (350 NmL-CH4.g(-1)COD(removed)()). Furthermore, the energy production from the two-stage system was 25.7\% higher than the single-stage system, indicating the need for an acidogenic phase to improve both the removal of organic matter and energy extraction from sugarcane vinasse. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is a high carbohydrate-content food obtained by boil evaporation of the sugarcane juice. In the manufacturing process, the by-product of NCS called bagasse is used as foul for the boilers, underestimating its potential as a lignocellulosic source for second-generation bioethanol. In order to assess the bioethanol potential of the by-product resulting from the NCS production, pretreatments were applied to breakdown the lignocellulosic structure for the study in hand. Therefore, this study carried out a comparison of two pretreatment methods steam explosion (SE) and acid hydrolysis (AH) applied to the sugarcane bagasse to produce second-generation bioethanol. It was evidenced that both pretreatments redistribute lignin and hemicelluloses and enhances the accessible surface area of the biomass which further benefitted the subsequent fermentation process as the reducing sugars were available enough to foster the production of bioethanol. The study found that the SE pretreatment was likely to obtain more bioethanol as the reducing sugars (glucose) production outperformed other pretreatments under different residence times and concentrations. Considering the necessity to develop second-generation biofuel production, this study presented the sugarcane bagasse as a promising and abundance lignocellulosic substrate to be investigated more in depth in the Colombian context.
Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction with piecewise distillation separation was used to obtain antioxidants from sugarcane molasses. Extraction pressure, time, temperature, flow rate of CO2 and ethanol content were selected as the independent variables. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extract. Results showed that conditions to obtain the highest total oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of sugarcane molasses extract were determined to be an extraction pressure of 33.3 MPa, temperature of 43.3 degrees C, time of 86.7 mm, 90\% ethanol content of sugarcane molasses and flow rate of CO2 of 20 L/h. Under the conditions stated above, the experimental value was 2584.9. This study indicated that supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction with piecewise distillation separation can effectively extract antioxidants from sugarcane molasses. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane press mud (SPM) is one of the potential agro-industrial by-products available in India and research exploring its utilisation in small ruminant nutrition is scanty. In this direction, the present study evaluated the feasibility of dietary incorporation of SPM at different levels in a feeding trial lasting 180 days. A total of 21 Muzaffarnagari ram lambs were randomly distributed into three groups of seven each based on comparable body weight (11.70 +/- 0.29 kg) and age (3-5 months) following a completely randomised design. The three dietary treatments were (1) SP0 (control), concentrate mixture without SPM; (2) SP10, concentrate mixture comprising 10\% SPM and (3) SP20, concentrate mixture comprising 20\% SPM on air-dry basis. The experimental lambs were offered weighed quantity of designated isonitrogenous (crude protein = 20.6\%) and isoenergetic (metabolisable energy = 12.1 MJ/kg) concentrate mixture (coarse mash) and along with ad libitum wheat straw (threshed to 1-2-cm length) and a 9-day metabolism trial was conducted. Results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) differences in intake and digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance, nutritive value of diets, average daily gain, as well as feed conversion ratio among three groups. The serum concentration of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine did not differ due to treatments. Likewise, wool yield and its quality, measured in terms of fibre diameter, medullation percentage and staple length were also comparable irrespective of dietary variation. Furthermore, the cost of concentrate mixture (Rs/day) was lower (P ae<currency> 0.05) in SP20 followed by SP10 as compared to group SP0. These findings suggested that SPM could be safely fed up to 20\% level in the concentrate mixture for lambs substituting expensive traditional feed ingredients without negatively inflicting the performance of growing lambs.
The immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on raw and alkaline pre-treated sugarcane bagasse by physical adsorption (ADS) and covalent bond (LC) methods was studied. The saturation of the support with 2 mg of HRP/g of support by LC immobilization reached 35\% of immobilization efficiency and 39 units of the immobilized enzyme (U). Regarding the HRP immobilization on sugarcane bagasse without pretreatment and using the same HRP loading, it was observed a reduction in the efficiency of immobilization and in the number of immobilized units for both methods, ADS (13.98\% and 15.46 U) and LC (15.79\% and 17.46 U). The sugarcane bagasse with alkaline pretreatment experiment, on the other hand, exhibited higher potential for HRP immobilization by LC. The supports and biocatalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), showing greater availability of hydroxyl groups in the pretreated support and the typical amide I and amide II bands that corroborate the effectiveness of the enzyme immobilization on sugarcane bagasse. In the same way, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed a higher weight loss in the region I for the derivative immobilized by LC, suggesting the presence of water favored enzymatic activity.
Synthetic zeolites such as Silicalite have been shown to act as accelerators of fermentation of sugarcane molasses to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Silicalite added at 1 gl(-1) increased initial specific ethanol productivity in the fermentation of sugarcane molasses to ethanol at all concentrations of the substrate in the range of 100-300 gl(-1) total sugars. Increasing the additive level up to 30 gl(-1) did not enhance further the initial rates of conversion. However, with the accumulation of inhibitory levels of the product in the later phase of fermentation of high-gravity molasses, marked enhancement in the rate of conversion was observed at the higher level of 20 gl(-1) of Silicalite supplementation compared to the effect observed with 1 gl(-1). At the highest concentration of 300 gl(-1) of total molasses sugars, 130 gl(-1) product concentration was obtained in about 48 h, indicating about 95\% conversion in the presence of 2\% of the zeolite, while in the absence of the additive the product concentration leveled off at 120 gl(-1), attained in a period of about 72 h. Fermentation of molasses in semibatch mode at 150 gl(-1) total sugar concentration in the presence of 20 gl(-1) Silicalite resulted in uniformly enhanced conversion rates compared to fermentation in the absence of the additive. The periods required for completion of fermentation were about 16h in the presence of Silicalite and about 24 h in the absence of the zeolite in all the 10 cycles of use tried. The probable modes of action of Silicalite as an accelerator of the ethanolic fermentation of molasses through removal of inhibitory substances and changes in the flocculation behavior of the yeast are discussed.
This work investigates the recycling of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as a method to provide raw material for clay brick bodies, through replacement of natural clay by up 20 wt.\%. Initially, the waste sample was characterized by its chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, particle size, morphology and pollution potential. Clay bricks pieces were prepared, and then tested, so as to determine their technological properties (e.g., linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density, and tensile strength). The sintered microstructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the sugarcane bagasse ash waste is mainly composed by crystalline silica particles. The test results indicate that the sugarcane bagasse ash waste could be used as a filler in clay bricks, thus enhancing the possibility of its reuse in a safe and sustainable way. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present work aimed to determine the physicochemical and thermal properties of sugarcane Dry Cleaning System Residue(DCR) and Bagasse from milling A(BMA) and B(BMB), aiming the cogeneration system application. The DCR and BMB are obtained after the Dry Cleaning System, currently used during the mechanized harvesting implemented in Brazil. The DCR under treatment is obtained as chopped sugarcane Straw (CSS), which together with the BMA and BMB are brought to the boiler, without considering yet the alterations that can have on that system. Accordingly, CSS, BMA and BMB were undergone analysis to determine their particle size, ultimate, proximate and elemental ash composition, bulk density and Higher Heating Value (HHV). The results indicate that CSS, BMA and BMB have a higher ash content 11.19 wt\%, 2.08 wt\% and 1.06 wt\%, and lower fixed carbon content 11.54 wt\%, 10.29 wt\% and 8.92 wt\%, respectively, in relation to the bagasse. HHV for CSS was 6.67 MJ kg(-1), 18.59 MJ.kg(-1) for BMA and 18.43 MJ kg(-1) for BMB, being close to the 18.89 MJ.kg(-1) of the bagasse. This, enables the addition of DCR along with BMA and BMB in bagasse cogeneration plants, but it can cause a fouling and slagging effects due of the presence of ashes with high content of alkali minerals. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethanol is an alternative fuel produced from sugarcane and economically very important for Sao Paulo state and Brazil. Vinasse, which has been traditionally distributed on the agricultural soil as an organic fertilizer, is the main residue of the ethanol production. Its dosage has been annually rationed in function of the potassium balance for reuse in agriculture. The vinasse potassium for ferti-irrigation can fully substitute potassium from mineral sources, but its transport is economically unviable from a determined distance. In this context, the paper presents the dehydration of sugarcane vinasse using a reverse osmosis technology to reduce the cost of transport until the sugarcane tillage. The main contributions are the reduction in the water content (concentration) and increase in the solid and the potassium content (13.8\%). The study showed a payback value of 5.49 years.
Sugarcane bagasse, a byproduct of the cane sugar industry, is an abundant source of hemicellulose that could be hydrolyzed to yield a fermentation feedstock for the production of fuel ethanol and chemicals. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, time, and dry matter concentration on hemicellulose hydrolysis were studied with a 20-L batch hydrolysis reactor using a statistical experimental design. Even at less severe conditions considerable amounts (>29\%) of the hemicellulose fraction could be extracted. The percentage of soluble oligosaccharides becomes very low in experiments with high yields in monosaccharides, which indicates that the cellulose fraction is only slightly affected. For the sugar yields, acid concentration appears to be the most important parameter, while for the formation of sugar degradation products, temperature shows the highest impact. It could be demonstrated that the dry matter concentration in the reaction slurry has a negative effect on the xylose yield that can be compensated by higher concentrations of sulfuric acid owing to a positive interaction between acid concentration and dry matter contents.
The sugarcane residues from mills or boilers, such as bagasse and bagasse ash, may be a way to make both the civil engineering industry and the sugar/alcohol industry more sustainable. In this research, the sugarcane residues were classified into three different categories: bagasse fiber, bagasse sand and bagasse ash. Therefore, these residues were utilized to prepare the specimens and, subsequently, strength tests were applied to investigate the mechanical properties of mortars of different mixtures. This study revealed that mortar added with 2\% of bagasse fiber showed a higher percentage of water retention when compared to the mortar specimens without fiber due to the high amount of bagasse fiber. Consequently, the drying shrinkage strain could be reduced to a smaller level of the PVA fiber specimens. Finally, in all cases in which the fiber was added, the ductility of the mortar was increased when compared to a mortar specimen without fibers.
In present study the in vitro degradation of sugarcane bagasse and total mixed ration (i.e. sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and concentrate mixture in the ratio of 20:30:50) were tested using anaerobic rumen fungi Neocallimastix spp. GR1 and Piromyces spp. WNG-12. These cultures produced hydrolytic enzymes (CMCase, FPCase and xylanase) and increased the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre of bagasse and total mixed rations when compared with control. Neocallimastix spp. GR1 and Piromyces spp. WNG-12 also increased total volatile fatty acids by degradation of sugarcane bagasse and total mixed ration. Based on results obtained, it may be stated that Neocallimastix spp. GR1 may improve the nutritive value of high fibrous based diets.
Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks have been associated with sugarcane mills in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the attractivity of vinasse, a liquid byproduct of ethanol production applied to postharvest sugarcane fields, to adult S. calcitrans. Stable fly abundance was monitored for 21 days in August-September 2014, at a sugarcane mill in the municipality of Nova Alvorada do Sul, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Following mechanized harvesting of sugarcane and the consequent deposition of large amounts of plant residue (straw) in the field, the study area (13.5ha) was surrounded by 22 sticky cylinder ({''
This study was designed to investigate the effect of anaerobic digestion on biochar produced from sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse was anaerobically digested to produce methane. The digested residue and fresh bagasse was pyrolyzed separately into biochar at 600 degrees C in nitrogen environment. The digested bagasse biochar (DBC) and undigested bagasse biochar (BC) were characterized to determine their physicochemical properties. Although biochar was produced from the digested residue (18\% by weight) and the raw bagasse (23\%) at a similar rate, there were many physiochemical differences between them. Compared to BC, DBC had higher pH, surface area, cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), hydrophobicity and more negative surface charge, all properties that are generally desirable for soil amelioration, contaminant remediation or wastewater treatment. Thus, these results suggest that the pyrolysis of anaerobic digestion residues to produce biochar may be an economically and environmentally beneficial use of agricultural wastes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biogas production from sugarcane vinasse has enormous economic, energy, and environmental management potential. However, methane production stability and biodigested vinasse quality remain key issues, requiring better nutrient and alkalinity availability, operational strategies, and knowledge of reactor microbiota. This study demonstrates increased methane production from vinasse through the use of sugarcane filter cake and improved effluent recirculation, with elevated organic loading rates (OLR) and good reactor stability. We used UASB reactors in a two-stage configuration, with OLRs up to 45 g COD L-1 d(-1), and obtained methane production as high as 3 L L-1 d(-1). Quantitative PCR indicated balanced amounts of bacteria and archaea in the sludge (10(9)-10(10) copies g(-1) VS), and of the predominant archaea orders, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales (10(6)-10(8) copies g(-1) VS). 16S rDNA sequencing also indicated the thermophilic Thermotogae as the most abundant class of bacteria in the sludge.
This study evaluated the use of sugarcane filter cake and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilization in the bioremediation of a soil contaminated with diesel fuel using a completely randomized design. Five treatments (uncontaminated soil, T1; soil contaminated with diesel, T2; soil contaminated with diesel and treated with 15 \% (wt) filter cake, T3; soil contaminated with diesel and treated with NPK fertilizer, T4; and soil contaminated with diesel and treated with 15 \% (wt) filter cake and NPK fertilizer, T5) and four evaluation periods (1, 60, 120, and 180 days after the beginning of the experiment) were used according to a 4 x 5 factorial design to analyze CO2 release. The variables total organic carbon (TOC) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) remaining in the soil were analyzed using a 5 x 2 factorial design, with the same treatments described above and two evaluation periods (1 and 180 days after the beginning of the experiment). In T3 and T5, CO2 release was significantly higher, compared with the other treatments. Significant TPH removal was observed on day 180, when percent removal values were 61.9, 70.1, 68.2, and 75.9 in treatments T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, compared with the initial value (T1).
This experiment was aimed to study the effect of sugarcane bagasse (SB) fermented withLactobacillus caseiTH14, cellulase, and molasses onin vitrogas kinetics, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation patterns compared to rice straw (RS). A 2 x 2 x 2 (+1) factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used. Factor A was levels ofL. caseiTH14 at 0 and 0.05 g/kg fresh matter, factor B was levels of cellulase at 0 and 10(4)U/kg fresh matter, and factor C was levels of molasses at 0 and 5 g of substrate DM. The (+1) treatment referred to RS fermentation without additives. The results showed that kinetics of gas, gas production, and total volatile fatty acid were not different between RS and SB treatment. RS had significantly (p < 0.05) greater nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen, and protozoa compared the control SB. Compared with control RS and SB, SB fermented with additives had greater (p < 0.05) gas from soluble fraction and rate constant of gas,in vitrodry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility, and ruminal propionate. In conclusion, SB fermented withL. caseiTH14, cellulase, and molasses in combination promoted ruminal gas production,in vitrodigestibility, and ruminal fermentation patterns.
Curdlan is an extracellular polysaccharide produced by microorganisms with various applications in the food and biomedical fields. In order to reduce the cost of producing curdlan, the production of curdlan by Agrobacterium sp. DH-2 using sugarcane molasses as a carbon source was investigated. Pretreatment of sugarcane molasses reduced the metal content and resulted in an increase in curdlan production compared to untreated molasses. The composition of the medium based on pretreated molasses was optimized for curdlan production. The addition of (NH4)(2)HPO4 was found to be effective in increasing curdlan production, while the addition of corn steep liquor, CaCO3, KH2PO4, and MgSO4 did not have a significant effect. An orthogonal design was used to optimize the amount of (NH4)(2)HPO4 added and the sugar concentration of pretreated molasses. Maximum curdlan production of 13.0 g/L was obtained in the optimized medium, which contained a sugar concentration of 60 g/L of pretreated molasses and 1.0 g/L of (NH4)(2)HPO4. The curdlan produced in the molasses-based medium had an average molecular weight of 0.49 x 10(6) Da. FT-IR spectra and TGA thermal analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the curdlan produced and commercial curdlan. These results suggested that pretreated sugarcane molasses supplemented with (NH4)(2)HPO4 as a nitrogen resource could be used for economical production of curdlan.
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is a worldwide pest of livestock. Recent outbreaks of stable flies in sugarcane fields in Brazil have become a serious problem for livestock producers. Larvae and pupae found inside sugarcane stems after harvesting may indicate that stable flies use these stems as potential oviposition or larval development sites. Field observations suggest that outbreaks of stable flies are associated with the vinasse and filter cake derived from biomass distillation in sugarcane ethanol production that are used as fertilizers in sugarcane fields. Adult stable flies are attracted to vinasse, which appears to present an ideal larval development site. The primary goal of the present study is to demonstrate the role of vinasse in influencing the sensory physiological and behavioural responses of stable flies, and to identify its associated volatile attractant compounds. Both laboratory and field studies showed that vinasse is extremely attractive to adult stable flies. Chemical analyses of volatiles collected revealed a wide range of carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols and aldehydes as potential attractant compounds. These newly identified attractants could be used to develop a tool for the attractant-baited mass trapping of stable flies in order to reduce infestations.
Sugar cane press mud prettied by liquid hot water was separated into a,liquid fraction and a solid fraction. These fractions were blended With vinasse in different proportions, according to a three factor mixture design, to evaluate their synergetic and antagonistic effects. on the methane yield. The biochemical methane potential was determined in batch assays under mesophilic Conditions (37 +/- 1 degrees C). The highest methane production rates were obtained for a mixture of 33\% chemical oxygen demand (COD) vinasse and 67\% COD liquid fraction of press mud and for sheer vinasse (73 and 84 N mL, CH4 g(-1) CODfed day(-1)). The maximum methane yield was found for the pure liquid fraction with a value of 369 N mL CH4 g(-1) CODfed. For most mixtures examined, antagonistic effects were found, with significant differences When mixing vinasse and the liquid fraction.
Pleurotus florida is an edible mushroom that has commercial potential in the food industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing animal feed from sugarcane bagasse using P. florida. To this aim, sugarcane bagasse was processed with P. florida. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with four treatments: processed sugarcane bagasse, raw sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and barley straw. This research was carried out under two in vitro and in vivo conditions. In case of in vitro condition, it can be concluded that the amount of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.01), and acidic detergent fiber (P < 0.05) significantly decreased in processed sugarcane bagasse, and the amount of crude protein (P < 0.05), organic matter, and crude ash (P < 0.01) significantly increased. The result of in vivo condition showed that as a result of biological processing of sugarcane bagasse with P. florida, the indices such as digestibility, voluntary feed intake, and relative palatability index increased. The results of this study suggests that treated bagasse could be used as an alternative roughage source for ruminant feeding.
Removing sulfate prior to methanogenesis and maintaining year-round operation of the plant are the two main bottlenecks to be solved prior to implementing highly efficient bioenergy recovery from sugarcane vinasse via anaerobic digestion. Sulfidogenesis establishment and optimization during vinasse fermentation at two temperature levels (30 degrees C and 55 degrees C) were assessed using continuous fixed-film reactors. Simulating the off season through replacing vinasse by molasses was also assessed. Performance results and the distribution of microbial communities were correlated in all operating conditions. Sulfidogenesis was not efficiently established at 30 degrees C, because sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) did not grow favorably during vinasse natural fermentation. Acetate accumulation (similar to 3 g L-1) resulting from homoacetogenic activity (most likely by Lachnospirales) was observed in this condition. Conversely, sulfate removal (driven by Desulfohalotomaculum and Desulfotomaculum at much lower abundances compared to fermenters, such as Clostridia) was successfully established (84-97 \%) under varied hydraulic retention times (18, 12 and 6 h) at 55 degrees C. Replacing vinasse by molasses negatively impacted SRB due to a sharp drop in pH (<6.0) triggered by lactate accumulation (up to 16.8 g L-1) mainly by Bacillus. However, SRB were resilient to such severe acidic and thermophilic conditions, and sulfate removal was maximized once vinasse was re-introduced. These results strategically represent the best operating strategy for the compositional conditioning of sugarcane vinasse prior to methanogenesis, because the high temperature in which vinasse is released from distillation columns (85-90 degrees C) facilitates the implementation of thermophilic reactors by eliminating any energy demands related to system heating.
In the context of cellulosic ethanol production, special attention must be given to the raw material, as it affects final product yield. As observed for sugarcane, bagasse variations may derive from several elements, for instance edaphoclimatic factors, seasonality, maturation stage and harvesting techniques. Therefore, in the present work, to investigate the impact of raw material characteristics on process performance, sugarcane bagasse from four harvests from October/2010 to October/2011 was pretreated by steam explosion and had its soluble and insoluble solids contents measured, following enzymatic hydrolysis to assess glucan conversion. As confirmed by ANOVA, glucose concentration was related to the solids content in the reactor, whereas glucan conversion was related to the enzymatic load. Variations in raw material composition were indeed observed to significantly interfere in the final sugar recovery, probably due to the increase in the impurities observed as a result of the type of harvest performed in 2011. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is an important crop for economic development of Brazil, once it represents an ethanol and sugar source, as well as the biomass residue (bagasse) that is used for electric energy production. Due to its increasing potential uses, sugarcane bagasse was analyzed for energy \& non-energy consumption in this work. For that, the amount of bagasse used for this purpose since 1999/2000 to 2012/2013 seasons was discussed as well as the energy from sugarcane bagasse commercialized on energy auctions in Brazil. Additionally, an estimative of bagasse quantity to be used for electric energy and for second-generation ethanol for 2015 and 2030 was shown. The volume of sugarcane bagasse production has increased year by year, and it is possible to observe that there is an increase amount of available bagasse being used for power generation (energy consumption), in cogeneration arrangements. The Brazilian Energy Plan scenarios estimate a mass sugarcane bagasse offering to be used only for second-generation ethanol around 7.0 x 10(6) tonnes year(-1) for 2015, and 25.9 x 10(6) tonnes year(-1) for 2030. Apart from the bagasse that provides all energy required by sugarcane process, mills can generate an energy surplus and sell it to the grid. Power generation from sugarcane bagasse has been made possible through financing by the Brazilian Program of Incentives for Alternative Sources of Electrical Power (PROINFA) which is a renewable energy and can be commercialized through energy auctions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sweet sorghum juice and traditional ethanol substrate i.e. sugarcane molasses were used for ethanol production in this work. At the end of the fermentation process, the sweet sorghum juice yielded more ethanol with higher ethanol concentration compared to sugarcane molasses in all experiments. The sweet sorghum juice had higher cell viability at high ethanol concentrations and minimum sugar concentration at the end of the fermentation process. The ethanol concentration and yield were 8.9\% w/v and 0.45 g/g for sweet sorghum in 80 h and 6.5\% w/v and 0.37 g/g for sugarcane molasses in 60 h, respectively. The findings on the physical properties of sweet sorghum juice revealed that it has better physical properties compared to sugarcane molasses, resulting to enhanced performance of sweet sorghum juice for ethanol production
Sugarcane bagasse, vinasse and a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and vinasse were hydrothermally carbonized (HTC), with and without the addition of phosphoric acid, in order to propose new applications of sucroenergetic industry by-products on soil. Detailed information on the composition and properties of hydrochars has been obtained through elemental composition, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and, thermochemolysis GC-MS. The soluble acidic fraction from the hydrochar samples were applied to maize seeds to evaluate the agronomic potential as biostimulants and relate the molecular features with maize seed germination. The HTC treatment converted polysaccharide-based biomasses into hydrochars with hydrophobic characteristics (C-Aryl and C-Akyl). Furthermore, the addition of phosphoric acid further increased the overall hydrophobicity and shifted the thermal degradation of the hydrochars to higher temperatures. Biomass influenced the hydrochars that formed, in which the molecular features of sugarcane bagasse determined the formation of more polar hydrochar, due to the preservation of lignin and phenolic components. Meanwhile, the HTC of vinasse resulted in a more hydrophobic product with an enrichment of condensed and recalcitrant organic fractions. The germination assay showed that polar structures of bagasse may play a role in improving the maize seeds germination rate (increase of similar to 11\%), while the hydrophobic domains showed negative effects. The responses obtained in germination seems to be related to the molecular characteristics that organic extracts can present in solution.
The lignin present in the vegetal tissues of the sugarcane bagasse is an interesting material due to its aromatic characteristics. Particularly in Brazil, studies involving the extraction of lignin from sugarcane bagasse have been widely researched due to the high volume of bagasse generated in our country. Recent studies have shown that after isolation, lignin is a raw material that can be used as a pesticide, solution stabilizer and particularly for the production of phenolic resin partially replacing phenol. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the lignin present in sugarcane bagasse by the acetosolv pulping method. The sugarcane bagasse was pre-treated to remove organic and hot water-soluble extracts, and then acetic (solvent) and hydrochloric (catalyst) acids and water at the temperature were used. boiling point for the isolation of lignin by the acetossolve process. The obtained lignin was characterized by chemical performance analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). The extraction yield of lignin acetosolv was 19.95 \% under total sugarcane bagasse. In the lignin FTIR spectrum the stretch range between 1594 and 1511 cm(-1) confirm the preservation of the aromatic structure. GPC analysis demonstrated a low polydispersity of lignin acetosolv. TGA analysis showed no residues above 600 degrees C, indicating high content of organic material, confirming the purity of the extracted sample. It is concluded, therefore, that the acetossolve pulping method for lignin extraction may be an efficient alternative, in view of the processes traditionally employed if fibers, not wood (sugarcane bagasse) are used. The fact that it is a process that does not use pressure combined with the possibility of recovering inputs by simple evaporation, makes the acetosolv competitive and with less environmental damage than other traditional processes.
The increase in biofuel production by 2030, driven by the targets set at the 21st United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21), will promote an increase in ethanol production, and consequently more vinasse generation. Sugarcane vinasse, despite having a high polluting potential due to its high concentration of organic matter and nutrients, has the potential to produce value-added resources such as volatile fatty acids (VFA), biohydrogen (bioH2) and biomethane (bioCH4) from anaerobic digestion. The objective of this paper is to present a critical review on the vinasse treatment by anaerobic digestion focusing on the final products. Effects of operational parameters on production and recovery of these resources, such as pH, temperature, retention time and type of inoculum were addressed. Given the importance of treating sugarcane vinasse due to its complex composition and high volume generated in the ethanol production process, this is the first review that evaluates the production of VFAs, bioH2 and bioCH4 in the treatment of this organic residue. Also, the challenges of the simultaneous production of VFA, bioH2 and bioCH4 and resources recovery in the wastewater streams generated in flex-fuel plants, using sugarcane and corn as raw material in ethanol production, are presented. The installation of flex-fuel plants was briefly discussed, with the main impacts on the treatment process of these effluents either jointly or simultaneously, depending on the harvest season.
This study evaluates the co-gasification of the main residues of the sugarcane industry (vinasse, bagasse and straw), in order to recover their energy and give an appropriate destination, making them suitable for use as fuel gas (syngas). To verify the feasibility of energy conversion through gasification, thermodynamic equilibrium model for gasification process was carried out and verified by literature available data. The gasification parameters for different gasification agents and equivalence ratio values were then obtained, such as: syngas composition and energy content, operating temperature, production rate and conversion efficiency. For equivalence ratios (ER) between 0.35 and 0.4 and temperatures around 750 degrees C, the quality of the syngas obtained is better, but a higher energy content is obtained in ER values of 0.2. There is a high H-2/CO ratio for the gasifying agent formed by air and steam, and when using oxygen-enriched air, there is a change in the ER value that generates better syngas quality (to 0.3-0.35) and an increase in its energy content. There is also a possible better return on investment in a thermoelectric plant for the lowest ER values, which can increase gains by up to 21.4\% and decrease the installation's payback. The results indicate that the co-gasification of the waste is feasible, allowing a better use of its energy potential.
The feasibility of sugarcane vinasse as supplement in growth medium of Spirulina maxima was investigated. The cell was cultivated under autotrophic (no vinasse, 70 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)), heterotrophic (no light, culture medium supplemented with vinasse at 0.1\% v/v and 1.0\% v/v) and mixotrophic conditions (70 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1), vinasse at 0.1\% v/v and 1.0\% v/v). These preliminary results suggested a cyclic two-stage cultivation - CTSC, with autotrophic condition during light phase of the photoperiod (12 h, 70-200 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and heterotrophic condition during dark phase (12 h, 3.0\% v/v vinasse). The adopted CTSC strategy consisted in three cycles with 75\% withdrawal of suspension and reposition of medium containing 3.0\% v/v vinasse, separated by autotrophic rest periods of few days between cycles. Results show an increase of biomass concentration between 0.495 g L-1 and 0.609 g L-1 at the 7th day of each cycle and high protein content (between 74.3\% and 77.3\% w/w). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the recent decades oil spills in the aquatic environments are one of the major sources of environmental pollutions, which are steadily growing with the increase in oil consumption. Adsorption is a rapid and cost effective process to minimize the environmental impacts of oil spills and cleanup these pollutants. In this work, the crude oil sorption capacity was examined with raw sugarcane bagasse and acetylated sugarcane bagasse. Results show that the acetylated bagasse was significantly more oleophilic than the raw bagasse and acetylation reaction can increase bagasse oil sorption ability by about 90\%. The maximum sorption capacities of acetylated bagasse were obtained about 11.3 g and 9.1 g in dry system (crude oil sorption) and oil layer sorption, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of the sorbents such as composition, water solubility, moisture content and density were measured according to ASTM standard methods. Also Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of raw and acetylated bagasse was performed to investigate the effect of acetylation on sugarcane bagasse structure.
Anaerobic digestion of sugarcane straw co-digested with sugarcane filter cake was investigated with a special focus on macronutrients supplementation for an optimized conversion process. Experimental data from batch tests and a semi-continuous experiment operated in different supplementation phases were used for modeling the conversion kinetics based on continuous stirred-tank reactors. The semi-continuous experiment showed an overall decrease in the performance along the inoculum washout from the reactors. By supplementing nitrogen alone or in combination to phosphorus and sulfur the specific methane production significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 17\% and 44\%, respectively. Although the two-pool one-step model has fitted well to the batch experimental data (R-2 > 0.99), the use of the depicted kinetics did not provide a good estimation for process simulation of the semi-continuous process (in any supplementation phase), possibly due to the different feeding modes and inoculum source, activity and adaptation.
The present work aimed to study the effect of the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and straw with microwave irradiation in aqueous and acid glycerol solutions on their chemical composition, fiber structure and the efficiency of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the pretreatment acted mainly on the lignin and hemicellulose fractions of the bagasse, whereas, in the straw, lesser structural and chemical changes were observed. The images from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that treating bagasse and straw with acid glycerol solution loosened the cell walls and there was a breakdown in the pit membrane. The treated material was submitted to hydrolysis for 72 h and higher yields of reducing sugars were observed compared to the untreated material (250.9 mg/g from straw and 197.4 mg/g from bagasse). TEM images after hydrolysis confirmed the possible points of access of the enzymes to the secondary cell wall region of the pretreated biomass. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulosic wastes, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice bran and sawdust, and pure commercial carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xylan were used as substrates to cultivate cellulolytic fungus,Aspergillus flavusKUB2, in submerged fermentation at 30 degrees C. Of all the substrates, sugarcane bagasse was a good source for the production of cellulolytic and also hemicellulolytic enzymes. The maximum activities of endoglucanase (CMCase), total cellulase (FPase) and xylanase using sugarcane bagasse as substrate were 8\%, 75\% and 165\%, respectively, higher than those of the commercial substrates. The time course determination of enzyme production revealed that the highest CMCase (1.27 U/ml), FPase (0.72 U/ml) and xylanase (376.81 U/ml) activities were observed at 14 days of fermentation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the efficient structural alteration of sugarcane bagasse caused by enzymatic actions duringA. flavusKUB2 cultivation. Based on the results of the hydrolytic enzyme activities, FTIR and SEM,A. flavusKUB2 is suggested as an efficient hydrolytic enzymes producer and an effective lignocellulose degrader, while sugarcane bagasse can be applied as a low-cost carbon source for the economical production of lignocellulose hydrolytic enzymes byA. flavusKUB2.
In this paper, we describe the modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride to introduce carboxylic functions to sugarcane bagasse. The properties of the sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses change after carboxyl modification. The influences of the chemical reaction on the conditions, the chemical composition, and the thermal stability of the modified product are described. One gram of dried sugarcane bagasse was modified using 3.0 g succinic anhydride and 0.1 g N-bromination succinic imide with a reaction time of 6 h at 70 degrees C. The obtained materials were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
The value of lignocellulose residues for green technologies has been growing, but biomass pretreatment is still an economic challenge. In this case study, a cost analysis of subcritical water pretreatment (SCWP) of sugarcane by-products for ethanol production was conducted. The proposed industrial scheme is attached to a Brazilian sugarcane mill, which generates a surplus of bagasse. Seven scenarios were simulated to address the prospects of the implementation of the process in the mill. The fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate with Scheffersomyces stipitis upgraded the ethanol yield. The fixed capital investment of the industrial process was approximately US\$27 million and 35\% of this was associated with the SCWP. The highest ethanol yield was obtained for the process operated with hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse (6740.5 kg ethanol day(-1)), which is associated with the high hemicellulose content in the bagasse composition compared with straw. The cost difference revealed that the fixed capital investment and utilities were the largest expenses for process implementation and operation. The simulated process reached 5.45 US\$ L-1 as the lowest cost of manufacturing. However, this cost is approximately 10-fold higher than the market price for ethanol in Brazil. In conclusion, the SCWP of sugarcane straw and bagasse demands significant technical improvement before scaling up to the industrial scale for bioethanol production. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using renewable feedstock such as sugarcane stalks has been demonstrated as a sustainable fuel chain in Brazil. This work focused on the production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse in a pilot scale unit by applying the current bioprocessing strategies with the aim of recovering and characterizing the end products. The feedstock was pretreated at 190 \& DEG;C and a residence time of 10 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with commercial cellulolytic enzymes. Fermentation's substrates were formulated with hydrolysate and supplemented with 8\%wt sugarcane molasses. The fermentations were set up to mimic the conventional industrial fermentation in Brazil's ethanol distilleries at high cell density with cell recycling. The fermentation resulted in a reproducible performance by the yield of 0.49 g/g, productivity of 6.96 g/(L \& BULL;h), and cell viability of 95.3\%. Ethanol was recovered in a lab-scale distillation batch system. Distilled fractions showed higher content of higher alcohols and sulfur content than the standard specification of ANP (National Agency of Petroleum Brazilian Agency) for ethanol fuel. The distillation bottom product (vinasse) presented most characteristics suitable for fertilizer or biogas applications, except for sodium and sulfate content. Therefore, for a successful technology, transference processing adjustments should be made to make the product commercially suitable and the side stream compatible for disposal as fertilizer or digestion for biogas production.\& COPY; 2023 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Being a massive grower of sugarcane, China could use this crop in the biofuel sector. However, this critical aspect of the sugarcane crop in China has not been extensively explored. Therefore, this review analyzed the country's potential, bottlenecks, and a critical analysis of policies vs. the Brazilian model of sugarcane derived biofuels. The study determined that Brazilian sugarcane production significantly varied from Chinese conditions regarding first-generation ethanol production. The first-generation ethanol production is also constrained due to high domestic demands of sugar. However, sugarcane bagasse showed higher theoretical yield potential, density distribution, and cost-efficiency for disintegration in this study. Therefore, it was inferred that bagasse-based (second-generation) ethanol has excellent prospects as it does not obligate any separate transportation costs like other lignocellulosic resources and have relatively less cell wall recalcitrance requirements. Moreover, already available vast quantities of bagasse and backing from government policies also make it the right choice for engendering fuel ethanol. Although cost-effectiveness of second-generation ethanol of sugarcane introduces a hurdle, recent developments in process efficiency, as well as genetic manipulation of sugarcane for cell-wall digestibility, can play a paramount role in augmenting sugarcane's role in this sector. Furthermore, the improvement of sugarcane varieties, the adoption of mechanized production, and the exploration of germplasm resources for energy traits are ascertained as crucial factors for augmenting the commercial aptness of sugarcane bioethanol. The enhanced role of sugarcane in China's biofuels sector would contribute to energy security, sustainable sugarcane production, industrial development, and socioeconomic betterment of the sugarcane farming areas.
Co-fermentation of mixed sugars to produce butanol is an attractive route in sucrochemical production chains. Herein, high-level mixed sugars from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (HH) and molasses (SCM) were investigated as potential substrates for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production in batch fermentation by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923. HH produced after hydrothermal pretreatment was concentrated 5-fold and was called concentrated hemicellulosic hydrolysate (CHH). The fermentation media that were investigated consisted solely of CHH and SCM and three CHH-to-SCM ratios were used to provide 30 g/L initial sugar concentrations and furan derivatives lower than 0.1 g/L. For CHH50/SCM50 and CHH75/SCM25, diluting CHH to concentrations of 15 g/L sugars and 22.5 g/L sugars, respectively, which were supplemented with SCM and nutrients, suffered growth inhibition as a function of the concentration of undissociated acid in the medium. The best-performing medium, CHH25/SCM75 (7.5 g/L and 22.5 g/L sugars from CHH and SCM, respectively and about 0.017 g/L furan derivatives), showed 97 \% sugar consumption, and in the pH range of 5.5-6.5, undissociated acetic acid was not an inhibitory molecular form to C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum. After 30 h of fermentation, 7.8 and 9.8 g/L butanol and ABE were produced, respectively, which yielded 0.28 and 0.36 g/g. Based on our findings, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum exhibits its potential and effective application for renewable butanol production by co-fermenting mixed sugars.
The residue obtained from sugarcane juice extraction, in sugar and ethanol production, is known as bagasse. At the industrial mill, bagasse is either incinerated for steam and power generation or discarded as a waste. The incorporation of bagasse waste into polymeric composites for ballistic resistant materials was investigated in this study. Plates of epoxy composites reinforced with either raw bagasse or extracted bagasse fibers were characterized. The 30 vol\% bagasse composites were selected as a second layer, backing a front ceramic, in multilayered armors against 7.62 mm ammunition. Ballistic performance of composites was compared to Kevlar (TM) plates used in commercial multilayered armor systems. Results of ballistic tests indicated that multilayered armors with Kevlar (TM) and bagasse fiber composites satisfied the National Institute of Justice (NU) norm, and displayed similar depths of indentation in a clay witness. By contrast, the armor with raw bagasse composite demonstrated worse performance, with nearly two times deeper indentations, some of which exceeded the NU limit. Economical analysis revealed that armor with bagasse fiber composite is nearly 180\% less expensive than a corresponding armor with Kevlar (TM). Therefore, it is shown for the first time that composites reinforced with fibers extracted from sugarcane bagasse (a large scale worldwide generated waste) could replace Kevlar (TM) in multilayered armor systems making them cheaper and more sustainable. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cumulative soil evaporation estimation without CE(s-i) and with CE(s+i) inundation days viz. rainfall or irrigation days is an important aspect, affecting yield and quality of sugarcane, lacking in the literature. To this end, present replicated study conducted during spring 2019-2020 in irrigated sugarcane under semi-arid conditions, with differential rice straw mulch rates viz. 0, 4, 6, and 8 t ha(-1) constituting T-1, T-2, T-3,T- and T-4 treatments, respectively. Attempts being made to delineate CE(s-i), CE(s+i) for which mini-lysimeters and pan evaporation (Ep) data used, respectively, and their effect on yield and quality parameters of sugarcane. From tillering to grand growth stage, CE(s-i) from T-1 reduced to 2.4, 9.7, and 26.5\% in T-2, T-3,T- and T-4 plots, respectively whereas 7.14 and 15.3\% reductions recorded while shifting from T-2 to T-3 and T-3 to T-4 plots. However, CE(s+i) reduced to 1.4, 14.4, and 5.6\% while shifting from T-1 to T-2, T-2 to T-3,T- and T-3 to T-4 plots. Periodic growth parameters viz. cane height, width, Brix, and relative leaf water contents reported to improve but non-significantly in T-2, T-3,T- and T-4 plots as compared to T-1 plots. Averaged SPAD readings were reported to 7.6, 14.9, and 17\% higher at 311 DAS in T-2, T-3 and T-4 plots, compared to T-1 plots. T-3 plots reported significantly higher cane yields and commercial cane sugar (t ha(-1)) than T-1 and T-2 plots but at par with T-4 plots. Therefore, T-3 plots loaded with 6 t ha(-1) of mulch reported to reduce CE(s-i), CE(s+i), and improve cane yield, and quality.
The pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice straw (RS) using ionic liquids (IL) in combination with solid acid catalysts was investigated to enhance enzyme accessibility for biorefining. Both conventional hydrothermal and microwave-assisted treatments were carried out. Optimal conditions were determined in a microwave system using response surface analysis for cellulose digestibility, which was determined by the reducing sugar and glucose yield. The results demonstrate that SCB and RS fractionation in a choline acetate (ChOAc) IL catalyzed by SiO2-OSO3H in the microwave-assisted system and heterojunction metal oxides (SO42-/TiO2/(FeO4)-O-3/WO3) in the hydrothermal system significantly enhanced the cellulose digestibility. The costs of combined pretreatment and saccharification in the present study ranged from 0.60 to 1.48 (sic)/g glucose for RS and 1.26-2.31 (sic)/g glucose for SCB and were comparable to the previous studies. (C) 2017 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The kinetics of the acidogenic phase during anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse in differential reactors containing immobilized cells was investigated. The maximum substrate conversion rate (r(max)), substrate saturation constant (K-s) and constant of inhibition by excess substrate (K-is) were determined using vinasse with and without pH adjustment. Simulation and scaling-up of a thermophilic-hydrogen production system were performed. The r(max), values obtained at different pH were similar and near 0.9 mg-Total carbohydrates g-VS-1 h(-1). The K-s obtained from the system without pH adjustment was 10,762.3 mg-Total carbohydrates L-1 (i.e., 2.5 times higher than the system with pH adjustment). No inhibition by excess substrate was achieved in the system without pH adjustment, indicating that sugarcane vinasse can be used to produce hydrogen without input costs. The simulation revealed that hydrogen production is a sensitive process that requires careful balancing of various operational parameters. The payback for the investment in system implementation is 4.4 years. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is a typical waste generated in the production of sugarcane and ethanol. This agro-industrial waste is commonly used as fuel in the industry boiler for the steam and energy generation. However, part of the bagasse waste is disposed and may pollute the environment. The fibers extracted from the sugarcane bagasse have been considered as addition to polymeric composites. In the present work epoxy composites incorporated with 30\% in volume of continuous sugarcane bagasse fibers were evaluated in terms of their mechanical properties. As compared to the neat epoxy, the bagasse fiber displayed an increase in elastic modulus but a decrease in strength and ductility. The analysis of the composite microstructure by scanning electron microscopy revealed flaws and pores that could justify these preliminary obtained results.
This work aimed to study the selectivity of fusel oil and herbicide association in the sugarcane cultivar IAC93-3046, and the efficacy of controlling the species Panicum maximum, Amaranthus deflexus, Ipomoea quamoclit, Brachiaria decumbens and Euphorbia heterophylla. The experiment was set up at the Instituto Agron mico/Centro de Cana in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, in a randomized block design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates. The plots were composed of six 4 m sugarcane lines, 1.50 m (36 m(2)) spaced, with half being sown with weeds for control evaluation, and the other half without weeds for selectivity evaluation. The treatments were diuron+hexazinone (1,170+330 g ha (1)); diuron+hexazinone (1,170+330 g ha(-1)) + fusel oil (25.0 L ha(-1)); diuron+hexazinone (819+231 g ha(-1)) + fusel oil (25.0 L ha(-1)); metribuzin (1,920 g ha(-1)); metribuzin (1,920 g ha(-1)) + fusel oil (25.0 L ha(-1)); metribuzin (1,344 g ha(-1)) + fusel oil (25.0 L ha(-1)); amicarbazone (1,400 g ha(-1)); amicarbazone (1,400 g ha(-1)) + fusel oil (25.0 L ha(-1)) and amicarbazone (980 g ha(-1)) + fusel oil (25.0 L ha(-1)) and no herbicides. The application was performed with pressurized sprayer and 250 L ha(-1) volume under post-emergence of the culture (30 cm) and weeds (10-2 cm). The herbicides diuron+hexazinone, metribuzin and amicarbazone were effective in controlling all the species alone, but only I. quamoclit and E. heterophylla did not present a satisfactory control at full dose and 70\% of the dose combined with fusel oil. The same treatments were also selective for sugarcane cultivar IACSP 93-3046, when the variables height, stand, diameter and stalk yield, as well as the qualitative attributes were compared to the control. However, diuron + hexazinone and amicarbazone at a full dose associated with fusel oil were not selective for Brix\% juice and stalk yield, respectively.
The disposal of Vinasse, effluent from the ethanol industry is a main pollutant to the environment. HERP is a locally available cheap source of Phosphorous fertilizer, manufactured from Eppawela Rock Phosphate deposit in Sri Lanka, which is less soluble and has limited use in sugarcane cultivation. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different rates of HERP as the P source, and Vinasse on Sugarcane yield and quality. This was conducted at the fields of Sugarcane Research Institute (SRI), UdaWalawe, using variety CO775. Five levels of HERP (50, 75, 100, 125, 175 P2O5 kg/ha) with and without Vinasse were tested on the yield, juice quality, leaf P and available soil P of Plant crop and first Ratoon. Vinasse was applied at the rate recommended by SRI to furrows of both Plant and Ratoon crop. The study revealed that the cane yield and millable cane count in ratoon crop has significantly increased by applying Vinasse. Leaf P content of Plant and Ratoon crop has improved by the application of vinasse. Moreover, Vinasse has improved available soil P tested after plant crop harvest. In addition, cane juice quality parameters in both plant and ratoon crop were not affected by applying HERP as P source with or without Vinasse. Thus, there is a potential to use HERP with Vinasse as a cheap source of Phosphorous for sugarcane in Sri Lanka.
The purpose of the research was to use sugarcane bagasse as a fermentation substrate for bioethanol production and to determine the effect of yeast types from traditional inoculum for tapay making (ragi) on ethanol yield. Sugarcane bagasse was composed of lignocellulosic materials and collected from a sugar factory in Yogyakarta. Yeasts from ragi were used to break down the cellulose containing in sugarcane bagasse. Dilute alkali hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was performed to obtain sugarcane bagasse cellulosic hydrolysate. This hydrolysate was supplemented with nutrient formulations to prepare the fermentation medium to the yeast activity. Saccharomyces cerevisieae pombe SPJ, strain YRT-01, strain YRT-02 and YRT-03 (isolated from Ragi) were used in fermentations carried out using batch culture system in Erlenmeyer flasks incubated in a rotator shaker (100 rpm for 72 h) at room temperature. Yeast activity was determined based on their growth (OD660 (nm)) and reducing sugar concentration (A(540) (nm) (-) (575nm)) with xylose or glucose as standard. The ethanol concentration was determined by Conway method. The results showed that bagasse hidrolyzate contains (6.9 to 8.0) g . L-1 of xylose and glucose. The highest ethanol concentration was obtained 1.387 \% by strain YRT-03 during 4 d incubation, indicating that yeast strain YRT-03 was the promising yeast for sugarcane bagasse fermentation to produce ethanol under temperature at 32 degrees C and pH 5.5. This strain resembles to Saccharomyces cerevisiae pombe.
Sugarcane bagasse is a vast, inexpensive lignocellulosic feedstock that can be industrially converted into renewable materials, chemicals and biofuels. Bagasse, which results from the shredding and crushing of the sugarcane stalks, has a pore structure that is inherited from the native plant tissues and is partly disrupted due to the applied mechanical processes. The connectivity in the bagasse pore space can be critical for mass transport in industrial processes requiring liquid or solute extraction from the solid or impregnation of catalysts and reactants into the biomass. In this work, we pioneer the construction of pore network models (PNMs) to investigate intraparticle connectivity in lignocellulosic biomass. X-ray microtomograms of sugarcane bagasse are employed to extract the PNMs, which are then analyzed with support from hydraulic, diffusion, and graph theory-based methods. The analysis determines the characteristic sizes and anisotropies of the bagasse pore space. Moreover, it reveals that a relatively small number of pores are critical for the intraparticle connectivity. The critical pores can be in tissue cracks and xylem vessels as well as in ruptured parenchyma and fiber cells. The relative importance of each of these regions depends on the specifics of the bagasse particle.
Lindane is a toxic and persistent organochlorine pesticide, whose extensive use generated its accumulation in different environmental matrices. Bioremediation is a promising technology that can be used combining bioaugmentation and biostimulation processes to soil restoration. The aim of the present work was to determine the conditions of maximum lindane removal by bioaugmentation with an actinobacteria consortium and biostimulation with sugarcane filter cake (SCFC). The assays were carried out on lindane-contaminated silty loam (SLS), clayey (CS), and sandy (SS) soils. Through complete factorial designs, the effects of three abiotic factors (moisture content, proportion and size of SCFC particles) were evaluated on lindane removal. In addition, a response optimizer determined the optimal conditions for pesticide removal in bioaugmented and biostimulated soils, in the range of levels studied for each factor. In these conditions, bioaugmentation of biostimulated soils increased the pesticide removal (SLS: 61.4\%, CS: 70.8\%, SS: 86.3\%), heterotrophic microbial counts, and soil enzymatic activities, and decreased lindane T-1/2, regarding the non-bioaugmented biostimulated controls, after 14 days of assay. The values of these parameters confirmed the efficiency of the bioremediation process. Finally, the viability of the four strains was demonstrated at the end of the assay. The results indicate that the simultaneous application of bioaugmentation with the actinobacteria consortium and biostimulation with SCFC constitutes a promising tool for restoring soils contaminated with lindane, by using the optimal conditions obtained through the factorial designs.
Sugarcane bagasse has a great potential to be used as biofuel; however, its use as feedstock in fluidized bed reactors is hampered due to its fibrous nature, low apparent density, high moisture content, and difficulties with its fluidization. The present study evaluated the torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse to propose suitable process conditions that balance the properties of the fuel obtained in the torrefaction and the process's energy requirements. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis and previous reports, two final process temperatures (230 degrees C and 280 degrees C) and residence times (35 and 45 min) for the same heating rate (5 degrees C/min) and nitrogen flow (1 L/min) were evaluated. Within the experimental conditions evaluated, it can be concluded that for 30 min of residence time, the average target temperature of 230 degrees C should be high enough to produce a stable torrefacted bagasse with a 3.41\% reduction in the volatile content and obtain 98.85\% of energy yield. Higher temperatures increase the feedstock's carbon content and energy density, but the reduction in energy yield and the fraction of volatiles do not justify higher temperatures or longer residence times for pretreating the sugarcane bagasse.
The pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with alkaline hydrogen peroxide was evaluated for second generation ethanol production via enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Factorial designs were used to determine the need for particle size reduction as well as to optimize pretreatment conditions and enzymes loadings in the hydrolysis. The influence of increasing solids loadings in the pretreatment and hydrolysis stages was determined; batch fermentation of pure hydrolysate, as well as continuous fermentation of hydrolysate concentrated with sugarcane molasses were performed. Furthermore, mass balances were used to determine the mass of ethanol obtained by mass of raw bagasse in different operational conditions. The pretreatment increased bagasse enzymatic digestibility without the need for prior size reduction. In the optimal pretreatment (1 h, 25 degrees C, 1.84 mL hydrogen peroxide/g bagasse) and hydrolysis conditions (3.5 FPU/g bagasse of cellulase and 25 CBU/g bagasse of beta-glucosidase), 416.7 kg glucose/ton of raw bagasse were obtained. Fermentation of pure hydrolysate led to an ethanol yield of 187.85 kg/ton of raw bagasse. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride using pyridine as solvent after ultrasound irradiation was studied. The optimized parameters included ultrasound irradiating time 0-50 min, reaction time 30-120 min, succinic anhydride concentration by the ratio of dried sugarcane bagasse to succinic anhydride from 1:0.25 to 1:1.50, and reaction temperature 75-115 degrees C are required in the process. The extent of succinoylation was measured by the weight percent gain (WPG), which increased with increments of reaction time, succinic anhydride concentration, and reaction temperature. The ultrasound irradiation has a positive effect on bagasse succinoylation process. On the other hand, the ultrasonic pre-treatment application broke down the cell wall polymers, resulting in, therefore, a negative effect on the WPG. Evidences of succinoylation were also provided by FT-IR and CP MAS C-13 NMR and the results showed that the succinoylation at C-2 and C-3 occurred. The thermal stability of the succinylated bagasse decreased upon chemical modification. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Delignified sugarcane bagasse from the sugar industry was used as a carrier for Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC90 immobilization and ethanol production. The proficiency of cell immobilization of S. cerevisiae SC90 on delignified sugarcane bagasse was determined by the amount of cell retention on the carrier and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). S. cerevisiae SC90 showed the highest cell immobilization on day 1 when diluted molasses (231 g/L of total sugar) was used as a substrate. The efficiency of ethanol production by the immobilized cells was compared with cells grown in suspension in the repeated batch process. Immobilized cells exhibited a higher ethanol production than the suspended system for all five consecutive batches without any requirement for cell adaptation. The maximum ethanol yield (Y-P/S) of the immobilized cells was 0.42 +/- 0.02 g/g (82.35\% theoretical yield) in a 3 L packed bed bioreactor when the production could be prolonged up to five consecutive batches. As an additional bonus, the high protein spent yeast cells mixed with delignified sugarcane bagasse can be explored as an animal feed in the future.
The valorization of agro-residues by biological routes is a key technology that contributes to the development of sustainable processes and the generation of value-added products. Sugarcane bagasse is an agro-residue generated by the sugar and alcohol industry in Brazil (186 million tons per year), composed essentially of cellulose (32-44\%), hemicellulose (27-32\%) and lignin (19-24\%). The conversion of sugarcane bagasse into fermentable sugars requires essentially two steps: pretreatment and hydrolysis. The aim of the pretreatment is to separate the lignin and break the structure of lignocellulose, and it is one of the most critical steps in the process of converting biomass to fermentable sugars. The aim of this review is to describe different pretreatment strategies to promote the delignification of the sugarcane bagasse by thermo-chemical and biological processes.
The present study aimed to optimize the process for extracting cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from sugarcane bagasse through ultrasonic-assisted sulfuric acid hydrolysis and its subsequent modification with L-malic acid and silane coupling agent KH-550. The effects of the different modification methods and the order of modification on the structures and properties of bagasse CNCs were explored. The results indicated that the optimal process conditions were achieved at an acid-digestion temperature of 50 \& DEG;C, a reaction time of 70 min, an ultrasonic power of 250 W, and a volume fraction of 55\%. The modified CNCs were analyzed using infrared spectral, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric techniques, which revealed that L-malic acid was attached to the hydroxyl group on the CNCs via ester bond formations, and the silane coupling agent KH-550 was adsorbed effectively on the CNCs' surfaces. Moreover, it was observed that the modification of the CNCs by L-malic acid and the KH-550 silane coupling agent occurred only on the surface, and the esterification-crosslinking modification method provided the best thermal stability. The performance of self-made CNC was found to be superior to that of purchased CNC based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis. Furthermore, the modified esterified-crosslinked CNCs exhibited the best structure and performance, thereby offering a potential avenue for the high-value utilization of sugarcane bagasse, a byproduct of sugarcane sugar production, and the expansion of the comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse.
In this paper, we demonstrate in a clear procedure the application of the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) to model a large-scale covered in-ground anaerobic reactor (Cigar), processing sugarcane vinasse from a biorefinery in Brazil. The biochemical make-up (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) of the substrate was analysed based on the food industry standards. Two distinct subsets of data, based on the sugarcane harvest season for bioethanol and sugar production in 2012 and 2014, were used to direct and cross validate the model, respectively. We fitted measured data by estimating two key parameters against biogas flow rate: the degradation extent (f(d)) and the first order hydrolysis rate coefficient (k(hyd)). By cross validation we show that the fitted model can be generalised to represent the behaviour of the reactor under study. Therefore, motivated by practical and industrial application of ADM1, for both different reactors types and substrates, we show aspects on the implementation of ADM1 to a specific large-scale reactor for anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse.
The impact of hydrothermal, dilute acid, and alkaline pretreatments on the chemical structure of eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse, and straw were compared with a view to their subsequent bioconversion into ethanol. Sugarcane bagasse and straw contain high amounts of extractives (15.0\% and 12.2\%, respectively), ash (2.3\% and 7.9\%, respectively), and silica (1.4\% and 5.8\%, respectively). If not properly corrected, the presence of silica would lead to the overestimation of the lignin, while high amounts of extractives would cause the overestimation of the content of sugars in biomass. Applying a novel approach through the use of complete mass balance, bagasse and straw were proven to contain lower amounts of lignin (18.0\% and 13.9\%, respectively) than previously reported for these raw materials, and certainly a much lower amount of lignin than eucalyptus (27.4\%). The syringyl to guaiacyl units ratio (SIG) for lignin in bagasse and straw (1.1 and 0.5, respectively) was lower than that for eucalyptus (2.7), indicating a different reactivity during chemical pretreatments. The xylan content in sugarcane bagasse and straw was much higher than that in eucalyptus, with a significantly lower degree of substitution for uronic acids and acetyl groups. The sugarcane straw showed the highest mass loss during the investigated pretreatments, especially under alkaline conditions, with a total biomass yield of only 37.3\%. During the hydrothermal and dilute acid treatments, mostly hemicelluloses were removed, followed by the formation a significant amount of pseudo-lignin structures, while the alkaline pretreatment affected the lignin content. With eucalyptus, the formation of structures similar in their behavior to extractives (i.e., soluble in toluene and ethanol, subsequently referred to as ``pseudo-extractives{''
Fermentation of ethanol as a product of sugarcane agro-industry causes the discharge of large amounts of a liquid waste called vinasse into the environment. In this study, co-composting followed by vermicomposting process of the mixtures of vinasse, cow manure, and chopped bagasse was performed for 60 days using earthworms of Eisenia fetida species. The results showed that the trend of changes in C/N was decreasing. The pH of the final fertilizer was in alkaline range (8.1-8.4). The total potassium decreased during the process, ranging from 0.062 to 0.15\%, while the total phosphorus increased and its values ranged from 0.06 to 0.10\%. The germination index (GI) for all samples was 100\%, while the cellular respiration maturity index was < 2 mg C-CO2 g(-1) organic carbon day(-1), confirming a very stable compost. The results of this study indicate that the compost obtained from the co-composting-vermicomposting process could be used as a sound soil amendment. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this work was to produce and characterize activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse agglomerated with Alumina (Al2O3) and apply it in treatment of vinasse pretreated by coagulationflocculation to reduce the toxics parameters of vinasse. The adsorbent was characterized from textural analysis, XRD, pH(ZPC), SEM and EDS. Adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the process were obtained. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the experimental data better and the pseudo- first-order model best represented the adsorption kinetics. The process was spontaneous, exothermic and with increased entropy. The combined coagulation-flocculation/adsorption process was efficient in reducing the parameters of color, turbidity, COD, TOC and toxicity of the vinasse with removal rates of 73.50, 96.06, 72.65, 76.08, 78\% respectively.
The reuse of natural fibers, in order to manufacture a new product, is already becoming popular due to the generation of a series of advantages in social areas. Sugarcane bagasse is a set of tangled fibers of cellulose, produced in large quantities due to increased acreage and industrialization of sugarcane resulting from public and private investments in production aimed for the alcohol industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing sheet timber manufacture from the sugarcane bagasse, analyzing mechanical strength properties. A form of metal sheet for the molding of 12 specimens based on sugarcane bagasse and industrialized resin was made. Soon after molding, specimens were submitted to a three-point bending test, with the aid of a press. The analysis of the results allowed to conclude that the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity did not obtain the minimum values recommended by the standard. The tensile strength must be improved to allow panels to be useful for ordinary strength applications.
The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in sugarcane as well as in by-products, such as molasses, sugar, yeast cream and dried yeast, collected from different fields and processing plants in Sao Paulo state, were investigated throughout the sugarcane production chain. A total of 246 samples was collected and analyzed and 226 isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated. Aspergillus section Flavi strains were found in sugarcane juice, milled sugarcane, stalk, soil and dried yeast samples. Among the isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi submitted to polyphasic identification (n = 57), Aspergillus novoparasiticus and Aspergillus arathidicola were predominantly found. A significant proportion of the isolates (84.5\%) were found to have morphological and physiological characteristics of A. novoparasiticus. Most samples, with the exception of sugar, showed some aflatoxin contamination. The highest level was in dried yeast with an average of 2.55 mu g/kg and maximum value of 10.19 mu g/kg. This is the first report of contamination of sugarcane by A. novoparasiticus.
Pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse by three high boiling-point polyol solutions were compared in acid-catalysed processes. Pretreatments by ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol solutions containing 1.2 \% H2SO4 and 10 \% water at 130 A degrees C for 30 min removed 89 \% lignin from bagasse resulting in a glucan digestibility of 95 \% with a cellulase loading of 20 FPU/g glucan. Pretreatment by glycerol solution under the same conditions removed 57 \% lignin with a glucan digestibility of 77 \%. Further investigations with EG solutions showed that increases in acid content, pretreatment temperature and time, and decrease in water content improved pretreatment effectiveness. A good linear correlation of glucan digestibility with delignification was observed with R-2 = 0.984. Bagasse samples pretreated with EG solutions were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, which confirmed that improved glucan enzymatic digestibility is mainly due to delignification and defibrillation of bagasse. Pretreatment by acidified EG solutions likely led to the formation of EG-glycosides. Up to 36 \% of the total lignin was recovered from pretreatment hydrolysate, which may improve the pretreatment efficiency of recycled EG solution.
The objective of this study was to provide background data on sugarcane bagasse vacuum pyrolysis. Product yields and properties were investigated. Vacuum pyrolysis tests were performed at bench and pilot plant scales. The bagasse finest particles with a diameter smaller than 450 pm were removed in order to overcome difficulties caused by their low density and high ash content. In comparison with the pyrolysis test carried out in the pilot reactor, the pyrolysis tests performed at the laboratory scale yielded more oil (34.4 vs. 30.1 wt.\%) and less charcoal (19.4 vs. 25.7 wt.\%). This bio-oil was found to be a potential valuable liquid fuel: it has a low ash content (0.05 wt.\%), a relatively low viscosity (4.1 cSt at 90 degreesC), a high calorific value (22.4 MJ/kg) and a low content of methanol insoluble materials (0.4 wt.\%). Accelerated ageing tests performed at 80 degreesC indicated that the bio-oil has a thermal susceptibility similar to oils obtained from other biomass materials. The charcoal, gas and aqueous phase were also characterized. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Besides mineral sources, silica can be found in plants, particularly in the epidermis, since during their growth plants absorb the mono-silicic acid present in the soil, storing it as a natural form of protection, insect pest control and transpiration regulator. Among the plants that present high levels of silica in their ashes, we can highlight sugarcane, with Brazil being the largest producer of sugarcane derived (sugar and bioethanol) in the world, accounting 615 million tons per year. Thus, the increasing of the international demand encourages an increase of the availability of sugarcane wastes, pushing its use for the generation of electric power, as for other purposes enabling a sustainable development. In this work, high purity silica nanoparticles (up to 95\%) with predominantly amorphous microstructure were obtained after thermal (500 to 700 degrees C) and chemical treatments (1 molar hydrochloric acid solution, 10\% volume) of sugarcane bagasse and leaves ashes. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using this silica in ceramics, glasses, refractory materials and construction applications, as well as in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, molecular sieves and mesoporous membranes. The silica obtained in this research also proved to be suitable for obtaining porous silicon (using magnesiothermic reduction), where the experimental procedure employed is described elsewhere. {[
The expansion of sugarcane plantations in Brazil and the discarding of vinasse into the sugarcane field have been speculated to contribute to the growing population of the billbug Sphenophorus levis. This beetle attacks the root system and forms galleries in rhizomes, causing damage or even the death of host plants. It has been suspected that vinasse, a residue from ethanol production, can release volatiles that are attractive to the insect; however, no study has addressed this hypothesis so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the attractiveness of vinasse to S. levis adults and identify the volatile compounds released by this substance using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We found that vinasse was more attractive to S. levis than sugarcane stems, molasses and wastewater under laboratory conditions, but not than cane stems at field conditions. Our GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of primary alcohols, terpenes and organic carboxylic acids in vinasse. When a mixture of the commercial synthetic compounds identified in the chemical analysis was tested in the laboratory, a strong attraction of the insects to the mixture was observed. Our results help to explain how vinasse can contribute to the infestations of S. levis in sugarcane fields and shed new light on the development of strategies to control this pest using chemical attractants.
Microbial hyaluronic acid (HA) production has been preferred rather than extraction from animal tissue for medical and cosmetic applications. In this context, to obtain an economically competitive HA production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus, culture conditions were studied to improve the polymer production in sugarcane molasses. The highest HA production by S. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 achieved was 2.825 g. L-1 in a 4.5 L bioreactor with controlled pH (8.0) and medium containing molasses (85.35 g.L-1 total sugar) pretreated with activated charcoal and yeast extract (50 g.L-1). The HA produced exhibited a high molecular weight of 1.35 x 10(3) kDa and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the polymer at 1 g.L-1 was 41 \%. The FTIR and UV-Vis spectra showed no substantial differences in the spectral pattern between produced and standard HA. This study is a promising strategy for sugarcane molasses application by producing high value-added products such as hyaluronic acid.
The synthesis and application of cellulose acetate (CA) from sugarcane bagasse were investigated. Firstly, cellulose was extracted by a sequential treatment with H2SO4 (10\% WV), NaOH (5\% w/v), EDTA (0.5\% w/V), and H2O2 (5\% v/v), and characterized by X-ray diffraction (DRX). After the acetylation of the extracted cellulose, CA was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and was applied in the membrane production. The membranes were analyzed by DSC and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and tested in the flux of water vapor to determinate the best conditions for membrane manufacturing. FTIR analysis proved the replacement of free OH groups by acetyl groups, and the thermal analysis showed that sugarcane bagasse CA possessed thermal properties compared to commercial grade CA. The best conditions to prepare membrane were: 3\% (w/v) of polymer/solvent relation, 10 min of solvent evaporation time, and 20 degrees C as temperature for the coagulation bath. These results show that CA can be successfully synthesized from sugarcane bagasse and applied in membrane preparation. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work demonstrated the possibility of bioelectricity generation using microbial fuel cell technologies from sugarcane molasses by a bacterial strain isolated from molasses. The strain identified according to 16S rRNA as Brevibacillus borstelensis STR11. Sugarcane molasses could be used as a substrate in MFC, because of its high sugar content. When the bacterial strain was used as biocatalyst and sugarcane molasses as a substrate in MFC. The voltage increased rapidly over time recording 990 +/- 5 mV in open circuit voltage (OCV), and 453 +/- 6 mV in closed circuit voltage (1000 Omega) after 10 days of operation. The power density (P-max) determined from the polarization curve, and it was 188.5 mW/m(2) with an initial concentration of sugarcane molasses 1 ml (1632 mg/L as COD). While the coulombic efficiencies (CEs) ranged from 59.8 to 28.03\%, related to initial concentrations of 0.3 +/- 0.05 to 2.0 +/- 0.15 g/L. The COD removal was determined and it was 11.7\% after 5 days and reached to 81.7\% by the end of the operation (30 days). These results suggested that bioelectricity could be generated from sugarcane molasses by Brevibacillus borstelensis STRI1. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Agricultural waste such as sugarcane bagasse is abundant in Malaysia and at present is mainly used as combustible material for energy supply in the sugar factory. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of manufacturing composite panel from sugarcane bagasse at three density levels (450, 550, 650 kg/m(3)), two resin content (10 and 12\%) and with or without wax (1\%) addition. The panel produced were tested for mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture) and physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) conforming to the British standard (BS EN 310 and BS EN 317). The results revealed that board with density 650kg/m(3) gave superior strength compared to those of 450kg/m(3) and 550kg/m(3) densities. The addition of 1\% wax helped to improve the water absorption and thickness swelling of the composite panel. Thus, it can be concluded that composite panel can successfully be produced from sugarcane bagasse as the main source of raw materials.
Sugarcane bagasse is a byproduct generated at sugarcane mills after sugarcane juice extraction. Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of fine pneumatic classified particles at ambient equilibrium moisture content have shown good cellulose to glucose conversion without any extra pretreatments as milling, enzymatic, acid or a combination of these, which is one of the current hydrolysis process bottlenecks. Avoid such pretreatments is extremely important for reducing process costs. Based on previous work, this study performed a theoretical investigation of bagasse particles' separation aiming a better understanding of this phenomena permitting development and improvement of equipment used for it. Numerical simulations were carried out using ANSYS Fluent (R) and Rocky (R) DEM software, which modelled separation experiments based on computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method, respectively. The comparison between simulation and actual experimental results showed that the model is predictive and can be extended to several processes that use the fluidisation of sugarcane bagasse, such as drying, pyrolysis, and gasification. The studied simulation models can also serve as a basis for fluidisation simulations of other biomasses.
Areas under vinasse application have been associated to favorable physical conditions for root development, aeration, infiltration and water movement in soil profile. This study aimed to evaluate changes on physical attributes of soil under sugarcane straw after vinasse application in two sugarcane growing areas (Area 1 and Area 2) under mechanized management in the state of Para ba, Brazil. In each area, the samples were collected in the 0-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60m layers of the soil, in 36 points, distributed in a 10x10m mesh, one day before and 40 days after vinasse application. The data were submitted to multivariate analysis with repeated measures and geostatistics. The vinasse application decreased soil density and increased total porosity in both Areas and increased organic matter in Area 2. In Area 1 occurred pure nugget effect for the fractions of sand, silt and clay, independent of soil layer. In Area 2, this effect was verified mostly at superficial layers, except for the fraction of clay that presented a moderate degree of spatial dependence.
X-ray microtomography (XMT) provides new possibilities for microstructural characterization of lignocellulosic materials. The present article explores XMT application to characterize raw and treated sugarcane bagasse. Tridimensional images are presented, showing sugarcane anatomical features as well as particle damages due to sugarcane crushing. One major advantage of XMT is its non-invasiveness, making this technique unique for unambiguous characterization of intraparticle morphology. Finally, bagasse morphological changes due to dilute acid treatment and alkali delignification are discussed based on tridimensional images. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Efficient sorbents for the removal of cationic dye were prepared from sugarcane bagasse (stalk) and straw (leaves) by oxidative pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acetic acid. The effects of variables, such as concentration of H2O2, temperature and time on the properties of the fiber sorbents obtained were studied according to a 2(3) full-factorial design. For comparison, an oxidative treatment of sugarcane biomass with glacial acetic acid was also used. The yields of the materials obtained and their chemical composition were characterized and compared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and benzene vapor adsorption were used to investigate the structural properties and morphology of the initial materials and sorbents. The sorption of methylene blue dye was used to assess the efficiency of dye removal by the sorbents. The pre-treatment conditions significantly affected the sorbent yield, their chemical composition (contents of cellulose, lignin and ash) as well as their sorption properties. The cellulosic sorbent (C-sorbent) from sugarcane bagasse obtained by pre-treatment with H2O2 in acetic acid and the lignocellulosic sorbent (LC-sorbent) from sugarcane straw obtained by pre-treatment with glacial acetic acid, had the highest sorption capacity for the methylene blue dye. For both types of sorbents, the sorption capacity increased with chemical pretreatment as a result of an increase in pore volume.
The replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels has been extremely important worldwide to stimulate the growth of economies based on the sustainability through the use of renewable resources. Anaerobic digestion for biogas production is recognized as a clean technology that allies the suitability of wastes with energy generation, fulfilling the requirements for a sustainable alternative to provide the optimization of the biofuels production. This alternative is especially interesting for the sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil, in which the generation of vinasse, the main liquid waste, is very expressive. Nevertheless, the use of vinasse for anaerobic digestion has been finding some challenges to its establishment in the Brazilian sugarcane biorefineries. This paper reviews the actual context of anaerobic digestion within the sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil, presenting the main obstacles for its full application and, the directions to promote it as well. Alternatives for biogas use are also presented and compared, highlighting the environmental and energy advantages of applying anaerobic digestion in the sugarcane biorefineries. This scenario is envisaged as a suitable way to achieve the future biorefineries model, based on the use and recovery of renewable resources with economic, social, and environmental benefits. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate blends and poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate/sugarcane bagasse composites were prepared by melt mixing. The lower viscosity of poly(lactic acid), the lower interfacial tension between poly(lactic acid) and sugarcane bagasse, and the wetting coefficient of poly(lactic acid)/sugarcane bagasse being larger than one, all suggested that sugarcane bagasse would preferably be in contact with poly(lactic acid). A fairly good dispersion of sugarcane bagasse was observed in the composites. Exposed fibre ends were observed in the composite micrographs, which were believed to add to the efficiency of metal adsorption. The impact properties depended more on the poly(lactic acid): ethylene vinyl acetate ratio than on the presence of sugarcane bagasse. The poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate blends showed two melting peaks at approximately the same temperatures as those of the neat polymers, which confirms the complete immiscibility of poly(lactic acid) and ethylene vinyl acetate at all the investigated compositions. Sugarcane bagasse-related weight loss occurred at higher temperatures for sugarcane bagasse in the composites, which could have been the result of the sugarcane bagasse being protected by the polymers, or a delay in the diffusion of the sugarcane bagasse decomposition products out of the sample. Water absorption increased with an increase in sugarcane bagasse loading in the composites. More lead was adsorbed than one would expect if the partial coverage of the fibre by the polymer is taken into account, and therefore it may be assumed that some of the lead was trapped inside the cavities in the composites and that the polymers may also have played a role in the metal complexation process, since both polymers have functional groups that could interact with the lead ions. The metal impurities underwent monolayer adsorption.
Economically viable recovery of sucrose from sugarcane molasses is of great interest to academia and industry, and membrane technology is promising to achieve this goal, especially the separation of pigments and sucrose. A suitable membrane should have higher permeate flux and color removal, as well as lower sugar loss and membrane fouling during the decoloration of the sugarcane molasses. Compared with polyether sulphone ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, a polyamide UF membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 2 kDa was preferred for this purpose. To further control membrane fouling, alkali treatment on such membrane and different pretreatments on molasses were also examined. Alkaline treatment on the membrane could further increase its antifouling performance at the sacrifice of some color removal. The pretreatment with ceramic membrane filtration greatly increased the permeate flux of the polymeric membrane, but it only transferred the fouling from the polymeric membrane to the ceramic membrane, unfortunately, from reversible to irreversible fouling. Moreover, the UF permeate flux was improved at higher pH (neutral) and temperature (60 degrees C), and these conditions also could retard microbial growth and sucrose conversion. Higher dilution times on molasses enhanced the permeate flux of the OF and reduced the sugar loss, but the filtration time was prolonged. Moreover, the sucrose and reducing sugar retentions by nanofiltration (NF) membrane at 60 degrees C kept around 96\% and 60\% respectively, implying that separation of sucrose and reducing sugar after the decoloration of molasses could be realized. This work not only provides an alternative method to efficiently utilize sugarcane molasses, but also serves as a valuable guide for process design and practical operation in subsequent industrial application.
This study evaluated the feed value of sugarcane filter cake (SFC) for broilers. A total of 336 one-day-old Cobb500 were randomly allotted to seven treatments (T) with three replications. A diet without SFC (T0, control) was formulated for the starter (1-14 days), grower (15-28 days) and finisher (29-49 days) phases. The test diets contained sun-dried SFC at two levels (5\% and 10\%) and varied with feeding periods {[
Due to the environmental concerns and the increasing price of oil, bioethanol was already produced in large amount in Brazil and China from sugarcane juice and molasses. In order to make this process competitive, we have investigated the suitability of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AS2.1190 on sugarcane pieces for production of ethanol. Electron microscopy clearly showed that cell immobilization resulted in firm adsorption of the yeast cells within subsurface cavities, capillary flow through the vessels of the vascular bundle structure, and attachment of the yeast to the surface of the sugarcane pieces. Repeated batch fermentations using sugarcane supported-biocatalyst were successfully carried out for at least ten times without any significant loss in ethanol production from sugarcane juice and molasses. The number of cells attached to the support increased during the fermentation process, and fewer yeast cells leaked into fermentation broth. Ethanol concentrations (about 89.73-77.13 g/l in average value), and ethanol productivities (about 59.53-62.79 g/l d in average value) were high and stable, and residual sugar concentrations were low in all fermentations (0.34-3.60 g/l) with conversions ranging from 97.67-99.80\%, showing efficiency (90.11-94.28\%) and operational stability of the biocatalyst for ethanol fermentation. The results of this study concerning the use of sugarcane as yeast supports could be promising for industrial fermentations.
2,3-Butanediol has been known as a platform green chemical, and the production cost is the key problem for its large-scale production in which the carbon source occupies a major part. Sugarcane molasses is a by-product of sugar industry and considered as a cheap carbon source for biorefinery. In this paper, the fermentation of 2,3-butanediol with sugarcane molasses was studied by reducing the medium ingredients and operation steps. The fermentation medium was optimized by response surface methodology, and 2,3-butanediol production was explored under the deficiency of sterilization, molasses acidification, and organic nitrogen source. Based on these experiments, the fermentation medium with sugarcane molasses as carbon source was simplified to five ingredients, and the steps of molasses acidification and medium sterilization were reduced; thus, the cost was reduced and the production of 2,3-butanediol was enhanced. Under fed-batch fermentation, 99.5 g/L of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin was obtained at 60 h with a yield of 0.39 g/g sugar.
Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic waste from sugar mills and agricultural processing. The aim of this research was evaluation of alkaline pretreatment on the chemical composition and structure of sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment was conducted with cooking by sodium hydroxide. It was carried out at 12 L reactor with concentrations variation. Meanwhile, times variations were conducted for 15, 30, 40, and 45 minutes, respectively. Sugarcane bagasse characteristics before and after pretreatment have been analyzed by X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrometer. The results showed that the lowest lignin content (7.16\%) was the treatment by NaOH 1N for 30 minutes. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Indonesia EBTKE Conex 2013
The sugarcane biorefinery generates large amounts of vinasse. One strategy is to use this by-product as feedstock for energy production, since it is possible to obtain biogas and provide a better bio-fertilizer for fertirrigation. This paper investigates enviromnental aspects of biogas production and use in different biorefinery configurations. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for quantifying the potential environmental impacts of products, processes, or services, to support the selection making of desire products and/or processes from different alternatives. This work applies the LCA approach using the software SimaPro (R) and CML Baseline 2000 methods. LCA analyses were performed considering biogas production from vinasse in different biorefinery configurations and two on-site applications: as a complementary fuel in the boiler and as a diesel replacement in the agricultural operations. In all scenarios, significant improvements in the environmental impact categories Were observed when biogas was used as diesel replacement. The use of biogas as a complementary fuel in a boiler showed a smooth decrease in the enviromnental impacts compared to the conventional process. The integrated first and second ethanol configurations presented the better results for most of environmental impacts categories compared to the first ethanol configurations. The results indicate that the use of biogas is a promising technology. Its production and use is responsible for improving the productivity and environmental impacts of the plant.
Sugarcane molasses was studied as a substrate for butanol and isopropanol fermentation by Clostridium beijerinckii optinoii in 10 L batch fermentations. Using 3\% glucose as a carbon source, the solvent concentrations (butanol and isopropanol) and solvent yields were 10.03 g/L and 0.43 g/g, respectively, with a sugar utilization of 81.7\%. However, on 2.5\% glucose medium supplemented with an additional 0.5\% sugar supplied as sugarcane molasses, sugar consumption was 100\% and the solvent concentrations (13.37 g/L) and solvent yields (0.45 g/g) were both higher. Sugarcane molasses (3\%) with or without invertase and without P2 vitamin/mineral solution produced a solvent concentration of 12.15 similar to 12.81 g/L and solvent yield of. 0.39 similar to 0.41 g/g with sugar consumption of 94.88 similar to 100\%. This work demonstrated the value of sugarcane molasses as a supplementary nutrient for glucose fermentation for butanol and isopropanol production using C. beijerinckii optinoii as well as its value as a low cost carbon and media source.
In this work, a subcritical water process was used for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with the aim of producing fermentable sugars. Hydrolysis kinetics was determined using a semi-batch unit equipped with a 50 mL reactor. Different sample loads (2 and 11 g), flow-rates (11, 22, 33, 44 and 55 mL/min) and temperatures (213, 251 and 290 degrees C) were evaluated, while maintaining constant pressure (20 MPa). The liquefaction degree of the sugarcane bagasse was not affected by water flow rate and increased with temperature; the maximum liquefaction degree was 95\% for hydrolysis at 251 degrees C and 33 mL/min. The total reducing sugars recovered increased with flow rate up to 23\%. The hydrolysis process was completed faster at higher temperatures, requiring 16 min. Maximum monosaccharides + cellobiose + cellotriose yield was 5.6\% at 213 degrees C and 33 mL/min. Approximately 60\% of the sugars recovered were in the oligomeric form. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Although the use of saltbush plants in metal phytoremediation is well known, there is little information about the impact of sugarcane vinasse (SCV) and EDTA on metal uptake. Heavily cadmium-polluted soil (38 mg kg(-1) Cd) was used in pot and incubation experiments to investigate the Cd phytoextraction potential of wavy saltbush (Atriplex undulata) and quail saltbush (Atriplex lentiformis). EDTA at rates of 3, 6, and 10 mM kg(-1) soil and SCV at rates of 7, 15, and 30 mL kg(-1) soil were added to the polluted soil. The application of EDTA significantly (P = 0.002) reduced the growth of saltbush plants; on the other hand, SCV improved the growth. Both EDTA and SCV increased the availability and root-to-shoot transfer of Cd. The plants of A. lentiformis grown on the soil amended with the highest rate of SCV were able to remove 20.4 \% of the total soil Cd during a period of 9 months. Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that A. lentiformis and sugarcane vinasse could be more effective in the phytoextraction of Cd from the polluted soils.
Sugarcane has been tapped as a source of sugar and molasses for the production of bioethanol in the Philippines. The increasing demand in bioethanol due to the rising consumption of gasoline, the surplus sugar and molasses would not be able to meet future demands. In the harvesting and processing of sugarcane, residues like that of sugarcane leaves (SCL) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are generated. These residues are composed of sugar-based fibers, which may be utilized in producing bioethanol. Despite sugarcane residues being among the abundant crop residues generated, assessment on their potential for bioethanol production have been scarce. An initial assessment of the potentials of utilizing SCL and SCB produced in the Philippines and their contribution when utilized as raw material for bioethanol production is provided in this work. The geographical scenario of the Philippines was also taken into consideration. The limitations that could potentially be brought about by the competing use of available resource for bioenergy generation are also discussed. It is hoped that this work will provide a simple approach in providing or generating quantitative baseline information for consideration in future policies to avoid potential competition and emphasize on the need for appropriate allocation of available resources.
Sugarcane bagasse composites have been prepared by the free radical polymerization of regular or modified vegetable oils with divinylbenzene and n-butyl methacrylate in the presence of dried, ground sugarcane bagasse. Various cure times and temperatures have been investigated to determine the optimum cure sequence for the new materials. The postcure time has also been varied, and an ideal postcure treatment of 1 h at 180 degrees C at ambient pressure has given the best overall properties. The effect of varying the filler load and resin composition has been assessed by means of tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Soxhlet extraction, followed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the extracts, and scanning electron microscopy. It has been observed that the initial washing and drying of the filler influence the fillerresin interaction and impact the final properties of the composites. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Phenolic acids were released from sugarcane bagasse by alkaline hydrolysis at 30 C for 4 h; The alkaline hydrolysates were ultrafiltrated, the permeates purified with anion exchange resin. The phenolic acids bound by the resin were desorbed by a mixture of water-ethanol-HCl solution (36: 60: 4) after washing the resin with water, ethanol and dilute HCl respectively. The combined eluents were concentrated for crystalization, and the crystals filtered and washed using 1\% (v/v) HCl. After this purification process, the purity of products reached 89.7\% based on coumaric acid. Results of HPLC/MS, HPLC using standard coumaric acid and ferulic acid showed that the main component of the purified bagasse hydrolysate was p-coumaric acid rather than ferulic acid. The purified products showed the same antioxidant activity, reducing power and free radical scavenging capacity as the standard p-coumaric acid. The technology could be applied on industrial scale. Industrial relevance: This research presents a technology to produce coumaric acids from sugarcane bagasse. The first step is to release coumaric acid by alkaline hydrolysis. The second step is to remove the viscous polysaccharides and protein by ultrafiltration. The third step is to purify coumaric acid from the permeate of ultrafiltration by anion chromatography, and the alkaline could be reused to hydrolyze the bagasse. The technology showed potential application on industrial scale. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cellulosic sugar syrup (CSS), as a potential substrate to many biochemical industries, has been integrated into molasses-based ethanol production. It is seen as an additional substrate to alleviate the shortage of molasses supply. The impact of the CSS integration was assessed in terms of ethanol production and the quality of spent wash obtained after ethanol distillation. In this study, 0.02\% (w/v) of urea was supplemented into molasses, as it is the minimum amount that provided high ethanol concentration and fermentation efficiency. Integrating CSS to molasses up to 28.5\% (w/v) did not deteriorate the ethanol production nor fermentation efficiency. It also reduces the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the spent wash by 24\% when integrating at least 15\% (w/v) of CSS to molasses, comparing to the value of the spent wash from molasses medium. The biodegradability of the spent wash also increased as compared to that of molasses medium.
BACKGROUNDSugarcane molasses is a potential by-product of the sugarcane manufacturing industry that is rich in antioxidant materials. The present study aimed to obtain antioxidative compounds from sugarcane molasses and to evaluate their ability to protect DNA from oxidative damage. RESULTSTwo neolignan glucosides were isolated from sugarcane molasses using bioassay and UV spectra monitoring-guided fractionation. The compounds were elucidated as (7R,8S)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O--d-glucoside (1) and (7S,8R)-simulanol-9-O--d-glucoside (2). Neolignan glucoside 2 protected against DNA damage caused by free radicals more effectively than did neolignan glucoside 1 (13.62 and 9.08 mu molL(-1) for peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals, respectively, compared to 48.07 and 14.42 mu molL(-1)). Additionally, neolignan glucoside 2 exhibited superior DNA protection against free radicals compared with various known antioxidative compounds, including p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and epigallocatechin gallate. CONCLUSIONThe isolated neolignan glucosides from sugarcane molasses are able to protect DNA from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. This is the first identification of these two compounds in sugarcane molasses. The sugarcane molasses can therefore be used as potential nutraceutical preventative agents, and the findings may foster the utilization of this by-product as a bioresource-based product. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Operational strategies to maintain the potential for organic matter removal and methane production were applied to a pilot scale UASB reactor fed by vinasse. The beginning of the research took place after interrupting the system feeding for 5 weeks. Three consecutive phases were carried out. In Phase I, the UASB's restart with vinasse was studied; in Phase II, sugarcane molasses was used to replace vinasse; and in Phase III, resuming the vinasse operation was evaluated. In the whole experiment, the reactor maintained values close to 80\% of COD removal efficiency. Phase I presented productivity and methane yield reaching 10.24 L CH4(\&).L-1.day(-1) and 0.40 L CH4.g(-1) CODr, indicating the system's recovery capacity after shutdown. Exchanging vinasse for molasses (Phase II) caused a reduction of 69.7\% in methane production, which was 3.10 L CH4.L-1.day(-1). After resuming vinasse feeding (Phase III), the methane production was 1.19 L CH4.L-1.day(-1). The results led us to conclude that after a period of feeding interruption, the reactor start-up procedure was more adequate than the strategy of replacing vinasse with molasses to maintain methane production.
The objective of this study was to evaluate sugarcane straw decomposition and the potential of increasing soil carbon as a function of the initial biomass and vinasse addition to soil surface. The experimente consisted of incubation (240 days, in the dark, humidity equivalent to 70\% of soil water retention capacity and average temperature of 28 degrees C) of Oxisol soil samples (0-20 cm soil layer) with straw added to soil surface at rates of 2; 4; 8; 16 and 24 t.ha(-1) and with or without vinasse addition (200 m(3.)ha(-1)). The following variables were determined: released C-CO 2, remaining straw dry matter, carbon straw and soil carbon concentration. The added biomass did not influence straw decomposition rate, but vinasse treatments provided rates between 70 and 94\% compared to 68 to 75\% for the ones without vinasse. The straw (16 and 24 t.ha(-1)) decomposition rate increased between 14 and 35\% due to vinasse addition, but the same behavior was not observed for released C-CO2. This result was explained by the twofold increase of soil carbon concentration, estimated by mass balance and confirmed analytically by the carbon concentration of soil samples. It was concluded that sugarcane straw decomposition, under no limiting conditions of humidity and temperature, did not depend on biomass initially added and that vinasse addition accelerated straw decomposition and potentialized carbon input into the soil.
Vinasse is the main residue from bioethanol production. If discharged in water bodies, it can impair the photosynthetic process causing great damage to the environment. However, this wastewater could be considered a by-product and used as a substrate for obtaining value-added products. In the present work, two basidiomycetous fungi were selected based on their ability to decolorize vinasse and to synthesize lignocellulolytic enzymes in agar medium. Selected fungi were identified as Pycnoporus sp. P6 and Trametes sp. T3. In liquid cultures, both fungi demonstrated their capacity to decolorize and remove phenolic compounds from diluted vinasse, with the concomitant production of ligninolytic enzymes, mainly laccases, suggesting the participation of this enzyme in the bioremediation process. This study proposes that Pycnoporus sp. P6 and Trametes sp. T3 could be used in the design of cuffing-edge sustainable biotechnological processes to remedy vinasse, simultaneously synthesizing oxidative enzymes, in an environmentally friendly way.
The present investigation delved into the performance of cement stabilized soil amended with sugarcane press mud (PM), an organic waste residue from the sugar industry. An expansive soil was stabilized using 3\% and 8\% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and modified with 1\%, 3\% and 5\% PM. Cylindrical samples of dimensions 38 mm diameter and 76 mm height were cast and cured for 7, 14 and 21 days for all combinations considered. After the designated curing periods, the specimens were strained axially until failure to determine the strength of the samples. Samples were also subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying and the resistance to loss in weight was determined. The results of the investigation revealed that PM can be considered as a strength accelerator due to enhancement in early strength of the samples at 7 days of curing but beneficial strength gain could not be sustained over extended curing periods considered. However, 1\% and 3\% PM modified specimens were more resistant to weight loss when compared to pure cement stabilized specimens. Based on the results of the investigation, PM can be considered as a potential auxiliary additive to cement stabilized soil for improving the durability performance of the soil.
This work investigates the value added utilization of two sugar-distillery wastes: (i) melanoidins, which are complex Maillard reaction products in molasses distillery wastewater, and (ii) unburnt carbon in sugarcane bagasse ash. Activated unburnt carbon (AUC), prepared by deashing and steam activation, had properties comparable to commercial activated carbon (CAC). Both carbons are suitable for melanoidins adsorption followed by desorption using 25\% pyridine solution. For AUC, the equilibrium adsorption data is well described by Langmuir isotherm up to 35 degrees C while Freundlich model fits better at higher temperature. Adsorption using CAC followed Freundlich isotherm at all temperatures. Both carbons followed pseudo second order kinetics and displayed endothermic physisorption. Recovery of melanoidins from AUC (78\%) was close to that observed with CAC (80\%). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fiberboards were prepared using phenolic type resins (phenol-formaldehyde) and sugarcane bagasse fibers. Lignin extracted through an organosoly process from sugar-cane bagasse was used as substitute of phenol in phenolic resins from 40 (lignin-phenol-formaldehyde) to 100 wt.-\% (lignin-formaldehyde) substitution. Some of the fibers were chemically modified by ozidation with chlorine dioxide and treatment with furfuryl alcohol (FA), leading to fibers coated with polyfurfuryl alcohol. Thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) of the prepolymers allowed setting up an efficient curing to prepare fiberboards. Impact strength and water absorption were measured showing the importance of the curing pressure to obtain good performance. When chemically modified fibers were used to prepare board samples, enhanced durability against white root fungi is observed, and to a less degree against brown root fungi. Sugarcane bagasse fiberboards were prepared from prepolymers where lignin substituted phenol up to 100\%. This replaces these materials in advantageous position, relating to those prepared from phenol-formaldehyde resins, due to their high content of renewable raw materials. The results obtained are promising for the utilization of sugarcane bagasse as raw materials for preparing fiberboards to be used in tropical areas. {[
This work aimed to explore the changes in the bacterial community composition of soil contaminated with high concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) treated by biostimulation with sugarcane bagasse. Non-sterilized soil samples were spiked with transformer oil contaminated with PCB 18, 52, 66, 87,101, 110, 153, 180, and 187. The biostimulation experiment was performed by mixing non-sterilized PCB-contaminated soil with sterilized sugarcane bagasse and incubating the mixture 90 d in darkness at 25 \& PLUSMN; 1 \& DEG;C. The results showed that percentage removal of 88 \% was similar for all PCB congeners in biostimulated soil, independently of their degree of chlorination, and it was accompanied by a significant change in bacterial community composition. Relative abundance of the bacterial communities at the phylum level in biostimulation treatment showed they were conquered by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, followed by Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria.Bacteriall di-versity increased in the biostimulation system due to the enrichment in genera possessing PCB remediation capacity which demonstrated the boosting potential of sugarcane bagasse in soil with high concentration of PCBs.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a major by-product of the sugarcane industry and one of the most common renewable and sustainable cellulosic materials for various industrial applications. As the world moves toward bioeconomy and green chemistry for sustainable growth, SCB is seen as a valuable bioresource. The cellulose component of SCB at 40-50\% serves as a precursor for producing value-added products such as cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibers and microcrystalline cellulose. Some applications of cellulosic materials from SCB, emerging markets and future prospects in the nanocellulose industry are discussed. Most studies on cellulose from SCB focused only on the extraction and isolation of micro and nanomaterials. This presents opportunity for researchers and industry players to invest efforts and capital into further applications of cellulosic materials from SCB, as a renewable and sustainable product source.
Sugarcane molasses, by-product of sugar production, contains potassium at relatively high ratio and it has a high potential for the source of potassium fertilizer. The present study proposed a simple two-step precipitation method for the recovery of potassium-containing solid, syngenite, from sugarcane molasses. The first precipitation with water recovered more than 30\% of potassium in the original molasses. The second precipitation with the mixture of calcium acetate and sulfuric acid resulted in about 40\% of the original molasses. Totally, more than 70\% potassium was successfully recovered. The applicability of this method was examined with eight kinds of molasses obtained from eight factories in Japan. For all the molasses, syngenite was successfully recovered without any difficulties in processing, and the recovery ratio was more than 70\%. Thus, the method will satisfy the growing demand of potassium fertilizer and also to enhance the sustainability of sugarcane sugar production.
The worldwide harvest of sugarcane for sucrose production represents a major agricultural industry, with approximately Mt 1500 produced annually. The cane yields about 13.5\% of its weight as sugar, together with an equal amount (dry weight) of fibrous bagasse as waste. The bagasse, which is predominantly cellulose, is burned at the mills to generate steam for sugar processing. The global drive towards renewable energy has seen bagasse recognised as a large resource of readily-available fuel which could be better utilised to generate electricity. This review examines current methods of burning the bagasse for steam generation, and also the possibilities for steam gasification to produce a biogas suitable for combustion in gas turbines.
The major wastewater of ethanol production plants from sugarcane, i.e., vinasse, is a severe environmental pollutant and challenges sustainable cane-based biofuel production. The potential of anaerobic digestion (AD) of vinasse is well demonstrated; however, the digestion process requires special operational conditions that severely affect biodegradation. The main affecting parameters are pH, temperature, nutrients, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and the presence of inhibitors. Besides, oxidation-reduction potential, hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), mixing, and reactor configurations are among the influencing factors. In this study, the effects of reactor configurations on biogas production from vinasse are comprehensively investigated, and the perspectives are discussed. The up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, expanded granular sludge bed, fixed bed reactor (packed-bed and structured-bed), and hybrid anaerobic reactor are configurations used for vinasse treatment. The up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, the most popular reactor used, has a high reaction rate and performance at low HRT levels; however, washout and reactor stability are typical issues in industrial-scale applications. Among single-stage reactors, hybrid anaerobic reactor configurations have more stability and high performance. Despite enormous efforts, more studies need to optimize the operating conditions and more information at pilot scale is necessary for the industrialization of the processes.
The chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse with maleic anhydride using pyridine as solvent after ultrasound pretreatment was studied. The parameters optimized included an ultrasound pretreating time of 0-35 min, a reaction time of 30-120 min, maleic anhydride concentration by the ratio of dried sugarcane bagasse to maleic anhydride from 1:0.3 to 1: 1. 1, and reaction temperature 85-105 degrees C required in the process. The extent of maleation was measured by the weight percent gain (WPG), which increased with an increment of ultrasonic pretreating time from 0 to 25 min and maleic anhydride concentration between 1:0.3 and 1: 1. 1. lt should be noted that an increasing the temperature above 90 degrees C had a detrimental effect on the maleation. Evidences of maleation of the bagasse were provided by FT-IR and CP MAS C-13 NMR and the results showed that the maleation of the bagasse cellulose and hemicelluloses at C-2 and C-3 occurred. Both unmodified and maleated bagasse showed a similar thermal stability above 200 degrees C. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is the base of a successful agroindustrial system in several tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This industry is evolving towards diversification of its product portfolio and valorization of the vast amounts of lignocellulosic feedstocks: bagasse and straw. These trends make the sugarcane industry a learning ground for the utilization of agricultural residues and herbaceous biomass for bioenergy and biorefining. The presence of inorganics in sugarcane bagasse and straw, constitutive of the plant as well as originated from contamination, impacts several of the current and potential uses of the biomass. Although many studies refer broadly to terms like ``inorganics{''
Sugarcane Press Mud (SPM) is a waste generated from the sugar industry. India generates about 12 million tonnes of SPM annually and hence, needs effective management. The present study delves into the use of SPM as a ternary blend in cement-lime stabilization of an expansive soil. An expansive soil was stabilized using a combination of 4.5\% lime (determined from the Eades and Grim pH test) and a fixed cement content of 1\%. The effect of the stabilization was studied by casting cylindrical specimens of dimensions 38 mm x 76 mm and curing them for periods of 7, 14 and 28 days. This process was modified by blending it with SPM as a ternary additive up to 5\% in increments of 1\%. The optimal dosage of SPM was evaluated for enhanced strength gain which was then subjected to a wet-dry cycle to understand the effect of variation in moisture content. The results of the investigation revealed that cement-lime stabilization of the soil was significantly better than lime stabilization alone. 1\% SPM was found to be the optimal dosage required for maximum strength gain. Based on the results, it was concluded that ternary blending of SPM can potentially be beneficial in soil stabilization.
Modifiers were applied to make amphoteric modification on sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses amount of modifiers and sodium hydroxide, reaction temperature, reaction time, the order of modification etc., would have some impact on the gender modification. Results showed that optimal cationic modified product could be obtained with 0.3 g (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride and 0.1 g sodium hydroxide at 60 degrees C for 2 h; optimal anionic modified product could be obtained with 0.4 g chloro-acetic acid and 0.3 g sodium hydroxide at 80 degrees C for 2 h. Better gender modified products could be achieved as the order of anionic modification as the first. IR, NMR, scanning electronic microscopy and thermal analysis were used to characterize gender modified bagasse hemicelluloses. Amphoteric method in this study could draw carboxyl and quaternary ammonium into sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses and molecular structure and morphology of sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses after amphoteric modification were pointed out, with its thermal stability decreased.
Biohydrogen can be produced by dark fermentation of sugarcane vinasse, wastewater from the sugar-alcohol industry, in acidogenic anaerobic bioreactors. In this work, a model based on ADM1 was constructed to model anaerobic processing of sugarcane vinasse in an acidogenic batch reactor. Based on experimental data, hypotheses were put forward. Two new pathways were assumed: Acetate + Lactate -> Butyrate + Hydrogen and Glycerol -> Butyrate + Hydrogen. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to reduce the number of free parameters, after which the model was calibrated with the experimental data. The proposed model was able to adequately describe sugar and glycerol consumption, acetate and lactate production and consumption and hydrogen and butyrate production over the operational time at an initial concentration of vinasse of 30kgCODm(-3). Nevertheless more improvements can be carried out to make the model more realistic and to cover intermediate metabolic pathways under conditions of lower vinasse concentration, such as 15kgCODm(-3) and 20kgCODm(-3). (C) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of natural fibers as reinforcement for thermoplastics has generated much interest due to their low cost, possibility of environmental protection and use of locally available renewable resources. In this work the mechanical and morphological properties of high density polyethylene/pre-treated and modified residues from sugarcane bagasse cellulose composites were analyzed. Composites were produced by a thermokinetic mixer. The microstructural analyses of fracture surface from composites can be easily evaluated by microscopic techniques. Results showed that the modification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with zirconium oxychloride was successfully accomplished and that this reinforcement material with high density polyethylene showed tensile strength higher than non-modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose. Modification in the sugarcane bagasse cellulose influenced directly in mechanical properties of the composite material. This can be observed by the fracture surface, which showed that modified cellulose sugarcane bagasse improved interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Natural fiber-reinforced composites have attracted interest along with public and industry awareness of the depletion of non-renewable material resources. Considerations of environmental friendliness and low cost have provided a stimulus for researchers to identify green materials that provide a low pollutant index. The high cellulose content in sugarcane bagasse is quite attractive in manufacturing composite materials due to abundant raw materials and low processing costs. Based on their characteristics, sugarcane bagasse composites have advantages in the form of being more flexible, high strength, high tensile strength, easy to shape and adjust, and cheaper. Therefore, the composite of sugarcane bagasse biopolymer can be developed in this era and the future generation. The main ingredients for making biocomposites from sugarcane bagasse are sugarcane bagasse, additional strengthening agents, bonding agents, and alkali. This composite will have strong, flexible, and adaptable properties if processed properly. Composites from sugarcane biopolymer waste can be applied in various sectors such as construction, food, furniture, automotive, and health. Using sugarcane bagasse as a renewable composite material will support various engineering that can be carried out from the process of utilizing sugarcane bagasse waste to manufacture environmentally friendly materials.
The production of ethanol from sugarcane or molasses generates vinasse, a residue rich in organic matter and minerals. Vinasse is often used in fertilization and irrigation practices, which may be linked to negative environmental outcomes if excess is applied. Herein, we introduce a novel alternative to the treatment of vinasse promoting the reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels, phenolic compounds, and its mineral content through the coupling of ozone treatment, anaerobic digestion, and the aerobic growth of fungi. The ozone treatment is able to remove about 30\% of the total COD, and deplete the concentration of phenolic compounds, while anaerobic digestion produces biogas and generates vinasse digestate, which is less biorecalcitrant than raw vinasse. The aerobic fungal growth generates oleaginous fungal biomass and promotes over 80\% of Kjeldahl-Nitrogen in the vinasse. If vinasse were treated following the sequence of anaerobic digestion, aerobic fungal growth, and ozone treatment, the effluent would have about 95\% of the COD decreased, complete removal of phenolic compounds, and over 80\% of Kjeldahl-Nitrogen.
The inadequate and indiscriminate disposal of sugarcane vinasse in soils and water bodies has received much attention since decades ago, due to environmental problems associated to this practice. Vinasse is the final by-product of the biomass distillation, mainly for the production of ethanol, from sugar crops (beet and sugarcane), starch crops (corn, wheat, rice, and cassava), or cellulosic material (harvesting crop residues, sugarcane bagasse, and wood). Because of the large quantities of vinasse produced, alternative treatments and uses have been developed, such as recycling of vinasse in fermentation, fertirrigation, concentration by evaporation, and yeast and energy production. This review was aimed at examining the available data on the subject as a contribution to update the information on sugarcane vinasse, from its characteristics and chemical composition to alternatives uses in Brazil: fertirrigation, concentration by evaporation, energy production; the effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties; its influence on seed germination, its use as biostimulant and environmental contaminant. The low pH, electric conductivity, and chemical elements present in sugarcane vinasse may cause changes in the chemical and physical-chemical properties of soils, rivers, and lakes with frequent discharges over a long period of time, and also have adverse effects on agricultural soils and biota in general. Thus, new studies and green methods need to be developed aiming at sugarcane vinasse recycling and disposal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Throughout the sugarcane harvest, it is common for sulfate to accumulate in the vinasse of sugar and ethanol plants. However, little is known regarding the influence of sulfate on the anaerobic digestion (AD) of vinasse, which may lead to severe performance losses. This study assessed the influence of various COD/sulfate ratios (12.0, 10.0 and 7.5) on both COD removal and methane (CH4) production from sugarcane vinasse AD. Batch assays were conducted in thermophilic conditions. At a COD/sulfate ratio of 7.5, CH4 production was 35\% lower compared with a ratio of 12.0, considering a diversion of approximately 13.6\% of the electron flow to sulfidogenesis. The diversion of electrons to sulfidogenesis was negligible at COD/sulfate ratios higher than 25, considering the exponential increase in CH4 production. Organic matter degradation was not greatly affected by sulfidogenesis, with COD removal levels higher than 80\%, regardless of the initial COD/sulfate ratio. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane molasses at 0.0, 2.5. 5.0 and 10.0\% was added to a premix consisting of 80 parts pig faeces and 20 parts wheat straw on fresh weight basis and the mixture was inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecalis. After a fermentation period of to days at ambient temperature (18-20 degrees C), the pH dropped in all the wastelages, but the decrease in pH was minimum in wastelage without molasses. The addition of molasses to the premix caused a greater decrease in pH, inhibited the production of volatile fatty acids and stimulated synthesis of lactic acid during fermentation. Molasses at 5\% level of the premix was found to be the minimum for production of a good-quality wastelage.
The present work aimed at investigating the isolation and application of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse in two different processes according to the biorefinery concept. The cellulose isolation step involved, in the following order, an H2SO4 (10\% v/v) treatment, an NaOH (5\% w/v) treatment, and a chemical bleaching with H2O2 (5\% v/v). The isolated cellulose was characterized to determine its chemical composition and physical structure. The bleached cellulose was used for the synthesis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and the materials obtained after acid and alkaline treatments were applied in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. CMC degree of substitution was 0.59, evidencing that it is soluble in water. The enzymatic conversion of cellulose achieved 73.35\% and the content of lignin was demonstrated to interfere directly in the efficiency of the enzymes. The results showed that cellulose from sugarcane bagasse can be successfully applied in the two investigated technological processes.
Sugarcane molasses, which is a kind of microbial carbon source, is a viscous by-product of the refining of sugarcane into sugar. However, experiments were designed to ascertain the mechanism and kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction with sugarcane molasses without adding microbes in aqueous solution. Results indicated that sugarcane molasses can reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) at pH values that range from 2.0 to 6.1 when no bioreduction occurs in the reaction. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was proven to be that Cr(VI) acts as an electrophile that readily accepts electrons from the phenolic hydroxyl group of plant polyphenol, and it is then reduced to Cr(III) and in the process oxidizes the phenolic hydroxyl group to a quinone. Meanwhile, the reaction could be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with respect to Cr(VI) concentration. The reaction rate constants were 324.2, 65.9, 21.9, and 14.4 h(-1) when pH values were 2.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 6.1, respectively, at 20 degrees C. The kobs increased 3.36, 7.02, and 13.48 times with the temperature adjusted from 5 to 10, 20, and 30 degrees C.
The spatial distribution of chemical compounds in sugarcane bagasse is an important issue in its use as a raw material for second generation ethanol production from cellulose hydrolysis. Lignocellulosic materials including whole bagasse, fiber, pith, and respective samples obtained after chemical bleaching were investigated using confocal fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy with one and two-photon excitation. Autofluorescence from unbleached samples revealed that emission from fiber walls containing the lignin fraction was longitudinally oriented. After bleaching treatment, the oriented emission was partially disrupted. Autofluorescence from bleached samples with a residual lignin content of about 1 \% was ascribed to improved dispersion of remaining fluorophores throughout the samples inducing a concomitant reduction of fluorescence self-quenching in the samples. The combination of autofluorescence images with spectral emission and lifetime measurements provides a tool for microscopic characterization of natural bagasse samples. Moreover, the technique allows monitoring bleaching processes related to lignin removal.
Lactobacillus delbrueckii was grown on sugarcane molasses, sugarcane juice and sugar beet juice in batch fermentation at pH 6 and at 40 degrees C. After 72 h, the lactic acid from 13\% (w/v) sugarcane molasses (119 g total sugar l(-1)) and sugarcane juice (133 g total sugar l(-1)) was 107 g l(-1) and 120 g l(-1) respectively. With 10\%(w/v) sugar beet juice (105 g total sugar l(-1)) 84 g lactic acid l(-1) stop was produced. The optical purities of D-lactic acid from the feedstocks ranged from 97.2 to 98.3\%.
The structural changes, lignin content and enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated bagasse from 19 varieties of sugarcane were investigated. Chemical compositions varied significantly between the materials. Glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis also differed significantly among the samples. The differences in glucose yields were not eliminated by increasing the pretreatment severity. Glucose yield showed a positive correlation with total dye and orange dye adsorption, whereas with blue dye adsorption it showed a weak correlation. The crystallinity index increased with the increasing pretreatment severity as a result of the removal of the amorphous components of the biomass. The degree of polymerization decreased with the increase in pretreatment severity. However, the change in either crystallinity index or degree of polymerization did not correlate with glucose yield. The results suggest that the lignin modification/real-location is a key factor for improving cellulose accessibility of sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) by ball-milled sugarcane bagasse was evaluated in an aqueous batch system. CR adsorption capacity increased significantly with small changes in bagasse surface area. CR removal decreased with increasing solution pH from 5.0 to 10.0. Maximum adsorption capacity was 38.2 mg/g bagasse at a CR concentration of 500 mg/L. The equilibrium isotherm fitted the Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetics obeyed pseudo-second order equation. CR adsorption obeyed the intra-particle diffusion model very well with bagasse surface area in the range of 0.58-0.66 m(2)/g, whereas it was controlled by multi-adsorption stages with bagasse surface area in the range of 1.31-1.82 m(2)/g. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is an exothermic and spontaneous process. Fourier transform infrared analysis of bagasse containing adsorbed CR indicated interactions between the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of bagasse and CR function groups. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated sugarcane bagasse was performed to investigate the production of glucose and xylose. A blend of industrial enzymes (Novozymes) was used. The enzymes were used either without having been washed or having been washed with water or 1\% aqueous NaOH solution. The influence of the size of sugarcane bagasse and the proportion of the enzymatic cocktail, which was composed of endoglucanases/cellobiohydrolases (Celluclast 1.5L) and beta-glucosidase (Novozym 188) cellulases mixtures, was investigated. The tests were performed at a temperature of 50 degrees C and at a pH of 4.8 during a period of 72 h. The assays that were conducted with a pretreated sugarcane bagasse that was washed with a 1\% aqueous NaOH solution without milling led to the largest amounts of glucose after 72 h, which was independent of the proportions of enzymes used in experiments with the smallest amounts of enzymes. The largest amount of xylose was obtained with a pretreated sugarcane bagasse that was not washed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In many sugarcane plantations in Brazil, the straw is left on the soil after harvesting, and vinasse, a by- product of the production of sugar and ethanol, is used for fertigation. Our goal was to compare ant community composition and species richness in the straw mulch of sugarcane crops with the leaf litter of neighboring forests. We tested the hypothesis that ant communities in the straw mulch of vinasse- irrigated sugarcane crops and in the forest leaf litter were similar, because the combination of straw mulching and vinasse irrigation has a positive effect on soil fauna. Straw mulch and leaf litter were collected from 21 sites and placed in Berlese funnels. In total, 61 species were found in the forest leaf litter, whereas 34 and 28 species were found in the straw mulch of sugarcane fields with and without vinasse, respectively. Ant communities differed between forest and crop fields, but the species in the sugarcane straw mulch were a subset of the species found in the forest leaf litter. Although vinasse is rich in organic matter, it did not increase ant diversity. Seven feeding and/ or foraging types were identified and, among the different types, surface-foraging omnivorous ants were the most prevalent in all habitats. Vinasse-irrigated sugarcane straw mulch had more predatory species than mulch from vinasse- free fields, but fewer than forest leaf litter. However, this positive effect of vinasse irrigation should be carefully evaluated because vinasse has negative effects on the environment.
This work presents the study of heterogeneous catalysis of sugarcane bagasse hydrothermal treatment spent liquors using a sulfonated resin. Besides, results were compared with those obtained by a conventional route using sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst. Heterogeneous catalysis is suitable for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse hydrothermal liquors under mild conditions ( 100 degrees C and 6 h). The obtained maximum xylose yield was 82\% due to furfural formation, which causes a xylose selectivity drop. The hydrogenation of this xylose- rich liquor at 100 degrees C and 3 MPa of hydrogen pressure employing a supported Ni/gamma- Al2O3 produced the total conversion of xylose with a selectivity towards xylitol of 100\% by using a catalyst to xylose mass ratio of 0.5. Heterogeneous catalysis in a two- step route ( hydrolysis and hydrogenation) constitutes an outstanding alternative to producing xylitol from sugarcane bagasse hydrothermal spent liquors since materials can be easily separated and reused in several reaction cycles.
Thailand is the second largest cane sugar exporter in the world. The potential use of Thai cane sugar industrial products, including cane juice, 60-Brix syrup, raw cane sugar, refined cane sugar and cane molasses, as carbon and nutrient sources for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Azohydromonas lata DSM 1123 was investigated in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of the less expensive raw materials to attain a competitive advantage based on a partial cost analysis of the raw material cost. Process optimisation led to a PHB production of 16.9 +/- 0.2 g/L with 83.9 +/- 2.5\% PHB content in the cell dry mass, a Y-P/S value of 0.40 g PHB/g sucrose and a productivity of 0.234 g PHB/(Lh) using 60-Brix syrup and a fed-batch cultivation process. Finally, using 60-Brix syrup and fed-batch cultivation yielded a 77\% cost reduction compared with using refined cane sugar and batch cultivation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sustainable crop production depends primarily on water and nutrients among other inputs. Mulching improves soil moisture and nutrient conservation as well as ameliorates soil erosion. We conducted two different experiments to examine the impact of mulch on soil erosion and the productivity of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Mulch used were sugarcane bagasse boards (SBB) and sugarcane bagasse chips (SBC). Each experiment consisted of three treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first experiment under rainfall simulation consisted of 2 SBB and 4 SBB representing 25 and 50\% soil surface coverage and no sugarcane bagasse (NSB) represented the control. Treatments in the second experiment were SBB, SBC, and NSB. The 4 SBB and 2 SBB significantly decreased (p < 0.05) erosion by 1.74 Mg ha(-1) and 1.57 Mg ha(-1). However, there was no significant difference in mitigating erosion between the 4 SBB and 2 SBB. Compared to NSB, 4 SBB and 2 SBB again decreased runoff rate by 223 and 23\%. There was no significant improvement in soil moisture retention, temperature, carrot yield, and water productivity under either mulch. Weed growth was significantly reduced at 104 and 72\% by SBB and SBC. The yield gap between SBB and SBC was only 18.75\%. Unlike the particulate SBC which is susceptible to erosion during runoff, the bulky SBB cannot easily be eroded by runoff. Hence the SBB was recommended for farmers due to its significant impact on ameliorating runoff and erosion, as well as curtailing weed growth under carrot production.
In this article, sugarcane molasses and agave juice were compared as potential feedstocks for producing bioethanol in Mexico in terms of their environmental impact and economic factors. Life cycle assessment (LCA) using SimaPro was carried out to calculate environmental impacts by using a cradle-to-gate approach. A preliminary economic analysis was performed to determine the economic feasibility of the studied options. Also, capital goods costs were obtained using the Aspen Plus economy package. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was involved to compare the environmental and economic viability of producing bioethanol from sugarcane molasses and agave juice. LCA results revealed that cultivation and fermentation were the most harmful stages when producing bioethanol from sugarcane molasses and agave juice, respectively. Furthermore, when it was derived from agave juice rather than sugarcane molasses, it had more environmental benefits. This was ascribed to the lower consumption rate of fertilizers, pesticides, and emissions given off from the former. Regarding financial aspects, the preliminary analysis showed that producing bioethanol was not economically viable when grid energy alone was used. However, if power from the grid is partially replaced with renewable energy, producing bioethanol becomes economically feasible, and sugarcane molasses is the most suitable feedstock.
Production of hydrogen and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) from hydrolysates of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice-straw (RS) was carried out via dark fermentation using co-culture of Enterobacter aerogenes and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The best improvement in the yield of hydrogen and total ABE production were observed for alkaline pretreated RS at 100 degrees C for 60 min obtained from the highest total reducing sugars concentration of 40.7 g L(-1 )after the enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrolysates of alkaline pretreated samples at 100 degrees C were efficiently converted to H-2 by co-culture of Enterobacter aerogenes and Clostridium acetobutylicum with the highest hydrogen yield of 136.3 and 149.9 mL H-2 g(-1 )-VS of SCB and RS, representing 3.4 and 1.5-fold enhancement in the hydrogen production yield over that obtained from the pure cultures of Enterobacter aerogenes and Clostridium acetobutylicum, respectively. Mass balance and energy generation analysis indicate that the highest specific ABE and total energy production yields per gram untreated feedstock reached 0.12 g ABE and 5.5 kJ for SCB and 0.08 g ABE and 6.6 kJ for RS.
Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with acidified aqueous glycerol solution was evaluated at both laboratory and pilot scales. Laboratory scale pretreatment (4.00 g dry mass in 40.00 g liquid) with glycerol solutions containing <= 20 wt.\% water and 1.2 wt.\% HCI at 130 degrees C for 60 min resulted in biomass having glucan digestibilities of >= 88\% Comparable glucan enzymatic digestibility of 90\% was achieved with bagasse pretreated at pilot scale (10 kg dry mass in 60 kg liquid) using a glycerol solution containing 0.4 wt.\% HCI and 17 wt.\% water at 130 degrees C for 15 min. We attribute more efficient pretreatment at pilot scale (despite shorter reaction time and reduced acid content) to improved mixing and heat transfer in a horizontal reactor. Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with acid-catalysed glycerol solutions likely produces glycerol-glycosides, which together with hydrolysed lignin are potential substrates for the production of biopolymers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper intends to review different extraction and isolation methods recently explored for lignin separation from sugarcane (Sacchanun officinarum L.) bagasse. Initial bagasse processing is a pre-treatment mechanical action (milling) that facilitates applying further conversion technologies. There are several methods that have been developed for the extraction and isolation of the solubilized lignin from sugarcane bagasse; these include alkaline and ionic liquid methods. The insoluble lignin can be separated by the treatment of concentrated sulfuric acid. The quantity of sugarcane lignin fraction depends on the techniques applied and the aim of studies, but it has a range of 17-32\% of biomass while the average value is about 23\% of biomass. This fraction value has a major content in non-wood biomass and it is rich with aromatic chemical compounds.
Optimal conditions for the cold alkaline extraction (CAE) pretreatment of eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane straw are proposed in view of their subsequent bioconversion into ethanol through the semi -simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) process (with presaccharification followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, or SSF). The optimum conditions, which are identified based on an experiment with a factorial central composite design, resulted in the removal of 46\%, 52\% and 61\% of the xylan and 15\%, 37\% and 45\% of the lignin for eucalyptus, bagasse and straw, respectively. The formation of pseudo-extractives was observed during the CAE of eucalyptus. Despite the similar glucose concentration and yield for all biomasses after 12 h of presaccharification, the highest yield (0.065 g(ethanol)/g(biomass)), concentrations (5.74 g L-1) and volumetric productivity for ethanol (0.57 g L-1 h(-1)) were observed for the sugarcane straw. This finding was most likely related to the improved accessibility of cellulose that resulted from the removal of the largest amount of xylan and lignin. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
STUDY OF THE STORAGE CONDITIONS OF THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE THROUGH THERMAL ANALYSIS. An evaluation was made of the properties of sugarcane bagasse during the storage process for subsequent burning in a boiler. Samples of bagasse were collected over a period of 150 days from the Caete sugar mill (MG) at various points of the stockpile soon after the sugarcane was pressed to extract its juice, as well as from natural bagasse, dry and damp. Thermal analyses of the samples were carried out and the results indicated that, during the storage of bagasse, dry or damp, the biomass loses up to 32\% of its calorific power, due to decomposition of the hemicellulose.
Sugarcane vinasse is a by-product obtained during ethanol production in sugar-ethanol plants. For each 1 L of ethanol produced approximately 11 L of vinasse are generated. As this residue is obtained in high amounts, it is used as fertilizer in sugarcane crops. However, despite being rich in nutrients, sugarcane vinasse is approximately one hundred times more polluting than domestic sewage, making it an environmental problem. Thus, the aim of the present study was to propose a treatment sequence for sugarcane vinasse and evaluate the possibility of energetic use of the generated sludge in the coagulation/flocculation stage. pH, conductivity, turbidity and decreases in UV/Vis absorption spectra were determined for each treatment step. In addition, the upper calorific value of the generated sludge was also determined, while ash (adsorption treatment) and catalyst (heterogeneous photocatalysis) characterizations were also carried out. At the end of the treatment, initial vinasse turbidity was reduced by 100\% and pH and conductivity values were stabilized. The sludge presented a higher calorific value of approximately 3,000 kcal kg(-1) and the ash and catalyst displayed favorable characteristics to be applied to the sugarcane vinasse treatment stages.
Biotechnological process for co-production of glucose and xylooligosaccharides from sugarcane bagasse generated a xylobiose-rich sugarcane bagasse xylan hydrolysate. However, sugarcane bagasse xylan hydrolysate is a complex mixture and how to isolate and purify xylobiose from sugarcane bagasse xylan hydrolysate is challenging. In the present study, an efficient combined process consisting of resin adsorption and gel filtration chromatography was developed to isolate and purify xylobiose from sugarcane bagasse xylan hydrolysate using a central composite design-based response surface methodology. The process purified xylobiose to 95.74 +/- 1.43\%, with a recovery of 93.61 +/- 3.50\%, and achieved decolourization and desalination rates of 77.59 +/- 3.79\% and 96.85 +/- 1.43\%, respectively. Mass balance analysis revealed maximum yields of 64.38 +/- 3.47 mg (xylobiose), 6.71 +/- 2.20 mg (xylotriose) and 6.71 +/- 1.70 mg (xylose) from 100 mg of total sugars in sugarcane bagasse xylan hydrolysate. This process may improve the high-value bio-refinery of sugarcane bagasse.
Sugarcane bagasse is composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and a minor amount of protein and inorganic materials. Cellulose consists of linear macromolecular chains of glucose, linked by beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds between the number one and the number four carbon atoms of the adjacent glucose units. Hemicelluloses are heterogeneous polymers, unlike cellulose, and are usually composed of 50-200 monomer units of pentose such as xylose and arabinose. Lignin is a complex polymer of p-hydroxyphenylpropanoid units connected by C-C and C-O-C links. Radiation-induced reactions in the macromolecules of the cellulose materials are known to be initiated through fast distribution of the absorbed energy within the molecules to produce long- and short-lived radicals. The present study was carried out using sugarcane bagasse samples irradiated by a Radiation Dynamics electron beam accelerator with 1.5 MeV and 37 kW, with the objective to evaluate the cleavage of the polysaccharides and the by-products formed as a result of the absorbed dose. The electron beam processing in 30 kGy of absorbed dose changed the sugarcane bagasse structure and composition, causing some cellulose and hemicelluloses cleavage. These cleavages were partial, forming oligosaccharides and liberating the sugars glucose and arabinose. The main by-product was acetic acid, originated from the de-acetylating of hemicelluloses. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugar industries generate a big amount of residues during the harvest and milling of sugarcane. Both sugarcane bagasse and tops are two of the main biomass sources that potentially become part of the environmental pollution. These fibers can be theoretically used to obtain added value products, but require effective methods to separate lignin from biomass. The present paper intends to evaluate the effects of a microwave process (600 W, 5 min) applied during alkaline treatments of sugarcane bagasse (SBC) and sugarcane tops (SCTs) to separate lignocellulosic compounds and use them as nutraceutical ingredients of human food such as chapatti-type fermented bread and noodle-type pasta. Two alkaline treatments using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with concentrations of 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5 mmol were analyzed. The study found that the alkaline treatments assisted with microwave heating could remove lignin more efficiently than the traditional method (immersion). The assistance of the microwave process during alkaline treatments is an alternative to deconstruct the lignocellulosic structure. From the evaluated concentrations, the highest lignin removal was observed with NaOH (37.5 mmol) for both kinds of fibers. Hedonic responses suggest that the addition of 8 wt.\% of treated fibers during the production of chapatti-type fermented bread (with SCB) or noodle-type pasta (with SCTs) is suitable for human consumption; additionally, dietary trends for lower digestibility were observed in the fortified food.
In this study, sugarcane filter cake (SFC) was refined to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) via the calcination method under a controlled environment. The obtained CaCO3 and orthophosphoric acid were used as calcium and phosphorus precursors respectively to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HA) through the wet precipitation method. Morphological investigation showed different morphologies of CaCO3 particles. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showed high agglomeration of CaCO3 particles and the synthesized HA nanoparticles. Particle size analysis of CaCO3 and the HA nanoparticles revealed an average size of 0.9 \& mu;m and a crystallite size of 24.33 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis confirmed the phase of calcium carbonate coexisting with both calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide, and a single phase of carbonated HA. The calcium to phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio of HA derived from calcinated filter cake was 1.66, which is close to the stoichiometric value of 1.67. The HA nanoparticles were biocompatible, with no evidence of toxicity to MC3T3-E1 cells. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing sugarcane filter cake as a sustainable raw material for CaCO3 and HA production. The as prepared HA is similar to biological apatite found in mammals and is potentially useful for hard tissue repair and other biomedical applications.
This paper investigates the economic feasibility of expanding a first-generation sugarcane distillery into a biorefinery by producing second-generation ethanol and increasing electricity production. Both products compete for using the same biomass by-products, sugarcane bagasse and straw, as raw-material. Two pathways for electricity generation were considered: a Rankine Cycle and a Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. Also, the feasibility of producing biogas from anaerobic digestion of vinasse was assessed. Superstructural optimization was employed to evaluate the optimal fraction of bagasse that should be addressed for either ethanol or electricity product and to define the most economic route for generating electricity. The objective function was based on the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) criterion for investment. A Monte-Carlo method was used to quantify the level of uncertainty associated with the preliminary cost estimations and varying selling prices of products. In all scenarios, the optimal conditions were the hydrolysis of all available bagasse and the combustion of sugarcane straw, lignin, and biogas in a Rankine Cycle. With actual values, the expansion would cost US\$ 535.2 million. Even in more favourable scenarios, the expansion of the distillery was considered economically unattractive with a BCR of 0.6209 due to high investment and operating costs. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work asymmetric tubular membranes were successfully prepared by the co-use of the slip casting and dip coating techniques. These membranes were used for treating a sugarcane vinasse sample obtained in ethanol production. This study is supported by a series of experimental tests, including scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and Archimedes tests. Parameters such as color, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of vinasse were taken into consideration for evaluating the performance of the membranes prepared herein. On one hand, it was observed that a slip-cast support prepared in this study exhibited an expressive capacity for separating the solid particles present in vinasse from water. On the other hand, the deposition of a boehmite coating on this sample led to a further increase in the membrane performance. Reductions as high as 31, 98 and 89\% for COD, turbidity and color were obtained when vinasse was permeated through an asymmetric membrane prepared in this study.
The use of sugarcane bagasse minimizes the environmental impact and contributes to the creation of a new product with low density, good sound absorption capacity and can improve the acoustic conditions of buildings. The goal of this study aims to determine the intensity response of sugarcane bagasse particleboard panels' sound absorption and compare them with particleboard panels of the species Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. To accomplish this, the sound pressure levels in different frequency bands were analyzed. The results showed higher sound absorption between the low and high frequency bands for the three types of panels, with an absorption peak in 315 Hz identifying the characteristic frequency of resonance from these materials. However, the sugarcane bagasse panel presented differently than the others, with a greater retention of sound energy in the medium frequency band between 630 Hz and 1,000 Hz with a maximum absorption at 55 dB at the frequency of 800 Hz.
The effects of heating temperature and time on browning, DPPH-radical scavenging activity and polyphenol-like activity of molasses from sugarcane were investigated. The browning, DPPH-radical scavenging activity and polyphenol-like activity of molasses heated to between 120 degrees C and 160 degrees C were increased in comparison with unheated molasses. The browning of molasses heated to 120 degrees C and 140 degrees C increased with heating time, and was nearly 9.5 times greater than unheated molasses after heating for 60 minutes. The browning of molasses heated to 160 degrees C exponentially increased after heating for 10 minutes, and was nearly 16.7 times greater than unheated molasses after heating for 20 minutes. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity of molasses heated to 120 degrees C for 50 minutes, 140 degrees C for 10 minutes, and 160 degrees C for 10 minutes was four times greater than that of unheated molasses. The alterations in DPPH-radical scavenging activity were similar to the polyphenol-like activity pattern with heat-processing. The heated molasses with the highest polyphenol-like activity, processed at 160 degrees C for 20 minutes, showed stronger antimutagenicity than unheated molasses. These results indicate that the heat-processing of sugarcane molasses is a viable method for the enhancement of food functions in sugarcane molasses. (Received Sep. 3, 2012; Accepted Dec. 19, 2012)
Microalgae farming has been identified as the most eco-sustainable solution for producing biodiesel. However, the operation of full-scale plants is still limited by costs and the utilization of industrial and/or domestic wastes can significantly improve economic profits. Several waste effluents are valuable sources of nutrients for the cultivation of microalgae. Ethanol production from sugarcane, for instance, generates significant amounts of organically rich effluent, the vinasse. After anaerobic digestion treatment, nutrient remaining in such an effluent can be used to grow microalgae. This research aimed to testing the potential of the anaerobic treated vinasse as an alternative source of nutrients for culturing microalgae with the goal of supplying the biodiesel industrial chain with algal biomass and oil. The anaerobic process treating vinasse reached a steady state at about 17 batch cycles of 24 h producing about 0.116 m(3)CH(4) kgCOD(vinasse) (-1). The highest productivity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass (70 mg l(-1) day(-1)) was observed when using medium prepared with the anaerobic digester effluent. Lipid productivity varied from 0.5 to 17 mg l(-1) day(-1). Thus, the results show that it is possible to integrate the culturing of microalgae with the sugarcane industry by means of anaerobic digestion of the vinasse. There is also the advantageous possibility of using by-products of the anaerobic digestion such as methane and CO2 for sustaining the system with energy and carbon source, respectively.
The use of adsorbent prepared from sugarcane bagasse, an agro waste from sugar industries has been studied as an alternative substitute for activated carbon for the removal of dyes from wastewater. Adsorbents prepared from sugarcane bagasse were successfully used to remove the methyl red (MR) from an aqueous solution in a batch reactor. This study investigates the potential use of sugarcane bagasse, pretreated with phosphoric acid (SBC), for the removal of methyl red from simulated wastewater. Phosphoric acid treated sugarcane bagasse was used to adsorb methyl red at varying dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time. A similar experiment was conducted with commercially available powdered activated carbon (PAC) and untreated sugarcane bagasse (SB) in order to evaluate the performance of SBC. The adsorption efficiency of different adsorbents was in the order PAC > SBC > SB. The initial pH 3 to 6 favoured the adsorption of synthetic dyes by both SBC and SB. This prepared adsorbent was very efficient in decolorized diluted solution. It is proposed that SBC, in a batch or stirred tank reactors could be employed as a low-cost alternative in wastewater treatment for dyes removal. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Advances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial residues such as sugarcane bagase. Sugarcane bagasse, which is a complex material, is the major by-product of the sugar cane industry. It contains about 50\% cellulose, 25\% hemicellulose and 25\% lignin. Due to its abundant availability, it can serve as an ideal substrate for microbial processes for the production of value-added products. Attempts have been made to produce from bagasse substrate protein-enriched animal feed, enzymes, amino acids, organic acids and compounds of pharmaceutical importance, etc. Often, a pretreatment process has resulted in improved substrate utilization by the microbes. Application of solid-state fermentation technology could be an attractive possibility for such bioconversions. This article reviews the recent developments on processes and products developed for the value addition of sugarcane bagasse through the biotechnological means. Emphasis has been given on more recent developments of the past 8-10 years. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. Al! rights reserved.
The natural recalcitrance of sugarcane lignocellulosic biomass remains a challenge for second generation (2G) ethanol production. Here, the physical chemical morphological characteristics of the whole sugarcane lignocellulosic biomass (including bagasse, straw, and tops) from commercial sugarcane varieties were evaluated before and after dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment, in order to help predict the behaviors of these materials during the 2G ethanol process. Analyses using NMR, FTIR, XRD, and SEM showed that the properties of the sugarcane varieties evaluated here were very similar. The crystallinity index values calculated from the XRD results were also similar for the different residue fractions, and were higher after pretreatment due to the removal of hemicellulose. The lignin and crystalline cellulose FTIR absorption bands were most intense for bagasse, followed by straw and tops. NMR analysis identified the presence of skeletal aromatic and methoxyl groups, attributed to the lignin structure, with the intensity of the signals following the order: bagasse > straw > tops. SEM images showed that structural disruption followed the order: tops > straw > bagasse. The spectral and morphological differences helped to elucidate the characteristics that made the bagasse fraction of the sugarcane residue less susceptible to enzymatic saccharification. Differences between the spectra for straw and tops indicated that the straw was less easily digested by enzymatic action, as also indicated by the morphological analysis. The results demonstrate that the combined use of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques can contribute to understanding the behavior of different biomasses intended to be used for 2G ethanol production. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is obtained as a by-product from cogeneration combustion boilers in sugar industries, and is reported to be a useful supplementary cementitious material in concrete. A clear evaluation of pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash is imperative to achieve its effective utilization in concrete instead of being disposed as a waste in enormous quantities. Pozzolanic activity of raw sugarcane bagasse ash and a processed sample of the same was assessed by five different standard methods in this study. The methods used were: strength activity index test, lime reactivity test, Frattini test, electrical conductivity test, and lime saturation test. In addition, chemical and mineralogical analyses were also performed on the bagasse ash. Durability performance of concrete with bagasse ash blended cement was evaluated and compared with fly ash-based concrete. The results from the studies indicate that raw bagasse ash has low pozzolanic activity due to presence of fibrous carbon particles. Removal of these fibrous particles from raw bagasse ash, which occurs during the processing methodology followed in this study, significantly improves its pozzolanic activity. The permeability of bagasse ash blended concrete was found to be significantly reduced compared to control and fly ash blended concrete, at an equivalent level of compressive strength. (C) 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Geological hazards, such as landslides and soil erosion, are frequently found in regions where mudstone soils are prevalent. These soils can also present challenges for the construction of infrastructure, including roads, railways, and other facilities. While various methods exist for addressing the mechanical and hydromechanical properties of mudstone soils, the reuse of waste materials may be a cost-effective alternative. This study presents the effect of press mud, a by-product of sugar purification, as an alternative material for improving the performance of mudstone soils. Unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of untreated and press mud-treated mudstone soils. In addition, free swell tests, one-dimensional consolidation tests, and three-dimensional volumetric shrinkage tests were performed to investigate the hydromechanical properties of the soils. These tests provided insights into the behavior of the mudstone soils under various conditions. In addition, microstructural analysis such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to identify the soil improvement mechanisms. The results demonstrated that press mud can act as a binder and help enhance the peak and postpeak strengths of mudstone soils. The swelling and shrinkage characteristics improved when it was treated with press mud; however, the inclusion of press mud slightly increased the compressibility of mudstone soils. According to microstructural analysis, the formation of extra cementitious gels helped enhance the mudstone soils performance. These findings offer promising and environmentally friendly options for effectively treating mudstone soils and address the needs of engineers seeking sustainable solutions.
Different methods for optimization the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sugarcane filter cake (FC) with a special focus on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production were studied. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment at different concentrations was investigated in batch experiments and the cumulative methane yields fitted to a dual-pool two-step model to provide an initial assessment on AD. The effects of nitrogen supplementation in form of urea and NaOH pretreatment for improved VFA production were evaluated in a semi-continuously operated reactor as well. The results indicated that higher NaOH concentrations during pretreatment accelerated the AD process and increased methane production in batch experiments. Nitrogen supplementation resulted in a VFA loss due to methane formation by buffering the pH value at nearly neutral conditions (similar to 6.7). However, the alkaline pretreatment with 6 g NaOH/100 g FCFM improved both the COD solubilization and the VFA yield by 37\%, mainly consisted by n-butyric and acetic acids. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this paper is to report liquefaction of pretreated and sterilized sugarcane bagasse for enhancing endoglucanase production through submerged fermentation by Aspergillus niger. After initial solid state fermentation of steam pretreated bagasse solids by A. niger, fed-batch addition of the substrate to cellulase in buffer over a 12 h period, followed by 36 h reaction, resulted in a liquid slurry with a viscosity of 0.30 +/- 0.07 Pa s at 30\% (w/v) solids. Addition of A. niger for submerged fermentation of sterile liquefied bagasse at 23\% w/v solids resulted in an enzyme titer of 2.5 IU mL(-1) or about 15x higher productivity than solid-state fermentation of non-liquefied bagasse (final activity of 0.17 IU mL(-1)). Bagasse not treated by initial solid-state fermentation but liquefied with enzyme gave 2 IU mL(-1). These results show the utility of liquefied bagasse as a culture medium for enzyme production in submerged fermentations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Soluble dietary fibres from sugarcane bagasse were extracted under alkaline conditions and characterised. Precipitated fibres were dialysed, and the fibre composition was evaluated before and after the dialysis step. Compositional analysis indicated that the fibres both before and after dialysis consisted of 39\% w/w total sugars, 16\% w/w protein, 10\% w/w Klason lignin and 30\% w/w ash. Xylose was the main neutral sugar followed by arabinose with glucose, galactose and uronic acids also present in all samples. The structural properties were also spectroscopically examined, which confirmed the presence of arabinoxylans. Macromolecular characterisation revealed that molecular weight is reduced after dialysis, indicating that a range of dietary fibres with different macromolecular characteristics may be obtained depending on the specific processing steps. The present work shows that soluble arabinoxylans may be obtained from sugarcane agricultural wastes that may be used as a source of novel dietary fibres.
Sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw were applied for the removal of nitrite ions from water samples. Batch experiments were conducted to establish optimum pH (5), initial nitrite concentration (5 mg/L), adsorbent dose (3 mg/L) and contact time (90 min). Under the optimized conditions, raw sugarcane bagasse was found to be a more effective (removal efficiency 90 \%) adsorbent in removing nitrite ions than wheat straw (removal efficiency 63 \%). Adsorption isotherms and kinetic parameters were also studied. The correlation coefficient values for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were 0.9625 and 0.9590, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption of nitrite fairly fits both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms for both adsorbents. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetic model.
This study investigates the properties of lightweight foamed concrete (LFC), in which Type 1 Portland cement (OPC) was replaced by incinerated sugarcane filter cake (ISF) at 0\%, 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, and 20\% by weight (wt\%). LFC densities of 900, 1,000, and 1100 kg/m(3) were tested with a water binder materials (OPC + ISF) ratio (WEB) of 0.5 for all mixtures. The study classifies the fresh (spreadability, density, setting time), mechanical (compressive strength, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, porosity), and functional (water absorption, thermal insulation) characteristics of the respective LFC mixtures. All LFC mixtures achieved a density within the defined tolerance limit during testing. For any given plastic density, a greater spread was obtained at higher than at lower density. Losses of compressive strength, flexural strength, and drying shrinkage were observed in all LFC mixes compared to the control. LFC specimens. In terms of functional properties, as the percentage of ISF increased, the thermal conductivity of the mixture decreased. However, mixtures in which ISF was used at 10 wt\% replacement for cement were more spreadable than other mixtures, including the control mixture. Overall, the results indicate that ISF has potential to be used as a material in producing LFC. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present study aims to demonstrate the application of sugarcane bagasse as an excellent field emitter. Field emission property of as-pyrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (p-SBg) before and after the plasma treatment has been investigated. It has been observed that electronic nature of p-SBg transformed from semiconducting to metallic after plasma treatment. Maximum current and turn-on field defined at 10 mu A/cm(2) was found to be 800 mu A/cm(2) and 2.2 V/mu m for as-pyrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (p-SBg) and 25 mu A/cm(2) and 8.4 V/mu m for H-2-plasma treated p-SBg. These values are found to be better than the reported values for graphene and activated carbon. In this report, pyrolysis of bagasse has been carried in a thermal chemical vapor deposition (Th-CVD) system in inert argon atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to study the structure of both pre and post plasma-treated p-SBg bagasse's sample. HRTEM study reveals that carbonaceous structures such as 3D-nanographene oxide (3D-NGO), graphite nanodots (GNDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon onions are present in both pre-treated and plasma-treated p-SBg. Hence, we envision that the performed study will be a forwarding step to facilitate the application of p-SBg in display devices. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The growing demand for natural products has favored the development of bioprocesses for obtaining value-added products in the fragrance and flavor sector. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industrial residues together with generally recognized as safe (GRAS) strains like Kluyveromyces marxianus appears as a remarkable alternative for producing aroma compounds. In this study, a continuous air supplied system was used for optimizing the production of fruit like compounds via SSF of a mixture of sugarcane bagasse/sugar beet molasses employing K. marxianus. The main operational parameters were evaluated to identify the best conditions for their biosynthesis. Maximum cumulative volatile production was achieved at 40 degrees C, 35\% molasses (dry basis) and specific air flow rate (S-AFR) 0.14 L h(-1)g(ITS)(-1) reaching 161 mg(TVOL) per gram of initial total solids content (ITS). The main components of the produced volatiles were alcohols (43\%) while ester species constituted only 18\%. Selectivity to ester species was enhanced working at 30 degrees C, 25\% molasses and S-AFR 0.11 L h(-1)g(-1) (ITS), maximizing the ester content to 47.6 mg(Ester) g(ITS)(-1). In this case, a pleasant fruity odor was perceived thanks to the higher ester content (35\%). Stressing conditions for K. marxianus like high temperatures and limiting nitrogen availability seem to be key factors for promoting the production of the volatile compounds. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane molasses is a rich source of antioxidant materials with peroxyl radical scavenging effects. To explore the potent antioxidant activity of sugarcane molasses against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced peroxyl radicals, 7 methanolic fractions of sugarcane molasses (F1-F7) were separated via bioassay-guided fractionation and evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), and oxidative DNA damage protective activity assays. The ORAC values of sugarcane molasses fractions ranged from 4399 to 6266 mu mol TE/g, whilst the EC50 values for CAA ranged from 3.7 to 5.9 mu g/ml. Moreover, it was found that sugarcane molasses fractions, particularly F6 and F7, could protect against oxidative DNA damage caused by peroxyl radicals at an effective concentration of 100 mu g/ml. Ten phenolic constituents were identified in the fractions, including known antioxidative compounds, viz., schaftoside, isoschaftoside, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agro-industrial waste available in enormous quantities in Egypt. It is rich of organic carbon which makes it a potential feedstock for activated carbon production. This study provides an optimized pyrolysis method for activated carbon production from Sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse samples impregnated with sulfuric acid, for 24 h, and carbonized at 500 degrees C, for two hours, yielded the best activated carbon with a surface area of 431.375 m(2)/g. The best impregnation ratio was 2.5:1 (sulfuric acid/bagasse). The prepared activated carbon was used for adsorbing heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Cr) from Nile Tilapia reused frying oil. It could adsorb 80\% of the heavy metals and particularly removed the Cd. The characteristics of the prepared activated carbon are comparable to those recommended for the commercial activated carbon. The production cost of the activated carbon using this method is about 707 \$ which is cheaper than the commercial activated carbon by about 40\%.
Cellulosic ethanol is an alternative for increasing the amount of bioethanol production in the world. In Brazil, sugarcane leads the bioethanol production, and to improve its yield, besides bagasse, sugarcane straw is a possible feedstock. However, the process that leads to cell wall disassembly under field conditions is unknown, and understanding how this happens can improve sugarcane biorefinery and soil quality. In the present work, we aimed at studying how sugarcane straw is degraded in the field after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Non-structural and structural carbohydrates, lignin content, ash, and cellulose crystallinity were analyzed. The cell wall composition was determined by cell wall fractionation and determination of monosaccharide composition. Non-structural carbohydrates degraded quickly during the first 3 months in the field. Pectins and lignin remained in the plant waste for up to 12 months, while the hemicelluloses and cellulose decreased 7.4 and 12.4\%, respectively. Changes in monosaccharide compositions indicated solubilization of arabinoxylan (xylose and arabinose) and beta -glucans (beta -1,3 1,4 glucan; after 3 months) followed by degradation of cellulose (after 6 months). Despite cellulose reduction, the xylose:glucose ratio increased, suggesting that glucose is consumed faster than xylose. The degradation and solubilization of the cell wall polysaccharides concomitantly increased the level of compounds related to recalcitrance, which led to a reduction in saccharification and an increase in minerals and ash contents. Cellulose crystallinity changed little, with evidence of silica at the latter stages, indicating mineralization of the material. Our data suggest that for better soil mineralization, sugarcane straw must stay in the field for over 1 year. Alternatively, for bioenergy purposes, straw should be used in less than 3 months.
The unprecedented pressure on the environment brought by the consumption of natural resources brings a growing interest in the utilization of readily, but of less-value materials, into new products. These include wastes that gave headaches in industries such as sugarcane press mud (SPM) and coconut shell ash (CSA). The study focused on making concrete block pavement (CBP) by adding limed SPM and CSA as admixtures to cement and sand. The D-optimal statistical design was used by varying the percentages of limed SPM (17.33-19.33 wt\%) and CSA (10-12 wt\%), while cement and sand were fixed at 12.00 wt\% and 58.67 wt\%, respectively. Results revealed a lightweight CBP (density of 1979.13 kg m(-3)), water absorption capacity of 9.01\%, compressive strength of 15.71 MPa, and thermal expansion of 0.01803 in(3) in(-3) \& DEG;F-1. One-sample t-test showed no significant differences in the CBP properties and the minimum standard. Conclusively, the limed SPM and CSA, all considered industrial wastes, are good admixtures in making good quality concrete block. Overall, the work demonstrated a value-adding of the SPM and CSA, all by-products of industries, in making concrete block-a new and innovative engineering material.
There is a great demand for biodegradable hydrogel, and cellulose enriched wastes materials are widely used to serve this purpose for various advance applications (e.g., biomedical and environmental). Sugarcane bagasse is cellulose-enriched agro-waste, abundantly grown in Bangladesh. This study aimed to treat sugarcane bagasse-based agro-waste using a sustainable and ecofriendly approach to produce hydrogel with super-swelling capacity for adsorption of copper, chromium, iron ions, methylene blue and drimaren red dyes. To increase the swelling property of hydrogels, copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers is an effective technique. Therefore, this study aimed to prepare hydrogel via free radical graft-copolymerization reaction among acrylamide, methyl methacrylate and treated bagasse in the presence of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a crosslinker and potassium persulphate as an initiator. To obtain maximum yield, reaction conditions were optimized. It was found that hydrogel obtained from chemically treated sugarcane bagasse showed maximum water absorption capacity of 228.0 g/g, whereas untreated bagassebased hydrogel could absorb similar to 50 g/g of water. Maximum adsorption capacity of 247.0 mg/g was found for copper ion. In addition, organic pollutant removal from industrial effluent also showed good performance, removing >90\% of methylene blue and 62\% of drimaren red dye, with shorter kinetics. The biodegradability study showed that after 90 days of exposure, the hydrogels degraded to about 43\% of their own mass. Therefore, the produced hydrogel could be an alternative adsorbent to remove pollutants and also for other potential applications.
Natural fiber composites expected to be in great demand in the coming years due to increased consumer awareness to reduce the waste and environmental pollution. Bagasse fibers available in plenty as an agro-residue and bio composites derived from such renewable resources offer potential for scale-up and value addition. This review provides an insight on current research trends on development and characterization of bagasse-based composites. Various chemical treatment methods and processing techniques used to improve the mechanical, thermal, acoustic, and aging properties of sugarcane bagasse reinforced composites are summarized in the review.
Sugarcane is a cash crop that has been a significant source of revenue in many countries around the world. In the last few decades, sugarcane mills that were only intended for sugar production were converted into biorefineries. Biorefinery enables the co-production of useful products from the sugarcane wastes such as bagasse, molasses, cane trash, filter mud and vinasse. In certain applications like disposable plates, fly ash, and as reinforcement in polymer composites, bagasse can be directly employed without the need for secondary processing while applications like paper, biochemical, lignosulfonate, vanillin, etc., require secondary processing through the biochemical route involving pre-treatment, acid hydrolysis, and fermentation. Other sugarcane wastes can also be mixed with bagasse to obtain biomethane, bioethanol, and bioelectricity. This article focuses on the recent advancements in such pre-treatment and processing methods employed by the researchers. It also outlines the strategies to co-generate two different products and ways to maximize the product yield and highlights various parameters influencing the process. The challenges that are critical to the sustainability of the sugarcane biorefineries and their mitigations were also discussed.
Chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and its production potential of hemicellulosic furfural were studied. For this fine bagasse sample of two varieties was prepared and analyzed for its chemical composition. Then bagasse was treated with variable concentrations (1, 2 and 3 M) of different acids (acetic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid) and autoclaved for 180, 300 and 420 min with solid-liquid ratio of 1: 15 at 110 degrees C temperature and 1.05 kg cm(-2) steam pressure for furfural production. The reaction of bagasse with 3.0 M nitric acid for 300 min gave the highest yields of furfural (119.94 mg/g). Furfural was extracted and identified on the basis of thin layer chromatography, boiling point, IR and NMR data.
An experiment on Fenton degradation of sugarcane vinasse was carried out to determine its effect on the wastewater characteristics. Vinasse, a by-product of distillation in the bioethanol industry, contains high organic matter, as the value of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is >100,000 mg/L and BOD5 is 31,250 mg/L. The Fenton reaction is one of the advanced oxidation process (AOP) methods which has been widely applied for the treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants and contaminants. This method utilizes hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot) produced from the catalyzing reaction between Fe2+ or Fe3+ and hydrogen peroxide. The effect of pH, the ratio of {[
Lignocellulosic ethanol is a promising alternative to gasoline that can be produced by fermentation of sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass. Improved properties of energy crops and reduction of lignocellulose recalcitrance to biological conversion have the potential to reduce production costs. This study evaluated bagasse from 115 varieties of sugarcane for fermentable sugar yield. The purpose was to select the preferred varieties with fiber of high processability without compromising juice ethanol and cane yield. Dilute acid pretreatment was employed to improve the sugars yield from the bagasse. The results showed wide variations in structural carbohydrates (as monosaccharide) content (66.6-77.6\% dry matter (DM)) and lignin content (14.4-23.1\% DM) between varieties. Combined sugar yield obtained after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis also varied significantly (27.3-55.2 g/100 g DM). Further, it was demonstrated that some of the varieties had combined characteristics of high cane productivity and combined sugar yield after pretreatment-hydrolysis of the bagasse. These results suggest the incorporation of selection of varieties, given its contribution for developing a cost-efficient pretreatment and saccharification process. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an industrial by-product generated in large quantities from sugar industries employing the cogeneration process. It is commonly disposed of in landfills. The use of cogeneration plants, and subsequently the quantity of ash generated and disposed, has increased significantly in India and other developing economies. Moreover, disposal of sugarcane bagasse ash causes environmental pollution and reduction of useful land area. A number of earlier research studies have reported on the excellent pozzolanic characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete. The present study is focused on the performance evaluation of sugarcane bagasse ash as an ingredient in construction materials such as alkali-activated concrete, paver blocks, and unburnt bricks. Results from the study showed significant improvement in the characteristics, specifically strength and durability of bagasse ash blended specimens. Sugarcane bagasse ash and slag-based ambient-cured geopolymer specimens showed enhancement in compressive strength and workability in comparison with slag-based geopolymer. No efflorescence was observed in SCBA-based unburnt bricks, but water absorption in SCBA unburnt bricks was higher compared with fly ash bricks. Sugarcane bagasse ash blended paver block specimens exhibited significant resistance against water penetration and sorption compared with control specimens. (C) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
The interaction effects between sugarcane bagasse and a Brazilian coal during co-firing were investigated by means of thermal decomposition behavior, comparison between theoretical and experimental results, activation energy, and ignition temperature. The blends were prepared in the ratios of 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; 0:100 (bagasse/coal). The interaction effect evaluated in this study was related to the interference of the bagasse volatile matter content in the coal thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition behavior analyses were performed in a thermogravimetric balance, and the apparent activation energy was determined by two different models-model-free and local linear integral isoconversional method-under two different heating rate ranges. The results showed that the high volatile content of the sugarcane bagasse leads to more intense combustion, lower ignition temperature, and more complex reaction mechanism, as compared to coal. When the fuels are blended, there is a temperature anticipation of the events related to the decomposition of the coal portion in the mixture, the reaction rates increase and the ash formation is affected. The kinetic data also suggested that the interaction between both materials may occur and improve the burnout of the blend in relation to the pure coal firing due to the contribution of sugarcane bagasse volatile matter. Nevertheless, the presence of the bagasse did not allow to lower activation energy during the blends devolatilization process.
In the sugarcane industry, boilers are widely used for cogeneration. This industry uses mainly sugarcane bagasse as the primary fuel source, followed by other types of biomass. Fuel price has a major impact on the industry results, due to the scenario of the energy market. Therefore, optimizing the combustion is an important lever to reduce this cost. Real-time measurement of oxygen content in the boilers flue gas is one of the requirements for this optimization. Due to the capital cost and the requirements for personnel qualification for maintenance and calibration, sugarcane mills rarely apply such analyzers in closed loop. In this work, a fuzzy control was implemented in the combustion air flowrate of a large boiler in the Tereos group, to maintain the oxygen content in the combustion products within the optimum range. A tool was used to identify the process dynamics and to tune the control loop in real time. After downloading the new strategy in the factory control system and tuning the controller, the oxygen control loop started operation in automatic mode. After twenty-four hours of continuous operation, regulatory and servo controls were able to keep the desired setpoint with low variability (+/- 1.2\% variation in excess air coefficient) and respond to setpoint changes with good response speed (1.5-20 minutes) and overshoot (8-56\%). No previous references were found in the literature on the use of fuzzy logic for the combustion control of sugarcane bagasse-fired boilers, especially high pressure and high steam throughput boilers. Results reached so far demonstrate the applicability of fuzzy control for combustion in boilers on sugarcane bagasse, with 40\% less variability than a PID controller, and 69\% less variability compared to operation in manual mode.
Cellulosic ethanol production from non-detoxified furfural residues produced at different operating conditions from sugarcane bagasse was investigated. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) technique and preconditioned industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, i.e., EthanolRed (R) and CelluX (TM) 4, were used for fermentation. The highest furfural yield of 69\% (11.44 g/100 g of dry bagasse) was achieved at 170 degrees C and 0.5 wt.\% H2SO4 (170-200 degrees C and 0-1 wt.\% H2SO4), with corresponding ethanol yields of 77-95\% (9.57-11.58 g/100 g of dry bagasse). The mass of ethanol produced reflected conversion of about 50\% of cellulose in raw biomass due to cellulose degradation during furfural production. No production conditions could be found where both furfural and ethanol yields were maximized, indicating an unavoidable compromise between the two co-products. Furfural production conditions that provided an acceptable compromise between furfural and ethanol during co-production from sugarcane bagasse were 170 degrees C and 0.25 wt.\% H2SO4, resulting in furfural mass of 7.64 g/100 g of dry bagasse and ethanol mass of 9.86 and 10.91 g/100 g of dry bagasse when using EthanolRed (R) and CelluX (TM) 4, respectively.
Sugarcane bagasse was co-pyrolyzed with lignite in a fixed bed reactor to investigate the possible interaction during co-pyrolysis. GC-MS revealed that the concentration of phenols and aliphatic compounds in the tar increased with the addition of sugarcane bagasse, while the content of aromatic compounds had the contradictory tendency. The phenol content in co-pyrolyzed tar reached 20.35\%, which increased by 142.26\% compared with the calculated values. The sugarcane bagasse decomposition peak partly overlapped with lignite pyrolysis peak from TG-DTG curves, which meant more interaction between lignite and sugarcane bagasse during the pyrolysis process. The difference between the experimental and calculated values of pyrolysis products yield, tar components, DTG values and kinetics analysis indicated the synergetic effect between lignite and sugarcane bagasse.
The increasing ethanol production brings many advantages to Brazil. However, it generates high quantities of vinasse from 10 to 15 l per liter of alcohol produced. This residue is applied as a fertilizer in sugarcane crops but, it presents a potential risk to soil quality when high doses of vinasse are applied in the same area over years. So, one solution would be to transport it to distant locations, but this would mean an increase in costs. Thus, concentrated vinasse, wherein the volume is reduced by evaporation process, becomes a viable alternative and is being increasingly used by sugarcane mills in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the net nitrogen mineralization and potential nitrogen mineralization of soil that received three doses of concentrated and not concentrated vinasse. The not concentrated vinasse is a good alternative to be applied, but higher doses promote N losses by denitrification due to the high water content. The highest values of potential nitrogen mineralization and, lowest values of constant of mineralization in the treatments with concentrated vinasse indicate that this residue releases N at a slower speed than in treatments with not concentrated vinasse, suggesting that there will be N availability in the subsequent crops.
In this work, two catalytic systems were applied for the production of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural (HMF) from different water-soluble carbohydrates. These systems combined Lewis (ZnCl2 and AlCl3) and Bronsted (HCl) acids in a biphasic system composed of an extraction solvent (ES) and a reaction solvent (RS). Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used to control yield losses that are due to undesirable side reactions by promoting the continuous extraction of HMF from the aqueous phase, which was nearly saturated with sodium chloride (NaClaq). HMF production was enhanced when high temperatures (180 degrees C) and high ES/RS ratios (10) were employed in short reaction times (60 min). The combination of Lewis and Bronsted acids and the use of the THF/NaClaq biphasic system proved to be the right choice for HMF production. AlCl3/HCl was best for glucose dehydration while ZnCl2/HCl gave higher HMF yields from sucrose and sugarcane molasses (65.6 and 49.6\%, respectively). Compared to synthetic mixture containing the same amount of sugars, no matrix interference was observed during dehydration of sugarcane molasses. ZnCl2/HCl humins were primarily composed of furan derivatives, whereas AlCl3/HCl humins had higher molecular mass and benzofurans content, which were a result of the higher acidity of this reaction system.
Sugarcane bagasse is a rich source of cellulose (32-45\%), hemicellulose (20-32\%) and lignin (17-32\%), 1.0-9.0\% ash and some extractives. Huge amount of the generation of sugarcane bagasse has been a great challenge to industries and environment at global level for many years. Though cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions in bagasse makes it a potential raw substrate for the production of value-added products at large scale, the presence of lignin hampers its saccharification which further leads to low yields of the value-added products. Therefore, an appropriate pretreatment strategy is of utmost importance that effectively solubilizes the lignin that exposes cellulose and hemicellulose for enzymatic action. Pretreatment also reduces the biomass recalcitrance i.e., cellulose crystallinity, structural complexity of cell wall and lignification for its effective utilization in biorefinery. Sugarcane bagasse served as nutrient medium for the cultivation of diverse microorganisms for the production of industrially important metabolites including enzymes, reducing sugars, prebiotic, organic acids and biofuels. Sugarcane bagasse has been utilized in the generation of electricity, syngas and as biosorbant in the bioremediation of heavy metals. Furthermore, the ash generated from bagasse is an excellent source for the synthesis of high strength and lightweight bricks and tiles. Present review describes the utility of sugarcane bagasse as sustainable and renewable lignocellulosic substrate for the production of industrially important multifarious value-added products. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The synergetic impacts of ferric chloride aided peracetic acid (FPA) pretreatment were investigated to enhance the total biomass utilization through effective cellulose conversion and high-quality lignin production. The sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with 2\% peracetic acid (PAA) and 0.1 mol/L ferric chloride (FeCl3) effectively removed 57.3\% of lignin and 72.2\% of xylan while preserving \~{
This study investigated bioethanol production from rice straw (RS) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) which containing 72.8 and 73.2\% holocellulose, 56.8 and 58.6\% alpha-cellulose, and 14.9 and 25.1\% lignin for RS and SCB, respectively. To eliminate the lignin content, different pretreatment conditions, such as hot water, dilute acid, and acid-alkali, were designed. Acid-alkali was characterized as the best pretreatment for removing similar to 79 and 70\% of lignin, alpha-cellulose increased 91.4 and 91\%, and holocellulose reached 90.8 and 90\% for RS and SCB, respectively. The results revealed that acid-alkali was highly efficient than other pretreatment used for both RS and SCB. After enzymatic hydrolysis of acid-alkali-treated RS and SCB with cellulase, glucose concentrations reached 45 and 42 g/l, respectively. Pichia occidentalis AS.2 was isolated and identified based on 18S rRNA sequencing as a bioethanol producer. Maximization of bioethanol production by P. occidentalis AS.2 using the resulting glucose as a carbon source from RS and SCB was studied using an experimental design. The pH, incubation period, and inoculum size were optimized using Box-Behnken designs (BBD), the final conditions for bioethanol production used 100 g/l acid-alkali-treated fibers, 10 ml cellulase enzyme at 50 degrees C for 5 days at 75 rpm for enzymatic hydrolysis. After time consumed and adjusting the pH to 6, the mixture was inoculated with 2.5\% P. occidentalis AS.2 and incubated at 35 degrees C for 24 h at 200 rpm to increase the bioethanol yield by 1.39-fold to 23.7 and 21.4 g/l compared to initial production (17 and 15.3 g/l) between RS and SCB, respectively.
Biodegradable films are a promising strategy to reduce the environmental impact caused by conventional plastics commonly used in agriculture. This study focused on the production and characterization of Konjac glucomannan (KGM) and alginate (ALG) based films enriched with sugarcane vinasse (VIN), a nutrient-rich wastewater generated in large volumes by the sugar-ethanol producing industries. ALG, KGM and ALG/KGM blended (50:50) films were produced by casting and treated with calciumions (Ca2+) (ALGfilms) and a combination of Ca2+, alkali, and ethanol (KGM and ALG/KGM films). Vinasse addition tended to reduce transparency and water resistance of the films and had less effect on their mechanical properties. Crosslinking of ALG films resulted in enhanced mechanical properties and reduced moisture content, water solubility, swelling, water vapor permeability, and flexibility. KGM films were less impacted by crosslinking/deacetylation but showed improved water resistance while maintain a high degree of swelling (290\% and 185\% for KGM and KGM/VIN films respectively). Blended films exhibited characteristic properties of the two biopolymers and adequate compatibility indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphologies. Vinasse-added ALG/KGM films represent a novel nutrient-enriched, bio-based material for agricultural applications and could help to face the environmental challenges imposed by vinasse disposal. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lignin, extracted from sugarcane bagasse by the organosolv process, was used as a partial substitute of phenol (40 w/w) in resole phenolic matrices. Short sugarcane fibers were used as reinforcement in these polymeric matrices to obtain fiber-reinforced composites. Thermoset polymers (phenolic and lignophenolic) and related composites were obtained by compression molding and characterized by mechanical tests such as impact, differential mechanical thermoanalysis (DMTA), and hardness tests. The impact test showed an improvement in the impact strength when sugarcane bagasse was used. The inner part of the fractured samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicated adhesion between fibers and matrix, because the fibers are not set free, suggesting they suffered a break during the impact test. The modification of fiber surface (mercerization and esterification) did not lead to an improvement in impact strength. The results as a whole showed that it is feasible to replace part of phenol by lignin in phenolic matrices without loss of properties. (C) 2002 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 880-888, 2002.
Application of microbial fermentation of xylose to produce xylitol can not only turn waste into useful products and conserve resources, but also protect the environment. Currently, more than 100 kinds of microorganisms are known to ferment xylose, among which Candida tropicalis has strong xylose conversion ability and high tolerance to inhibitors such as furfural, acetate, and phenolics in xylose mother liquor. The present study focused on fermenting xylose hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse to produce xylitol using C. tropicalis strain31949. The effects of inoculum age, inoculum quantity, and initial xylose concentration on xylitol fermentation by C. tropicalis 31949 were discussed. The following optimum fermentation conditions were determined: inoculum quantity, 10\%; inoculum age, 26h; and initial xylose concentration, 100g/L. Under these optimal fermentation conditions, C. tropicalis 31949 could ferment sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, which was pretreated by vacuum concentration and activated carbon detoxification decoloration, to produce 62.9800g/L xylitol.
In this article, we reported a biomass carbon/MnO2 nanocomposite electrode material prepared by a hydrothermal method. Sugarcane bagasse and KOH were the carbon source and activation agent, respectively. The obtained sugarcane bagasse carbon is rich in pore structure, so it can act as the host for MnO2. The biomass carbon/MnO2 nanocomposite electrode was prepared by a hydrothermal method. The morphologies of materials were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectra and x-ray diffraction were utilized to characterize the molecular and crystal structures of samples, respectively. The electrochemical and capacitive performances of materials were tested by electrochemical workstation. By calculation, the specific capacitance of sugarcane bagasse carbon, MnO2 and composite electrode are 280Fg(-1), 163Fg(-1) and 359Fg(-1), respectively. Compared with pure sugarcane bagasse carbon and MnO2, the specific capacitance of the composite increases by 28\% and 120\%, respectively. After 2000 cycles of charge and discharge, the capacitance retention of the composite is 94\%, which is higher than 91\% of sugarcane bagasse carbon and 45\% of MnO2.
The aim of the present study was to extract lignin from sugarcane bagasse followed by its structural characterization, oxidation, and evaluation of antioxidant activities. Lignin was extracted in a process involving different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 \%) of NaOH solutions. The chemical composition of untreated and treated bagasse samples was analyzed which clearly showed that the delignification was found to be maximum with 10 \% NaOH. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of untreated and treated samples of bagasse were taken to study the physical changes occurred in the bagasse during different treatments. Lignin extracted was purified with acidified water and oxidized with 10 \% H2O2. Both lignin and oxidized lignin were structurally characterized using Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), H-1, and C-13 NMR spectra. The antioxidant potential of lignin and its oxidized derivative was evaluated by radical scavenging activity using DPPH method. Lignin was found to have higher antioxidant activity than oxidized lignin. This was attributed to a higher number of phenolic groups in lignin than in oxidized lignin. Both lignin and its oxidized derivative were observed to have higher antioxidant activity than 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) and lower than 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA). It was concluded that sugarcane bagasse lignin and its oxidized derivative could be used as potential antioxidant of food oils and fats.
Conditions for the preparation of etherified hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse with 2, 3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (ETA) using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in aqueous solution were studied comparatively. The extent of the etherification was measured by yield percentage and degree of substitution. The effects of reaction time of 3-7 h, reaction temperature of 50-80 degrees C, temperature of alkaline activation of 30-60 degrees C, and time of alkaline activation of 0-60 min on the reaction yield and degree of substitution were investigated in detail. The overall yield and degree of substitution were varied from 35.2 to 41.9\% and from 0.14 to 0.33, respectively, by changing the reaction temperature and duration as well as time and temperature of alkaline activation. The new materials were characterized by FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis as well as GPC. It was found that the thermal stability of the hemicellulosic ethers decreased after chemical modification, and the molecular weights of the etherified hemicelluloses were lower than those of the native hemicelluloses. C-13 NMR spectra gave the evidence for etherification reaction and the quaternization of hemicelluloses occurred mainly at C-3 position. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This work describes the preparation of new chelating material from mercerized sugarcane bagasse. The first part treats the chemical modification of non-mercerized sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse (MMSCB) with succinic anhydride. Mass percent gains (mpg) and degrees of succinylation (DS) of succinylated non- and twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse 1 (SCB 1 and MMSCB 1) were calculated. MMSCB 1 exhibited an increase in mpg and DS of 49.2\% and 0.9 mmol/g in relation to SCB 1. SCB 2 and MMSCB 2 were obtained by treatment of MMSCB 1 and SCB 1 with bicarbonate solution to release the carboxylate functions and characterized by FTIR. The second part evaluates and compares the adsorption capacity of SCB 2 and MMSCB 2 for CU2+ Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in an aqueous single metal solution. Adsorption isotherms were developed using Langmuir model. MMSCB 2 exhibited an increase in Q(max) for Cd2+ (43.6 mg/g) and Pb2+ (83.3 mg/g) in relation to SCB 2. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oleaginous microalgae are known as promising oil producers, which accumulate high amount of lipids from various carbon substrates. This study first investigated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a cheap carbon source for the production of biomass and lipid by Schizochytrium sp. The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with alkali followed by phosphoric acid to remove lignin and enhance xylose production, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated sugarcane bagasse by cellulase was subsequently optimized. A maximum glucose yield of 95.77\% was obtained at an enzyme loading of 0.3 mL/g with a hydrolysis reaction time of 48 h. The sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate containing glucose and xylose was subsequently used as a substrate for cultivating Schizochytrium sp. Results showed that sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate performed better than refined glucose for cell growth and lipid accumulation. The maximum biomass (10.45 g/L) and lipid content (45.15\%) were achieved by growing Schizochytrium sp. in a medium containing 40 g/L glucose in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate for 72 h. Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate also resulted in higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid and docosahexaenoic acid than did refined glucose. This study suggests that sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate is a low-cost and effective carbon source for microalgal biomass and lipid production.
Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation was performed with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate usingClostridium beijerinckiistrains. A cost-effective SCB medium was developed with no enzymatic hydrolysis and no supplementation of extra carbon source or expensive nitrogen source. One of theC. beijerinckiistrains studied was able to produce butanol with butanol productivity of 1.23 g/L/day with butanol yield of 0.18 g/g of sugars from the developed medium. High utilization rate of both glucose and xylose was observed in SCB medium during ABE fermentation. This study shows that SCB is a promising substrate for cellulosic biobutanol production.
Textile wastewater effluents yield tons of dyes that, even at low concentrations, are toxic and need to be removed before this water is disposed of in aquatic life. Methylene blue has a low degradation rate and causes severe harm to the environment even at low concentrations. Adsorption is an effective method of getting rid of these dyes. In this study sugarcane bagasse pulp, which is a waste resulting from the sugar extraction process, is examined as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from textile wastewater. Batch experiments are carried out to determine the efficiency of the adsorption of methylene blue onto the sugarcane bagasse pulp surface. Seven different parameters including the adsorbent dose, temperature, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent particle size are studied to determine their effect on the adsorption process; characterization of the adsorbent is carried out. Artificial neural network is used to determine the optimum conditions that give maximum efficiency. The results of this study showed that bagasse pulp is an effective adsorbent material for methylene blue removal with a maximum adsorption efficiency of 95\%. {[
Sugarcane is cultivated in tropical countries for sugar and ethanol production. In Brazil, this culture is among the most profitable with a production of 658.7 million tons/harvest. Sugarcane filter cake (SCFC) is a waste rich in organic matter and micronutrients, but also contains toxic metals. As it has been used as fertilizer and there is not enough knowledge about its environmental impacts, this work assessed the genotoxicogenetic effects of raw SCFC and associations with soil and sugarcane bagasse (SCB), by Allium cepa tests. Six associations of SCFC + soil and five associations of SCFC + soil + SCB were tested at three moments of degradation: initial (TO), 3 and 6 months (T1 and T2). Genotoxicogenetic assays were performed with solid substrates of these associations and with their respective aqueous extracts. Chemical analysis showed a decrease in metals, total organic carbon and nitrogen after 6 months of biodegradation, complying with Brazilian laws. In general, the combination of SCFC + soil + SCB was better than using only SCFC. TO solubilized samples of different associations composed by highest quantities of SCFC inhibited the MI and induced CA without presenting mutagenicity (except for 75\%-SCFC + soil + SCB). Tl samples showed more cytotoxicity than TO samples, and also presented genotoxic and mutagenic effects. Solid substrate and solubilized associations of SCFC + soil + SCB of T2 samples had no toxicity. These results suggest 6 months of biodegradation and the SCB adding as effective to reduce toxicogenetic effects induced by SCFC. Also, small proportions of SCFC interfered less on the A. cepa test-system when compared with those containing high quantities of residue. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study aimed at investigating the binderless densification of biomass for the production of a durable solid biofuel by mixing cassava rhizome, sugarcane bagasse, and sugarcane straw. Six different treatments were applied with specific percentages of these three biomass feedstocks for the densification in a lab-scale press with heating of 120 degrees C. Three blend treatments and three 100\% material treatments (without mix) were analyzed. Achieved briquettes were examined via various tests including proximate analysis, volumetric expansion, compression test, and energy index to assess the mechanical and energetic properties. Results indicated that the mixtures are suitable for the production of briquettes and treatment B2 was the best blend for briquette production. This study suggested that binderless densification of biomass can be achieved with the mixing of cassava rhizome, sugarcane bagasse, and sugarcane straw, which will support the development of qualified solid biofuels without the cost of binders.
Vinasse is the main liquid waste from ethanol production, and it has a considerable pollution potential. Biological treatment is a promising alternative to reduce its organic load. The aim of this study was to analyze the biodegradation of sugarcane juice vinasse in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The content of carbohydrates, proteins and volatile fatty acids was evaluated. Vinasse samples showed a high biodegradability (> 96.5 \%) and low percentage of inert chemical oxygen demand (COD) (< 3.2 \%) in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The rates of substrate utilization were slightly higher in aerobic reactors, but COD stabilization occurred simultaneously in the anaerobic reactors, confirming its suitability for anaerobic digestion. Inert COD in anaerobic conditions was lower than in aerobic conditions. On the other hand, COD from metabolic products in the anaerobic reactors was higher than in the aerobic ones, indicating an increased release of soluble microbial products (SMPs) by anaerobic microorganisms. The results indicated that carbohydrates were satisfactorily degraded and protein-like substances were the major components remaining after biological degradation of vinasse.
In this study the anaerobic co-digestion (AcD) of sugarcane biorefinery by-products, i.e. hemicelluloses hydrolysate (HH) (obtained by hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse), vinasse, yeast extract (YE) and sugarcane bagasse fly ashes (SBFA), was optimized by means of biochemical methane potential experiments. The best experimental conditions of AcD (25-75\% HH-to-vinasse mixture ratio; 1.0 g L-1 YE; 15 g L-1 SBFA and 100-0\% HH-to-Vinasse; 1.5 gL(-1) YE; 45 g L-1 SBFA) led to the production of 0.279 and 0.267 Nm(3) of CH4 per kg of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with an energy surplus of 0.43 and 0.34 MJ kg SB-1, respectively. Adsorption experiments using SBFA were carried out and showed this residue could adsorb up to 61.71 and 17.32 mg g(-1) of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde and 2-furfuraldehyde, thereby reducing toxicity and improving biogas production.
Rice straw (Oryza sativa) and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum spp.) were subjected to catalytic oxidation. An oxidative cleavage of lignocellulose agro-residues was based on ferric ions and hydrogen peroxide driven by 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) in weak acidic condition at room temperature. Alteration of inter- and intra-molecular bonding of cellulose and change in cellulose crystallinity which led to influence enzymatic susceptibility were investigated. By means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, functional groups and chemical bonding modification in cellulosic, non-cellulosic, and lignin constituents of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse were characterized. Transformation of crystalline cellulose I-alpha, and I-beta forms was observed after the oxidative reaction. The catalytic oxidative reaction by the Fe3+/DHB/H2O2 system accelerated the modification of cellulose I-alpha to cellulose I-beta phase of sugarcane bagasse. However, the addition of DHB barely affected the oxidative degradation of rice straw. In addition, the crystallinity index of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse that decreased after oxidative reaction caused increases of hydrolytic enzyme accessibilities of treated samples.
This paper reports on a study of composites of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETr) and sugarcane bagasse fiber with and without compatibilizing agents. The interfacial behavior of these composites was investigated by torque rheometry, tensile tests, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A comparison of the torque values resulting from the use of ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (EBGMA) and ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymer compatibilizing agents indicated that EBGMA increased the interaction between the constituents more effectively than EMA. The addition of bagasse sugarcane fiber did not affect the tensile modulus and reduced the tensile strength and elongation of PETr, as is normally observed in these types of composites. Consistent with the results of torque rheometry and DMA, the SEM analyses indicated that EBGMA improved adhesion between the constituents. All the composites showed promise as good alternatives for the production of environmentally friendly products. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this research was to determine the influence of acetic acid concentration and microwave power in the microwave assisted-organosolv pulping of sugarcane bagasse. The microwave assisted organosolv pulping was conducted in varied acetic acid concentration (5-25\%), and microwave power level (10-70\%). The pulping residue was analyzed for its Kappa number, alpha, beta and gamma cellulose content. The research showed that microwave assisted-organosolv pulping conducted at 60 minutes and solid liquid ratio of 1:12, acetic acid concentration of 20\% and microwave power of 10\% from its maximum power (399 W) gave the Kappa number, alpha cellulose, beta cellulose and gamma cellulose of 21.86; 68; 20.09 and 11.91, respectively. The microwave organosolv pulping was prone to be effective in the lignin removal process.
Nearly 33 million tons of sugarcane bagasse are produced in China every year, and a large amount of this is wasted. Pelletization is an efficient method of utilizing excess bagasse. This study uses a specially designed pelletizing device to identify how process parameters and biomass characteristics affect the densification of sugarcane bagasse. We used four-factor Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) to predict pellet density, specific energy consumption, and the radial maximum pressure of bagasse pellets and how they were affected by temperature (100, 140, and 180 degrees C), feedstock moisture content (6, 9, and 12\%), particle size (0.5, 1.0, and 1.4 mm), and holding time (2, 3, and 4 min). Our results demonstrated that both temperature and moisture content significantly affected all responses evaluated, and that these interactions significantly affected pellet density and specific energy consumption. Temperature is the crucial factor determining the quality of bagasse pellets. High temperatures (140-180 degrees C) resulted in homogeneous, smooth, and shiny pellet surfaces, which had no cracks. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated a close connection between fibers at high temperatures. Particle size affected all responses except pellet density, while the influence of holding time on pellet density and radial maximum pressure was significant. RSM models determined the following optimal parameters: temperature (180 degrees C), moisture content (9\%), particle size (0.5 mm), and holding time (3 min). Under optimal conditions, the pellet density, specific energy consumption, and radial maximum pressure of sugarcane bagasse pellets could reach 1172 kg m(-3), 7.1 kJ kg(-1) , and 2539.4 N, respectively.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of commercial panels produced with sugarcane bagasse to investigate the possibility of us for the production of furniture. We evaluated industrial MDP (Medium density particleboard) panels made of Eucalyptus and Pinus by two Brazilian companies and an industrial MDP panel made from sugarcane bagasse, produced in China. We tested the physical characteristics of water absorption and thickness swelling of the panels after 2 and 24 h of immersion in water. To estimate the moisture content and density, we followed the procedure detailed in NBR 14810-3(1). The mechanical properties were characterized by performing bending (moduli of elasticity and rupture), compression (moduli of elasticity rupture), internal bonding, screw pullout and Janka hardness tests. We found that panels made from sugarcane bagasse showed comparable with or superior physical and mechanical properties to those made from Eucalyptus and Pinus.
Sugarcane molasses, a waste from sugar manufacturing processes, has promising future to be utilized as a cheap carbon source for lactic acid production. In this study, a newly microbial consortium, CEE-DL15, for the conversion of sugarcane molasses to lactic acid was selected and evaluated. The consortium was screened from cattle stomach content and mainly consisted of Clostridium sensustricto (57.29\%), Escherichia (34.22\%), and Enterococcus (5.32\%). Lactic acid production was explored under the deficiency of sterilization and molasses acidification, with corn steep liquor powder used as organic nitrogen source. In batch fermentations using sugarcane molasses of 350 g/L and corn steep liquor powder of 18.5 g/L without additional nutrients, CEE-DL15 produced 112.34 g/L lactic acid (107.40 g/L L-lactic acid and 4.94 g/L D-lactic acid), with a yield of 0.81 g/g and a maximum productivity of 4.49 g/(L.h), which is the best lactic acid productivity from molasses published so far. Economic analysis indicated that lactic acid fermentation cost was only 448 USD/ton using molasses and corn steep liquor powder, which was only 37.7\% of the total cost when compared with glucose as carbon source and MRS medium as nitrogen source. This work demonstrated that the high adaptation to molasses of microbial consortium CEE-DL15 might be a promising alternative for the economical production of lactic acid.
A new process for the xanthation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse was investigated for the separation of cadmium, lead, nickel. zinc and copper from their aqueous solutions. Adsorption capacity of the charred xanthated sugarcane bagasse (CXSB) was found to be significantly more than the several biosorbents reported in the literatures. The modified material was characterized by MR and elemental analysis. The kinetics of sorption of the tested metals was fast, reaching equilibrium within 20-40 min. The aximum adsorption capacities evaluated in terms of mol/kg dry gel were 1.95 for Cd(II), 1.58 for Pb(II), 2.52 for Ni(II), 2.40 for Zn(II) and 2.91 for Cu(II), respectively. The high adsorption capacity and the kinetics results indicated that CXSB can be used as the selective adsorbent for the removal of these respective metal ions from wastewater. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sugarcane bagasse was used for producing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and obtaining high-molecular-mass hemicellulose as co-product. To this end, the steam explosion process was employed. It was found that the optimum operating conditions are the temperature of 187.15 degrees C, NaOH/bagasse ratio of 39\% (w/w), and retention time (RT) of 10 min. Next, the obtained cellulose in the optimized condition was extracted and purified, and it was subsequently converted to CMC according to Williamson etherification technique. This paper also employed response surface methodology (RSM) to model effective factors against a degree of substitution (DS). Based on it, the optimum values of independent variables are the NaOH concentration of 28.4\%, MCA mass of 1.14gram, temperature of 57.85 degrees C, and reaction time of 4.01 h which the CMC had the DS of 1.085, the yield of 181.302\%, purity of 71.6\%, and crystallinity of 30.1\% with low viscosity. Samples comparatively studied by FT-IR, TGA and XRD. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The biomass resources oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and sugarcane bagasse, which are residues from the palm oil and sugar industries, continue to be investigated for more applications. With increasing concern for the environment, cleaner production has been a worldwide aim of researchers. In this study, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) from EFB and sugarcane bagasse was prepared with disc refining after steam pretreatment of the raw materials. Afterwards, refining and handsheet properties of TMP using various percentages of unbleached soda bagasse pulp (USBP) were studied. Fiber characterizations and handsheet properties showed that pulp of acceptable quality was obtained via thermomechanical pulping. Moreover, energy consumption during PFI refining of EFB TMP was higher than that of bagasse TMP. Physical properties were further enhanced through introduction of USBP. The results firmly support the feasibility of cleaner thermomechanical pulping of EFB and sugarcane bagasse.
The microbial production of fumaric acid by Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 2582 has been evaluated using soybean cake from biodiesel production processes and very high polarity (VHP) sugar from sugarcane mills. Soybean cake was converted into a nutrient-rich hydrolysate via a two-stage bioprocess involving crude enzyme production via solid state fermentations (SSF) of either Aspergillus oryzae or R. arrhizus cultivated on soybean cake followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean cake. The soybean cake hydrolysate produced using crude enzymes derived via SSF of R. arrhizus was supplemented with VHP sugar and evaluated using different initial free amino nitrogen (FAN) concentrations (100, 200, and 400mg/L) in fed-batch cultures for fumaric acid production. The highest fumaric acid concentration (27.3g/L) and yield (0.7g/g of total consumed sugars) were achieved when the initial FAN concentration was 200mg/L. The combination of VHP sugar with soybean cake hydrolysate derived from crude enzymes produced by SSF of A. oryzae at 200mg/L initial FAN concentration led to the production of 40g/L fumaric acid with a yield of 0.86g/g of total consumed sugars. The utilization of sugarcane molasses led to low fumaric acid production by R. arrhizus, probably due to the presence of various minerals and phenolic compounds. The promising results achieved through the valorization of VHP sugar and soybean cake suggest that a focused study on molasses pretreatment could lead to enhanced fumaric acid production.
Bagasse is a residue obtained from the processing of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). The aim of this study was to investigate the temperature profile, biochar yield and product quality of a locally designed thermochemical process for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and low-density polyethylene waste into biochar. Product quality was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Branueur-Emmett-Teller analyses. Product yield was 16.67 wt\% and 45.46 wt\% at 349 degrees C and 250 degrees C peak temperatures for SCB and hybrid biochar, respectively. Both SCB biochar and hybrid had a heterogeneous surface morphology and was mesoporous. The specific surface area of the SCB and hybrid biochar was 533.6 m(2)/g and 510.5 m(2)/g, respectively. The process has a three-pronged advantage of product development, waste management and resource conservation.
Bio-based nanomaterials with antimicrobial functions hold promise in replacing petroleum-based packaging for food preservation. A nanocellulose-based hybrid film with antimicrobial properties was developed from sugarcane bagasse and nisin. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared from sugarcane bagasse pulp by mechanical grinding, and mixed with nisin to prepare CNFs/nisin nanohybrid films. The concentration of nisin has a remarkable influence on the mechanical, light transmission, gas barrier, and antimicrobial properties of these films. CNFs/nisin hybrid films with 1920 mg/L nisin exhibit good light transmission, relatively high tensile strength, low oxygen permeability, and low water vapor transmission rates. This hybrid film was used as a liner of low density polyethylene plastic packaging for ready-to-eat ham; it completely inhibited Listeria monocytogenes during 7 days of storage at 4 degrees C. Such novel CNFs/nisin nanohybrid films are expected to expand the application of bagasse nanocellulose in active packaging for food preservation. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In the present study, physical, chemical, morphological, crystallographic analysis of the non-treated and treated (100 degrees C during 30 min) sugarcane bagasse fibers were examined. Sugarcane bagasse fibers pre-treatment effect on the Portland cement hydration was monitored by inhibition tests and differential scanning calorimetry in the first 24 h. Furthermore, 28 days age physical-mechanical properties of cement composite materials with sugarcane bagasse fibers were also evaluated. Inhibition index of treated sugarcane bagasse fibers was 5.9\%, while for the non-treated sugarcane bagasse fibers it was 67.3\%. Cement composites containing treated sugarcane bagasse fibers showed lower physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) than the cement composites reinforced with non-treated sugarcane bagasse fibers (p < 0.05). Likewise, mechanical properties under flexure (modulus of rupture, MOR, and modulus of elasticity, MOE) of cement composites with treated sugarcane bagasse fibers showed higher values than the cement composites with non-treated sugarcane bagasse fibers (p < 0.05), thus proving the pre-treatment efficiency on sugarcane bagasse fibers for cement composites. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Politechnika Wroclawska.
In this work, the effect of vinasse pre-treatment and anatase content in the photocatalytic degradation of sugarcane vinasse was evaluated. The in nature vinasse was pretreated by coagulation/flocculation using vegetal tannin as coagulant and diluted 1: 2 with deionized water. The photocatalytic tests with in nature, pretreated and diluted vinasse were performed for 48 hours under UV radiation using 1 g of catalyst: TiO2 Kronos calcined at 300 degrees C (100\% anatase) and 1000 degrees C (34\% anatase) and TiO2 P25 (87\% anatase). The process of coagulation/flocculation removed about 50, 85 and 97\% of COD, color and turbidity of in nature vinasse, respectively. The results showed that despite the slight COD decrease of in nature vinasse, its toxicity was significantly reduced after photocatalytic treatment, especially when TiO2-34 and TiO2-87 were used. This behavior shows that the mixture of anatase and rutile phases showed a positive synergistic effect. Regarding pre-treatment of vinasse, the coagulation/flocculation process was more efficient, promoting the greatest reductions of COD (67\%) and toxicity (up to 10 times).
High pressure processing (HPP) technology was used to modify the structural composition of sugarcane bagasse. The effect of pressure (0,150 and 250 MPa), time (5 and 10 min) and temperature (25 and 50 degrees C) as well as the addition of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and NaOH during the HPP treatment were assessed in terms of compositional analysis of the lignocellulosic fraction, structural changes and crystallinity of the bagasse. The effect of HPP pretreatment on the bagasse structure was also evaluated on the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse. Results showed that 68.62 and 45.84\% of the hemicellulose fraction was degraded by pretreating at 250 MPa with sulfuric and phosphoric acids, respectively. The removal of lignin (54.10\%) was higher with the HPP-NaOH treatment. The compacted lignocellulosic structure of the raw bagasse was modified by the HPP treatments and showed few cracks, tiny holes and some fragments flaked off from the surface. Structural changes were higher at 250 MPa and 50 degrees C. The X ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the raw bagasse showed a major diffraction peak of the cellulose crystallographic 20 planes ranging between 22 and 23 degrees. The distribution of the crystalline structure of cellulose was affected by increasing the pressure level. The HPP treatment combined with NaOH 2\% led to the higher glucose yield (25 g/L) compared to the combination of HPP with water and acids (>5 g/L). Results from this work suggest that HPP technology may be used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study deals with the reuse of sugarcane bagasse in adobes in order to improve their physicomechanical properties. Mineralogical and geotechnical characterization of the soil used shows that it is composed of quartz, kaolinite and goethite and is suitable for the manufacture of adobes. Sugarcane bagasse has a rough surface and contains mainly cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and traces of sucrose. Microstructural studies on adobes reinforced with sugarcane bagasse have shown that their microstructure is homogeneous for additions of these fibres up 4 wt.\%. It has been found that the addition of sugarcane bagasse to the clayey matrix strongly improves the mechanical properties and reduces the water absorption kinetics and thermal conductivity (mainly because of the presence of cellulose) of the adobes, linked to their microstructure. The rough surface of sugarcane bagasse and the presence of sucrose acting like glue improve its adhesion with the clayey matrix, and cracks propagation in adobes is reduced. The presence of bagasse fibres leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds between sugarcane molecules and the clayey minerals, which could explain the improvement in the physicomechanical properties. Considering the thermal conductivity results, such adobes could improve the thermal comfort in habitats, especially in arid areas.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of natural cellulose such as sugarcane bagasse is usually carried out in a buffer medium. In this paper, the enzymatic hydrolysis of a waste sugarcane bagasse in water media was carried out. The bagasse was pre-treated with heating explosion and pure (ion exchange), reverse-osmosis and tap water media were used in place of a buffer solution in the hydrolysis process. The yields for reducing sugars and the changes in solution PH and electric conductivity during the hydrolysis under various conditions were studied. The results were also compared with those obtained in buffer solutions. Similar levels of sugar yields were obtained in water and buffer solution media. The pH of the hydrolyzate was in the range of 4.5 - 5.0, which coincided with the optimum pH for the enzyme reaction. It was considered that the enzyme and the substrate formed a transitional complex in the hydrolysis process. The transitional complex provided the buffering capacity of the hydrolyzate solution at around pH 5. The results indicate that industrialization of the enzymatic hydrolysis in a water medium is feasible.
Production of biofuels via biomass pyrolysis has received a strong emphasis since it may produce a wide variety of renewable fuels in liquid (bio-oil), solid (biochar), and gas (syngas) forms. Sugarcane bagasse, waste from the sugar-alcohol industry, is largely produced in Brazil, India, and Thailand and appears as a great biomass option for pyrolysis due to its properties, abundance, and current underutilization. However, sugarcane bagasse properties and pyrolysis operating conditions may directly affect the product properties, distribution, and further application as fuels and chemicals. Thus, it is necessary a thorough study of these subjects. This review brings an overview of biomass and pyrolysis concepts, as well as a collection of improvements in the production of products (bio-oil, biochar, and gas) via sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. In addition, this review discusses the interaction between process operating conditions and this biomass type to address how the products' properties and yields are affected.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN THE STEAM TREATMENT AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE. The effect of moisture content in the steam treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. Steam treatment was perfomed at 195-210 degrees C for 4-8 min using cane bagasse with moisture contents in the range 16-100 wt\% (dry basis). Increased moisture contents not only had a positive influence in recovery of main cane biomass components but also resulted in better substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis. As a result, drying is not required for optimal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, which can be processed into second generation ethanol immediately after crushing and hot water washing.
This study evaluated an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) that contained polystyrene particles as a support material for the treatment of vinasse that resulted from the alcoholic fermentation of sugarcane molasses. The AFBR was inoculated with sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor that treated poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The AFBR was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 24h at a temperature of 30 degrees C with influent vinasse concentrations that ranged from 2273 to 20,073mg COD L-1. The reactor was subjected to increased organic loading rates (OLR) that ranged from 3.33 to 26.19kg COD m(-3) d(-1), with COD removal efficiencies that ranged from 51\% to 70\% and maximum removal at an OLR of 13.93 +/- 2.18kg COD m(-3) d(-1). The maximum biogas productivity was 5.37m(3) CH4 m(-3) d(-1) for an OLR of 25.32kg COD m(-3) d(-1) (average removal of 51\%).,
In this study, we examined the characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a additional material in the mixture of concrete cubes. The additive material was collected from several sugarcane juice shop from Sathyamangalam and the bagasse get dried in sunlight for two days, sugarcane bagasse is burnt and ash is get collected and its chemical and physical properties was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse ash was replaced with cement in various proportions in the range of 5\%-15\% (Srinivasan and Sathiya, 2010) {[
BACKGROUND: Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (PGA), a naturally occurring homopolymer, has gained increased interest worldwide because of its extensive applications. In this study, sugarcane bagasse chemically modified with poly-E-(L)-lysine (PL) was used in an aerobic plant fibrous-bed bioreactor (APFB) to enhance PGA fermentation by Bacillus subtilisNX-2. RESULTS: 5gL(-1) of PL was optimized to modify native sugarcane bagasse, and 45.70.6gL(-1) PGA was obtained with PL-bagasse immobilized cells in batch fermentation, with a productivity of 1.08 +/- 0.02gL(-1) h(-1). These results were 1.23 and 1.4 times higher than those with unmodified sugarcane bagasse. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on PGA fermentation was further investigated, and suitable conditions were 45\% DO with the PGA concentration 55.4 +/- 0.4gL(-1). In 10 batches of repeated-batch fermentation, PGA production significantly increased and the average PGA yield was maintained at 90.6 +/- 0.5gL(-1) in the three later batches and was increased by 8.7\% compared with that in the first batch. CONCLUSION: The improved APFB system was proved to be a green, economic, and effective bioprocess for PGA fermentation, and this system could also provide a suitable microenvironment for B. subtilisNX-2 to induce its evolution. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The increase in population and the growth of agricultural activities, and consequently the increase in demand for safe water, has made the use of unconventional water to solve the problems of water scarcity very efficient. Here to investigate the removal of nitrate from agricultural drains, sugarcane bagasse biochar was used as an adsorbent. This study includes the effect of three parameters: heating time in the microwave, microwave power and weight ratio of KOH to biochar (KBC) to remove nitrate from contaminated wastewater. First, the optimal conditions for the preparation of sugarcane bagasse sorbent were investigated, which includes 0.2 g of sorbent in 150 ml of nitrate solution, biochar production time of 2 h at 600 degrees C and pH equal to 7. According to the results, the microwave power of 400 W, activation time of 10 min and weight ratio (KBC) had the highest percentage of nitrate absorption (equal 75.3\%).
Cell wall composition in lignocellulosic biomass varies depending on genetic origin, growth conditions, weather and soil conditions. Here, we have evaluated the chemical characterization, morphology and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiencies (after sequential dilute acid-base pretreatment) of sugarcane bagasse from five different hybrid varieties of sugarcane. On average, bagasse samples showed cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash compositions of 40.84, 24.07, 33.71 and 0.68\%, respectively. Sequential acid-base pretreatment removed approximately 77 and 58\% hemicellulose and lignin, respectively, leaving pulp samples rich in cellulose (up to 80\%), which exhibited a maximum saccharification yields of 55.39\% after enzymatic hydrolysis. We found average contents of cellulose (54.17 and 77.48\%), hemicellulose (5.64 and 6.07\%), lignin (37.28 and 15.40\%) and ash (0.54 and 0.32\%) in cellulignin and cellulosic pulp, respectively. Results showed that the genetic variability of sugarcane had no influence on the chemical composition and sugar recovery after saccharification of bagasse samples. Therefore, sugarcane bagasse from these new sugarcane varieties samples may be used for second generation sugars production. Cellulosic sugars may serve as primary building block for renewable fuels and chemicals production at commercial scale under biorefinery concept.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of saline stress on the growth and gas exchange of the cowpea crop in a substrate with and without mulch. The experiment was carried out in Redencao, CE, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 ? 3 factorial scheme, with five replicates. The treatments consisted of five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0, and 5.0 dS m(-1)) in substrates without and with mulch (sugarcane bagasse and bamboo straw). The analyzed variables were the number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water-use efficiency, root dry matter, shoot dry matter, and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract. Using mulch generates positive effects for cowpea shoot growth, regardless of the irrigation water salinity. However, bamboo straw as soil cover minimizes the effects of salts on root dry matter. Soil cover with bamboo straw and sugarcane bagasse minimizes the effects of salts on leaf gas exchange variables, especially at higher electrical conductivity of the irrigation water. Mulches with crop residues from sugarcane bagasse and bamboo straw reduce the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract.
This research focuses on parametric influence on product distribution and syngas production from conventional gasification. Three experimental parameters at three different levels of temperature (700, 800 and 900 degrees C), sugarcane bagasse loading (2, 3 and 4 g) and residence time (10, 20 and 30 min) were studied using horizontal axis tubular furnace. Response Surface Methodology supported by central composite design was adopted in order to investigate parameters impact on product distribution (i.e., gas, tar and char) and gaseous products (i.e., H-2, CO, CO2 and CH4). The highest H-2 fraction obtained was 42.88 mol\% (36.91 g-H-2 kg-biomass(-1)) at 3 g of sugarcane bagasse loading, 900 degrees C and 30 min reaction time. The temperature was identified as the most influential parameter followed by reaction time for H-2 production and diminishing the bio-tar and char yields. An increase in sugarcane bagasse loading, on other hand, favored the production of bio-tar, CO2 and CH4 production. The statistical analysis verified temperature as most significant (p-value 0.0008) amongst the parameters investigated for sugarcane bagasse biomass gasification. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper presents a case study of the effect of adobe bricks stabilized with gypsum, sugarcane molasses and both combinations improving compressive strength. These bricks were produced by a hand-made process, which was empirical and had not been analysed before. All samples had the same unit weight and aspect ratio to obtain accurate data. An extensive series of test were conducted on adobe bricks stabilized with gypsum (5\%, 10\% and 15\%), sugarcane molasses (5\%, 10\% and 15\%), and gypsum in combination with sugarcane molasses (5\%, 10\% and 15\%) which were cured for one month. The results of the tests have shown that the grain size distribution was not optimum, which meant that samples stabilized with gypsum or sugarcane molasses did not exceed the resistance of the control sample. The former increased the strength, but the later decreased. Despite this, the sample stabilized with 2.5\% gypsum and 2.5\% sugarcane molasses had the best strength (2.15 MPa). This case study can contribute to better understanding the compressive strength of stabilized adobe bricks, which depends on the percentage of the clay and sand fraction, the moisture content of the soil, and the percentage of stabilizer. In summary, natural stabilizers could be an environmental solution to improve mechanical behaviour.
In this work we performed an optimization process of the acetylation reaction of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. The optimization was carried out varying acetic acid, acetic anhydride and catalyst volume, as well as reaction and activation times. Intrinsic viscosity was used as parameter for determining the quality of the produced material. Cellulose acetate viscosity-average molecular weight increased from 5.5 x 10(3) to 55.5 x 10(3) g mol(-1). (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mushroom cultivation has been identified as a cost-effective technique for converting lignocellulosic wastes. This study utilized a combination of two distinct agro-wastes as a substrate for better Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. Oyster mushroom has been cultivated on substrates made up of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse with different ratios. This technique gives a significant difference between mycelium running, fruit body formation, yield, biological efficiency, and better-quality taste of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. A minimum of 19 days were required for 1st harvesting from bag number T4 where substrate ratio was used at 3:2. The maximum yield was found as T4 (886 g/kg) in bag number on the dry substrate from the first flushing. According to proximate analyses, protein contents were increased in treatment bags compared with the control. Anyhow, the enrichment of L-glutamine content in the fruit body was found at 11.8 mg/g from 1st flushing in T4 bag, among the other bags and the flavour was changed due to the substrate level composition. According to the study, 3:2 is an ideal substrate ratio for the development of oyster mushrooms cultivation. According to this ratio, it helps the farmer for minimum time to grow the mushroom fruit body and reduce the lignocellulosic waste materials from the environmental pollution along with increasing the flavour in the fruitbody compared with commonly produced mushroom substrate (T6). Therefore, more research should be conducted to assess the consequences of combining different substrates and decreasing the lignocellulosic biomass by converting a protein-rich edible product through the oyster mushroom.
The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzed with calcium oxide (CaO) in two periods were evaluated. The doses of calcium oxide applied to bagasse were 0; 1.25; 2.5; and 3.75\% (dry matter basis) and the treatment periods were 12 and 36 hours. The dry matter sugarcane bagasse was larger when hydrolyzed for 36 hours. The crude protein mean value observed was 2.4\%, with no effects of period, CaO doses, or period and CaO interaction. The neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, celluloses, and lignin levels linearly reduced with CaO added. The IVDMD increased with CaO add, estimating increase of 1.2\% for each CaO unit added to sugarcane bagasse. The periods of 12 or 36 hours can be adopted to sugarcane bagasse treatment with CaO. The CaO addiction to sugarcane bagasse improve its nutritive value.
Soil contamination with cadmium has become major concern all over the world because of its adverse impacts on ecosystem health and agricultural land. Soil amendment with biochar may have varied effects on physical and chemical properties of soil. The objective of the study was to explore the impact of sugarcane filter-cake biochar on physiological performance and growth of lettuce in an aged soil. Four different doses (0. 1.5\%. 3\%, and 5\%) of biochar were used in the soil and conditioned for 1 month. After this, lettuce seedlings were grown in the soil. The results showed that the biochar treatment improved the fresh and dry biomass of leaves and roots as well as plant height while diminished the bioavailability of cadmium from the soil. As compared to control, biochar significantly enhanced the chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves. Due to the biochar amendment, the oxidative stress decreased in lettuce shoots over the control. As compared to control, concentration of cadmium in lettuce significantly decreased after the application of biochar. It was concluded that biochar could mitigate the toxicity of cadmium in lettuce by altering the biochemical and physiological processes in cadmium contaminated soil.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from sugarcane bagasse. The experiment consisted of seven treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two heat treatment times -8 and 12 min, and three heat treatment temperatures -200 degrees C, 230 degrees C, and 260 degrees C) and treatment control (without heat treatment). We evaluated the properties such as apparent density, water absorption after 2 and 24 h (WA2h andWA24h), thickness swell after 2 and 24 h (TS2h and TS24h), irreversible thickness swelling rate (ITS), internal bond, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) in static bending. In general, the use of heat treatment appeared very promising for improving the dimensional stability of sugarcane bagasse particleboard, without being made unviable by the mechanical properties reduction.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the potential raw materials for producing bioethanol based on lignocellulosic biomass.The aim of this study is to determine the percentage of lignocellulose over the duration of the pretreatment delignification process.The delignification of pilot scale in the form of a reactor batch has a volume capacity of 147 L with a working volume capacity of 120 L. Sugarcane bagasse used in this process was 3 kg per batch with a size of 50 mesh. The pretreatment method was carried out chemically using NaOH at a concentration of 1 N, a working temperature of 120 degrees C with a pressure of 2 bar and the variation of the delignification time was 1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 hours.The highest cellulose content from this study was found at delignification time of 1.5 hours which was 77.26\%, greater than the sugarcane bagasse without pretreatment, with a cellulose content of 43.48\%. At reaction time of 2 to 3.5 hours, the results showed a decrease in cellulose content with an average gain of 74.63\%.Thus increasing the time in the chemical delignification pretreatment process did not affect the increase in cellulose percentage acquisition.
The increasing concern for ecological preservation has prompted the development of new and innovative green materials that produce minimal environmental pollution. In this context, natural polymers have gained significant attention in recent times. Sugarcane Bagasse fibre, in particular, has undergone several chemical modifications, which have greatly enhanced its potential for various fields of interest. The advantages of sugarcane bagasse fibres are numerous and noteworthy. These fibres are a valuable by-product with qualities such as abundance, biodegradability, flexibility during processing, minimal health hazards, relatively high tensile and flexural modulus, low density, affordability, and recyclability. The chemical modification is done either by introducing a certain functional group on its surface or by modifying the chemistry of bagasse. These chemical structural changes reported to improve the matrix adherence and improving the composites mechanical properties. This review provides information on the application of surface-modified sugarcane bagasse and their materials from packaging to fillers. Also, this review article aims to give a detailed overview of the research on the use of sugarcane bagasse in reinforced composites, as well as its advancements and applications.
Sugarcane bagasse waste is one of the biomass wastes generated in Malaysia. This study investigates the potential of the sugarcane bagasse waste to replace cement content in concrete mixtures by converting the bagasse waste into activated carbon ashes using physical activation method. The mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse activated carbon concrete was carried out to determine the effectiveness of activated sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in the concrete mix by performing concrete hardened test i.e., compressive test, splitting tensile test and flexural test. The SBA replacement in concrete mixture showed a promising result and has a great potential to be pozzolan materials.
Lignins were isolated from maize stem and sugarcane bagasse by using mild dioxane or acidic dioxane solution. The result of nitrobenzene oxidation of the isolated lignins shows that there is a high proportion of p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol in the lignins of maize stem and sugarcane bagasse. The lignins isolated from maize stem and sugarcane bagasse have relatively same value of the weight-average ((M) over bar (w) = 3405-3868 g mol(-1)) and number-average ((M) over bar (n) = 1411-1612 g mol(-1)) molecular weights, and polydispersity ((M) over bar (w)/(M) over bar (n) 2.24-2.51). Acidic dioxane treatment did attack the beta-aryl ether structures in lignins, in particular for beta-aryl syringyl ethers, and broke the ester bonds between arabinose and ferulic acid that etherified to lignins, and it also cleaved lots of bonds in hemicellulosic polymer. The proportion of beta-O-4 (threo) guaiacyl units is higher than that of beta-O-4 (erthreo) guaiacyl units. The phenyl glycoside and benzyl ether linkages between lignin and hemicelluloses are also demonstrated in NMR analysis. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 3587-3595, 2011
The inadequate and indiscriminate disposal of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) has received much attention. The exploration of bioenergy properties of biomasses and its biochars play an important role in achieving their utilization. In this context, understanding thermal conversion processes of biomass and biochars it is crucial to use them at bioenergy production. The aim of this study was to investigate thermal behavior of SCB biomass residue, as well as his biochar, by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), including thermodynamic parameters for non-isothermal analyses using Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Friedman, kinetic isoconversional methods. Thermal analyses were conducted under oxidative and inert atmosphere at heating rates of 5, 7.5 and 10 A degrees C min(-1). The hemicellulose maximum mass loss rate was at 250 A degrees C, cellulose at 330 A degrees C and lignin decomposition from 190 to 500 A degrees C, but the maximum mass loss rate at 430 A degrees C, the devolatilization was at 200 A degrees C. The variation of apparent E (alpha) represents single-step kinetics on the degradation process and OFW model is in better accordance with the experimental data and satisfactorily described the complexity of degradation process. SEM/EDX analyses showed carbon, oxygen, aluminum, magnesium and iron.
The use of lignocellulosic residues to obtain industrially valuable metabolites such as xylitol is gaining importance. Xylitol is a sweetener generated through chemical synthesis or fermentative processes, with xylose as its precursor. It is characterized by a high level of sweetness and is used in a variety of products for human consumption, including chewing gums, toothpaste, and mouthwashes. The objective of this study was to analyze the use of sugarcane bagasse to obtain xylose via acid pretreatment and the subsequent fermentation of the acid hydrolysate for xylitol production. The pretreatment with diluted sulfuric acid was optimized where {[
The composition of sugarcane vinasse varies according to the substrate of alcoholic fermentation, e.g. if it is sugarcane juice and/or molasses. Regardless of the origin, the main organic compounds found in sugarcane vinasse are organic acids, alcohols and a low amount of carbohydrates. To access the organic composition of such wastewater, the present paper describes a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation method coupled to a Refractive Index Detector (RID) in order to quantify the organic acids (C1 to C6) and alcohols in sugarcane vinasse. The analysed substances were acetic acid, butyric acid, caproic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, butanol, ethanol, glycerol and methanol. A validation study of the method was performed taking into account the matrix effect exerted by vinasse samples in natura. In conclusion, it was proved that the method is suitable for assessing the organic composition of vinasse: able to separate 12 analytes, with excellent linearity (R-2 > 0.999), with adequate working ranges, high precision (recovery ranging from 83\% to 102\%), and low matrix effects (<5\%).
This work evaluated the conversion of sugarcane straw into a glucose-rich hydrolysate using a combined process system (CPS) which consists of pretreatment, delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis. The sugarcane straw, with 38.1\%, 29.2\% and 24.2\% of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin respectively, was submitted to a hydrothermal pretreatment and a delignification process in order to increase the cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis. Straw is the residue to be obtained in sugarcane mills without burning the land previously to the harvesting The CPS, with pretreatment at 190 degrees C, 10 min, showed 95\% of hemicellulose solubilization, 78\% of lignin removal and 29\% of cellulose degradation. The enzymatic hydrolysis of CPS-cellulignins achieved over 60\% cellulose conversion. Considering the cellulose content present in the raw sugarcane straw, only 50\% was converted into glucose, due to degradation during the CPS and the enzymatic inefficiency in the hydrolysis stage. In addition, the delignification step did not improve the overall cellulose conversion of the sugarcane straw. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Molasses-based distilleries generate large volumes of a highly polluted and dark brown-colored wastewater. The present work describes the way in which an adsorbent-column chromatography can effectively remove the colorant and produce biomass ethanol from sugarcane or sugar beet molasses. It was found that the color and chemical oxygen demand of the resulting wastewater was respectively reduced by approximately 87\% and 28\% as compared with conventional molasses fermentation. Gas chromatography showed that the decolorized molasses maintained good ethanol productivity almost equal to that of the original molasses. Furthermore, it was revealed that the colorant concentrations of about 5 mg ml(-1) in the medium were the most favorable for ethanolic fermentation. In summary, we have concluded that this method is the most effective when the adsorbent chromatography is performed just before molasses fermentation and that the decolorized molasses is an ideal substrate for fuel ethanol production. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In a pot experiment using a strongly P-fixing Andosol from Nicaragua, the effects of sugarcanefilter cake application on the growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) were compared with those of 13C-labeled pea residues. The application of pea residues led to a 50\% increase and the application of filter cake to a 30\% decrease in soil organic matterderived microbial biomass C compared with the control. In contrast, the application of filter cake resulted in a four times higher content of substrate-derived microbial biomass C than that of pea residues. The application of organic substrates generally increased microbial biomass N. Mustard growth led to significant increases in microbial biomass P in the control, but also in the organic-amendment treatments, which always resulted in decreased microbial biomass C : P ratios. Mustard growth also led to increased contents of Bray-1-extractable P, but this increase was only significant in the filter cake treatment. The application of pea residues had no effect on the yield of shoot C, but a positive effect on the yield of root C in comparison with the nonamended control. In contrast, the application of filter cake significantly depressed yields of shoot C and root C, due to N immobilization, presumably due to the high concentration of lignin.
The sugar-alcohol sector has been expanding in recent years, mainly by the advent of bioenergy. In Brazil, the production of sugarcane is increasing in areas before used for extensive cattle and other important crops, such as soybeans, corn and orange. In addition concerns about the generation of electricity by burning the bagasse (co-generation) and the use of ethanol as a fuel for motor vehicles. However, production of sugar, alcohol and energy from sugarcane can cause environmental problems due to the generation of waste, as the sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). In this way, this paper presents a viability study of using this ash from sugarcane bagasse obtained inthepower generation as mineral admixture in concrete. In this study, chemical characterization tests and x-ray diffraction of SCBA were carried out. Concrete were molded with SCBA replacing partially the fine aggregate, in mass, in the following percentages: 5\%, 10\%, 15\% and 20\%. Mechanical tests were carried out, and from the best results, were assessed indurability tests: resistance to chemical attack, wicking, chloride penetration and abrasion. The study was conductedthat SCBA presents low pozzolanic activity, however, the results indicated that the SCBAcould use as partial replacement of fine aggregate in the production of concrete, because its results are similar to reference concrete without the ash.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of enzymatic hydrolysis of acid or alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse for the production of fermentable sugars. The first step consisted of selection of commercial enzymes presenting the highest cellulolytic activities. After selection of four enzymes: HPL, CL, P1 and P4, their performances were tested in the bagasse pretreated with acid and alkali. The sugar content of the hydrolysates was analyzed by anion exchange liquid chromatography. Data showed that the joint action of 0.5\% acid pretreatment, 121 degrees C, 30 minutes and enzyme CL provides the best results, 67.25 g of hexose and 148.13g of pentose per kg of dry bagasse.
Sugarcane bagasse pretreated by three different procedures (with 2\% {[
Large amounts of waste materials are discarded in the sugarcane industry. This work investigates the reuse of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as an alternative raw material for porcelain stoneware tile bodies, replacing natural quartz by up to 5 wt.\%. The tile pieces were fired at 1230 degrees C using a fast-firing cycle (< 60min). The technological properties of the fired tile pieces (e.g., linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density, and flexural strength) were determined. The sintering process was followed by SEM and XRD analyses. The results show that up to 2.5 wt.\% sugarcane bagasse ash waste can be used as a partial replacement for quartz in porcelain stoneware tile (group BIa, ISO 13006 standard), providing excellent technical properties. Hence, its application in high-quality ceramic tile for use in civil construction as a low-cost, alternative raw material could be an ideal means of managing sugarcane bagasse ash waste.
Microwave alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse was used as a substrate for production of cellulolytic enzymes, needed for biomass hydrolysis. The pretreated sugarcane bagasse was enzymatic hydrolyzed by crude unprocessed enzymes cellulase (Filter paper activity 9.4 FPU/g), endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulase, 148 IU/g), beta-glucosidase (116 IU/g) and xylanase (201 IU/g) produced by Aspergillus flavus using pretreated sugarcane bagasse as substrate under solid state fermentation. Concentrated enzymatic hydrolyzate was used for ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on various matrices. The yield of ethanol was 0.44 g(p)/g(s) in case of yeast immobilized sugarcane bagasse, 0.38 g(p)/g(s) using Ca-alginate and 0.33 g(p)/g(s) using agar-agar as immobilization matrices. The immobilized yeast studied up to 10 cycles in case of immobilized sugarcane bagasse and up to 4 cycles in case of agar-agar and calcium alginate for ethanol production under repeated batch fermentation study. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane molasses (SCM), a byproduct generated from sucrose manufacturing, has attracted considerable interest due to its high sugar content, polyphenolic compounds, and calcium ions. The objective of this study was to fabricate a type of low methoxy pectin (LMP)-based gel crosslinked by endogenous calcium ions found in SCM. Gel was formed by adding SCM into a 1 wt\% LMP solution, which resulted in a Ca2+ concentration of 2-6 mmol/ L. Rheological and textural measurements confirmed the formation of SCM-LMP gels. Compared to LMP gels induced by CaCl2, SCM-LMP gels exhibited weak storage modulus and gel strength, probably due to the presence of metal ions and small molecular sugars from SCM, which impede the formation of effective junction zones required for building a calcium-pectin network. The polyphenolic compounds from SCM were encapsulated within the SCM-LMP gel, enhancing its antioxidant capacity. Overall, this research explores the effectiveness of SCM in inducing LMP gelation for the first time. The findings of this study demonstrate a strategy for preparing LMP gels with antioxidant properties.
The phenolic compounds generated during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass have inhibitory effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps in biorefineries employing the biochemical platform. This work proposes the use of sugarcane bagasse fly ash as a no-cost adsorbent for removal of the phenolics generated by the liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Physical chemical characterization revealed that the sugarcane bagasse fly ash was mesoporous and possessed a surface charge that promoted the adsorption of monomeric (vanillin) as well as oligomeric (tannic acid) phenolic compounds, under different conditions of pH and temperature. Adsorption isotherms for the fly ash revealed similar maximum capacities for both types of phenolic compound. The potential use of the fly ash as an adsorbent for biomass pretreatment inhibitors was demonstrated by the removal of 80\% of the phenolics from the LHW liquor, which resulted in a remarkable 52\% increase in the glucose released the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The findings demonstrated that the use of sugarcane bagasse fly ash to remove phenolic compounds could effectively increase the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, with performance similar to that of commercial activated carbon. In addition, there is no cost for the acquisition of the fly ash, making the process highly economically attractive for implementation in future large-scale biorefineries.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is limited by economic considerations arising from enzyme production costs and specific activities. The effect of six hemicellulases on raw sugarcane bagasse and two types of pretreated sugarcane bagasse was investigated using experimental designs. Our strategy was successful for developing more efficient and less expensive enzymatic mixture, and also revealed that hemicellulase mixtures with multiple activities could be less effective than expected. In this study, only two hemicelulases, the endo-1,4-xylanases (GH11) from Penicillium funiculosum (XynC11/CAC15487) and the feruloyl esterase (CE1) from Clostridium thermocellum (CtFAEIATCC27405), effectively broke down hemicellulose from pretreated sugarcane bagasse (up to 65\%), along with the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Our results also demonstrated that GH11 and CE1 can improve biomass saccharification by cellulases. Treatment with these two enzymes followed by a commercial cellulase cocktail (Accellerase (R) 1500) increased saccharifi cation of pretreated lignocellulose by 24\%. Collectively, our data contributes to the rational design of more efficient and less expensive enzyme mixtures, targeting the viable production of bioethanol and other biorefinery products. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Diversifying the portfolio of bioenergy-related products in sugarcane biorefineries is required to increase substrate conversion efficiency and market reach. The suitability of producing biohydrogen (bioH(2)) through the thermophilic dark fermentation of juice and molasses was assessed as an alternative to conventional sugarcane processing. The energetic potential of applying anaerobic digestion with phase separation to process molasses was also investigated. Molasses outperformed juice as substrate for continuous bioH(2) production due to a more balanced nutrient content, whilst nitrogen deficiency directly hindered juice fermentation. An optimal COD/N ratio (similar to 100) could maximize bioH(2) production from both juice and molasses. Continuous bioH(2) production from molasses fermentation was optimized at pH and organic loading rate values of 5.38 and 86 kg-COD m(-3) d(-1), which are consistent with acidogenic systems inoculated with sugarcane vinasse-derived consortia. Metabolite profiles suggested that capnophilic lactic fermentation coupled to lactate-based butyrate production were the primary conversion pathways. Bioenergy generation from molasses (bioH(2) + methane) exceeded that of vinasse by over 600 \%, highlighting the relevance of anaerobic digestion as an efficient core processing step in the sucroenergetic industry. In particular, phase separation enhanced the total energy production by 13.1 \% (604.30 vs. 683.76 MJ per ton of sugarcane) by maximizing the methane yield up to theoretical values.
A proof-of-concept project compared extraction of arabinoxylans (AX) from sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran via alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by enzyme-assisted extraction with combinations of feruloyl esterases and a xylanase. Bagasse contains comparable amounts of AX to wheat bran, but with a much lower arabinoxylan substitution on the xylan backbone (A:X ratio of around 0.2 compared with 0.6 for wheat bran), hence offering AX products with distinctive functionality and potential end uses. In the current work, bagasse released its AX more readily than wheat bran, and released a wider range of molecular weights. Use of feruloyl esterase and xylanase enzymes on their own or following alkaline peroxide extraction did not enhance AX release substantially; however, the xylanase appeared to be effective at reducing the size of AX molecules, and there is scope to optimise the effects of enzymes to produce specific AX product fractions. As bagasse frequently arises within the context of bioethanol production, integration of AX extraction with ethanol production could allow economic production of a portfolio of AX products, as has been demonstrated in principle for AX co-production in a wheat ethanol plant.
In Brazil, the sugarcane industry generates large amounts of sugarcane bagasse ash, and a key issue is to find a proper use of this solid waste material. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of a sugarcane bagasse ash sample from south-eastern Brazil, and to investigate its use in the production of ceramic floor tile. The sample of this waste material was analyzed regarding chemical composition, mineralogical analysis, particle size distribution, morphology, particle density, and organic matter. Floor tile pieces containing up to 2.5 wt\% sugarcane bagasse ash waste as a partial replacement of quartz were prepared by uniaxial pressing and sintered at 1190 degrees C. The following technological properties were determined using standard procedures: flexural strength, apparent density, linear shrinkage, and water absorption. The experimental results indicated that the sugarcane bagasse ash waste is rich in quartz particles, and has potential to be used as an alternative raw material for the production of ceramic floor tile. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of sugarcane bagasse for the removal of nickel from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed to study the biosorption of nickel on sugarcane bagasse sorbent considering the effect of contact time, initial concentration of nickel ions, pH of the solution and temperature. The sorption process was well explained with pseudo second-order kinetic model. The experimental maximum sorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse for nickel removal was approximately 2 mg/g at 25 degrees C and at pH 5. The biosorption data was fitted to Langmuir. Freundlich and Sips isotherm models. The Langmuir model showed better representation of data, with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The thermodynamics parameters were evaluated from the experimental data. The Gibbs free energy was determined to be negative, indicating the spontaneous nature of the sorption process. The results of the present study suggest that sugarcane bagasse waste can be used beneficially for nickel removal from aqueous solution. (C) 2011 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cement is a non-replaceable, versatile component of concrete which is highly used in world in all construction works. Demand for cement has been increasing day by day where emission of CO2, over-use of natural resources like lime stone, shale has become environmental problems. To balance this, supplementary cementitious materials are encouraged which involves less use of cement in concrete. Agricultural wastes like bagasse ash, rice husk ash, palm oil ash have been tested for their performance in concrete with partial replacements of cement. Countries like Brazil, India are largest producers of sugarcane, faces scarcity of land due to dumping of raw bagasse. Processing of sugarcane bagasse collected from factory scrap by cleaning and incinerating alters the morphological characters of sugarcane bagasse ash making it fit for using as pozzolanic admixture. It is proved that desired workability, gain in strength, reduction in permeability, resistance to thermal and electrical conductivity are observed in sugarcane bagasse ash replaced concrete when compared with conventional concrete. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sugarcane processing generates by-product such as, sugarcane bagasse ash and filter cake and their proper disposal is of great environmental responsibility. Nowadays these by-products are being used for soil biofertilization without protocol. This study aimed to evaluate the applying these by-products to a single kind of soil in relation to the amount of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and stability of soil organic matter (SOM) through incubations varying the time. The bio-residues were applied to the soil at a proportional dose of 40 Mg ha(-1) and 10 times periods were defined. Elemental Analysis was used to determine C and N and Fluorescence Spectroscopy was used to evaluate the humification index (H-LIFS) of the SOM. The control treatment did not show high variations of C during the experiment and its average value was less than 1.0\% (m/m). The highest C values were obtained for fresh filter cake (TF), whose C content was 1.8\% in the beginning of the experiment and, after 1 year, it was 1.16\%, presenting an exponential decay. The C results were in the range of 1.0\% to 1.2\% for all the other treatments and did not present a statistically significant difference throughout the experiment. For H-LIFS, it was the opposite. The lowest C values were obtained for TF, which also presented an exponential increase over the experiment, showing a fresh OM input in the beginning of the experiment and humification process over the time. For the other treatments, H-LIFS had no statistically significant differences. The high levels of C for TF emphasize the importance of studies of SOM regarding the priming effect. Thus, this study indicates the need to create ordinances for the use of these by-products and guide lines for the correct management and application in the soil without any harm to the environment.
Bioenergy is expected to play an essential role in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in the future energy sector. In Brazil, sugarcane electricity appears as a reliable option with low GHG emissions when compared to fossil alternatives. The sugarcane sector mostly produces electricity from bagasse, while straw (sugarcane tops and leaves) presents a vast potential for additional electricity production and mitigation of climate change. The suitability and potential of straw recovery are site-specific, depends on climatic conditions, and may influence soil quality and sugarcane yields. This study estimates the potential electricity production in Brazil from sugarcane bagasse and straw and their potential to avoid GHG emissions in the energy sector. A map of suitability classes for straw recovery was developed to help to assess the amount of straw that could be strategically recovered from the fields for bioenergy production. Results show that up to 13\% of the GHG emissions of the electricity sector in Brazil could be mitigated by improving the cogeneration system in existing sugarcane mills and recovering, based on the suitability maps, 62\% of produced straw. Considering an expansion of 3 million hectares of sugarcane projected by the RenovaBio policy, sugarcane electricity exports could reach up to 159 TWh per year, which would avoid 72 million tCO(2)eq per year, equivalent to 8\% of the Brazilian Nationally Determined Contributions mitigation target for 2030. A more assertive management of sugarcane residues has an enormous potential to increase sugarcane electricity production in Brazil while helping the country meet its climate mitigation targets.
An incubation experiment was carried out to examine the N-immobilizing effect of sugarcane filter cake (C : N = 12.4) and to prove whether mixing it with compost (C : N = 10.5) has any synergistic effects on C and N mineralization after incorporation into the soil. Approximately 19\% of the compost-C added and 37\% of the filter cake-C were evolved as CO2, assuming that the amendments had no effects on the decomposition of soil organic C. However, only 28\% of the added filter cake was lost according to the total-C and delta C-13 values. Filter cake and compost contained initially significant concentrations of inorganic N, which was nearly completely immobilized between day 7 and 14 of the incubation in most cases. After day 14, N remineralization occurred at an average rate of 0.73 mu g N (g soil)(-1) d(-1) in most amendment treatments, paralleling the N mineralization rate of the nonamended control without significant difference. No significant net N mineralization from the amendment N occurred in any of the amendment treatments in comparison to the control. The addition of compost and filter cake resulted in a linear increase in microbial biomass C with increasing amounts of C added. This increase was not affected by differences in substrate quality, especially the three times larger content of K2SO4-extractable organic C in the sugarcane filter cake. In most amendment treatments, microbial biomass C and biomass N increased until the end of the incubation. No synergistic effects could be observed in the mixture treatments of compost and sugarcane filter cake.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual effects of micronutrient application with or without filter cake on the supply of micronutrients, i.e., zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo), and sugarcane ratoon performance based on stalk and sugar yield. Two experiments were established in Sao Paulo state, Brazil, in a Rhodic Hapludox and a Typic Quartzipsamment in a randomized block design with an 8 x 2 factorial scheme. Seven micronutrient treatments (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B, Mo, and all micronutrients) plus one control treatment combined with two filter cake rates (0 and 30 t ha(-1)) were applied in the planting furrow. Leaf micronutrient concentrations and stalk and sugar yields in the first, second, and third sugarcane ratoons were evaluated. The leaf concentrations of micronutrients were not affected by their application in the planting furrows but were affected by filter cake application. In addition, filter cake application increased stalk and sugar yields in both soil types and all ratoons. The micronutrients and filter cake applied in the planting furrow were able to supply micronutrients to sugarcane ratoons. The best plant response was attributed to B and Zn application, and a residual effect of filter cake application was observed in successive ratoons, with increased stalk and sugar yields.
Increasing fermentable sugar yields per gram of biomass depends strongly on optimal selection of varieties and optimization of pretreatment conditions. In this study, dilute acid pretreatment of bagasse from six varieties of sugarcane was investigated in connection with enzymatic hydrolysis for maximum combined sugar yield (CSY). The CSY from the varieties were also compared with the results from industrial bagasse. The results revealed considerable differences in CSY between the varieties. Up to 22.7 \% differences in CSY at the optimal conditions was observed. The combined sugar yield difference between the best performing variety and the industrial bagasse was 34.1 \%. High ratio of carbohydrates to lignin and low ash content favored the release of sugar from the substrates. At mild pretreatment conditions, the differences in bioconversion efficiency between varieties were greater than at severe condition. This observation suggests that under less severe conditions the glucose recovery was largely determined by chemical composition of biomass. The results from this study support the possibility of increasing sugar yields or improving the conversion efficiency when pretreatment optimization is performed on varieties with improved properties.
The use of organic wastes plays an important role in agriculture due to its potential for reducing cost of production and minimize environmental impacts. The work was carried out to evaluate the effect of mineral fertilizer and filter cake doses on sugarcane yield and soil chemical characteristics. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse in a randomized block design arranged in a factorial outline with five doses of filter cake (0; 9.25; 18.5; 27.75 e 35 g pot(-1)), three levels of mineral fertilizer (0; 50 e 100\% of the recommended dose) and three replicates with one plant per plot. The results showed that filter cake addition favored soil fertility, increasing the contents of both macro and micronutrients and decreasing Al concentration. Filter cake increased pH while mineral fertilizer acidified the soil. Sugarcane plants responded to filter cake application by increasing the uptake of phosphorus, potassium and copper. The use of 9.25 g of filter cake associated with 50\% of the mineral fertilization usually recommended is sufficient in order to increase sugarcane yield while reducing costs with mineral fertilizers.
The increase in sugarcane production and processing in order to obtain important products such as sugar and ethanol has the negative aspect of also increasing industrial residues. The most important residues originated during processing are bagasse, hydrolyzed bagasse, filter cake, vinasse, and ash. Thermal analysis revealed that these residues have peculiar properties, such as the presence of lignocellulosic material, except in the ash. The amount of organic matter decreases during the treatment process, due to the addition of chemical products to the residues, which are responsible for some alteration in their thermal properties. Colorimetric analysis showed considerable K and P concentrations in the vinasse and filter-cake residues. EDX and infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of Si in the residues. A higher percent of Si in ash sample was also observed, as a product of the thermal decomposition, by TG, FTIR, and X-ray diffractometry.
Large-scale microalgae cultivation is often associated with high costs, and nutrients account for a significant part. However, the use of cheaper nutrients, carbon, and water sources could reduce expenses. This study aims to produce Chlorella vulgaris and Desmodesmus sp. cultivated in sugarcane biorefinery residues bagasse and vinasse. A biofertilizer from bagasse biochar was produced and characterized, and a pre-treatment by filtration was performed on vinasse. The effects of varying growth conditions (antibiotic, vinasse, and biofertilizer concen-trations; air flowrate; pH; light intensity; and photoperiod) were discussed based on the results of a Plackett-Burman design. The highest cell density was achieved by Desmodesmus sp. (46.106 cells mL(-1) from an initial 6.5.106 cells mL(-1)) using vinasse (20\%) and biofertilizer (1 g L-1). Specific metabolite accumulation was also observed. Under stress conditions, 21.3\% lipids and 51.0\% carbohydrates were obtained for two different cul-tivations. Using 1 g L-1 of biofertilizer, biomass composition had 74.8\% proteins.
The pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with lime (calcium hydroxide) is evaluated. The effect of lime pretreatment on digestibility was studied through analyses using central composite design (response surface), considering pretreatment time, temperature, and lime loading as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of glucose from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. Experiments were performed using the bagasse as it comes from an alcohol/sugar factory (non-screened bagasse) and bagasse in the size range from 0.248 to 1.397 mm (screened bagasse) (12-60 mesh). It was observed that the particle size presented influence in the release of fermentable sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis using low loading of cellulase and beta-glucosidase (3.5 FPU/g dry pretreated biomass and 1.0 IU/g dry pretreated biomass, respectively).
This work addresses the energy balance of producing ethanol from sugarcane bagasse and using lignin from the bagasse as a source of electrical power through Rankine cycle and oxy-combustion. On ethanol 2 G (second generation) proposed plant, lignin is obtained from the concentration and filtration of vinasse which yields a fuel with good calorific value to be used for power generation. The energy balance for 2 G ethanol production including electric power is calculated based on parameters of a typical operational sugarcane plant, coupled with a 2 G plant whose production was assessed by means of global chemical reactions and conversion coefficients obtained from literature. These reactions permit to calculate ethanol production and electricity generation in terms of a virtually infinite number of scenarios characterized by two controlled variables (burning bagasse and straw mass flow rates) and several uncontrolled variables (biomass composition, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin yields, fermentation efficiencies, etc.). Results reveal that when the option for carbon capture and storage is used, net power become available when all tops and leaves plus 10 t/h of bagasse are burned. In this condition availability of ethanol is by and large unaffected, yielding a production about 60 m3/h. The application of carbon capture and storage produces a significant impact on power balance that comes from oxy-combustion use (air split unity) and CO2 compression. Another interesting result concerns biomass composition: for both bagasse and straw, higher lignin contents favor simultaneously 2 G ethanol and electricity.
Extents of adsorption of cellulolytic enzymes on lignin, derived from sugarcane bagasse, were an inverse function of incubation temperature and varied with type of lignin extraction. At 45 degrees C, lignin derived from acid hydrolyzed liquid hot water pretreated bagasse completely adsorbed cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei within 90 min. Lignin derived from enzyme hydrolyzed liquid hot water pretreated bagasse adsorbed only 60\% of T. reesei endoglucanase, exoglucanase and ss-glucosidase activities. ss-Glucosidase from Aspergillus niger was not adsorbed. At 30 degrees C, adsorption of all of the enzymes was minimal and enzyme hydrolysis at 30 degrees C approached that at 45 degrees C after 168 h. Hence, temperature provided an approach to decrease loss of enzyme activity by reducing enzyme adsorption on lignin. This helps to explain why simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), both carried out at 30-32 degrees C, could offer viable options for mitigating lignin-derived inhibition effects.
The rising volume of wastewater sludge and sugarcane bagasse is becoming a prominent concern globally. Furthermore, the growing demand for fuel coupled with the depletion of fossil fuel reserves in South Africa demonstrates the need for alternative energy sources. To minimize the reliance on fossil-based energy sources, a renewable resource such as biomass can be optimized as an energy source. Wastewater sludge and bagasse have the energy potential to produce high-calorific-value biocoal; this will contribute to the supply of energy in South Africa. The synthesis of biocoal from wastewater sludge and bagasse through an artificial synthetic coal production process, i.e., hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), is preferred over other thermal conversion techniques as HTC is capable of handling feed having a high (75-90\%) moisture content. This article focuses on the production of biocoal from wastewater sludge and sugarcane bagasse as an alternative to sustainable bioenergy supply and as one of the potential solutions for reducing net CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fossil-fuel power plants, and addresses the use of different thermochemical technologies, previous studies on the composition of wastewater sludge and bagasse, and the benefits of hydrothermal carbonization.
Vinasse is the main wastewater from the ethanol fermentation-distillation process, generated in large volumes during industrial sugarcane processing. Desmodesmus is a green algae genus with recognized ability to treat wastewater containing organic matter and to consume nutrients under heterotrophic growth conditions. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate Desmodesmus sp. growth in sugarcane vinasse. Results indicated slight elevation of pH, low oxygen, and low carbon dioxide consumption. Nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were 52.1 and 36.2\%, respectively. Specific growth rate of 0.15h(-1) and high yield of COD to biomass at first hour (0.5mgmg(-1)) suggest the feasibility of biomass production of this green algae in sugarcane vinasse.
This work aimed to study and identify the optimum sub-critical water pretreatment conditions of sugarcane bagasse to increase the enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose fraction for subsequent bioethanol production. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with sub-critical water under several operating conditions; reaction temperature (126.36 degrees C to 193.64 degrees C), reaction time (3.18 min to 36.82 min), and bagasse/water ratio (1/4.64 to 1/11.36) in 600 mL autoclave reactor. These operating conditions were optimized by using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). From the study, it was found that the optimum pretreatment condition for producing sugars was 169.66 degrees C, 19.41 min, and 1/6.85 bagasse to water ratio. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The activated carbon, produced from sugarcane bagasse in China, has been used for decolorization of synthetic melanoidin. The melanoidin is the pigment in molasses. It is synthesized from glucose, glycine and sodium hydrogencarbonate. The bagasse, as the raw material of activated carbon, was generated from sugar manufactory's waste. Therefore it is cheap and easy to obtain. This activated carbon has been produced by steam activation of sugarcane bagasse at the temperature of 1073 K. The produced activated carbon has the similar specific area as the commercial coconut activated carbon (878 x 10(3) m(2)/kg). The activated carbon of bagasse in China has the same or more adsorptive capacity of melanoidin as compared with that of activated carbon of bagasse in Thailand and Brazil. Also, as the regeneration cycle increased, the capacity of the micropore decreased and the capacity of mesopore increased. Consequently, the structure of the pore changed. The experiment equation was deduced from the correlation between the regeneration cycle and regeneration yield of activated carbon of bagasse in China.
The study aims to evaluate the sugarcane biorefinery and molasses ethanol production in Thailand using the combined environmental and economic sustainability indicator, so called ``Eco-efficiency{''
Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as the future feedstock for ethanol production because of its low cost and its huge availability. One of the major lignocellulosic materials found in great quantities to be considered, especially in tropical countries, is sugarcane bagasse (SCB). This work deals with its current and potential transformation to sugars and ethanol, considering pretreatment technologies, detoxification methods and biological transformation. Some modeling aspects are exposed briefly. Finally stability is discussed for considering the high nonlinear phenomena such as multiplicity and oscillations, which make more complex the control as a result of the inhibition problems during fermentation when furfural and formic acid from SCB hydrolysis are not absent. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the major resources of agricultural biomass waste in the world. In this work, supercritical water gasification characteristics of sugarcane bagasse were investigated. The effect of temperature (600-750 degrees C), concentration (3-12 wt\%), residence time (5-20 min) and catalysts (Raney-Ni, K2CO3 and Na2CO3) on bagasse gasification were studied. A kinetic study on the non-catalytic and Na2CO3 catalytic bagasse gasification was conducted to describe the kinetic information of the bagasse gasification reaction. The results showed that a higher reaction temperature, a lower bagasse concentration and a longer residence time could favor the gasification of bagasse, leading to a higher hydrogen yield. Bagasse was nearly completely gasified at 750 degrees C without using any catalyst and the carbon gasification efficiency could reach up to 96.28\%. The addition of employed catalysts remarkably promoted the bagasse gasification reactivity. The maximum hydrogen yield (35.3 moVkg) was achieved at 650 degrees C with the Na2CO3 loading of 20 wt\%. The experimental data fitted well with a homogeneous model based on a Pseudo first -order reaction hypothesis. The kinetic study showed that Na2CO3 catalyst could lower the activation energy Ea of bagasse gasification from 117.88 kJ/mol to 78.25 kJ/mol. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of biomass to obtain value-added products has been a good alternative for reducing their environmental impacts. For this purpose, different studies have been carried out focused on the use of agro-industrial waste. One of the most commonly used raw materials has been bagasse obtained from the processing of sugarcane in high quantities in countries like Brazil, India, China, Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Colombia, Indonesia, Philippines, and the United States. From 1 ton of sugarcane, 280 kg of bagasse can be obtained. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a waste that is rich in polysaccharides, which makes it a promising raw material for obtaining products under biorefinery concept. The objective of this work was to analyze from the energetic point of view, different biorefinery schemes in which SCB is employed as a raw material. The design and simulation of the different biorefinery schemes is performed in Aspen Plus software. From this software, it was possible to obtain the different mass and energy balances, which are used in the technical and energetic analysis. Exergy is used as a comparison tool for the energy analysis. These analyses allowed for the selection of the best biorefinery configuration from SCB.
Aims: In this study we studied the biostimulation of micro-organisms associated with sugarcane bagasse pith for the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon from a soil contaminated with weathered hydrocarbon. Methods and Results: Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were added at a ratio of 100 : 10 : 1, water content of 40\%, and soil : bagasse ratio of 49 : 1. A significant positive difference (P < 0.05) was observed in total petroleum hydrocarbon removal (38 and 48\%) by micro-organisms associated with bagasse and native soil micro-organisms, respectively. In addition, total petroleum hydrocarbon removal increased to 60\% in a system where both autochthonous soil and bagasse micro-organisms were present. Conclusions: Micro-organisms from sugarcane bagasse pith can be stimulated for removal of weathered hydrocarbon from contaminated tropical soils, without they being inhibited by indigenous soil micro-organisms. Significance and Impact of the Study: Soil of with hydrocarbons can be diminished by stimulation of autochthonous microflora present in soil and agricultural residues. This work contributes to the microbiology of composting, as low amounts of bulking agents for hydrocarbon removal from soil, can be used.
In this work, a kinetic model for ethanol fermentation from sugarcane bagasse enzymatic hydrolysate concentrated with molasses was developed. A model previously developed for fermentation of pure molasses was modified by the inclusion of a new term for acetic acid inhibition on microorganism growth rate and the kinetic parameters were estimated as functions of temperature. The influence of the hydrolysate on the kinetic parameters is analyzed by comparing with the parameters from fermentation of pure molasses. The impact of cells recycling in the kinetic parameters is also evaluated, as well as on the ethanol yield and productivity. The model developed described accurately most of the fermentations performed in several successive batches for temperatures from 30 to 38 degrees C. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is a large-volume agriculture residue that is generated on a similar to 540 million metric tons per year basis globally(1,2) with the top-three producing countries in Latin America being Brazil (similar to 181 million metric ton yr(-1)),(3) Mexico (?15 million metric ton yr(-1)),(4) and Colombia (?7 million metric ton yr(-1)),(5) respectively.(6) Given sustainability concerns and the need to maximize the utilization of bioresources, the use of sugarcane bagasse is receiving significant attention in biorefining applications, as it is a promising resource for the conversion to biofuels and biopower. This review provides a comprehensive review of bagasse and its chemical constituents and on-going research into its utilization as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol and electricity generation. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Sugarcane bagasse is a useful biomass resource. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of ammonia pretreatment for selective release of hemicellulose from bagasse. Pretreatment of bagasse with aqueous ammonia resulted in significant loss of xylan. In contrast, pretreatment of bagasse with anhydrous ammonia resulted in almost no xylan loss. Aqueous ammonia or anhydrous ammonia-pretreated bagasse was then subjected to enzymatic digestion with a xylanase from the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10 or a xylanase from the GH family 11. The hydrolysis rate of xylan in bagasse pretreated with aqueous ammonia was approximately 50 \%. In contrast, in the anhydrous ammoniatreated bagasse, xylan hydrolysis was > 80 \%. These results suggested that anhydrous ammonia pretreatment would be an effective method for preparation of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis to recover xylooligosaccharides.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, either delignified or non-delignified, was studied as a function of enzyme loading. Hydrolysis experiments were carried out using five enzyme loadings (2.5 to 20 FPU/g cellulose) and the concentration of solids was 2\% for both materials. Alkaline delignification improved cellulose hydrolysis by increasing surface area. For both materials, glucose concentrations increased with enzyme loading. On the other hand, enzyme loadings higher than 15 FPU/g did not result in any increase in the initial rate, since the excess of enzyme adsorbed onto the substrate restricted the diffusion process through the structure.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse was performed to investigate the production of ethanol. The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated in a process combining steam explosion and alkaline delignification. The lignin content decreased to 83\%. Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolyses was initiated with 8\% (w/v) solids loading, and 10 FPU/g cellulose. Then, 1\% solids were fed at 12, 24 or 48 h intervals. After 120 h, the hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFPEDA 1238, and a fourfold increase in ethanol production was reached when fed-batch hydrolysis with a 12-h addition period was used for the steam pretreated and delignified bagasse. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) was subjected to mechanical and chemical treatments in order to investigate the influence of both treatments on the morphology of cellulose extracted from SB. Samples treated with supermasscolloider (SMC) showed a slight increase in the cellulose content and a highest content after chemical treatment. Furthermore, SEM and XRD results revealed a decline in the fibre average diameter (10-2 mu m) and sheet-like fibrils from mechanically treated samples, while the crystallinity index values increased for both mechanical and chemical treatment. FTIR and chemical composition analysis confirmed a partial removal of hemicellulose and lignin by supermasscolloider, whereas the chemical treatments removed a significant amount and this was effectively reflected on the improved thermal stability of cellulose mechanically and chemically treated respectively.
Sugarcane biofuel processing plays an important role in the Brazilian economy, being Brazil the world's largest sugarcane ethanol producer. Nevertheless, the success of its distilleries depends on how they overcome the new scientific challenges faced, mainly regarding the disposal or reuse of sugarcane vinasse. In this sense, the present work uses Aspen Hysys(R) to simulate an innovative synthesis gas production process integrated into an ethanol distillery. Initially, the distillery is simulated and validated using industrial real data from a plant located in Brazil in order to analyze the potential of sugarcane vinasse generation. Thereafter, conventional (from natural gas) and renewable (from vinasse-based biomass) routes for syngas production through steam methane reforming are compared considering both, technical feasibility and economic investment. Such comparison presents a more rigorous simulation of the vinasse-based plant and shows that the proposed scenario might be 27.87\% less expensive than the plant from natural gas. The production plant of syngas from vinasse-based biogas is evaluated to further improve the thermal efficiency and financial performance of the process designed. The results demonstrate that syngas production coupled to ethanol plants is a promising market to countries ascending in technology development for biomass utilization, such as Brazil.
Diminishing fusel alcohol content on bioethanol streams is a challenge that must be overcome to increase hydrogen (H-2) yield by ethanol steam reforming (ESR). Herein, a split plot experimental design was used to assess the effect of temperature and HNO3 loadings, during the pretreatment of sugarcane press-mud for subsequent fermentation, over both ethanol and fusel alcohol content. Results showed that pretreatment temperature has an important effect on ethanol concentration during fermentation owing to the formation of reducing sugar during pretreatment. The highest both ethanol (64 g L-1) and fusel alcohol (547 mg L-1) content were obtained at 130 degrees C without HNO3. But, at 130 degrees C, the addition of 16 g HNO3 kg(-1) solid reduced the ethanol and fusel alcohol concentrations by 3.5 \% and 20 \%, respectively. Therefore, HNO3 did have an important effect on the fusel alcohol production, but a small effect on the ethanol concentration after fermentation. Under said pretreatment conditions (i.e., 130 degrees C and 16 g HNO3 kg(-1) solid), a possible production of 5.46 g H-2 kg(-1) of sugarcane press-mud was calculated from mass balance and empirical correlations. Therefore, the addition of HNO3 during biomass pretreatment could enhance further H-2 production by ESR.
This work focuses on the revamp of existing sugarcane biorefineries and cogeneration units by using those byproducts, aiming to increase the selling of surplus electricity. The analysis allows identifying potential improvements in the sugarcane cogeneration plants. Simulation processes are employed to denote incremental modifications related to sugarcane straw recovery achieved in the harvesting systems. The results show that the straw recovery through harvesting systems may increase the surplus electricity by up to 30\% when sugarcane biorefineries consider the maximum straw recovery fraction. Moreover, the increment in the exergy cost of the straw gathering influences the extended exergy efficiency of the cogeneration unit and, consequently, the entire sugarcane biorefinery. In brief, the capitalisation on sugarcane residues may increase the contribution of this industry to the decarbonisation of the Brazilian electricity mix and increment of profits resulting from the negotiation of decarbonisation credits in the Brazilian sugarcane market.
Vinasse, the most important liquid residue of the bioethanol production, is often used in fertigation programs. However, this practice may have negative effects on crops if applied without a prior conditioning treatment. In the present study, the efficiency of a fungus-based process as a method for vinasse treatment was evaluated. Phytotoxicity of the residue, before and after biological treatment, was tested on two plant species used for human consumption (Triticum aestivum L. and Raphanus sativus) in order to evaluate the application of vinasse in fertigation. The fungus, identified as Aspergillus sp. V2, showed high tolerance to vinasse, resulting in an optimal growth even when is cultivated on the undiluted residue. Biologically treated vinasse with a cycle of re-inoculation of spores resulted in a COD removal of 52\%, whereas pH was increased from 4.4 to 6.1 at the end of treatment. Toxicity studies demonstrated a substantial improvement in the growth parameters (vigor index and fresh weight) of plant species exposed to treated vinasse compared to those exposed to raw residue. These results show that Aspergillus sp. V2 is useful for the recovery of an actual wastewater like sugarcane vinasse, enhancing its fertilizing properties.
The contamination of surface water sources by organic and inorganic pollutants is a major concern in rapidly industrializing countries, and the removal of these potentially hazardous contaminants from the aquatic environment using environmentally friendly technologies is therefore crucial. Biosorption, the passive binding of pollutants using dead biomass, can be achieved using various low-cost agro-industrial residues, which are a convenient substitute to the existing technologies for removing pollutants from aqueous solutions. This review deals with the implementation of sugarcane bagasse as a cost-effective natural biosorbent. We have extensively reviewed the status of research into sugarcane bagasse-based biosorbents in raw and modified forms and explore their efficacy in the removal of pollutants. For this purpose, we considered the bagasse modification processes, modifying agents, and the effects of different experimental variables (for example, biosorbent dosage, initial pollutant ion concentration, solution pH and temperature, contact time, and adsorbent particle size) on the adsorption process and potential. Moreover, we propose the following important goals for future research: (1) determine the adsorption potential of sugarcane bagasse at pilot and industrial scales, (2) demonstrate the efficacies of biosorption techniques for real effluents, and (3) conduct a molecular modeling study to elucidate sugarcane bagasse-associated adsorption mechanism(s).
Sugarcane is the most important crop for the economy of Belize. Sugar is Belize's largest contributor to the agricultural sector with exports approximating US\$70,000,000 for the year 2015. The biomass residue from the sugar production process, bagasse, is used to generate electricity through cogeneration. The single cogeneration plant in the country contributes about 15\% of electricity to the national grid. Belize currently imports about 42\% of its electric energy needs from Mexico, and to date, this is the country's most reliable energy source. With energy needs of the country projected to rise at a rate of 4\% per annum, and with the costly import of energy, there exists the need to explore the expansion of co-generation energy technologies to increase local energy generation output to the national grid. The current work reviews the state of bagasse cogeneration in Belize and assess its potential for further expansion.
Endophytic fungi constitute a major part of the still unexplored fungal diversity and have gained interest as new biological sources of natural active compounds, including enzymes. Endophytic fungi were isolated from soybean leaves and initially screened on agar plates for the production of CMCase (carboxymethylcellulase), xylanase, amylase and protease. The highest Enzymatic Indexes (IE) were verified for xylanase (2.14 and 1.31) with the fungi M6-A6P5F2 and M12-A5P3F1.2 and CMCase (1.92 and 1.62) with the fungi M13-A9P2F1 and M12-A5P3F1.2, respectively. The production of xylanase and CMCase by the selected fungi was evaluated in submerged cultivation using beechwood xylan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as well as sugarcane straw and bagasse in different ratios as carbon sources. Both types of lignocellulosic biomass proved to be good inducers of enzymatic activity. The best xylanase producer among the isolates was identified as Colletotrichum boninense. With this fungus, the highest xylanase activity was obtained with a sugarcane straw-bagasse mixture in a 50:50 ratio (383.63 U mL(-1)), a result superior to that obtained with the use of beechwood xylan (296.65 U mL(-1)). Regardingthe kinetic behavior of the crude xylanase, there was found optimal pH of 5.0 and optimal temperatures of 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. At 40 degrees C and 50 degrees C, xylanase retained 87\% and 76\% of its initial catalytic activity, respectively. These results bring new perspectives on bioprospecting endophytic fungi for the production of enzymes, mainly xylanase, as well as the exploitation of agro-industrial by-products, such as sugarcane straw and bagasse.
Mannitol is a natural polyol extensively used in the food industry as low-calorie sugar being applicable for diabetic food products. We aimed to evaluate mannitol production by Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 using sugarcane molasses as low-cost energy source. Mannitol formation was studied in free-pH batch cultures using 3-10\% (w/v) molasses concentrations at 37 A degrees C and 30 A degrees C under static and agitated conditions during 48 h. L. reuteri CRL 1101 grew well in all assayed media and heterofermentatively converted glucose into lactic and acetic acids and ethanol. Fructose was used as an alternative electron acceptor and reduced it to mannitol in all media assayed. Maximum mannitol concentrations of 177.7 A +/- 26.6 and 184.5 A +/- 22.5 mM were found using 7.5\% and 10\% molasses, respectively, at 37 A degrees C after 24-h incubation. Increasing the molasses concentration from 7.5\% up to 10\% (w/v) and the fermentation period up to 48 h did not significantly improve mannitol production. In agitated cultures, high mannitol values (144.8 A +/- 39.7 mM) were attained at 8 h of fermentation as compared to static ones (5.6 A +/- 2.9 mM), the highest mannitol concentration value (211.3 A +/- 15.5 mM) being found after 24 h. Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was measured during growth in all fermentations assayed; the highest MDH values were obtained during the log growth phase, and no correlation between MDH activities and mannitol production was observed in the fermentations performed. L. reuteri CRL 1101 successfully produced mannitol from sugarcane molasses being a promising candidate for microbial mannitol synthesis using low-cost substrate.
The objective of this paper was to evaluate sugarcane mulch residue, imazapic and vinasse application interaction on the initial development of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). A greenhouse experiment was set up using pots filled with soil, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design, with four replications, with the following treatments: check; straw alone; vinasse alone; imazapic alone; straw + vinasse; straw + herbicide; herbicide + vinasse applied before the herbicide; herbicide + vinasse applied together; straw + herbicide + vinasse applied after the herbicide; straw + herbicide + vinasse applied after the herbicide; and straw + herbicide + vinasse applied together. Imazapic was applied at the rate of 122.5 g ha(-1) and in the treatment in which vinasse was applied mixed with the herbicide, this compound was diluted in water until 1/4 of the volume needed, the remaining volume being completed with vinasse. Imazapic was efficient for purple nutsedge control when compared to the check. Application of vinasse alone or straw alone stimulated the growth of this weed, though tuber viability was reduced. In the treatments without straw there was no difference in purple nutsedge development when vinasse was applied before or after imazapic, though control of this weed species was attained. However, when mixed with vinasse, the herbicide did not control the weed. The presence of straw in the treatment in which vinasse was applied before imazapic reduced the action of this weed killer when compared with the treatment without straw. The number of sprouts and height of the purple nutsedge plants were enhanced by the treatments with straw when imazapic was applied after or even mixed with vinasse. Only the number of sprouts increased when vinasse was applied after or mixed with the herbicide in soil covered with straw.
Vinasse is the waste liquid of molasses fermentation for alcohol production from sugarcane mills. The adequate utilization and treatment for vinasse have received increasing attention. Among the alternatives considered for the reuse of vinasse, irrigation in sugarcane fields is most common solution. However, few researchers consider the impact on the soil fertility, soil heavy metals content and soil microbial diversity by long-term application of vinasse in the fields. In order to evaluate the cumulative impact arising from the long-term application of vinasse, different treatments, viz., (1) soils not irrigated with vinasse, (2) soil irrigated with vinasse for 2years, (3) soil irrigated with vinasse for 7years, (4) soil irrigated with vinasse for 13years, (5) soil irrigated with vinasse for 18years, have been applied to sugarcane fields in Shangsi County, Guangxi, China. The pH, organic matter, total and available N, P, K, the concentration of Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cd and As, as well as the diversity of microbial community of the soil samples were determined. The results showed that after long-term irrigation by vinasse, soil acidification was observed, organic matter, N and K content increased, but no significant changes in the increase in P content were observed. The potential ecological risk of Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and As was low, indicating that accumulation of heavy metals in the soil was negligible when long-term irrigation with vinasse was practiced. The diversity of microbial community expressed as relative abundance of the predominant species in irrigated soil was slightly reduced due to influence by the physicochemical properties of soil, especially soil pH. Consequently, the proper management of vinasse irrigation and periodic monitoring of soil quality parameters are required to ensure safe and long-term irrigation.
To illuminate changes in the thermal stability of lignocellulosic biomass by homogeneous chemical modification in ionic liquids, sugarcane bagasse derivatives bearing carboxyl groups were prepared in ionic liquids. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed the chemical structure of the derivatives. Sugarcane bagasse derivatives with degree of substituted OH as high as 9.93 mmol/g were achieved. The homogeneous esterification was demonstrated to be a more efficient approach than heterogeneous ones. Based on thermogravimetric analysis, the onset degradation temperature of sugarcane bagasse decreased dramatically to 185 degrees C, 160 degrees C and 140 degrees C, using succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride as reagent, respectively. A first-order degradation kinetic model was applied to obtain the degradation activation energies of sugarcane bagasse. The results showed that homogeneous chemical modification significantly decreased the thermal stability of sugarcane bagasse by reducing the onset degradation temperature and degradation activation energies.
A natural isolate, Candida tropicalis was tested for xylitol production from corn fiber and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates. Fermentation of corn fiber and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate showed xylose uptake and xylitol production, though these were very low, even after hydrolysate neutralization and treatments with activated charcoal and ion exchange resins. Initial xylitol production was found to be 0.43 g1g and 0.45 g/g of xylose utilised with corn fiber and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate respectively. One of the critical factors for low xylitol production was the presence of inhibitors in these hydrolysates. To simulate influence of hemicellulosic sugar composition on xylitol yield, three different combinations of mixed sugar control experiments, without the presence of any inhibitors, have been performed and the strain produced 0.63 g/g, 0.68 g/g and 0.72 g/g of xylose respectively. To improve yeast growth and xylitol production with these hydrolysates, which contain inhibitors, the cells were adapted by sub culturing in the hydrolysate containing medium for 25 cycles. After adaptation the organism produced more xylitol 0.58 g/g and 0.65 g/g of xylose with corn fiber hydrolysate and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using sugarcane bagasse as substrate was developed using batch and fed-batch mode. Acid, alkali, hydrothermal and hydrogen peroxide pre treatments to the sugarcane bagasse were tested. Experiments were carried out to optimize the enzyme load of cellulases and beta-glucosidase. Four strains, two of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two of Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast species were evaluate using SSF to produce ethanol. A kinetic study in bioreactor was carried out to optimize the SSF. The batch process was optimized using 1.0 g/L of inoculum, 15.0 FPU/g cellulose of cellulases and 6.0\% of initial cellulose reaching 92.0\% of theoretical ethanol yield after 18 h using the bagasse pretreate by acid-alkali and S. cerevisiae PE-2. The fed-batch process with enzyme load three times lower than that was used in batch process, obtained 88\% of theoretical ethanol yield in 40 h. Therefore, the use of the lignocellulosic biomass (sugarcane bagasse) for producing a biofuel (ethanol) reduces the need for oil and is an environmental-friendly process.
Integral utilisation of bagasse is a high priority for the diversification of the sugarcane industry. The application of a biorefinery philosophy to bagasse utilisation requires its fractionation into its main components: cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The first stage in that process is the pretreatment, in which a considerable part of hemicelluloses is solubilised, and cellulose is activated towards enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, a pretreatment method using a mixture of sulfuric and acetic acid is investigated. Two different solid-to-liquid ratios (1.5:10 and 1:10) were used in the pretreatment. Both conditions efficiently hydrolysed the hemicelluloses giving removals above 90\%. The extractive components were also effectively solubilised, and lignin was only slightly affected. Cellulose degradation was below 15\%, which corresponded to the low crystallinity fraction. The analysis of the morphology of pretreated bagasse confirmed the results obtained in the chemical characterization. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Background: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a prerequisite for effective saccharification to produce fermentable sugars. In this study, `` green{''
In this globe infinite numbers of natural and modified materials are used for the development of technology. In this study recent development of composites sugarcane waste raw burned products has been used known as ash. Bagasse will be prepared by extracting minerals and fibres will be crashed (milled) into small fibres from sugarcane. The milled fibres were burned at different intervals temperature 1100(0)C with 1,3 \& 5 hours in a furnace, hence this product is known as bagasse ash (BA). Bagasse ash characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studied various parameters. Parametric studies carried out on grain size and percentage variation of chemical composition. Also observed that the effect of temperature on weight and density variation in different hours. The various properties of ashes will be utilized as reinforcement for development of aluminium composite materials in further work. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work addresses an unprecedented combination of solvents (choline chloride and oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent, carbon dioxide, and ethanol) that were used to fractionate sugarcane bagasse into three main fractions: 1) glucan rich fibers, 2) dissolved hemicellulose sugars and co-products, and 3) precipitated lignin. To maximize the lignin removal, a two-level three-variable design of experiments assessed the effects of solids loading, DES to biomass mass ratio, and the amount of CO2. Following, kinetic were carried out in temperatures varying from 130 to 190 degrees C, using anhydrous and hydrated ethanol to improve hemicellulose hydrolysis and delignification. At the best condition, delignification extent as high as 90\% were obtained after reaction times of 30 min. These results were accompanied by glucan contents of approximately 85 wt\% and by over 80\% of fibers' glucan maintenance. Also, over 60\% of the hemicellulose sugars were dissolved in a liquid fraction. Finally, the third fraction was composed of the precipitated lignin with negligible carbohydrate contents. Lignin samples presented low apparent average molecular masses, and FT-IR spectra demonstrated the presence of bands typical of lignin samples from herbaceous crops. In general, this work attested to the technical feasibility of using green solvents for the efficient fractionation of sugarcane bagasse into streams that could be exploited to produce fuels, chemicals, and biomaterials.
Adsorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solution onto a sugarcane bagasse/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite was investigated by using a series of batch adsorption experiments and compared with the metal uptake ability of sugarcane bagasse. The efficiency of the adsorption processes was studied experimentally at various pH values, contact times, adsorbent masses, temperatures and initial Pb2+ concentrations. A pH of 4.5 was found to be the optimum pH to obtain a maximum adsorption percentage in 120 min of equilibration time. The composite showed a much enhanced adsorption capacity for Pb2+ of 56.6 mg g(-1) compared with 23.8 mg g(-1), for bagasse at 28 degrees C. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided the best fit to the equilibrium adsorption data. The pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich kinetics models were used to analyse the rate of lead adsorption and the results show that the Elovich model is more suitable: The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, namely Delta G degrees, Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees, were determined over the temperature range of 20-45 degrees C. The adsorption of Pb2+ onto both bagasse and the sugarcane bagasse/MWCNT composite was found to be spontaneous but for the former adsorbent it was enthalpy-driven whereas for the latter it was entropy-driven. Desorption of the lead-loaded adsorbents was fairly efficient with 0.1 mol dm(-3) HCl. Overall this composite has the potential to be a good adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from wastewaters. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, the effect of bio-chars from sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis on the thermal and mechanical properties of cement-based composites was highlighted. The sugarcane bagasse was submitted to a thermochemical conversion process (slow pyrolysis) to obtain bio-chars. Cement-based composites were elaborated using the slurry dewatering method. The results showed that the bio-chars present a rough structure, a lower content of polysaccharides and lignin than the sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, the bio-chars absorb 36\% less water than the sugarcane bagasse and the use of 2\% by weight of bio-chars improves the hydration of cement. Finally, the thermal and mechanical properties of cement-based composites showed that the bio-chars are promissory materials for the elaboration of insulating building materials.
Here we reported an endeavor in making full use of sugarcane bagasse for biological production of succinic acid. Through NaOH pre-treatment and multi-enzyme hydrolysis, a reducing sugar solution mainly composed of glucose and xylose was obtained from the sugarcane bagasse. By optimizing portions of cellulase, xylanase, beta-glucanase and pectinase in the multi-enzyme ``cocktail{''
Ethyl levulinate (EL) is an important biobased building block obtained from a sugar platform to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, solvents, plasticizers, and biofuels. In this work, a biobased amino acid derivative, taurine hydrogen sulfate, was applied as a Bronsted-acid catalyst for the conversion of sugarcane molasses to ethyl levulinate under microwave irradiation. Experimental designs were carried out for the three main carbohydrates present in the molasses (fructose, sucrose, and glucose), and under the optimized conditions, EL was obtained in 76\% yield from fructose (180 degrees C, 60 min, Cat. 5 mol \%), 54\% yield from sucrose (180 degrees C, 60 min, Cat. 40 mol \%), and 53\% yield from glucose (180 degrees C, 120 min, Cat. 100 mol \%). A control experiment using a synthetic medium showed that EL could be obtained in up to 80\% yield at 180 degrees C for 2 h with 100 mol \% taurine hydrogen sulfate. However, EL yields were extremely low (5\%) at the same conditions using the raw feedstock, the drop in the yield correlating with the inorganic matter (ashes) content of the molasses. Several adsorbents were tested, and Dowex 50WX2 exhibited the best performance to remove the ash content. Indeed, two sequential percolations could reduce the ashes from 7.5\% to 0.25\%, resulting in a matrix able to produce EL in 82\% yield, completely eliminating the matrix effect observed for sugarcane molasses. Our findings could be useful for other applications including the use of this abundant raw material for the preparation of other key industrial intermediates.
Saccharification of sugarcane bagasse is one of the most important process for its conversion to high value biofuels and chemicals. In the present work, a sustainable hydrolysis method combined with catalytic pretreatment by magnetic carbon-based solid acid and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis were applied for the enhanced reducing sugar (xylose and glucose) production from sugarcane bagasse. The pretreatment condition was optimized via response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design. Under optimized conditions (the ratio of sugarcane bagasse, catalyst and water is 1:1:25 (g:g:mL), 170 degrees C for 10 min), the highest xylose yield of 91.62 \% was achieved for 10 min. The enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated sugarcane bagasse under the optimum condition was reached up to 94.26 \% at 72 h under the enzyme loading of 20 FPU/g, which is much higher than that of natural sugarcane bagasse. Meanwhile, FTIR, XRD and SEM were used to characterize the effects of the pretreatment process. Overall, this study provides a greener and high-efficiency method for saccharifying sugarcane bagasse to produce reducing sugars.
The textile industry consumes large quantities of water and chemicals, especially in dyeing and finishing processes. Textile dye adsorption can be accomplished with natural or synthetic compounds. Cell immobilization using biomaterials allows the reduction of toxicity and mechanical resistance and opens spaces within the matrix for cell growth. The use of natural materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, is promising due to the low costs involved. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse treated with either polyethyleneimine (PEI), NaOH or distilled water in the cell immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for textile dye removal. Three different adsorption tests were conducted: treated sugarcane bagasse alone, free yeast cells and bagasse-immobilized yeast cells. Yeast immobilization was 31.34\% with PEI-treated bagasse, 8.56\% with distilled water and 22.54\% with NaOH. PEI-treated bagasse exhibited the best removal rates of the dye at all pH values studied (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50). The best Acid Black 48 adsorption rates were obtained with use of free yeast cells. At pH 2.50, 1 mg of free yeast cells was able to remove 5488.49 g of the dye. The lowest adsorption capacity rates were obtained using treated bagasse alone. However, the use of bagasse-immobilized cells increased adsorption efficiency from 20 to 40\%. The use of immobilized cells in textile dye removal is very attractive due to adsorbed dye precipitation, which eliminates the industrial need for centrifugation processes. Dye adsorption using only yeast cells or sugarcane bagasse requires separation methods.
The addition of agricultural by-products to mineral soils has the potential to improve crop production. This study aimed to determine the effects of the readily available sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) milling by-product bagasse as a soil amendment on yields of sugarcane grown on a sandy Entisol of South Florida. The field trial was conducted on a commercial sugarcane farm for three annual crop cycles (plant cane and two ratoons). Four treatments including 5 cm bagasse (85 ton ha(-1)); 10 cm bagasse (170 ton ha(-1)); 10 cm bagasse (170 ton ha(-1)) plus 336 kg ha(-1) ammonium nitrate; and a control (without bagasse and ammonium nitrate) were evaluated. Results indicate that one single application of bagasse increased sugarcane biomass and sugar yield by approximately 23\% in the plant cane year. A higher application rate of bagasse (10 cm of bagasse) was recommended since it had a longer effect on increasing sugarcane biomass and sugar yield. Bagasse application enhanced silicon (Si) supply and increased Si plant nutrition. However, the effects of bagasse on the other leaf nutrients were not significant.
Sugarcane is a long-duration, huge biomass accumulating crop and requires a number of cultural and management operations from planting to harvesting. It is also a wonder crop where after harvesting of the main crop, the subsequent ratoon crop is generated through established root system. Adoption of green technologies is a viable option to improve sugarcane productivity and sustainability. Fine-tuning the green technologies, different methods/techniques of crop production, planting methods (cane node/STP technologies and planting through Cutter Planter), nutrient management strategies (intercropping, green manuring, press mud, bio-compost, bio-fertilizers, etc.), insect-pest and disease management options (cultural and physical methods, use of bio-agents, bio-pesticides, botanicals, light/pheromone or combo traps, etc.) and management of adverse climatic conditions (drought and flood) and/or crop residue recycling and trash management technologies may not only improve soil health and cane productivity but are also eco-friendly and environmentally safe. These green technological interventions are being applied in sugarcane and sugarcane-based production system in the country. Improvement in the crop productivity vis-a-vis sustaining natural resources is key components to be addressed through these technologies. Thus, reduction in cost of production, improvement in soil health, increased crop productivity and overall improvement in cane sugar productivity and farmers' income would be possible through the adoption of green technologies. The established green technologies in sugarcane production system and pre- and post-harvest management have potential to improve cane yield and sugar recovery besides enhancing farmer's income and sustainability. In this present paper, various aspects of increasing sugarcane and sugar yields, reducing cost of production and increasing farmers' income through the adoption of green technologies have been discussed.
Background: The production of ethanol by a Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) strategy, which simultaneously combines cellulase production, lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and fermentation of released sugars to ethanol in one bioreactor, is a promising technology for cost reduction in the biological processing of biomass, specially using agroindustrial residues. Clostridium thermocellum is an anaerobic, thermophilic, strictly fermentative gram positive bacterium that meets all the requirements for CBP. Results: Ethanol concentration obtained in the non-stirred fermentation process in flasks with raw bagasse was two times greater than that in the stirred system. The results observed using a pretreated sugarcane bagasse in non-stirred flasks regarding ethanol concentration, were slightly lower than with raw bagasse. The sparging of exogenous H-2 into the medium at atmospheric pressure inside the bioreactor showed to be unfavourable to achieve higher ethanol yields. Conclusions: The strain investigated is a promising candidate for thermophilic fermentative ethanol production from dried ground raw sugarcane bagasse in a CBP strategy, although the alcohol concentrations need to be further improved. In future studies, it is recommended to investigate different modes of operation of the fermentation process, including pressurized conditions, as well as to use wet raw sugarcane bagasse aiming to achieve additional improvement in ethanol production and to reduce the costs of the process.
BACKGROUND The present investigation focuses on the synthesis and application of a magnetic adsorbent material formed by the agro-industrial waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Its application in the removal of fluoride and atrazine demonstrates its properties as a potential adsorbent material for the treatment of contaminated wastewater. RESULTS The synthesis method proved to be simple and reproducible. The presence and distribution of magnetite and fluoride on the surface of the material were studied by characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, FTIR-ATR). Several specific functional groups were identified which may interact with atrazine and fluoride molecules in the adsorption process. Kinetic results indicated that second- and pseudo-second-order model fitted better for the fluoride and atrazine adsorption processes, respectively. The adsorption processes took place by chemisorption onto heterogeneous surfaces. Isotherm data fitted better to the Langmuir-Freundlich model in both systems; therefore, the process took place by a combination of mechanisms. Cellulose and lignin from sugarcane bagasse contribute in the adsorption process, while magnetite not only improve performance of composite for the removal of the chemical species tested, but also achieve a simple separation process via magnetic interactions' with a common magnet. The adsorption capacities of the composites were 0.5036 mg g(-1) for fluoride and 40.11 mg g(-1) for atrazine. CONCLUSION The synthesis of the magnetic composite is simple and generates a material that is easy to manipulate and isolate after the process. The affinity of the composite with atrazine is greater than with fluoride; however, the composite can be used in systems with low concentration. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of the level of sugarcane (SC) molasses on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in Creole (CR) growing pigs fed with ground sugarcane stalks (GCS)-based diet was studied in a mixed farming system context. The aim of the study was to optimize the growth performance of CR pigs with SC-molasses as an energy source in this unconventional feeding. A total of 32 CR pigs were used from 30 to 60 kg of body weight (BW). The experimental dietary treatments consisted of four levels of inclusion of SC-molasses (200, 400, 600, and 800 g DM/d/pig) into a GCS diet, for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The GCS allowance was based on live BW (170 g/kg BW/d) and the diets were supplemented with a soya-bean meal supplement (350 g/d of a 49.2\% CP and 16.6 MJ DE/kg). All the pigs were slaughtered at 60 kg BW. Increasing the level of molasses did not affect (p > 0.05) average BW gain (254 g/d), CP intake (154 g/d) and sugar extraction rate from the total ration (85\%). A gradual inclusion of molasses in a GCS-based diet did not affect the carcass and meat quality of CR pigs. In conclusion, molasses supplementation does not allow the increase of growth performance in GCS fed pigs.
Reducing sugars obtained from sugarcane bagasse, as a waste biomass energy precursor, can be further transformed into fuel alcohol by fermentation or gaseous fuel by gasification. In this work, subcritical water process was used as an environmentally friendly solvent for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with the aim of producing reducing sugars using residue bagasse from a sugarcane biorefinery. Hydrolysis in subcritical water performance was studied under semi-continuous unit conditions in a 110 mL reactor. Hydrolysis was carried out using different sample loadings (3 and 5 g), flow-rates (9 and 12.5 mL min(-1)), temperatures (100, 150,200 and 250 degrees C) and pressures (5, 10, and 15 MPa). The highest reducing sugar yields were obtained at temperature above 200 degrees C, with the highest reducing sugar yield reaching 15.5\%. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the sugarcane bagasse undergoing hydrolysis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the residual solids, with results consistent with the removal of hemicellulose during hydrolysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Most biomass pretreatment processes for sugar production are run at low-solid concentration (<10 wt.\%). Subcritical carbon dioxide (CO2) could provide a more sustainable pretreatment medium while using relative high-solid contents (15 wt.\%). The effects of subcritical CO2 pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse to the solid and glucan recoveries at different pretreatment conditions were investigated. Subsequently, enzymatic hydrolysis at different hydrolysis time was applied to obtain maximal glucose yield, which can be used for ethanol fermentation. The maximum glucose yield in enzyme hydrolyzate reached 38.5 g based on 100 g raw material after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, representing 93.0\% glucose in sugarcane bagasse. The enhanced digestibilities of subcritical CO2 pretreated sugarcane bagasse were due to the removal of hemicellulose, which were confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TGA analyses. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is obtained as a by-product from cogeneration combustion boilers in sugar industries. Previous studies have reported that the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material in the concrete can improve its properties. The utilization of bagasse ash has been constrained because of inadequate understanding of the material and lack of suitable processing methodology for use in a large scale. Processing methods significantly influence the pozzolanic activity of any supplementary cementitious material. Proper assessment of pozzolanic activity and processing methodology of bagasse ash were not investigated in earlier research studies. This paper describes a study that involves pozzolanic performance evaluation and microstructural characterization of sugarcane bagasse ash for use as pozzolanic material in concrete. A comprehensive evaluation of pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash based on different processing methods including burning, grinding, complete removal of coarse fibrous particles by sieving and combinations of these methods were examined in this study. Suitable processing methodology to attain maximum pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash with minimum level of processing is described in this paper. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential for a variety of applications in several industries including oil and gas industry. The addition of (NPs) to the drilling fluids may benefit the performance of drilling fluid properties. The production, use, and discharge of NPs have been raising concerns among the environmentalists as they have adverse effects on their ecology. Therefore, the oil and gas industry requires new ways to enhance the performance properties of water-based drilling fluids. In this study, a low cost, high performance and environmentally friendly water-based drilling mud was developed using sugarcane-bagasse silica nanoparticles (SBSNs). The SBSN was synthesized and characterized by a combination of analyses such as FTIR, TEM, SEM, zeta potential, and biodegradability studies. Furthermore, the effects of SBSN on performance of drilling fluid were analyzed. The results showed that SBSN-drilling mud exhibits better rheological properties, reduced fluid loss, high temperature stability and thinner filter cake. In addition, the shear thinning behavior of SBSN-drilling mud was fitted to Bingham-Plastic and Herschel-Bulkley models and the results showed that the Herschel-Bulkley model predicted the shear thinning relationship between the shear stress and shear-train rate of the SBSN drilling mud.
Sugarcane bagasse soot is an agro-industrial residue rich in carbon that can be transformed into value-added materials, such as activated carbons. Therefore, this work aimed at producing activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse soot, using CO2 at 800, 850, and 900 C-omicron, and investigating its efficiency to adsorb methylene blue as model contaminant. The results showed that the surface area and pore volume increased in the obtained carbons, with high specific areas (up to 829 m(2)/g), and the isotherms of the N-2 adsorption describe mesoporous materials. The morphology of the prepared activated carbons showed that sugarcane bagasse soot and the activated carbons kept the fibrous structure of sugarcane bagasse, but after activation, they have cavities that resemble a honeycomb. Adsorption studies with methylene blue dye showed that the activation process resulted in adsorption capacities up to 11 times higher than sugarcane bagasse soot, which is comparable with commercial activated carbon. Dye adsorption kinetics could be described by a pseudo-second-order dependency in the studied materials, and the adsorption isotherms were better fitted by the Langmuir model. It is emphasized that cost-effective materials that are similar to commercial activated carbon were obtained.
A recent trend for converting a hydrophilic lignocellulosic material into oleophilic adsorbent could be achieved by using cationic surfactants. In the present work, the surface of sugarcane bagasse was modified by cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, whereas sugarcane bagasse acquired hydrophobic properties. Further increase in hydrophobicity of sugarcane bagasse could be obtained by blending surfactant modified sugarcane bagasse with polystyrene waste. Sugarcane bagasse, surfactant modified bagasse and polystyrene waste/surfactant modified bagasse were characterized by different physical and chemical techniques. Remarkable changes in the structure of sugarcane bagasse as a result of the different treatment processes could be evidenced by FT-IR, SEM and XRD measurements. Moreover, elemental analysis, specific surface area as well as water absorption capacity results confirmed successful modification of sugarcane bagasse by both cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and polystyrene waste. Also, water absorption capacity experiments indicated that hydrophobic properties of the different samples increased in the order: polystyrene waste/surfactant modified bagasse > surfactant modified bagasse > sugarcane bagasse. The different samples were evaluated for removal of emulsified food oil from aqueous solutions. The effect of various parameters, e.g., blend constituents weight ratio, adsorbent dose, initial oil concentration, pH and contact time upon oil removal efficiency, was investigated. Isothermal studies revealed that oil adsorption fitted Freundlich model and thermodynamics studies showed that oil adsorption is spontaneous, random and exothermic.
In the present study, the mixotrophic growth of the microalgaNannochloropsissp. BR2 in sugarcane bagasse was analyzed and compared with its photoautotrophic cultivation.Nannochloropsiscultures cultivated mixotrophically in sugarcane bagasse showed significantly higher biomass productivity, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and protein contents of 63.28 mg L-1 d(-1), 170.51 mg g(-1)and 35.2\% of dry weight, respectively, compared to the photoautotrophic cultivations with biomass productivity, FAME and protein contents of 51 mg L-1 d(-1), 139.21 mg g(-1)and 31.6\% of dry weight. Whereas, total carotenoid during photoautotrophic cultivation was 5.833 mg g(-1)and decreased to 4.542 mg g(-1)in mixotrophic cultures. This can be explained by the additional carbon source in the form of sugars that are metabolized to the fatty acid building block acetyl-CoA, while photosynthetic pigments were less needed. Findings of this study demonstrate that acid-pretreated hydrolysate of lignocellulosic waste from sugarcane bagasse can be developed into a potential feedstock for efficient microalgal cultivation. {[
This study is proposed to characterize nanocellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). For extracting cellulose, the bagasse was treated by chemical treatment. The nanocellulose was prepared using ball-milling with acid hydrolysis. Morphology of bagasse, cellulose and nanocellulose were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition of extracted cellulose and nanocellulose was investigated by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy that verifying the removal of lignin and hemicellulose during cellulose isolation process from sugarcane bagasse. The crystalline structure of cellulose and nanocellulose were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicating that the nanocellulose prepared by ball milling with acid hydrolysis has higher crystallinity than nanocellulose prepared only ball milling.
In the municipal area of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ several ceramic industries are involved with a significant production of bricks and tiles. These ceramic products can serve as matrices for the incorporation of industrial residues such as the ash of sugarcane bagasse used as fuel in the boilers of the sugar and alcohol plants. The incorporation of ashes in ceramics is a solution that eventually can cause an improvement on the properties of the material. The objective of this work is to characterize granulometric fractions of sugarcane bagasse ash with particle sizes less than 149, 75 and 44 mu m aiming at the ash incorporation into red ceramics. Chemical, mineralogical and microstructural characterization were carried out in the granulometric fractions. The results showed that the granulometric fractions present as main crystalline phase the cristobalite and that the ashes with smaller particle sizes can improve the densification of the ceramic body by the formation of more liquid phase during firing, due to the presence of less silica and more alkaline- and alkaline-earth oxides than the original ash.
Biological pretreatments with three selected strains of Panus tigrinus were used for delignification of sugarcane bagasse. The fungi with potential for delignification were analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the decayed bagasse samples, and the selectivity in terms of weight loss of the different components was evaluated. All the strains grow abundantly on bagasse as unique carbon source. After determining the chemical composition of degraded bagasse, P. tigrinus FTPT-4745 was selected as the most efficient strain on a 6-g scale, since the carbohydrates were preserved. P. tigrinus FTPT-4741 and FTPT-4742 were the most efficient strains on a large scale (100 g).
In this study, the fractionation of sugarcane bagasse at low liquor-solid ratio (LSR) was firstly reported. The effect of low LSR fractionation of sugarcane bagasse by hot water autohydrolysis and organosolv delignification that consume minimal amounts of water was studied to obtain a cellulosic fraction (glucans) that is suitable for conversion to ethanol. Hot water pretreated bagasse was delignified using varied process conditions: 160-190 degrees C, 30-150 min and LSR 3-9. The results were compared with the untreated bagasse using the same delignification conditions. The delignification of the pretreated bagasse extracted of 86.7\% of lignin and produced a solid with 90.0\% of glucans (190 degrees C for 150 min and LSR 9). A solid consisting of 82.9\% of glucans with a slightly greater lignin content was obtained with a LSR 3 whilst delignification of untreated bagasse extracted 91.3 and 92.0\% of lignin (87.7 and 88.4\% of glucans) for LSRs 3 and 9, respectively. Low liquor-solid ratio fractionation allowed the direct separation of the hemicelluloses and lignin to produce a solid with high glucans. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Second generation bioethanol production through enzymatic route has potential in Indian scenario as large quantity of lignocellulosic material is available. India is second largest country in sugarcane production. Sugarcane bagasse and trash are renewable by-products of sugar industry that can be promising source of lignocellulosic waste. Till date no studies have been reported on application of sugarcane bagasse from different cultivars for bioethanol production in Indian scenario. For optimal ethanol production from lignocellulosic raw material, composition and fermentation characteristics of the substrate are significant factors to be considered. In present study, bagasse samples from ten different Indian sugarcane cultivars were studied for improved bioethanol production. Co-fermentation using pentose and hexose sugar fermenting yeast strains was also investigated for improved production of ethanol along with application of high solid load pre-treatment method. Maximum ethanol production of 31.01 +/- 0.34 g/L in fermenting broth was obtained for COM 11007 cultivar, while maximum fermentation efficiency of 77.92 +/- 0.88\% was obtained for COM 11004. Final ethanol concentration in fermenting broth showed direct relation with initial concentration of fermentable sugar present. The present study demonstrates potential of mixed fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (VSI 1011) and Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis (NCIM 3498) at high solid load of 16\% (w/v) for enhanced ethanol production from the studied sugarcane bagasse cultivars.
Two major residues are produced by the sugarcane industry, the fibrous fraction following juice extraction (bagasse), and the harvest residue (straw). The structures of the lignins from these residues were studied by pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonante (NMR), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). Whereas the lignin from bagasse has a syringyl-rich p-hydroxyphenyl:guaiacyl:syringyl (H:G:S) molar composition of 2:38:60, the lignin from straw is guaiacyl-rich (H:G:S of 4:68:28). The compositional differences were also reflected in the relative abundances of the different interunit linkages. Bagasse lignin was primarily 0 -O-4' alkyl-aryl ether substructures (representing 83\% of NMR-measurable linkages), followed by minor amounts of 3-5' (phenylcoumarans, 6\%) and other condensed substructures. The lignin from straw has lower levels of beta-ethers (75\%) but higher relative levels of phenylcoumarans (0-5', 15\%) and dibenzodioxocins (5-5/4-O-beta, 3\%), consistent with a lignin enriched in G-units. Both lignins are extensively acylated at the gamma-hydroxyl of the lignin side-chain (42\% and 36\% acylation in bagasse and straw), predominantly with p-coumarates (preferentially on S-units) but also with acetates (preferentially on Gunits) to a minor extent. Tetrahydrofuran structures diagnostically arising from beta-beta-coupling (dehydrodimerization) of sinapyl p-coumarate or its cross-coupling with sinapyl alcohol were found in both lignins, indicating that sinapyl p-coumarate acts as a monomer participating in lignification. The flavone tricin was also found in the lignins from sugarcane, as also occurs in other grasses. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Background: Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant and geographically widespread agro-industrial residue with high carbohydrate content, making it a strong candidate feedstock for the bio-based economy. This study examines the use of the low-cost protic ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ({[
Sugarcane bagasse with 55\% of dry matter (DM) was treated with five levels of urea (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10\%) and 5\% ground whole soybean as a source of urease both, on a DM basis. The material was stored in plastic bags for 97 days (8 kg/ 50 L plastic bag), and after plastic bag opening, samples were collected at three aeration period (2, 9, and 16 days). A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. There was no effect of urea levels on dry matter content; however, dry matter increased with the increase of the aeration time. There were also increase of crude protein and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) with the increase of urea levels and reduction with the aeration periods increase. There was effect for ADF content as function of the urea levels and aeration periods. The neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose contents decreased with the urea addition, but increased with the aeration periods. The in vitro dry matter disappearance increased with the addition of urea. The treatment with urea changed the chemical composition and improved the bagasse qualify.
Pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of sugarcane bagasse and straw was analyzed using thermogravimetric measurements and applying the DAEM. The kinetic parameters of pyrolysis and combustion reactions were determined, obtaining pyrolysis activation energies of approximately 175 kJ/mol for bagasse and 200 kJ/mol for straw. The combustion activation energies ranged from 162.3 to 282.7 kJ/mol for bagasse and from 130.7 to 292.0 kJ/mol for the straw. The ash melting temperature of both sugarcane residues was also measured. The fluid temperature values found were 1396 and 1352 degrees C for bagasse and straw, respectively. The analyses were performed for raw material and milled pellets of sugarcane bagasse and straw, obtaining slightly lower values of the kinetic parameters for the milled pellets and negligible differences for the ash melting temperatures.
Harmful environmental issues of fossil-fuels and concerns about petroleum supplies have spurred the search for renewable alternative fuels such as biofuel. Agricultural crop residues represent an abundant renewable resource for future biofuel. To be a viable alternative, a biofuel should provide a net energy gain, have environmental benefits, be economically feasible, and should also be producible in large quantities without reducing food supplies. We used these criteria to evaluate the white rot basidiomycota-derived fungus Ganoderma lucidum that secretes substantial amounts of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes useful for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass that were not described hitherto. The current bottleneck of lignocellulosic biofuel production is the hydrolysis of biomass to sugar. To understand the enzymatic hydrolysis of complex biomasses, we cultured G. lucidum with sugarcane bagasse as substrate and qualitatively analyzed the entire secretome. The secreted lignocellulolytic enzymes were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and diverse enzymes were found, of which several were novel lignocellulosic biomass hydrolyzing enzymes. We further explored G. lucidum-derived cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin degrading enzymes as valuable enzymes for the second generation of biofuel obtained from a lignocellulose substrate such as sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Each year, hundreds of millions of tons of processed sugarcane generate, by weight, 25 to 30\% of bagasse as waste, whose destination is combustion for energy cogeneration. This research proposes an alternative and more sustainable use for this waste. The use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as the single aggregate in composites for building blocks was studied. The raw bagasse was used without any treatment. As the binder, aerial lime and/or soil were used. Both provided enough mechanical strength for non-load-bearing walls. The composite of SCB with soil achieved the best performance in terms of mechanical resistance: 2.6 MPa in compressive strength and 2.1 MPa in bending strength, while the composite of SCB with lime achieved 1.76 MPa and 1.7 MPa, respectively. The higher number of fibers in the SCB/lime mixture provides better thermal insulation than clay brick or conventional concrete, such as ``hempcrete{''
Life cycle analysis has been used to compare the environmental performance of different sugarcane bioenergy systems. Environmental performance indicators such as resource consumption, chemical stressors and ecological health are used to analyse the trade-off between options. The reference fuel chain is based on current practices in Mauritius whereby bagasse in excess of sugar factory requirements is used to generate electricity for the grid. An alternative option uses the excess bagasse and factory filter cake to produce compost which when applied to the sugarcane plantations increases cane yield by up to 30\% but at the expense of surplus electricity production. A third option combines improvements in steam management with composting of bagasse/filter cake. Results obtained from the comparative analysis show that it is possible to improve both the production of raw sugar (by 30\%) and surplus electricity (by 190\%) while reducing environmental stress as measured by the predefined eco-efficiency indicators. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Background The efficient production of bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using lignocellulosic biomass as raw material depends on the fermentability of the hydrolysates. In this work the evaluation of the kinetics of ethanol production by S. cerevisiae using enzymatic hydrolysates was performed and compared with the kinetics of diluted sugarcane molasses fermentation. Results A term for inhibition by acetic acid was added to a previous model, the kinetic parameters were re-estimated and the model has been shown to describe accurately new experiments with distinct hydrolysates proportions as fermentative media. Among all the kinetic parameters, a great reduction in max (from 0.437 to 0.37 h1, at 34 degrees C), and increment in Ypx (from 9.89 to 16.63 kg kg1, at 34 degrees C) were noted, which strongly affected the kinetics of fermentation. Conclusions The kinetic parameters obtained for hydrolysates differed very significantly from those obtained using molasses, which shows that models developed to describe the kinetics of first generation ethanol production need to be reformulated and adapted to describe the kinetics of second generation ethanol fermentation. The productivities achieved were between 1 and 3 kg m-3 h1, which are considered acceptable for alcoholic fermentations in batch mode, showing the good fermentability of hydrolysates even without detoxification. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Sugarcane bagasse has proved to be a promising feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high cellulosic content and huge availability. For bioethanol production to be effective, pretreatment is the most crucial step to remove recalcitrant lignin and make cellulose more accessible to enzymes for hydrolysis. The most widely used pretreatment techniques employ high temperature and pressure which generate biological growth inhibitors such as furfural and hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF). Hence, adaptation of a pretreatment technique operating at ambient temperature and pressure is mandatory as it reduces the inhibitors being formed. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) is notable among all the pretreatments as it operates at room temperature and it is found to increase the efficiency of hydrolysis. Moreover, there is no or very less inhibitors formation in this treatment which in turn improves fermentation. Thus, the present study reviews about current pretreatment technologies and their drawbacks due to inhibitors formation, and importantly examines the key roles of AHP in refining the biomass particularly sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production.
Adsorbents were studied for removing fipronil, a pesticide, from water. The study included sugarcane bagasse fly ash (SBFA) and traditional activated carbon. SBFA was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, specific mass determination, electron microscopy, particle size analysis and zeta potential. The results showed that, without prior treatment, its removal efficiency for fipronil was 80\% with 2 h contact time, which is much higher than reported in other studies. SBFA's zeta potential was 8.02. In low pH systems, fipronil adsorption is expected to be even more efficient, as the molecule presents both the amino group (NH) and Cl, which may favor adsorbent surface interactions by giving rise to polar electrostatic forces. The Freundlich model (R-2= 0.9290) describes the adsorption data better than the Langmuir model (R2= 0.8870). The method developed for fipronil adsorption is low-cost and enables the reuse of sugarcane industry waste.
Currently, agroindustrial wastes are little used for generating value-added products; hence, their use of these waste to produce enzymatic cocktails for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is a very interesting alternative in the second-generation bioethanol process. The Ascomycota fungusAspergillus nigerLBM 134 produces hydrolytic enzymes in large proportions. In this work,A. nigerLBM 134 was grown on sugarcane and cassava bagasses under optimized conditions. To identify the extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of these agroindustrial wastes, the secretomes of the culture supernatants of the fungus were analyzed and validated by biochemical assays of the enzymatic activities.A. nigerLBM 134 secreted higher quantities of xylanases and accessory hemicellulases when it grew on sugarcane bagasse, whereas more cellulases, amylases, and pectinases were secreted when it grew on cassava bagasse. These findings suggest two promising enzyme cocktails for the hydrolysis of lignocellulose carbohydrate polymers to fermentable sugars. These bioinformatic analysis were functional validates through enzymatic biochemical assays that confirm the biotechnological potential ofA. nigerLBM 134 for the bioconversion of hemicellulosic substrates such as sugarcane and cassava bagasses.
Bagasse as solid waste in sugarcane industry can be utilized as one of the potential raw materials in the bioprocess industry. This research aims to investigate the conversion of bagasse to bioethanol using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in an airlift bioreactor. Neurospora intermedia was used as a biological agent that carried out the saccharification and fermentation of sugarcane bagasse simultaneously for bioethanol production. Cell morphology of N. intermedia in the form of pellet was required to provide free movement in the axial flow of airlift bioreactor. The medium pH strongly affects the morphological shape of N. intermedia. Therefore, the formation of good pellets of inoculum was observed under acidic conditions, i.e. pH 3.0 - 3.5. The effect of the initial concentration of nutrient on the inoculum growth was also investigated. Inoculums cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium with a half the strength of the common nutrient concentration of PDB qualitatively indicated good growth in terms of the size and density of cells. The inoculums with good morphological form were fed into the airlift bioreactor, which already contained a liquid medium with initial pH of 3.5 and also contained pre-treated bagasse. In experiments using the airlift bioreactor, the pre-treated bagasse was added to various nutrient concentrations of the PDB infusion medium. The highest bioethanol production from bagasse was monitored in the medium culture of half strength PDB infusion. The yield of bioethanol obtained from total sugarcane bagasse and PDB in an air lift bioreactor achieved approximately 40\%, which has an infusion medium with a half-strength PDB and initial pH of 3.0. (c) 2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
Sugarcane bagasse is a commonly generated item from the food industry in the world- the amount of sugarcane bagasse production is increasing yearly. In 2017, the reported sugarcane production in Malaysia was 30,000 kg, which resulted in 9,800 kg of sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse produces steam as waste management in Malaysia or simply in landfills. This study aims to optimize sugarcane bagasse conversion technologies using process network synthesis. A superstructure of sugarcane bagasse was created via P-Graph, with multiple pathways or processes being considered. Data needed for the sustainability assessment of each pathway was acquired from various journal sources, including conversion fraction, operating and capital cost, greenhouse gas emission, and the selling price of products were implemented into the superstructure. Then, the data from the feasible structure generated would be analyzed using machine learning via Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis software. The data sets were analyzed using this software using the selected algorithm as P-graph developed 17 feasible solution structures. All 17 generated solution structures were analyzed using six different classifier algorithms. The multilayer perceptron algorithm had the best and the least error in classifying the data. Hence, the multilayer perceptron algorithm proved that the correlation between products produced from sugarcane bagasse and the profitability of the process was significant. Therefore, the model can be a basis for determining the best process for sugarcane bagasse conversion technologies.
Binderless particleboard panel made from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse was manufactured by using waste product of sugarcane. The target density, pressing temperature, pressing time and pressing pressure used were 0.8 g/cm(3), 180 degrees C, 10-40 min and 12 Mpa respectively. Modulus of rupture, internal bonding strength, thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS A 5908: Particleboards). From this research, the 30 min pressing time panel had the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) values which were 15.16 Mpa and 1710 MPa respectively. Panels made from sugarcane bagasse with hot pressing time of 20, 30 and 40 min met the mechanical properties requirement stated in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). Nevertheless, the sastifactory results were obtained for water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) test ranged from 8\% to 25\%. Therefore, the binderless particleboard made from sugarcane bagasse waste were successfully manufactured and can be alternative and consideration for building material especially for indoor application. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In recent years, alkali activation for potassium persulfate (PS) treatment has been proven a promising method in the advanced oxidation processes. However, the majority of studies have focused on water pollution control and remediation processes. There are few reports on the application of PS to transform organic solid waste into a resource. In this study, the sugarcane filter cake (SFC) was treated with PS activated by calcium hydroxide (CH) to convert it into an organic fertilizer (CH-PS/ SFC) with high amounts of fulvic-like acid (FLA). CH-PS/SFC could also be used to remediate the acid soil and immobilize heavy metals (HMs). Due to the simple structure and high sucrose content of SFC, the sucrosesaturated solution was to investigate the CH-PS treatment and the result was the production of a large amount of (785.7 mg/g) after 2 h. In optimal conditions, the yield of FLA in CH-PS/SFC could reach 316.8 mg/g, and the subsequent use as a fertilizer offered a germination index of over 80\% and a decrease in the leachability of HMs. In addition, in the humification the maximum temperature was found to be 80.3 degrees C and the moisture decreased by 20\% during the humification of SFC. Furthermore, pot experiments showed that CH-PS/SFC could promote Chinese cabbage growth, decrease the yellow leaves rate, and decrease the absorption of HMs by Chinese cabbage.
Attempt to depolymerize industrial organosolv lignin (from sugarcane bagasse) and lignins extracted from sugarcane bagasse and Miscanthus fibers (isolated by a soda/anthraquinone process) in presence of an anthraquinone acid catalyst (AQCOOH) was described. With the aim to substitute formaldehyde by glutaraldehyde, a dialdehyde that can be obtained from natural sources, lignins were reacted with glutaraldehyde and studied as phenolic-type resins for thermosets. The reactions were predominantly analyzed be SEC and P-31 NMR spectrometry. The Organosolv lignin-glutaraldehyde resin was used to prepare a composite reinforced with sugarcane bagasse fibers. Control samples were also prepared; specifically, composites based on phenol-formaldehyde and organosolv lignin-formaldehyde matrices. The results of the impact and the flexural strength tests of these composites showed that the organosolv lignin and glutaraldehyde can successfully replace phenol and formaldehyde, respectively. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Utilization of plasticizer (or water-reducing admixture) in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) reduces the water demand, mitigates its poor workability, consequently, improves the mechanical strength and durability. Moreover, sugarcane molasses is a by-product of sugar mills which can be used as a cheap substitute of the conventional plasticizer to reduce the water demand. In this research, the influence of various dosages of molasses (0\%, 0.01\%, 0.05\%, 0.1\%, 0.5\%, and 1\% by weight of cement) is investigated on the properties of both RAC and natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Mechanical properties such as compressive strength and split tensile strength are studied. To evaluate the durability of each mix, several parameters such as water absorption, sorptivity coefficient, chloride penetration, and acid attack resistance are investigated. Results of the testing revealed that molasses can be used to mitigate the poor mechanical and durability performance of RAC. Molasses improved the workability of both RAC and NAC by reducing the water demand to maintain standard consistency. RAC modified with 0.5\% molasses exhibited improvement in the compressive strength up to 10-12\% and split tensile strength 11-19\%. Maximum reduction in water absorption, sorptivity, chloride penetration, and mass loss due to acid attack of RAC was observed at 0.1-0.5\% molasses. Behaviour of RAC and NAC is similar with varying dosage of molasses. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, dilute ammonia pretreatment was performed to break the intricate structure of sugarcane bagasse, which resists the enzyme accessibility to cellulose. The effects of pretreatment temperatures (140-180 A degrees C), times (20-100 min) and ammonia dosage (5-25 wt\%) on the recoveries of glucan, xylan, and acid in-soluble lignin were evaluated. The pretreatment performed at 170 A degrees C, 60 min and 15 wt\% ammonia resulted in delignification of 36.9 \% and retaining 94.7 \% of glucan and 63.1 \% of xylan in the raw material. Then the enzymatic digestibilities of pretreated samples were investigated, 34.2 g glucose and 13.2 g xylose based on 100 g raw material could be obtained after that pretreatment condition, representing 82.7 \% glucose and 47.3 \% xylose in sugarcane bagasse. The enhanced digestibilities of dilute ammonia pretreated sugarcane bagasse were due to delignification and the removal of proportion of hemicellulose, which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis.
The adsorption performance of color compounds in sugar juice was investigated using modified sugarcane bagasse as an adsorbent. The adsorption of color compounds was investigated at different operating conditions including adsorbent dosage, pH, and contact duration. Three kinetic models and two isotherms were applied to describe the adsorption process and evaluate the adsorption equilibrium, respectively. Results showed that the adsorption was optimum at an adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g/mL and at pH 5 for 30 min, which yielded 59.18 \% of decolorization rate. Adsorption kinetics indicated that the process followed the pseudo-second-order chemisorption model. The adsorption behavior was well described by the Freundlich isotherm model, showing a multilayer capacity for color compounds. Moreover, the regeneration studies showed the adsorbent had a good reuse performance over several regeneration cycles. These results suggest that the modified sugarcane bagasse is an inexpensive and efficient adsorbent, which has potential application for removing color compounds from sugar juice.
The torrefaction performance and characteristics of sugarcane bagasse were examined in an inert environment. The influence of torrefaction temperature and duration time on the mass yield, enhancement factor, energy yield and chemical-physical properties were investigated. Characterizations of the torrefied biomass were studied using proximate and ultimate analysis, lignocellulose components, thermo gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results showed that the temperature for torrefaction affected on the chemical-physical properties while duration time was insignificant to the properties. Raising the torrefaction temperature up to 275 degrees C led to an increase in the energy density from 1.41 to 1.68 and decreases in the mass yield and energy yield from 80\% to 54\% and 89\%-69\%, respectively. The torrefaction process changed biomass samples due to carbohydrate degradation and increase of lignin together with the decrease in hemicellulose when the torrefaction temperature increased were found in the FT-IR and TGA and DTG curves. Torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse led to improve solid fuel quality were close to those of lignite, a low-rank coal.
In recent years, bioethanol from sugarcane molasses has been produced on an industrial scale in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate molasses-based bioethanol production from an environmental point of view. Data were collected from Debel Khazai agro-industry situated in southern region of Iran by using face-to-face interviews and annual statistics of 2010 to 2016 (6-year life cycle of sugarcane cultivation). Ten impact categories including abiotic depletion (AD), acidification (AC), eutrophication (EP), global warming potential (GWP), ozone layer depletion (OLD), human toxicity (HT), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (FE), marine aquatic ecotoxicity (ME), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE), and photochemical oxidation (PO) were selected based on CML methodology. Inventory data for production of the inputs were taken from Ecoinvent, BUWAL 250, and IDMAT 2001 databases. The results revealed that in sugarcane cultivation process, electricity and trash burning were the most important contributors to all impact categories except OLD and TE. In industrial phase, natural gas had the highest contribution to the most impact categories. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for production of 1000 L molasses-based bioethanol was 1322.78 kg CO2 eq. By comparing total GHG emissions from 1000 L bioethanol to gasoline, the net avoided GHG emissions came out at 503.17 kg CO2 eq. According to results, it is clear that with increasing irrigation efficiency and improving performance of heating systems in industrial phase, environmental burdens would be significantly reduced.
The sugarcane distillery waste water is generated throughout the sugarcane molasses fermentation and distillation. In Reunion Island, a part of the vinasse production is treated by methanisation process. However, the remaining part is diluted then discharged into the sea. The aim of this work is to study the anaerobic treatment of sugar cane vinasse, with energy recovery. Nonetheless, vinasse pollutant load is difficult to treat. Regarding the experimentations, the biochemical potential (BMP) test is used for the determination of the methanogen potential. The BMP is then modelled with the modified Gompertz and the first order kinetic models. Furthermore, a laboratory study is carried out for studying the methane production of vinasse in semi-industrial scale over a period of 130 days. The start- up strategy of the 16 L pilot is proposed, in particular the gradual increase of organic load. The physico-chemical analysis of the medium is needed to prevent and explain the failure of the process. Indeed, the biogas production and physico-chemical measurements during the digestion are presented and discussed. The maximum methane yield of the BMP is 185 NLCH4 kg(COD)(-1), obtained with I/S ratio in terms of volatile solids of 0.7. The outcomes showed that the first-order kinetic and modified Gompertz models fit well with the BMP test curves. Concerning the pilot, the start-up period lasted 45 days the maximum specific production was 151.00 NLCH4 kg(COD)(-1) (232.31 NLbiogas kg(COD)(-1)). In further studies, different mixing strategies will be studied.
Sugarcane bagasse is an abundantly available agricultural waste having high potential that is still underutilized and mostly burnt as fuel. There are various processes available for bagasse utilization in improved ways and one such process is anaerobic digestion (AD) of bagasse for biogas production. The complex structure of biomass is recalcitrant to degradation and is a major hindrance for the anaerobic digestion, so different pretreatment methods are applied to deconstruct the bagasse for microbial digestion. In this review, different processes developed for the pretreatment of bagasse and their effect on biogas production have been extensively covered. Moreover, combination of pretreatment methods, co-digestion of bagasse with other waste (nitrogen rich or easily digestible) for enhanced biogas production and biomethane generation along with other value-added products has also been reviewed. The digestate contains a significant amount of organics with partial recovery of energy and products and is generated in huge amount that further creates disposal problem. Therefore, integration of digestate valorization with AD through gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization and use of microalgae for maximum recovery of energy and value-added products have also been evaluated. Thus, this review highlights major emerging area of research for improvement in bagasse based processes for enhanced biogas production along with digestate valorization to make the overall process economical and sustainable.
Vyazovkin's model-free kinetic algorithms were applied to determine conversion, isoconversion and apparent activation energy to both dehydration and combustion of sugarcane bagasse. Three different steps were detected with apparent activation energies of 76.1 +/- 1.7, 333.3 +/- 15.0 and 220.1 +/- 4.0 kJ/mol in the conversion range of 2-5\%, 15-60\% and 70-90\%, respectively. The first step is associated with the endothermic process of drying and release of water. The others correspond to the combustion (and carbonization) of organic matter (mainly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and the combustion of the products of pyrolysis. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane molasses is considered to be a good carbon source for biorefinery due to its high sugar content and low price. Sucrose occupies more than half of the sugar in the molasses. Enterobacter aerogenes is a good host strain for 2,3-butanediol production, but its utilization of sucrose is not very efficient. To improve sucrose utilization in E. aerogenes, a sucrose regulator (ScrR) was disrupted from the genomic DNA. The deletion mutation increased the sucrose consumption rate significantly when sucrose or sugarcane molasses was used as a carbon source. The 2,3-butanediol production from sugarcane molasses by the mutant was enhanced by 60\% in batch fermentation compared to that by the wild type strain. In fed-batch fermentation, 98.69 g/L of 2,3-butanediol production was achieved at 36 h. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biosurfactants (BS) are produced by a variety of microorganisms from renewable resources, and have unique properties compared to chemical surfactants. In order to attain efficient production of BS from low-cost materials, we focused our attention on the use of sugarcane molasses. Fifteen yeast strains that are known as BS producers were examined for BS productivity from a culture medium consisting of only molasses and water. Among the strains tested, only Starmerella bombicola NBRC 10243 produced sophorolipids (SL), which are glycolipid BS. The culture conditions for the yeast were then investigated in a shake-flask culture. SL production was significantly affected by the pH of the medium and was highly accelerated at pH 6. Under the optimum conditions, the amount of SL reached 14.4 g/L after 120 h from a medium containing 150 g/L of total sugars. We tried to improve the production of SL further by feeding the molasses using a jar fermentor. Interestingly, the amount of SL increased up to 22.8 g/L after 120 h; the production rate was 1.6-fold higher than that in the shake-flask culture. These results suggest that the present yeast should have great potential for the low-cost production of SL, and facilitate the application of BS in various fields.
With the development of the textile industry, there has been a demand for dye removal from contaminated effluents. In recent years, attention has been directed toward various natural solid materials that are capable of removing pollutants from contaminated water at low cost. One such material is sugarcane bagasse. The aim of the present study was to evaluate adsorption of the dye Acid Violet Alizarin N with different concentrations of sugarcane bagasse and granulometry in agitated systems at different pH. The most promising data (achieved with pH 2.5) was analyzed with both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms equations. The model that better fits dye adsorption interaction into sugarcane bagasse is Freundlich equation, and thus the multilayer model. Moreover, a smaller bagasse granulometry led to greater dye adsorption. The best treatment was achieved with a granulometry value lower than 0.21 mm at pH 2.50, in which the total removal was estimated at a concentration of 16.25 mg mL(-1). Hence, sugarcane bagasse proves to be very attractive for dye removal from textile effluents.
The present research describes an application of high-pressure briquetting technology to the waste management of sugarcane processing in Vietnam. The amount of generated sugarcane bagasse was monitored during sugarcane processing within the street juice production in Hue city, Vietnam. Generated sugarcane bagasse was subjected to fuel parameters analysis within its suitability for direct combustion. The obtained sugarcane bagasse was converted into bio-briquette fuel by a high-pressure briquetting press and its mechanical quality was determined. Results proved that the proportion of generated sugarcane bagasse from whole sugarcane stem mass was equal to 35.45\%. This indicated generation of an abundant amount of sugarcane bagasse worldwide in general. Fuel parameters analysis proved high quality level of low ash content = 0.97\% and high calorific values (gross calorific value = 18.35 MJ center dot kg(-1), net calorific value = 17.06 MJ center dot kg(-1)), which indicated good suitability for direct combustion processes. Indicators of mechanical quality proved the following observations: mechanical durability = 99.29\%, compressive strength = 150.82 N center dot mm(-1)and bulk density = 1022.44 kg center dot m(-3), with all these indicators representing positive results. In general, the observed results indicated suitability of sugarcane bagasse valorization within the production of bio-briquette fuel by using high-pressure briquetting technology. Finally, analysis of such waste biomass proved its great potential for energy recovery, thus, the advantage of its valorization within the sustainable technologies.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is used as a pozzolan in concrete. Although studies on sugarcane bagasse ash blended concrete are available, investigation on the influence of different curing methods in the performance of bagasse ash and marble waste blended concrete is essential. Therefore, the present study focuses on the effect of eight types of curing methods on the strength and durability of bagasse ash and marble waste based concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash (20 \%) and marble waste (25 \%) were used at their optimum levels as a pozzolan and fine aggregates in concrete. Compressive strength, water permeability, sorptivity and abrasive resistance of concrete for different curing methods were studied. River sand and crusher sand were used as primary fine aggregate. Strength and durability performance of concrete specimens was comparable for moist curing, jute bag curing and straw curing. Normal water curing is found to be beneficial than other curing methods. Water cured bagasse ash and marble waste blended specimens had higher strength (36 \%) and lesser permeability (18.8 \%) than ambient cured specimens. Although variations in the abrasive wear are observed in the SCBA and MW blended concrete specimens, it is lesser than the permissible limit of 10 mm.
Cellulolytic bacteria from cattle rumen with ability to hydrolyze cellulose rich biomass were explored. The study selected Paenibacillus polymyxa ND24 from 847 isolates as the most potent strain, which can efficiently produce cellulase by utilizing sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, corn starch, CMC, and avicel as a sole carbon source. On annotation of P. polymyxa ND24 genome, 116 members of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family from CAZy clusters were identified and the presence of 10 potential cellulases was validated using protein folding information. Cellulase production was further demonstrated at lab-scale 5-L bioreactor exhibiting maximum endoglucanase activity up to 0.72U/mL when cultivated in the medium containing bagasse (2\% w/v) after 72h. The bagasse hydrolysate so produced was further utilized for efficient biogas production. The presence of diverse hydrolytic enzymes and formidable cellulase activity supports the use of P. polymyxa ND24 for cost-effective bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass.
Rigid polyurethane foams were fabricated with five kinds of liquefied sugarcane bagasse polyols (LBP). The foams derived from sugarcane bagasse were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the thermal degradation data were analyzed using the Coast-Redfern method and Ozawa method to obtain the reaction order and activation energy. The results indicate that the sugarcane bagasse-foams exhibit an excellent heat-resistant property, whereas their pyrolysis procedures are quite complicated. The reaction as first order only takes place from 250 to 400 degrees C, and the pyrolysis activation energies vary from 20 to 140 kJ/mol during the whole pyrolysis process.
In the present work, the adsorption ability of sugarcane bagasse to remove oil by-products from aqueous solution was evaluated. The objective was treating the contaminated wastewater while enriching the bagasse for its later use as fuel in boilers. Adsorption experiments were carried out in an agitated reactor at room temperature to obtain kinetic curves and adsorption isotherms of gasoline and n-heptane on sugarcane bagasse. The results showed the great potential of bagasse as an adsorbent, since it was able to adsorb up to 99\% of gasoline and 90\% of n-heptane in solutions containing about 5\% of these contaminants. In the adsorption kinetics of gasoline, the equilibrium was reached after just 5 min. This result shows that the adsorption is very favorable. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and D-R models did not describe well the adsorption behavior obtained for these systems. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This work describes the preparation of new chelating materials derived from sugarcane bagasse for adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. The first part of this report deals with the chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride. The carboxylic acid functions introduced into the material were used to anchor polyamines, which resulted in two yet unpublished modified sugarcane bagasse materials. The obtained materials were characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The second part of this reports features the comparative evaluation of the adsorption capacity of the modified sugarcane bagasse materials for Cu2+. Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions in aqueous single metal solution by classical titration. Adsorption isotherms were studied by the Freundlich and Langmuir models. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this research, a new cost-effective carbon source of medium was provided in terms of high-efficiency growth from Arthrospira maxima. Sugarcane molasses was used in two different modes (alternative and additive) at four different concentrations (0. 0.5. 1.0 and 1.5 gL(-1)) to determine the effect of new carbon source versus its standard carbon source of Zarrouk's medium (NaHCO3). The experimental results were analyzed by Taguchi L8 method as a statistical technique. The highest biomass production obtained when sugarcane molasses was added as an alternative source, which was 5.31 times higher than the usual Zan ouk's media. Furthermore. final biomass concentration increased with increasing molasses concentration from 0 to 1.5 gL(-1) in this group. At highest concentration, phycocyanin (at 0.11 and 0.12 gL(-1)), allophycocyanin (at 0.13 and 0.12 gL(-1)), carotenoids (at 2340 and 2535 mgL(-1)), chlorophyll a (at 23.83 and 24.83 mgL(-1)), and chlorophyll b (at 0.343 and 2.99 mgL(-1)) obtained when molasses were added as an additive and alternative sources, respectively. Finally, the replacement of standard carbon sources of medium with sugarcane molasses had the potential possibility in order to reduce the production costs of Arthrospira maxima growth.
Vinasse is residue obtained from production of spirit beverages and, the presence of acids, alcohols, sugars, minerals, amino acids, peptides and nitrogen salts, make vinasse a liquid residue harmful to the environment, affecting the fauna, flora and the microbiota of the rivers and ponds. Vinasse is appropriated as microbial substrate since have a nutrients supplementation. Follow this idea, this study used molasses as supplementation in vinasse to increase bioaroma and SCP production, combining the reduction of cost fermentation. The sub-chronic effect of spent media was also evaluated to suggest the disposal way. To avoid the catabolic repression, we used the fed batch whole the fermentation process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0186 and CCMA 0188; Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544; C. glabrata CCMA 0193; Meyerozyma caribbica CCMA 0198 were selected based in the previous results. C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 highlighted for the highest biomass production (8.8 g L-1) and 2-phenylethanol (3.87 g L-1) that has rose flavor. Others volatile compounds have also and showed commercial interesting. Thus, the vinasse supplemented was adequate to target products but should be considering the difference in its proportion in medium culture. Front of the high sub-chronic effect, the spent vinasse + molasses just are used as bio-fertilizer at 10\% or less concentration. Another alternative is used it in a new fermentation cycle.
Sugarcane bagasse microcrystalline cellulose (SBMC) was first prepared under subcritical Water/CO2 by degradation of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC). The obtained products were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and TGA and the results showed that the amorphous parts of SBC was easily decomposed, and yet the crystal parts kept a good form all along during the degradation, which demonstrated SBMC had good thermal stability. Furthermore, the reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction pressure and liquid-solid ratio were systematically investigated during the work. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the reaction temperature was 200 degrees C; the reaction time was 60 min; the reaction pressure was 2 MPa and the liquid-solid ratio was 40:1.
The use of natural fibers as aggregate in concrete mix have been studied more frequently because these provide improvements in the mechanical properties of the concrete and also because it can be considerated as environmentally friendly material since it use agricultural waste such as sugarcane bagasse fiber. In this article, the mechanical behavior of the concrete was analyzed by compression tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse fiber was made for standard samples with fiber addition of 0.4\%, 0.6\% and 0.8\%
Many researchers are using sugarcane bagasse ash as a pozzolanic admixture. Pozzolanic admixture is an amorphous aluminosilicate materials, which may not be naturally cementitious, but react with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) ande water to form cementitious compounds. Mostly Fly ash and other pozzolanic materials have been utilized as raw materials in Geopolymer concrete. However, sugarcane bagasse ash is also rich in aluminosilicate source, which is a primary requirement for the geopolymer concrete. This experimental study was to synthesize geopolymer from sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin in order to effectively utilize both these low cost and easily available materials. In this study physico-chemical and morphology characterization of sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin were studied and observed that sugarcane bagasse ash needed mechanical as well chemical treatment in order to enhance its pozzolanic reactivity. In the chemical processing of sugarcane bagasse ash, calcination has been carried out at 700 degrees C for 90 min. while in mechanical treatment grinding has been done for 2 h grinding in ball mill. For synthesizing geopolymer three parameters were considered i.e. effect of silica/alumina ratio, effect of alkaline activator/binder ratio and effect of sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratio, while the molarity of sodium hydroxide was fixed i.e. 6 M. In silica/alumina ratio, four ratios were considered i.e. 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5. In alkaline activator/binder ratio 0.45, 0.50, 0.55 and 0.60 ratios were taken. Lastly in sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratio 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 were considered. Finally the optimal mix proportion was defined based on the 28 day compressive strength and it was observed 2.5 silica/alumina ratio was the optimum ratio among the other silica/alumina ratios. In alkaline activator/binder ratio and sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratio 0.50 and 2.5 ratio respectively was the optimal ratio. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this work was to obtain and evaluate the thermal properties of castor oil polyurethane composites reinforced with lignin and cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated and then delignified; then, the cellulose and lignin were milled. To produce the polyurethane, the mass ratio between polyol (castor oil) and diisocyanate was set to 1.5:1.0. The matrix was reinforced with a range of cellulose and lignin concentrations. The cellulose and lignin obtained by this process were chemically characterized. The composites were analyzed through SEM micrographs of fractured surfaces and thermal analysis. The presence of lignin or cellulose fibers in the polyurethane matrix decreases the thermal stability compared with the neat matrix.
The sugarcane industry is one of the largest in the world and processes huge volumes of biomass, especially for ethanol and sugar production. These processes also generate several environmentally harmful solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes. Part of these wastes is reused, but with low-added value technologies, while a large unused fraction continues to impact the environment. In this review, the classic waste reuse routes are outlined, and promising green and circular technologies that can positively impact this sector are discussed. To remain competitive and reduce its environmental impact, the sugarcane industry must embrace technologies for bagasse fractionation and pyrolysis, microalgae cultivation for both CO2 recovery and vinasse treatment, CO2 chemical fixation, energy generation through the anaerobic digestion of vinasse, and genetically improved fermentation yeast strains. Considering the technological maturity, the anaerobic digestion of vinasse emerges as an important solution in the short term. However, the greatest environmental opportunity is to use the pure CO2 from fermentation. The other opportunities still require continued research to reach technological maturity. Intensifying the processes, the exploration of driving-change technologies, and the integration of wastes through biorefinery processes can lead to a more sustainable sugarcane processing industry.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) can be manufactured from sugarcane bagasse as a value-added product in the sugar industry. To produce XOS, xylan was extracted from sugarcane bagasse by using sodium hydroxide, precipitated in ethanol, and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by using endoxylanase to form xylooligomers. We constructed a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli harbouring the recombinant plasmid containing a gene encoding endoxylanase modified from GH10 xylanase of alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans BCRC 910,501. Results from the flask culture showed that in terms of activity, 80.43 +/- 6.36\% of recombinant proteins were secreted to the medium under the induction of 0.1 mM isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for 18 h at 30 degrees C. The activity concentration in the medium was 20.04 +/- 4.11 U/mL. When this strain was fed-batch cultivated to high cell density in a bench-top fermenter, 89.13 +/- 0.66\% of the recombinant enzymes were found in the medium, and the active protein concentration was 45.9 +/- 7.32 U/mL. Thus, the recombinant E. coli has the potential for large-scale production of endoxylanase. A 24-h enzyme reaction yielded 44.91\% (w/w) of XOS from xylan. Among the total soluble oligomers in the product, 40.6\% (w/w) were xylobiose and xylotriose.
The high cost of culture growth medium is one of the problems faced in the scaling-up of biological processes involved in wastewater treatment. This makes it imperative to find a useful, cheap and easily available alternative source for culture growth medium. The present work highlights the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to sustain the population of Cr(VI) reducing immobilized-biofilm system in a non-sterile condition. The locally isolated Cr(VI) reducing-resistant Acinetobacter haemolyticus was used as primary bacteria inside the sugarcane bagasse packed flow-through column and showed 92-99\% Cr(VI) reduction ability during the adaptation stage using 10-100 mg/L of Cr(VI). During the column study, around 4 h (3.0 mL/min) was required to achieve complete reduction of 25 mg/L Cr(VI). The retention time increases with the increase in Cr(VI) concentration. The morphology of the immobilized cells was slightly changed in the presence of Cr(VI) as shown from the FESEM analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the cultured bacterium from the biofilm samples suggested the dominance of Chitinophaga terrae, Laribacter hongkongensis, Ottowia thiooxydans, Rhizobium cellulosilyticum, Candidate division OP10, Pedobacter sp. as well as uncultured bacterium. Overall, sugarcane bagasse may be used as an excellent alternative and cost-effective growth medium for cultivation of A. haemolyticus as well as support material in a packed-bed Cr(VI) reduction system. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate, obtained by acid hydrolysis, was fermented by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 to produce xylitol. Assays were made in order to determine the best conditions to clarify the fermented broth using activated carbon. The clarified medium was treated with ion-exchange resins after which xylitol crystallization was attempted. The best clarifying treatment was found by adding 25 g activated carbon to 100 ml fermented broth at 80 degrees C, for 60 min with pH 6.0. The ion exchange resins were not efficient for the prevailing conditions. The crystallization technique showed good performance, although the crystals were involved in a viscous, colored solution.
In order to use sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for lactic acid production, optimum conditions for acid hydrolysis of the bagasse were investigated. After lignin extraction, the conditions were varied in terms of hydrochloric (HCl) or sulfuric (H2SO4) concentration (0.5-5\%. v/v), reaction time (1-5 h) and incubation temperature (90-120 degrees C). The maximum catalytic efficiency (E) was 10.85 under the conditions of 0.5\% of HCl at 100 degrees C for 5 h, which the main components (in g l(-1)) in the hydrolysate were glucose, 1.50; xylose, 22.59; arabinose, 1.29; acetic acid, 0.15 and furfural, 1.19. To increase yield of lactic acid production from the hydrolysate by Lactococcus lactis IO-1, the hydrolysate was detoxified through amberlite and supplemented with 7 g l(-1) of xylose and 7 g l(-1) of yeast extract. The main products (in g l(-1)) of the fermentation were lactic acid, 10.85: acetic acid, 7.87; formic acid, 6.04 and ethanol, 5.24. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A set of experimental trials were carried out to fractionate Taiwanese sugarcane bagasse as a result of alkaline and subcritical water treatments The alkaline treatments were done at 120 degrees C using 1 2 and 4 M sodium hydroxide while the subritical water treatments were performed in a reactor at 120 140 160 and 180 degrees C and 13 bar The effects of alkali and subcritical water treatments on the solubilization of sugarcane bagasse were investigated Soluble phenolic acids and neutral sugars contents of liquid fractions were determined and discussed Also the chemical compositions (moisture content and elemental analysis) and structural elucidation (Fr-IR H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectral data) of solid fractions are analyzed and explained Moreover differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTG) techniques were employed for the thermal analysis of the solid fractions (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
The enormous production of plastic wastes has gained a huge attraction of researchers in the develop-ment of eco-friendly biocomposite materials with the adoption of polymer recycling or reusing. This paper was aimed to investigate the influence of light fiber modification and fiber loadings (5-15 wt\%) on the thermal, mechanical and physical properties of post-consumer high-density polyethylene (pHDPE)/sugarcane bagasse (SB) biocomposites. Three types of SB fibers were used, namely raw, washed and alkali-treated SB with sodium hydroxide. These coupling agent-free biocomposites were prepared via extrusion and followed by hot/cold pressing. Based on thermogravimetric analysis results, the thermal stability of biocomposites was not remarkably affected by the both fiber types and loading, however, the influence on the residues left after decomposition was shown. By incorporating raw SB onto pHDPE matrix without coupling agent, tensile strength (14.0-16.4 MPa) decreased but it was recovered upon alkali treatment (only for 5 wt\% at 20.8 MPa) which was increased by 12\% as compared to neat matrix (18.5 MPa). Interestingly, the stiffness of biocomposites increased linearly with fiber loading, as indicated by increment of experimental Youngs modulus results up to 515.5 MPa than that of pHDPE (302.2 MPa). As compared to raw SB fiber biocomposite, the alkali-treated biocomposite exhibited the lowered water absorption percentages of <2\% weight gain after 48 h immersion. Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd Symposium on Industrial Science and Technology 2021
Lasiodiplodan is a beta-glucan polymer with different interesting characteristics, including therapeutic properties. It is an extracellular product, which is produced by the filamentous fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae, using glucose as a substrate. In the present work, the production of lasiodiplodan was studied by the utilization of sugarcane straw as a low-cost carbon source. Glucose-rich sugarcane straw hydrolysate was obtained by a sequential pretreatment with dilute nitric acid (1\% v/v) and sodium hydroxide (1\% w/v), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The fermentation process was conducted by the cultivation of the strain Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT3966 in sugarcane straw hydrolysate in a shake flask at 28 degrees C for 114 h. It was found that hydrolysate obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis contained 47.10 gL(-1) of glucose. Fermentation experiments of lasiodiplodan synthesis showed that the peak yield and productivity of 0.054 gg(-1) glucose consumed and 0.016 gL(-1) h(-1), respectively, were obtained at 72 h fermentation time. Fungal growth, glucose consumption, and lasiodiplodan production from sugarcane straw hydrolysate presented a similar pattern to kinetic models. The study on the chemical structure of lasiodiplodan produced showed it had a beta-glucan construction. The current study revealed that sugarcane straw is a promising substrate for the production of lasiodiplodan.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were prepared from xylan-rich hemicelluloses isolated by potassium hydroxide from sugarcane bagasse by hydrolysis with crude xylanase secreted by Pichia stipitis. Hydrolysis for 12 h produced XOS with a maximum yield of 31.8\%, equivalent to 5.29 mg mL(-1) in the hydrolyzate. XOS with degrees of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 4 (xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose) were the major components in the hydrolysates, whereas the oligosaccharides with higher DP of 5-6 (xylopentaose and xylohexose) showed a constant low level. FT-IR and NMR (H-1, C-13, HSQC) demonstrated that XOS contained Araf and 4-O-Me-alpha-D-GlcpA residues. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that the XOS exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. The results obtained indicate that the XOS produced from sugarcane bagasse can be employed in food-related applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Man's battle against pollutants in his quest for clean water and a cleaner environment has been justified to be beneficial not just to himself but also to every other animal. One of such pollutants is the heavy metals which are non-biodegradable and through their bioaccumulation in living tissues can cause mild to severe breakdown in living organisms. This review centers on the removal of these heavy metals from aqueous solution using a very cheap and readily available agricultural waste-Sugarcane Bagasse. In this research, the effect of the various modifications on sugarcane bagasse through their maximum adsorption capacities, isotherms, kinetic models, mechanism of adsorption and thermodynamic models were studied. It was observed that modification significantly improved the adsorption capacity of the sugarcane bagasse and the maximum sorption capacity recorded for Cu(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) were 268.0 mg/g, 320.0 mg/g, 82.99 mg/g, 3.956 mg/g, 167.0 mg/g, 700.0 mg/g, and 200.0 mg/g, respectively, all of which were modified sugarcane bagasse except for Cr(VI). It was observed that the adsorption mechanism was mostly due to electrostatic interaction and ion exchange and the best fit isotherm was mostly Langmuir or Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the best-fit kinetic model in most cases. Some research gaps were also stated to aid future researches as sugarcane bagasse has shown to be a very promising bio-adsorbent for the adsorption of heavy metals.
Chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse was achieved by esterification with phthalic anhydride in pyridine after ultrasound irradiation, The parameters including ultrasonic irradiation time 0-40 min, phthalic anhydride dosage 2.5-7.5 g, reaction time 30-150 min, and reaction temperature 80-115 degrees C were optimised and the extent of phthalation was measured by weight percent gain. It was found that degradation of the cell wall polymers occurred at higher temperature ( (>90 C) under the experimental conditions used. FT-IR and CP/MAS C-13 NMR spectroscopy studies also clearly produced evidence for phthalation reaction. The phthalated bagasse preparations showed decreased thermal stability after chemical modification. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) were produced from unbleached and bleached sugarcane bagasse pulps by classical H2SO4 hydrolysis of fiber and pith fractions of pressed culms. Both the raw materials and final products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The advantages and disadvantages of using both unbleached and bleached pulps for the production of CNs were demonstrated and discussed. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
It is well established that natural occurring carbonaceous materials play a key role in the development of graphene derivatives. In this context, sugarcane bagasse fibers were explored for the development of sulfur-containing graphene (S-graphene) in the presence of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3), bypassing inert atmosphere. The cellulose and hemicellulose contents of bagasse fibers were found to be crucial for the formation of few layered nanosheets of graphene. The results showed that NaHSO3 not only facilitated the insertion of sulfur within the graphitic planes, but also prevented the attack of oxygen at low temperatures during cyclization and aromatization of glucose moieties present in the bagasse fibers. It indicated that bagasse fibers could be one of the versatile carbonaceous precursors to produce graphene and its derivatives.
Sugarcane bagasse, a fundamental by-product of the sugar industry, was utilised to improve its digestibility for bioenergy applications. Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used for pretreatment of five different varieties of sugarcane bagasse (SRA1, SRA5, Q208, MA239, ISB) and a comparative study of compositional and morphological changes was performed. Three eutectic mixtures - choline chloride: malonic acid (1:1), choline chloride: glycerol (1:2) and choline chloride: lactic acid (1:5) were used to selectively remove lignin and improve saccharification efficiency. Physico-chemical characterizations performed using FE-SEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD analysis consistently indicated disruption of bagasse structure after DES pretreatment. Glucose recovery was predominantly influenced by the glucose content, as SRA1 variety showed the highest recovery of 92.8\% for choline chloride: glycerol DES pretreatment. Choline chloride: lactic acid DES pretreatment demonstrated the most efficient lignin removal of 81.6\% for ISB variety and the enzyme amenability was prominently increased to 98.5\%.
In the present study, press mud, a sugar industry waste, was explored for biobutanol production to strengthen agricultural economy. The fermentative production of biobutanol was investigated via series of steps, viz. characterization, drying, acid hydrolysis, detoxification, and fermentation. Press mud contains an adequate amount of cellulose (22.3\%) and hemicellulose (21.67\%) on dry basis, and hence, it can be utilized for further acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production. Drying experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 60-120 A degrees C to circumvent microbial spoilage and enhance storability of press mud. Furthermore, acidic pretreatment variables, viz. sulfuric acid concentration, solid to liquid ratio, and time, were optimized using response surface methodology. The corresponding values were found to be 1.5\% (v/v), 1:5 g/mL, and 15 min, respectively. In addition, detoxification studies were also conducted using activated charcoal, which removed almost 93-97\% phenolics and around 98\% furans, which are toxic to microorganisms during fermentation. Finally, the batch fermentation of detoxified press mud slurry (the sample dried at 100 A degrees C and pretreated) using Clostridium acetobutylicum NRRL B-527 resulted in a higher butanol production of 4.43 g/L with a total ABE of 6.69 g/L.
Sugarcane harvesting is predominantly mechanical because of environmental restrictions, reduced requirements for manpower, and the quest for improved efficiency. Therefore, large amounts of straw remain available in the soil. Vinasse, a liquid waste, is a main byproduct of the sugar and alcohol industry, in addition to sugarcane straw. Both accumulate in sugarcane fields; however, the effects of their interaction are unclear. In this study, the effects of applications of sugarcane straw and vinasse on the pH and the potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations of a dystroferric Red Nitosol with a high base saturation were examined. The profiles of soil samples from sugarcane plantations collected at depths of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0,30 m were reproduced in 64 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns with dimensions of 0.036 x 0.30 m (diameter x height). The soils were treated with doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 m(3) ha(-1) sugarcane vinasse and 0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha(-1) sugarcane straw and incubated for 60 days. Following the analysis, by layer, the data were subjected to analysis of variance by partitioning the degrees of freedom into orthogonal polynomials. The pH and the Ca, Mg, and K concentrations increased throughout the soil profile upon vinasse application. An acid-base imbalance was observed in the topsoil layers in association with the high K saturation. The application of sugarcane straw enhanced the effects of the vinasse across all of the depths analyzed but did not increase the pH. The best results were obtained when applying a dose of 300 m(3) ha(-1) vinasse and 6 t ha(-1) sugarcane straw.
The effects of protein content and polylactic acid (PLA) on mechanical properties of soy based bioplastics were investigated. The bioplastic extruded from defatted soy flour (DSF) with protein content of 50 wt\% exhibited impact strength at 3.1 kJ/m(2) with low tensile strength, 0.19 MPa. The use of soy protein isolate (SPI) which had higher protein content (95 wt\%) could increase tensile strength of the bioplastic obtained up to 0.63 MPa, but the impact strength of the sample was decreased. Soy based bioplastic was prepared from DSF and SPI with the addition of PLA at 40 wt\% to improve the tensile property of the samples and sugarcane bagasse fiber was used as the reinforcement. The addition of non-treated bagasse at 15 wt\% could significantly improve tensile strength, Young's modulus, flexural modulus and impact strength of the obtained biocomposite, by about 61, 53, 113 and 52 \%, respectively. The use of alkali-treated bagasse fiber could increase the impact strength of the biocomposite, with less effect on the tensile and flexural properties.
The response of sugarcane to application of micronutrients is still not very well known. In view of the need for this information, the aim of this study was to evaluate the application of the micronutrients Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B, and Mo to plant cane in three soils, with and without application of filter cake. This study consisted of three experiments performed in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, (in Igaracu do Tiete, on an Oxisol; in Santa Maria da Serra, on an Entisol, both in the 2008/2009 growing season; and in Mirassol, on an Ultisol, in the 2009/2010 growing season) in a randomized block design with four replications with a 8 x 2 factorial combination of micronutrients (1 - no application/control, 2 - addition of Zn, 3 - addition of Cu, 4 - addition of Mn 5 - addition of Fe, 6 - addition of B, 7 - addition of Mo, 8 - Addition of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B, and Mo) and filter cake (0 and 30 t ha(-1) of filter cake) in the furrow at planting. The application of filter cake was more efficient than of Borax in raising leaf B concentration to sufficiency levels for sugarcane in the Entisol, and it increased mean stalk yield in the Oxisol. In areas without filter cake application, leaf concentrations were not affected by the application of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B, and Mo in the furrow at planting; however, Zn and B induced an increase in stalk and sugar yield in micronutrient-poor sandy soil.
In the present work, chemical modification of the sugarcane bagasse fibers by estherification through anhydride system was studied to use as reinforcement in polyester matrix. Sugarcane bagasse fibers were estherified during 5 hours with acetic anhydride, toluene, acetic acid and percloric acid. The modification the fibers were evaluated by techniques scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Furthermore, fibers were mixed with the polyester resin and compression molding, in which fibers were responsible for 5 wt\% in the composition. After that, the composite was left to cure at room temperature for 24 hours and machined into specimens of according to ASTM D-3039 specification. Tensile tests were carried out using EMIC machine according to ASTM D3039. Results relieved that composites presented better mechanical strength when compared to pure polymer, which exhibited an increase de 71.5\% compared to the pure polymer. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection an peer-review under responsibility of ICM11
Physicochemical properties of the charcoal arising from pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 600 degrees C and 800 degrees C were determined to evaluate potentialities for specific end uses. The charcoals were found fairly adequate as solid bio-fuels. Their quality was comparable to charcoals obtained from some other agro-industrial by-products, reportedly proposed as substitutes of wood-based ones. Surface properties of the charcoal generated at the higher temperature indicated that it is reasonably suited for potential use as low-cost rough adsorbent, soil amender, and/or for further upgrading to activated carbon. Moreover, kinetic measurements for pyrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse individually and mixed with an Argentinean subbituminous coal in equal proportions were conducted by thermogravimetry for the range 25 degrees C-900 degrees C. Data modeling accounting for variations in the activation energy with process evolution provided a proper description of pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis over the entire temperature range.
This work presents a kinetic study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of three cellulosic substrates: filter paper (FP), used as a low recalcitrance substrate model; steam exploded sugarcane bagasse (SB); and weak acid pretreated SB (1: 20 dry bagasse: H2SO4 solution 1\% w/w), the last two delignified with 4\% NaOH (w/w). The influence of substrate concentration was assessed in hydrolysis experiments in a shaker, using Accellerase (R) 1500, at pH 4.8, in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer. Cellulose loads (weight(substrate)/weight(total)) were changed between 0.5\%-13\% (for FP) and 0.99\%-9.09\% (for SB). For FP and low loads of steam exploded SB, it was possible to fit pseudo-homogeneous Michaelis-Menten models (with inhibition). For FP and higher loads of steam exploded SB, modified Michaelis-Menten models were fitted. Besides, it was observed that, after retuning of the model parameters, it is possible to apply a model fitted for one situation to a different case. Chrastil models were also fitted and they were the only feasible approach for the highly recalcitrant acid-treated SB.
THIS STUDY aims to investigate the recycling of agro-industrial wastes as sugarcane and beet molasses for ethanol production using many yeast isolates. Out of fifteen tested isolates of yeasts, seven isolates showed high ethanol production contributing more than or equal 7\% from sugarcane molasses with productivity ranging between 1.45 and 1.78gL(-1)h(-1). Interestingly, isolate Y17 was the highest ethanol producer (8.55\%) and it was chosen for the further optimization experiments. Isolate Y17 was identified phenotypically and genotypically as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then was deposited in the GenBank with accession number KP096551. There was a significant enhancement in the ethanol production (9.55\%) using S. cerevisiae Y17 from sugarcane molasses fermentation at 18\% sugar, 30 degrees C and pH 4.5 for 96h incubation period. These results suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y17 may be subjected to genetic engineering improvement and used as a promising candidate for economical ethanol fermentation by utilization of sugarcane molasses as a renewable and low cost-effective substrate.
Sugarcane bagasse was partially acetylated to enhance its oil-wicking ability in saturated environments while holding moisture for hydrocarbon biodegradation. The water sorption capacity of raw bagasse was reduced fourfold after treatment, which indicated considerably increased hydrophobicity but not a limited capability to hold moisture for hydrocarbon biodegradation. Characterization results by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface area analyzer suggested that treated bagasse exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity and surface area. Oil wicking test results indicate that treated bagasse is more effective in wicking oil from highly saturated environments than raw bagasse and suggest that application of this material in remediation of oil spills in highly saturated wetlands is promising.
Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions was investigated using chemically modified sugarcane bagasse. The modified sugarcane bagasse (MSBG) is an agricultural by-product adsorbent with anion exchange functionality MSBG and raw sugarcane bagasse (SBG) were characterized by elemental analysis, zeta-potential analysis surface-area determination, and SEM. Adsorption kinetics and the equilibrium of phosphate between aqueous solutions and MSBG were studied. The adsorption capacity of MSBG was 21.3 mg center dot g(-1) at natural pH when 50 mg L-1 of phosphate solution was adsorbed by 0.100 g of sorbent. The kinetic data was fitted using a pseudo-first-order equation and a pseudo-second-order equation. Among the kinetic model studies, the pseudo-second-order equation was the best-fit model for describing the adsorption process. Equilibrium data were modeled using the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm model fits much better than the Freundlich model. The desorption study indicated that the sorbent could be recovered in 0.05 M NaOH solution within 30 min. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000408. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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The anaerobic processing of sugarcane vinasse has been recently highlighted as an effective approach to both mitigate negative impacts of its inadequate management and recover renewable energy through biogas production. However, basic aspects of the process still require further investigations, such as understanding the impacts of the compositional variability of vinasse on the overall performance of anaerobic systems. In this context, the impacts of different types of sugarcane vinasse, i.e., from annexed (VinAn) and autonomous (VinAu) ethanol plants and spirit production (VinAl), on methane production and organic matter removal were assessed under mesophilic conditions (37 degrees C) from a kinetic perspective. The energetic potential of the biogas was also investigated regarding micro (methane yield) and macro (contributions to the Brazilian energy matrix) scales. The availability of biodegradable organic matter and sulfate had a direct impact on the kinetics of methane production, associating a 2-fold higher initial methane production rate with VinAl (10.12 NmL h(-1)) compared to VinAn (5.95 NmL h(-1)) and VinAu (4.25 NmL h(-1)). However, the methane yield was not affected by the compositional variations (328-339 NmL-CH4 g(-1)COD), which indicates that vinasse may be efficiently used as substrate for bioenergy generation, regardless of its origin. The global energy production estimated for VinAn (24,816 GWh) was over 6- and 7-fold higher compared to VinAu (3984 GWh) and VinAl (3035 GWh) due to discrepancies in vinasse generation flow rates, potentially increasing the available renewable power supply in Brazil by 2.2\% or over 1400\% of the current bioenergy produced from biogas. Overall the electric energetic potential of sugarcane vinasses (14,486 GWh) could replace over 20\% of natural gas or 90\% of coal use in Brazil, satisfactorily decreasing the dependence on non-renewable energy sources. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work presents the experimental kinetic data and the fractal modeling of sugarcane bagasse steam treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Sugarcane bagasse (50 wt\% moisture) was pretreated by autohydrolysis at 210 degrees C for 4 min. Acid catalysis involved the use of 9.5 mg g(-1), of H2SO4 or H3PO4 in relation to the substrate dry mass at these same pretreatment conditions. Unwashed, water-washed and alkali-washed substrates were hydrolyzed at 2.0 wt\% using 8 and 15 FPU g(-1) (108.22 and 199.54 mg/g) total solids of a Celluclast 1.5 L and Novozym 188 mixture (Novozymes). The fractal kinetic modeling was used to describe the effect of pretreatment and both washing processes on substrate accessibility. Water and/or alkali washing was not strictly necessary to achieve high hydrolysis efficiencies. Also, the fractal model coefficients revealed that H3PO4 was a better pretreatment catalyst under the experimental conditions used in this study, resulting in the most susceptible substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of the present study was to enhance the gaseous energy recovery from sugarcane bagasse. The two stage (biohydrogen and biomethanation) batch process was considered under mesophilic condition. Alkali pretreatment (ALP) was used to remove lignin from sugarcane bagasse. This enhanced the enzymatic digestibility of bagasse to a great extent. The maximum lignin removal of 60\% w/w was achieved at 0.25 N NaOH concentration (50 degrees C, 30 min). The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was increased to about 2.6-folds with alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse as compared to untreated one. The maximum hydrogen and methane yields from the treated sugarcane bagasse by biohydrogen and biomethanation processes were 93.4 mL/g-VS and 221.8 mL/g-VS respectively. This process resulted in significant increase in energy conversion efficiency (44.8\%) as compared to single stage hydrogen production process (5.4\%). (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is used as a byproduct of agro-industrial production. However, natural fibers' hydrophilic characteristics prevent their application in natural fiber/polymer composites due to the hydroxyl groups (-OH) presented in the cellulose molecule. Because of this, several treatments have been proposed. In this research, the acetylation's influence on sugarcane bagasse fiber's structure and properties was investigated, and the effect of the amount of perchloric acid as the catalyst to isolate the lignin and decrease its polarity. Sugarcane bagasse fiber was chemically characterized after modification by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and degree of substitution (DS). Surface morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of fibers were evaluated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetry (TGA). A small amount of catalyst content has a significant effect on the DS, causing improved surface morphology and increased thermal stability due to acetylation. However, the crystallinity and lignin content of the fibers decreased after acetylation. According to chemical composition, the crystallinity decreased due to the amorphous phase from hemicellulose deposition. The decrease in the crystalline cellulose enhanced the acetylation reaction and substituted more hydroxyls groups per glucose unit according to DS values. Thus, the catalyst has an essential role in the efficiency of acetylation with sugarcane bagasse fiber.
In this study, liquid hot water pretreatment was combined with disk milling for pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated using liquid hot water (LHW) at 140-180 degrees C for 10 min (20\% w/w solids content) and then disk milled. Disk milling improved glucose release 41-177\% and ethanol production from glucose/xylose cofermentation by 80\% compared to only using LHW pretreatment. The highest ethanol conversion efficiency achieved was 94\%, which was observed when bagasse was treated at 180 degrees C with LHW and disk milled. However, a small amount of residual xylose (3 g/L) was indicative that further improvement could be achieved to increase ethanol production.
Optimization of alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for consolidated bioprocessing fermentation by the cellulose-fermenting fungus Phlebia sp. MG-60 was studied. The lignin and xylan contents of bagasse were decreased and ethanol production from each pretreated sugarcane bagasse by MG-60 was increased in an alkaline concentration-dependent manner. The fungus produced cellulase and xylanase rapidly over 120 h. When this fungus was cultured with 20 g L-1 of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with NaOH (0.8 wt\%, 121 degrees C, 60 mm), 4.5 g L-1 ethanol was produced, equivalent to 210 mg ethanol per gram of the original untreated bagasse after 240 h fermentation, giving ethanol yields of 65.7\% of the theoretical maximum. These data suggest that Phlebia sp. MG-60 is a potential candidate for ethanol production from alkali-pretreated bagasse in a single bioreactor, without enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
To improve the yield of p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA), sequential alkaline and acid hydrolysis was applied to sugarcane bagasse. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify p-CA and FA. The sequential hydrolysis isolated more p-CA and FA from sugarcane bagasse than did alkaline hydrolysis or acid hydrolysis alone. Ethyl acetate extracted more p-CA and FA than chloroform. Increased temperature improved the yield of p-CA and FA. The total yields of p-CA and FA from sugarcane bagasse were 4.38 and 0.79\%, respectively. For p-CA, the ester and ether bonds accounted for 93.60\% and 6.40\% of the total linkages, respectively. For FA, the ester and ether bonds accounted for 51.90\% and 48.10\% of the total linkages, respectively. Cleavage of the bond between hydroxycinnamic acid (p-CA and FA) and lignin was also confirmed by 13C NMR through comparison with the spectra of milled wood lignin and alkaline-soluble lignin.
Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic residue obtained from sugarcane milling, and a potentially interesting raw material that can be used for fuel ethanol production. In the present study, bagasse was steam pretreated at temperatures between 180 and 205 degrees C, with holding times of 5-10 min using SO2 as a catalyst to determine conditions that provide a good recovery of pentoses and a suitable material for enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment conducted at 190 degrees C for 5 min gave a pentose yield of 57\%, with only minor amounts of degradation compounds formed. Commercial cellulolytic enzymes were used to hydrolyze the obtained fiber fractions after pretreatment at different water-insoluble solid contents (2\%, 5\% and 8\% WIS). The overall highest sugar yield achieved from bagasse was 87\% at 2\% WIS. Fermentation tests were made on both the pentose-rich hemicellulose hydrolysate obtained from the pretreatment, and the enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from the fiber fractions using the xylose-fermenting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB3400, as well as the natural xylose-utilizing yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 6054. The pretreatment hydrolysates produced at 2\% WIS as well as the enzymatic hydrolysates showed a complete glucose fermentability indicating a low toxicity to the yeasts. The best xylose conversion (more than 60\%) was achieved by the strain TMB3400 at 2\% WIS. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This work evaluates the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain fermentable sugars in a single-step process. The effects of temperature, pressure, despressurization rate, moisture content and reaction time on the amount of fermentable sugars released were assessed. Results obtained showed the feasibility of adopting the present procedure since it produced about 287 g of fermentable sugars per kg of dry bagasse, which corresponds to 60\% yield on the basis of total cellulose. Such a result is very attractive from an industrial viewpoint because there is no use of toxic solvent, solvent removal is completed (no residues), and the method has very low water consumption since the process is a solid-gas reaction. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Sugarcane straw (SCS) is a common agro-industrial waste that is usually incinerated or discarded in fields after harvesting, increasing the importance of developing added-value applications for this residue. In this study, sustainable biocomposites were produced, and the effect of sugarcane straw as a filler/reinforcement of commercial biopolymers was evaluated. Biocomposites were prepared using polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), or green polyethylene (Green-PE) with different fiber contents (20, 30, and 40 wt.\%). Dry-blending followed by compression molding was used for the biocomposites preparation. The results showed that PLA, PHB, and PHBV biocomposites retained the same impact strength as the neat matrices, even with 40 wt.\% of sugarcane straw. The flexural and tensile modulus of PLA, PHB, and PHBV biocomposites increased with 20\% of SCS, whereas, in Green-PE biocomposites, these properties increased at all fiber contents. Since any compatibilizer was used, both the flexural and tensile strength decreased with the addition of SCS. However, even with the highest content of SCS, the tensile and flexural strength values were around 20 MPa, making these materials competitive for specific industrial applications.
It is necessary to explore the non-conventional as well as renewable energy resources to meet the growing energy demand in developing countries, like India. Sugarcane is the second largest agricultural product, which can provide the ample source of bagasse as a waste-biomass for the extraction of fermentable sugar. Sugarcane bagasse is an abandoned source of total reducing sugar (TRS) for bioethanol production. Hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse in dilute sulfuric acid was investigated at different acid concentrations (0.25-0.75\% v/v) and ultrasound effect carried out to improve the extent of sugar extraction. The current work observes the effect of sonication on extraction of total reducing sugar (TRS) from bagasse. Effects of various operating variables of sonication, including amplitude (60-100\%), cycle (0.6-1.0), treatment time (0-15 min) has been analyzed for each acid concentration. Observation shows that under optimum sonication conditions (80\% amplitude, 0.8 cycle and 10 min), around 25\% improvement of TRS extraction occurs at 0.5\% (v/v) acid concentration. Amount of total reducing sugar extracted from bagasse was measured by standard analytical DNS method. Analysis of variance has been used to explain experimental results obtained after sonication.
Wet explosion pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was investigated in pilot-scale with the aim of obtaining the highest possible sugar yield after pretreatment. The temperatures used were 155, 170, 185 and 200 C with or without addition of oxygen (0.6 MPa pressure). Enzymatic hydrolysis of washed solid cakes was carried out using two loadings of enzyme mixtures as enzyme protein (EP) on cellulose was 12.4 and 22.0 g kg(-1). After hydrolysis, a pretreatment temperature of 185 C with oxygen yielded the highest glucose concentration of 573.9 +/- 4.5 g kg(-1) TS and a glucose yield of 87.4 +/- 0.7\% of the theoretical maximum value. Pretreatment at 200 degrees C with oxygen exhibited enhanced enzymatic efficiency but lower xylose recovery and formation of the degradation products such as acetate, furfural and HMF of 7.6, 3.3 and 1.0 g L-1, respectively. In the hydrolysis, the total sugars (glucose + xylose) yielded at 185 degrees C and 200 degrees C with oxygen were 615.9 +/- 4.5 and 584.5 +/- 3.1 g kg(-1) TS, respectively. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Solid residues of sugar cane industry represent one of the major agroresidues. They are often considered as waste; however, they can be used as an inexpensive raw material for different applications, including production of activated carbon (CA) to be used as adsorbent in sustainable processes. On the other hand, domestic wastewater contains grease and oil residues, which causes pipe plugging. Adsorption of these compounds is possible with activated carbon. In this work, CA was obtained from sugarcane bagasse residues through a simplified two steps method: chemical activation with H3PO4 and pyrolysis at 973 K. Textural and structural characterizations were performed by N-2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Carbon samples (S-BET = 914 m(2)g(-1)) showed a structure analogous to graphite and microporous surface characteristics of activated carbon. The adsorption of oils from domestic wastewater was evaluated with the synthesized carbon. Results showed that after eight hours, the sugarcane bagasse activated carbon adsorbed 94 \% of the oils contained in wastewater. These data are similar to the adsorption process carried out in a commercial activated carbon (96 \%). In this work also adsorption kinetics were evaluated with pseudo first-order, pseudo second order, and intraparticle equations, the experimental data showed a better fit with the pseudo second order model and to the Langmuir isotherm. These results prove the fact we can add value to sugarcane bagasse residues to efficiently remove greases and oils from wastewater.
The biorefinery process for sugarcane bagasse saccharification generally requires significant accessibility of cellulose. We reported a novel method of cascade cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis coupling with ultrafine grinding pretreatment for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. Three enzymatic hydrolysis modes including single cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis, mixed cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis, and cascade cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis were compared. The changes on the functional group and surface morphology of bagasse during cascade cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis were also examined by FT-IR and SEM respectively. The results showed that cascade enzymatic hydrolysis was the most efficient way to enhance the sugarcane bagasse saccharification. More than 65\% of reducing sugar yield with 90.1\% of glucose selectivity was achieved at 50 degrees C, pH=4.8 for 72 h (1200 r/min) with cellulase I of 7.5 FPU/g substrate and cellulase II of 5 FPU/g substrate.
The annual production of sugarcane in Brazil is estimated at around 646 million tons and contributes around \$US 43.8 billion of gross domestic product. Around 80\% of Brazil's biomass electricity is generated from sugarcane bagasse. However, the process of generating energy from bagasse using calcination leads to a by-product residue, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), which requires disposal. A simple beneficiation protocol for sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) consisting of adequate calcination, grinding and density separation was explored in this study. SCBA was collected from industrial boilers in Brazil and treated to produce three different ashes, including the original untreated ash and two ashes collected from the top and bottom of a water-washing density separation process. Portland cement pastes incorporating 20\% SCBA partial replacement for cement were made. Upon controlled burning and grinding, electrical conductivity and Chapelle tests indicated that SCBA had significant pozzolanic activity, with the top separated ash yielding best results. Mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that SCBA cement pastes had more refined porosity compared to that of the control paste. Fine SCBA particles ensured heterogeneous nucleation and promoted pore size refinement. Inductive coupled plasma testing indicated low levels of heavy metals leaching. Results demonstrate that SCBA can be beneficiated to provide an effective pozzolanic material, without harmful leachates released to the environment. {[
This study aimed to investigate the production of methane from sugarcane vinasse using static granular bed reactors (SGBR) at mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) temperatures at three hydraulic retention time (HRT) levels, i.e., 2, 3 and 4 d. The thermophilic system outperformed the mesophilic one. Also, the methane production for HRT of 4 d is higher than two other HRTs (2 and 3 d), so that it is obtained 435 LCH4.kgvs(-1). Furthermore, the highest methane production is 2.76 m3CH4.kgCOD(-1) in which obtains at the thermophilic temperature and HRT of 4 d. The highest COD reduction is about 39\% that achieves at thermophilic temperature and HRT of 4 d. The results show that SGBR systems have potential to be used in vinasse processing, but further research efforts are still required to define suitable operating conditions.
Small-scale biorefinery from sugarcane bagasse offers new possibilities to the sugar and ethanol industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a small-scale biorefinery for the production of xylitol from sugarcane bagasse. The liquid fraction from the autohydrolysis treatment was selected as the source of sugars for xylitol and two scenarios were analyzed for the residual solid: ethanol or pellet production. A technical-economic analysis of alternatives was applied. The internal rate of return (IRR) was used to compare the selected proposals. The highest IRR values were obtained when processing 70,000 dry tons per year of bagasse. The results showed promising prospects for a small-scale biorefinery with capacities above 20,000 dry tons per year (xylitol and pellets), and above 50,000 dry tons per year (xylitol and ethanol).
Recently the interest in composite materials reinforced with natural fibers has considerably increased due to the new environmental legislation as well as consumer pressure that forced manufacturing industries to search substitutes for the conventional materials, e. g. glass fibers. This way, the objective of paper was evaluate the effect of chemical modification on mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber/PP composites. Fibers were pretreated with 10\% sulfuric acid solution, followed by delignification with 1\% sodium hydroxide solution. These fibers were mixed with the polypropylene in a thermokinetic mixer, and compositions with 5 to 20 wt\% of fibers were obtained. The mechanical properties were evaluated by means of tensile, 3-point bending and impact tests. In addition, fracture analysis via SEM (secondary electrons mode) was performed. Results showed improve the tensile, flexural and impact strength of the composites in comparison to the polymer pure. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ICM11
Molasses, a by-product of sugar manufacturing, are the most common raw material for rum manufacturing. During the fermentation and distillation process, vinasses are produced in large quantities and disposed in landfills. In this study, they were evaluated as a new source of sugarcane wax. The chemical composition of the wax was studied by GC-Mass spectroscopy. A series of n-alkanes (C-23-C-33) and ethyl and methyl esters of fatty acids (palmitate and oleate are the predominant), of phytosterols (stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol), free fatty acids (C-12:0-C-36:0), and triglycerides constitute the main components. In addition, 2-ketones (C-27-C-33), aldehydes (C-28, C-32, C-34), ketosteroids (derivatives of stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and campesterol), and fatty alcohol acetates (alcohol moiety: C-28, C-30, C-32) were found as minor products.
Sugarcane bagasse is abundant agro-industrial waste that can be potentially utilized as a source of valuable compounds and biopolymers. In the present study, sugarcane bagasse from Brazil was fractionated employing an environmentally friendly hydrotropic process. Several treatments were carried out at 150 and 170 degrees C and dwell times of 60 and 120 min using unmodified 30\% hydrotropic solutions as well as the solutions acidified with formic acid. The major produced fraction was cellulose pulp obtained with the yield of 44-67\% (bagasse based) and the cellulose content of 60-92\%. Lignin dissolved during the treatments were isolated from the spent solutions by dilution with water and filtration. The yields of the lignins were 11.8-14.7\% (bagasse based) and their purity ranged from 88 to 94\%. Generally, the purity of both fractions and the yield of lignin were higher at more severe process conditions. However, the more severe conditions resulted in lower average molar masses of the lignins and lower intrinsic viscosity values of the cellulose fractions. The composition of the spent solutions also varied with the treatment conditions, and, besides the lignins, they contained different amounts of dissolved hemicelluloses, sugar monomers, furfural and acetic and formic acids. The results of the present study showed that the hydrotropic process could be successfully applied for the valorization of sugarcane bagasse by its fractionation into lignin, cellulose and other products.
Sugarcane bagasse, subjected to physical processing: (1) grinding and (2) pelleting, was fed ad lib. along with 200 g concentrate mixture/head per day to 12 adult Nellore brown rams and 12 adult male goats in a digestion trial using randomized block design. Sheep had higher (P < 0.05) DM intake compared to goats. Pelleting increased the digestibility of CP (P < 0.05) and GE (P < 0.01). However, digestibilities of cell wall constituents were higher in ground ration. Sheep had higher (P < 0.01) digestibilities of all proximate principles, GE and neutral detergent solubles. Pelleting had no effect on nutritive value. Goats recorded higher DP (P < 0.05) and TDN (P < 0.01) compared to sheep on the combined ration and on bagasse alone obtained by the difference method. Experimental sheep could not meet their TDN requirements on the ground ration. The DP and TDN values were 1.1, 50.8 and 1.6, 49.2 for the ground and pelleted rations, respectively. DP and TDN values for goats and sheep were 1.7, 57.6 and 1.0 and 42.4, respectively. Certain physical characteristics like bulk density, particle size, modulus of uniformity and modulus of fineness of sugarcane bagasse were also assessed. Due to grinding of the unground bagasse there was an 80\% increase in bulk density and 34\% increase in modulus of fineness. These results indicate that ground sugarcane bagasse could be utilized as a roughage source for goats and sheep. Goats were superior to sheep in utilizing the nutrients from bagasse.
We report the production of the functional trisaccharide 1-kestose, O-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 -> 1)-beta-d-fructofuranosyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, by beta-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus japonicus using sugar cane molasses as substrate. Sucrose in cane sugar molasses acted as a fructosyl donor and acceptor for the enzyme. The tetrasaccharide nystose, O-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 -> 1)-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 -> 1)-beta-d-fructofuranosyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, was produced from 1-kestose. Cane sugar molasses mixed with water provided a better substrate solution for beta-fructofuranosidase compared to undiluted molasses due to the high concentration of product inhibitors such as glucose and fructose in molasses. The maximum concentration of 1-kestose obtained was 84.9 mg/ml and the maximum production efficiency was 32.3\% after 24 h reaction at 40 A degrees C. The maximum efficiency of combined fructo-oligosaccharide (1-kestose and nystose) production was 40.6\%. 1-Kestose was therefore produced via a fructosyl-transfer reaction catalyzed by beta-fructofuranosidase from A. japonicus.
The ground sugarcane bagasse conversions were examined through chemical treatment methods employing soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA), and ethyl-hydro-oxides (EHOs). To characterize a chemical treatment method, both generated solvent based extract and pulp were examined. The generated pulps were evaluated through chemical composition and enzymatic saccharification. The enzyme mixtures were investigated including Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 originated cellulase, T. reesei Rut C-30 originated cellulase with external added beta-glucosidase, Accellerase (R) 1500, and Cellic (R) CTec2. The physiochemical effects of chemical treatments on the structural-chemical properties of treated-bagasse were also analyzed at high substrate enzymatic saccharification. The substrate loadings (using both SAA-treated and EHOs-treated bagasse) of 125, 150, 175, 200, and 225 g L-1 were examined during enzymatic saccharification process. The generated phenolic compounds were characterized based on density, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity. All findings are discussed in relation to developing a self-sustainable integrated biorefinery. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Acetylation of sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses with acetic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a catalyst in N,N-dimethylformamide/lithium chloride system under the mild conditions was comparatively studied. The yield and the degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 68.2\% and 0.37 to 78.6\% and 0.82 as a function of experiment conditions. It was found that the yield adn DS increased with N-bromosuccinimide concentration between 0.5 and 1.0\%, reaction temperature from 18 to 80 degrees C, and reaction time betwenn 2 and4 h. In comparison, other catalysts such as H(2)SO(4 z)and four tertiary amine catalysts, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine. N-methyl pyrrolidine, and N-methyl pyrrolidinone, were also investigated. The results showed that NBS can be used as a novel and effective catalyst for acetylation of hemicellulose under extremely mild reaction conditions. The new polymeric products were characterized by FT-IR. C-13 NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The thermal stability of the material was increased by chemical modification.
The degrading microorganisms isolated from environment usually fail to degrade pollutants when used for bioremediation of contaminated soils; thus, additional treatments are needed to enhance biodegradation. In the present study, the potential of sugarcane bagasse as bacteria-immobilizing support was investigated in mesotrione biodegradation. A novel isolate Bacillus pumilus HZ-2 was applied in bacterial immobilization, which was capable of degrading over 95 \% of mesotrione at initial concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 mg L-1 within 4 days in flask-shaking tests. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the bacterial cells were strongly absorbed and fully dispersed on bagasse surface after immobilization. Specially, 86.5 and 82.9 \% of mesotrione was eliminated by bacteria immobilized on bagasse of 100 and 60 mesh, respectively, which indicated that this immobilization was able to maintain a high degrading activity of the bacteria. Analysis of the degradation products determined 2-amino-4-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid (AMBA) and 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid (MNBA) as the main metabolites in the biodegradation pathway of mesotrione. In the sterile soil, approximately 90 \% of mesotrione was degraded after supplementing 5.0 \% of molasses in bacteria-bagasse composite, which greatly enhanced microbial adaptability and growth in the soil environment. In the field tests, over 75 \% of mesotrione in soil was degraded within 14 days. The immobilized preparation demonstrated that mesotrione could be degraded at a wide range of pH values (5.0-8.0) and temperatures (25-35 A degrees C), especially at low concentrations of mesotrione (5 to 20 mg kg(-1)). These results showed that sugarcane bagasse might be a good candidate as bacteria-immobilizing support to enhance mesotrione degradation by Bacillus p. HZ-2 in contaminated soils.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of fibrolytic enzyme on nutrient utilization and milk production in dairy cows. Four multiparous early-to-mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows were randomly allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Cows were fed a balanced total mixed ration (TMR) on a dry matter (DM) basis containing 0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g/kg DM of fibrolytic enzyme in TMR, where the TMR comprises 60\% concentrate supplemented with a fibrolytic enzyme at 0, 2, 4, and 6 g/kg DM of concentrate, and 40\% urea-molasses-treated sugarcane bagasse (UMSB) was used as a roughage source. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation in TMR containing UMSB did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) of dairy cows (p > 0.05). There was a quadratic effect of fibrolytic enzyme levels on the digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05), and the maximal response was reached at 1.2-2.4 g/kg DM of fibrolytic enzyme added in the TMR. Furthermore, 3.5\% fat-corrected milk, milk fat, total volatile fatty acids, and propionic acid were greater in a cow fed with 1.2-2.4 g/kg DM of fibrolytic enzyme, resulting in a lower ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p < 0.05). In conclusion, adding a fibrolytic enzyme in TMR containing UMSB improved nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows.
In this study, experiments are performed to study the physical and mechanical behaviour of chemically-treated sugarcane bagasse fibre-reinforced epoxy composite. The effect of alkali treatment, fibre varieties, and fibre lengths on physical and mechanical properties of the composites is studied. To study the morphology of the fractured composites, scanning electron microscopy is performed over fractured composite surfaces. The study found that the variety and lengths of fibres significantly influence the physical and mechanical properties of the sugarcane bagasse-reinforced composites. From the wear study, it is found that the composite fabricated from smaller fibre lengths show low wear. The chemically-treated bagasse-reinforced composites fabricated in this study show good physical and mechanical properties and are, therefore, proposed for use in applications in place of conventional natural fibres.
Cane-sugar producing countries also generate sufficient waste (bagasse) that is mostly utilized ``on-site{''
This study focuses the comparison on yield of microbial dextran using treated sugarcane molasses (SCM) as a feed stock from different treatment methods. The suitable method for treatment of SCM was identified on the basis of microbial dextran production. The different factors namely the concentrations of total sugars, nitrogen sources, inoculum size, shaking speed, initial medium pH, and phosphate sources influencing the production of microbial dextran were studied. The maximum yield of dextran was obtained to be 17.18 +/- 0.08 g L-1 using the conentional optimization. The structural analysis of produced dextran from SCM with various treatment techniques was compared using Fourier-transform infra-red analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Later, the rheological behavior of produced microbial dextran was examined and found to be a non-Newtonian. To the best of our knowledge, the comparison on the production of microbial dextran through fermentation using SCM with various treatment strategies has not been performed yet.
The effects of ultrasound irradiation on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse were evaluated to obtain fermentable sugars. The influences of temperature, enzyme concentration and moisture content were evaluated with and without ultrasound irradiation. The hydrolysis yield achieved using ultrasound irradiation was significantly higher than that without. The highest amount of fermentable sugars obtained in the presence of ultrasound was 0.26 g {[
The aim of this work was to study acetyl-assisted autohydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides without additional chemicals. A xylo-oligosaccharide yield of 50.35\% was obtained in 10 min through sugarcane bagasse autohydrolysis at 200 degrees C; this yield was 49.64\% after acetyl-assisted autohydrolysis of a 65:35 mixture of sugarcane bagasse/white birch at 160 degrees C for 100 min. The yield of xylo-oligosaccharides was close to that obtained at 180 degrees C/40 min and 200 degrees C/10 min through the autohydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Compared to sugarcane bagasse alone, the xylo-oligosaccharide (degree of polymerization 2-5) yield from the acetyl-assisted autohydrolysis at 200 degrees C for 10 min was 52.99\%. In addition, the yield of glucose from the solid residue following autohydrolysis pretreatment was 96.87\% after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that acetyl-assisted autohydrolysis is a promising method for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides.
The mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from power generation and two ethanol production options from sugarcane bagasse were compared at grid emission factors ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent per kWh. The first ethanol production method (EP 1) directly purchased electricity and steam from the grid and the factory, and the second ethanol production method (EP 2) derived the required electricity and steam from the cogeneration system using the sugarcane bagasse as boiler fuel. Data pertaining to GHG emissions from power generation were collected from published studies. A process for ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse was designed, and a simulator was developed to generate the process data using Microsoft Excel. Results show that power generation is the preferential option when the grid emission factors are higher than 0.45 kg CO2 eq/kWh. The EP 1 was advantageous in mitigating the GHG emissions when the grid emission factors were lower than 0.19 kg CO2 eq/kWh, and the EP 2 might be the most environmentally beneficial when the grid emission factors were between 0.19 and 0.45 kg CO2 eq/kWh. It is hoped that these results could be helpful in determining how to best utilize sugarcane bagasse. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The influence of oxygen and nutrient supplementation on xylitol and ethanol production in a synthetic medium and sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzates using Candida tropicalis IEC5-ITV and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITV01- RD was investigated for evaluation of bioconversion of pentoses and hexoses present in the lignocellulosic biomass. The best oxygen transfer rate (56.05 mg of O-2/L/h) and xylitol and ethanol yields (0.67 and 0.47 g/g, respectively) were obtained in a synthetic medium. A yeast extract had a positive effect on xylitol and ethanol production (0.64 and 0.44 g/g, respectively) at a concentration of 1 g/L. C. tropicalis and S. cerevisiae exhibited not previously observed morphological changes depending on the nutrient composition. Use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzates requires a good supply of oxygen and addition of a yeast extract to improve xylitol and ethanol production.
Ethanol and ``Cachaca{''
Hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse using hot-compressed-water was investigated for the treatment of solid material to understand the occurring decomposition reactions. The experiments were performed in 14 ml of batch type reactor in the range of temperatures 200-300 degrees C and reaction times 3-30 min. After separation of solid residues from liquid material, approximately 34-88 wt\% of raw material was recovered as solid products. Characterizations show that increased treatment temperature and reaction time causes structural changes of the sugarcane bagasse. When the temperature and reaction time was increased, hemicellulose and cellulose gradually dissolved, leaving a lignin-like acid insoluble residue. The presence of the residue increases the fixed carbon and decreases the volatile matter content of the solid product. Dehydration significantly decreases the oxygen content and slightly decreases the hydrogen content of the treated material. With these changes, the caloric value and of the solid product increases by 1.1-1.9 times that of the raw material. Higher temperature treatment (300 degrees C) produces a material with high caloric value and fixed carbon, with a composition comparable to typical solid fuels such as lignite (or low rank-coal). The hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse could be a solution to reduce environmental pollution caused by the combustion of wet stockpiled sugarcane bagasse in the sugar industry. The treated sugarcane bagasse reduces energy loss, smoke and water vapor during the combustion process.
Accessory enzymes that assist biomass degradation could be used to improve the recovery of fermentable sugar for use in biorefineries. In this study, different fungal strains isolated from the Amazon rainforest were evaluated in terms of their ability to produce feruloyl esterase (FAE) and xylanase enzymes, and an assessment was made of the contributions of the enzymes in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. In the selection step, screening using plate assays was followed by shake flask submerged cultivations. After carbon source selection and cultivation in a stirred-tank bioreactor, Aspergillus oryzae P21C3 proved to be a promising strain for production of the enzymes. Supplementation of a commercial enzyme preparation with 30\% (v/v) crude enzymatic complex from A. oryzae P21C3 increased the conversion of cellulose derived from pretreated sugarcane bagasse by 36\%. Supplementation with FAE and xylanase enzymes produced on-site can therefore be used to improve the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen (H-2) production from sugarcane press-mud, a waste obtained from the non-centrifugal sugarcane agroindustry, was assessed by coupling hydrolysis, fermentation, purification, and ethanol steam reforming (ESR). Two culture media were employed on three different sugarcane press-mud samples to produce bioethanol by fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 degrees C. One culture medium was supplemented with nutrients and the other without supplementation. The supplementation did not have a significant effect over ethanol production (similar to 82.1 g L-1) after 70 h fermentation, but the concentration of the impurities was always lower under supplemented conditions. Among tested impurities, differences in 3-methyl-1-butanol showed the effect of the supplementation on the ESR over RhPt/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst at 700 degrees C, where the H-2 yield decreased significantly in the presence of 3-methyl-1-butanol (p < 0.05). The spearman correlation coefficient showed that the H-2 yield was correlated with the 3-methy-1-butanol content (RHO = -0.929) and carbon deposits (RHO = -0.964). Therefore, supplemented bioethanol could deliver 3.0 g H-2 kg(-1) sugarcane press-mud, which is almost twice that of the non supplemented samples, likely due to the reduction of harmful impurities in the bioethanol. Additionally, supplemented conditions allowed for energy savings in the process and improved catalyst stability. This study provides insights into the effect of supplementing culture media to produce purer bioethanol samples, which further deliver higher H-2 yields by ESR. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The clarification of sugarcane juice is a crucial stage in the sugar manufacturing process, as it affects evaporator performance, sugar quality and yield. The emergence of environmentally friendly and efficient adsorption technology has resulted in widespread interest in carbon-based materials. However, their low adsorption capacity and reusability make them unsuitable for processing sugarcane juice. Here, we provide a cost-effective and sustainable method to dope hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles on porous carbon (BBC) derived from sugarcane bagasse (BBC-HAP). The composite shows excellent adsorption capacity for color extract from sugarcane juice of 313.33 mg/g, far more effective than the commercially available carbon-based adsorbents. Isotherm studies show that the adsorption of BBC-HAP composite to the colorants is a monolayer process. The pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models demonstrate that the adsorption process is dominated by chemisorption and supplemented by physical adsorption.
Fermentation media optimisation for 2,3-butanediol (BDO) production from sugarcane molasses with Enterobacter ludwigii has been conducted. Plackets-Burman design, central composite design and constrained optimisation were combined to optimise nutrient composition leading to enhanced BDO production efficiency. (NH4)(2)SO4, yeast extract and KOH were the most significant media components affecting productivity. Constrained optimisation was applied to maximise productivity and maintain BDO concentration, yield and BDO to by-products ratio at desirable levels. Fed-batch fermentations carried out with sugarcane molasses at optimum pH (6.3) and temperature (33.9 degrees C) with the optimised media led to the production of BDO concentration, yield and productivity of 50.6 g/L, 0.31 g/g and 2.66 g L-1 h(-1), respectively. The minimum selling price of BDO at 10,000 t and 50,000 t annual production capacity is \$2.66 - \$3.82/kg and \$2.25 - \$3.23/kg, respectively, when sugarcane molasses is used at a market price of \$0.05 - \$0.2/kg.
Pellets made from sugarcane bagasse and molasses in weight proportions 1.0:0.5 and 1.0:1.0 (wt\%) were water-steam activated during 1, 2 and 4h, at 850 degrees C, by two processes, namely, (1) pyrolysis and activation in two different assays or (2) pyrolysis and sequenced activation in a single experiment. All carbons showed basic characteristic, with approximately pH 10.5. Microporous texture was predominant with negligible macroporosity. Longer activation time provided a larger specific surface area with maximum BET 824.30 m(2) g(-1). In fact, the stage process was more effective than the sequenced one for the same activation time. Although pore size distribution (PSD) analysis showed pore size mode of approximately 1.50 nm, a second mode about 0.8 - 0.9 nm developed in over-two-hour activation periods in the stage process.
Ethanol derived from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) could replace a substantial amount of fossil fuel in Brazil, provided the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget is balanced. Green harvest systems have significantly increased the potential amount of sugarcane residue (straw) available for harvest and bioenergy production, but several questions about how those practices will affect field GHG fluxes. In this sense, we quantified GHG emissions associated with four straw harvest rates (12 {[
The main objective of the present work was to study the pyrolysis under vacuum of sugarcane bagasse combined with petroleum residue (PR), in terms of yields and properties of the products obtained. Important synergetic effects were observed during the co-pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor leading to an increase in charcoal yield. Maximum charcoal and minimum oil yields were obtained with 15 wt\% of PR mixed with bagasse. At this concentration, sugarcane bagasse charcoal is almost completely covered with PR-derived pyrolytic carbon. At concentrations higher than 15 wt\%, hydrocarbon vapours interacted less with the bagasse charcoal. Consequently, an appreciable increase in oil yield was observed. The oils obtained are complex emulsions, which consist of oxygenated compounds originating from bagasse, hydrocarbons originating from PR and water. Oils obtained from feedstock with concentrations up to 15 wt\% PR are stable emulsions consisting of PR-derived products in bagasse-derived oil. The oil obtained from the 30 wt\% PR-bagasse blend is an unstable emulsion. However, the emulsion obtained at 50 wt\% PR is again stable. In this emulsion, the PR-derived oil constitutes a continuous phase. This emulsion exhibits a carbon Conradson residue value (9 wt\%) similar to that of PR-derived oil. A detailed characterization of the gas, oil and charcoal co-pyrolysis products is presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A FeCl3 pretreatment methodology was developed to convert raw sugarcane bagasse to highly digestible pretreated solid and selectively extract up to similar to 100\% of the hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. FeCl3 pretreated solids yielded a quite high fermentable sugar yield compared to the native material. In addition, characterization of raw material and pretreated solid by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out to better understand how hemicellulose removal affected subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the addition of surfactants during enzymatic hydrolysis achieved higher glucose yields. 82.3\% of glucose could be obtained with addition of BSA, combined with that generated during pretreatment process, the total glucose yield reached 42.2 g/100 g raw material, representing 93.8\% of glucose in the raw sugarcane bagasse. The FeCl3 process offered the potential to co-produce xylose-derived and glucose-derived chemicals in the biorefinery. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Production of butanol from renewable resources is an attractive approach for introducing an economically competitive process. In the present study, sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed with the assistance of gamma-valerolactone (GVL). After phase separation, direct hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse resulted in 24.08 g/L total sugars. Removal of lignin significantly increased the total sugar concentration to 248.41 g/L with a high yield of 0.87 g/g. Due to the low level of inhibitors in hydrolysate, the obtained hydrolysate was used as substrate for biobutanol production. Batch fermentation with 41 g/L, sugars produced a high ABE concentration of 14.26 g/L, including 4.1 g/L acetone, 9.3 g/L butanol and 0.86 g/L ethanol. The fermentation with 61 g/L sugars greatly inhibited cell growth and solvent production due to the high concentration of NaCl and GVL. This study demonstrates that sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzed in GVL/water solution could be an alternative substrate for the low-cost production of biobutanol. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermochemical conversion of sugarcane bagasse into bio-crude oils by fluidized-bed reactor has been taken into consideration in this study. The bagasse in particle form was pyrolyzed in an externally heated 7cm diameter and 37.5cm high fluidized-bed reactor with nitrogen as a carrier gas. The reactor chamber and gas-preheater were heated by means of a renewable energy biomass source cylindrical heater. At a reactor bed temperature of 450 degrees C for a feed particle size of 420-600 mu m and at a gas flow rate of 30 1/min, an oil yield of 48wt\% of dry feed was obtained. The pyrolysis process temperature was found to have influenced on the product yields. Characterization of the whole pyrolysis liquids obtained at optimum operating conditions has been carried out including physical properties, elemental analyses, GCV, FT-IR, and H-1 NMR analysis. The results show that pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse waste is a good option for producing bio-crude oils to be used as alternative to petroleum fuels and valuable chemical feedstocks.
Continuous ethanol fermentation using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), immobilized yeast, and sugarcane molasses (22 and 35 degrees Bx) with 8 g/L urea was run in a combined bioreactor system consisting of three-stage tubular bioreactors in series. The effect of the dilution rate (D) at 0.0037, 0.0075, 0.0117, 0.0145, 0.018, and 0.0282 H-1 on continuous ethanol fermentation was investigated in this study. The results showed that D had a significant effect on fermentation efficiency, sugar-utilized rate, ethanol yield, and ethanol productivity in this designed continuous fermentation system. The D had a linear relationship with residual sugar and ethanol production under certain conditions. The highest fermentation efficiency of 83.26\%, ethanol yield of 0.44 g/g, and the lowest residual sugar content of 6.50 g/L were achieved at 0.0037 H-1 in the fermentation of 22 degrees Bx molasses, indicating that the immobilization of cells using PVA, sugarcane pieces, and cotton towel is feasible and the established continuous system performs well. (C) 2013 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Sugarcane bagasse contains natural compositions that can significantly inhibit food-borne pathogens growth. In the present study, the phenolic content in sugarcane bagasse was detected as higher than 4 mg/g dry bagasse, with 470 mg quercetin/g polyphenol. The sugarcane bagasse extract showed bacteriostatic activity against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salomonella typhimurium. Additionally, the sugarcane bagasse extract can increase the electric conductivity of bacterial cell suspensions causing cellular leaking of electrolytes. Results of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested the antibacterial mechanism was probably due to the damaged cellular proteins by sugarcane bagasse extract. The results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the sugarcane bagasse extract might change cell morphology and internal structure. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper evaluates the adsorption capacity of chemically sugarcane bagasses with sodium hydroxide (SHS), citric acid (CAS), tartaric acid (TAS) and unmodified sugarcane bagasse (SB) for cadmium adsorption in water environment. The results prove adsorption capacity for Cd (II) increases after chemical modification and the adsorption fits perfectly with the Langmuir isotherm. CAS had the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 45.45 mg/g followed by TAS with 38.46 mg/g and SHS with 29.41 at optimum pH 5.0 and 120 minutes equilibrium time while 1 g SB removed 18.8 mg Cd (II) in the same conditions. The kinetics study of the process followed a pseudo-secondorder rate expression, that indicated a strong interaction between the biosorbents and adsorbate. The sugarcane bagasse and modified sugarcane bagasse were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The chemical modification was confirmed by the presence of carboxyl and esters groups created at 1,738 cm(-1). The estimation of acid groups in modified materials shows the enhancement of this group after modification. On the other hand, desorption studies showed the high leaching of cadmium ion from the biosorbent leading to the efficient reutilization of materials.
Steam gasification of sugarcane bagasse has been investigated. A semi batch reactor with a fixed amount of sugarcane bagasse sample placed in steady flow of high temperature steam at atmospheric pressure has been used. The gasification of bagasse was examined at reactor and steam temperatures of 800, 900 and 1000 degrees C. The evolution of syngas flow rate and chemical composition has been monitored. The evolution of chemical composition and total flow rate of the syngas has been used to formulate a global reaction mechanism. The mechanism combines pyrolysis reaction mechanisms from the literature and steam gasification/reforming reactions. Steam gasification steps include steam-hydrocarbons reforming, char gasification and water gas shift reactions. Evidence of fragmentation, secondary ring opening reactions and tertiary reactions resulting in formation of gaseous hydrocarbons is supported by higher flow rates of syngas and hydrogen at high heating rates and high reactor temperatures. Increase in carbon monoxide flow rate at the expense of carbon dioxide flow rate with the increase in reactor temperature has been observed. This increase in the ratio of CO/CO(2) flow rate confirms the production of CO and CO(2) from the competing reaction routes. At 1000 degrees C gasification a total merging between the pyrolysis step and the char gasification step has been observed. This is attributed to acceleration of char gasification reactions and acceleration of steam-hydrocarbons reforming reactions. These hydrocarbons are the precursors to char formation by aromatization and repolymerization. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work demonstrates the isolation of lignocellulose micro-nanofibrils, nanocrystals and nanospheres from steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB). First, steam-explosion was carried out in sugarcane bagasse at 195 degrees C for 7.5 and 15 min (SEB-7.5 and SEB-15). Untreated sugarcane bagasse was also pretreated by mechanical refining (MRB) in a PFI mill for comparison. Then, SEB and MRB fibers were subjected to alkaline delignification, hypochlorite bleaching for 60 or 180 min (HB60 and HB180), enzymatic hydrolysis (endoglucanase), and high-pressure homogenization. The resulting materials were characterized regarding chemical composition by high-performance liquid chromatography, width and morphology by transmission electron microscopy, crystallinity by X-ray powder diffraction and aspect ratio (length/diameter) by rheology. Levels of glucans (mostly cellulose), hemicelluloses and lignin were: 53.8\%, 19.7\% and 11.6\% in MRB-HB180; 87.8\%, < 0.1\% and 7.2\% in SEB-7.5-HB60; 84.3\%, < 0.1\% and 4.8\% in SEB-7.5-HB180, 85.9\%, < 0.1\% and 8.4\% in SEB-15-HB60; and 82.2\%, < 0.1\% and 5\% in SE-15-HB180, respectively. Aspect ratios and crystallinity indexes were similar among all groups (similar to 100 and similar to 73\%, respectively), except for SE-15-HB180 (similar to 78.5 and 77\%, respectively). MRB-HB180 and SE-15 (HB60 and HB180) had the lowest fiber widths (< 20 nm) with the presence of nanocrystals in SE-15-HB180, while in the SE-7.5 (HB60 and HB180), fiber widths were greater than 50 nm with the presence of lignin nanospheres in SE-7.5-HB60. Hence, lignocellulose nanomaterials with aspect ratios ranging from micro/nanofibers to nanocrystals were isolated from SEB using a cost-effective production process. Graphic abstract
The saccharification of sugarcane bagasse by enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the most promising processes for obtaining fermentable sugar to be used in the production of second-generation ethanol. The objective of this work was to study the immobilization and stabilization of two commercial enzymes: Endocellulase (E-CELBA) in dextran coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles activated with aldehyde groups (DIOMNP) and beta-glucosidase (E-BGOSPC) in glyoxyl agarose (GLA) so that their immobilized derivatives could be applied in the saccharification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. This was the first time that the pretreated sugarcane bagasse was saccharified by cascade reaction using a endocellulase immobilized on dextran coated Fe2O3 with aldehyde groups combined with a beta-glucosidase immobilized on glyoxyl agarose. Both enzymes were successfully immobilized (more than 60\% after reduction with sodium borohydride) and presented higher thermal stability than free enzymes at 60, 70, and 80 degrees C. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse was carried out with 15 U of each enzyme per gram of bagasse in a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 for 48 h at 50 degrees C. Under these conditions, 39.06 +/- 1.18\% of the cellulose present in the pretreated bagasse was hydrolyzed, producing 14.11 +/- 0.47 g/L of reducing sugars (94.54\% glucose). In addition, DIOMNP endo-cellulase derivative maintained 61.40 +/- 1.17\% of its enzymatic activity after seven reuse cycles, and GLA beta-glucosidase derivative maintained up to 58.20 +/- 1.55\% of its enzymatic activity after nine reuse cycles.
The volume of ethanol production waste-molasses waste in Ukraine-reaches up to 4 million m(3) per year. It is not easy to dispose of and is polluting the environment. Currently, the development of an effective technology for using molasses in biogas plants to obtain energy gas-biogas-is an urgent problem. The purpose of our work is to determine the rational volume of loading molasses bard into the methane tank in a quasi-continuous mode to obtain the maximum volume of biogas. To achieve this goal, the following experimental studies were carried out: mono-fermentation of molasses and combined fermentation of cattle manure and molasses on a laboratory biogas plant in a periodic mode; on the basis of the obtained laboratory studies, a special simulation model of biogas output during the quasi-continuous fermentation of substrates was established and the amount of molasses added to obtain the maximum biogas output was determined. The maximum output of biogas under the periodic system of loading the methane tank when adding 10.5\% molasses to cattle manure is 1.462 l/(h kg DOM); when adding 26.1\% molasses to cattle manure, it is 3.594 l/(h kg DOM). In order to increase the yield of biogas, it is advisable to add molasses in the amount of 30\% of the volume of the substrate to the substrate based on cattle manure, which allows the discounted payback period of the biogas plant to be reduced to 1.2 years.
This work describes the preparation of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with zirconium oxychloride for adsorption of sulphate ions in aqueous solution. The materials were prepared by using an ammonium solution as precipitating agent. The obtained materials were characterized by thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and surface area measurements. Sulphate ion was adsorbed on the Cell/ZrO2 center dot nH(2)O by immersing this solid in an aqueous solution of sulphate sodion. The analyses to determine the concentration after the adsorption were made using UV-vis spectrum, in a wavelength of 420 nm. The results were satisfactory showing that the Cell/ZrO2 center dot nH(2)O materials obtained presented good adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity was 0.4 mol g(-1) for both materials. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study examined the ability of two sugarcane bagasse biochars to remove lead from water. The sorption of lead by biochars made from raw (BC) and anaerobically digested sugarcane bagasse (DBC) was compared with a commercial activated carbon (AC) using batch sorption experiments. DBC was a more effective sorbent of lead from water than AC, and far more effective than BC. The maximum lead sorption capacity of DBC (653.9 mmol kg(-1)) was about double that of AC (395.3 mmol kg(-1)) and about twenty times higher than that of BC (31.3 mmol kg(-1)). Post-sorption characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the enhanced sorption of lead by DBC was at least partly related to a precipitation mechanism, while surface adsorption was the principal mechanism of sorption of lead onto BC. These results suggest that biochars made from bagasse and other agricultural residues may be effective alternative, low-cost environmental sorbents of lead or other metals. In addition, the enhanced lead sorption ability of the digested bagasse biochar introduces the possibility of developing a novel carbon production method to use anaerobic digestion as a means of biological activation to create high-efficiency sorbents.
Bagasse from sugarcane is traditionally used in the Brazilian sugar and ethanol industry to meet the energy needs of its own production processes and, more recently, to generate surplus electricity for sale on the national grid. Currently, the industry faces a difficult choice between either enhancing electricity generation or increasing ethanol production through the biochemical processing of bagasse. The aim of this paper is to examine the most promising technical configurations for bioenergy production using sugarcane bagasse and to discuss which configuration would be the most attractive investment option for the industry. At present, electricity generation through Rankine cycle power plants is the only commercially available alternative. Nevertheless, the analysis cannot be restricted only to the short term. For this purpose, cost analysis for 2030 were developed, and even in scenarios where there is an effective cost reduction of untradeable routes, the alternative of burning bagasse to generate electricity provides the most benefits from an investor perspective. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work evaluates the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse-based sorbents in the sorption of oil from engine washing wastewater. The sorbents were obtained from sugarcane bagasse in the natural form (SB-N) and modified with either acetic anhydride (SB-Acet) or 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (SB-APTS). The results showed that the sorption capacity of these materials decreased in the following order: SB-APTS > SB-N > SB-Acet. The superior oil sorption capacity observed for SB-APTS was attributed to the polar amino end groups in the silane structure, which acted to increase the hydrophilic character of the fibers. However, all the sorbents obtained in this study were able to clean a real sample of wastewater from engine washing, leading to significant reductions in suspended matter, sediment, anionic surfactants, and turbidity.
Acid and alkali pretreatment are the most commonly employed strategy in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical implications of acid and alkali on the lignin structure and subsequently on the adhesive performance. The study also aimed to investigate the effect of complete replacement of phenol and formaldehyde in the commercial wood adhesive with phenolic lignin and glyoxal, respectively. The phenolic lignin was derived from the two differentially pretreated sugarcane bagasse, i.e., acid and alkali. The isolated lignin was characterized and utilized for the synthesis of lignin-based glyoxal resin. The resins were comparatively evaluated for their mechanical properties as wood adhesives. Adhesives derived from acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse were found to be superior to lignin derived from alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse in terms of mechanical properties and shear strength.
Purpuse Fodder yeast is obtained in an aerobic fermentation process where foaming is a major problem to be solved. In this article, the antifoam property of crude and purified filter cake oil is evaluated in order to use this residual as an alternative to replace the import of commercial antifoam agents and to reduce the production costs of fodder yeast. Method Knock down test and the comparisons with two commercial antifoam agents were done. Blackstrap molasses medium at 20 and 40 g/L of total reducing sugar was used. All products were studied in their pure form and commercial ones also in dilutions 1:2 and 1:5 v/v. Hansen's solubility parameters (HSPs) to analyze the affinity of each defoamer for yeast were determined. Results It was obtained the crude and purified filter cake oil showed similar behavior to commercial defoamers with an immediate antifoam effect, removing between 40 and 60\% of the initial foam at both sugar concentrations in the first 5 min. The regression model for both medium concentration showed purified filter cake oil has the greatest knockdown effect (Ca = 57.00 and 74.11) and with greater foam suppression stability the commercial defoamer Quimifoam Master (C-b = - 1.05 and - 1.51) respectively. Ra values obtained in HSPs test, indicated the affinity of defoamers to the medium. Conclusion Purified filter cake oil is an effective product for its use as an antifoam with the best knock down effect for both concentrations of sugars in the medium. The determination of HSPs corroborates the effectiveness of this product to suppress foam.
Hydrothermal pretreatment (HP) of two by-products of sugarcane, bagasse (SB) and straw (SS), was optimized to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS). A central composite rotational design (CCRD) in conjunction with response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for maximum XOS production. The developed mathematical models were statistically adequate to predict xylan conversion to XOS, and the by-products were promising for the production of XOS. For both by-products, the mass load in the optimal experiments was of 10\%. The xylan conversion to XOS was 24.8\% for SB and 45.3\% for SS, XOS yield of 53.3 and 96 mg.g(-1), respectively. The SB produced more XOS with a greater degree of polymerization than SS. Sugarcane by-products are important in the production of XOS, which may be a valuable commercial product. Furthermore, cellulose and lignin-enriched solids recovered following the optimized HP conditions can be fractionated to obtain other bioproducts of commercial interest.
By-products from a number of industrial processes are used as alternative supplementary cementitious materials in concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash is mainly composed of amorphous silica and can be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete. Production of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) based blended cements with different replacement levels of SCBA, and the performance of concrete with these cements in terms of compressive strength, heat of hydration, drying shrinkage and durability are discussed in this paper. Durability performance was investigated by five different methods in this study, namely oxygen permeability test, rapid chloride penetration test, chloride conductivity test, water sorptivity test, DIN water permeability test and Torrent air permeability test. The results from this study show that use of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete prominently enhances its performance. Low heat of hydration, additional strength gain due to pozzolanic reaction, significant reduction in permeability because of pore refinement and similar drying shrinkage behavior were observed for bagasse ash blended concrete compared to control concrete. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Brazil, with 185 million tons of solid residues generation per harvest, is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world. The utilization of this biomass ranges from the extraction of sugarcane juice for application in the ethanol and sugar industry to energy generation and bio-based products synthesis. Sugarcane residues are basically composed of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin chemical structures that are tightly linked to each other and are responsible for the integrity of the vegetal biomass. The aim of the present work is to show the different relations of the biomass contents from different varieties, cultivated places, soils, harvest season, and climate. For the chemical and elemental determination, 60 bagasse samples were characterized. The different bagasse samples did not show significant variability in their lignocellulosic contents. The results showed that the biomass characterization is an important step to obtain process characteristics. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, different pretreatment strategies of sugarcane bagasse prior to citric acid modification were investigated in terms of Pb2+ adsorption capacity. Pretreatment strategies included the use of NaOH, HCl, and C2H5OH in various concentrations. In order to fundamentally understand how these pretreatment methods affect the modification of sugarcane bagasse by citric acid as well as the Pb2+ adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse, three main components of sugarcane bagasse namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were isolated and esterified by citric acid under the same conditions. ATR-FTIR, XPS, SEM, and an analysis of the number of carboxylic acid groups were used to investigate the physicochemical and chemical properties of the materials. These three components were proved to participate in adsorption and induce the esterification with citric acid. Hence, pretreatment with ethanol and 0.01 M NaOH which could retain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in sugarcane bagasse achieved a high Pb2+ adsorption capacity, i.e., 122.4 and 97 mg/g after the esterification with citric acid. In contrast, pretreatment with 0.5 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl removed lignin and hemicellulose, leading to the lowest value of approximately 45 mg/g for citric acid esterified-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. XPS analysis and number of carboxylic group measurement confirmed the esterification between bagasse and citric acid. To understand the adsorption mechanism of adsorbent, two kinetic models including pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model were applied. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted Langmuir and Freundlich.
The salt-affected soils cover vast area in more than 100 countries and increasingly decrease the arable land. It may lead to the global food insecurity that is needed to be solved urgently. Concurrently, these degraded areas are suitable for inland saline aquaculture on the conditions of improvement in sediment characteristics. In this connection, an experiment was conducted for 60 days to study changes in physicochemical properties of inland saline aquaculture pond sediments through biochar application. The biochar prepared from dried sugarcane bagasse at 500 degrees C with 33\% biomass recovery was characterized for its physicochemical properties and applied over surface and by mixing with the sediment. There was a significant (p < .05) increase in organic carbon (3.82\%), available-P (2.13\%), available-K (18\%), Ca (5.62\%), Mg (14\%) and water-holding capacity (1.8 times), and decrease in pH (0.41 unit), EC (17\%) and bulk density (7\%) when biochar (18 t/ha) was mixed with sediment (T2 treatment), whereas increase and decrease in CEC (59\%) and available-N (1.01 times), respectively, when biochar (18 t/ha) were applied over sediment surface (T4 treatment). Thus, mixing of sugarcane bagasse biochar with sediment at 18 t/ha is recommended for the improvement of soil characteristics in saline soils for aquaculture through this study. Furthermore, theSEMand FT-IR analysis of treatments showed that sediment aggregation and functional group characteristics improved over a short period of incubation along with microbial biomass.
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse feeding treated with Lactobacillus casei TH14 (L. casei TH14), cellulase and molasses (BG) on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, energy partition and growth performances of Thai native steers compared to conventional feeding of rice straw (RS). Eight Thai native steers (144 +/- 19.5 kg of initial body weight) were randomly allocated to two roughage sources in a completed randomized design: RS (n 4) and BG (n 4). The feeding trial lasted for 90 days plus 21 days for treatment adaptation. The results showed that the BG group showed (p < 0.05) greater intake (2.34 vs 2.02 kg/day), total intake (3.90 vs 3.55 kg/day) and average daily gain (0.27 vs 0.23 kg/day) while feed conversion ratio was lower compared to RS group. The BG group had a greater (p < 0.05) organic matter and acid detergent fibre intake than the RS group as well as dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. The steers fed RS and BG were significantly (p < 0.05) different for total volatile fatty acids and propionic acid at 4 h after offering the diet. The intake of nitrogen (g/day) and apparent nitrogen absorption was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for BG than the RS group while nitrogen excretion in faeces was significantly lower in RS than the BG group. BG group showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater gross energy intake and digestible energy partition when compared to the RS group. In conclusion, feeding BG enhanced feed utilization, growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization and energy utilization.
The aim of this study was to investigate the biosorption of mercury ions from aqueous solutions using Sugarcane Bagasse (SCB). The pre-treatment of the biosorbent was determined by NaOH and HCl. The parameters affecting the biosorption such as solution pH, contact time and temperature were investigated. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir's isotherm models. According to the results, both models were suitable for describing the biosorption equilibrium. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 35.71 mg/g. The kinetic was found to be the best-fit pseudo-second order equation. The maximum mercury removal of 97.584\% at a pH of 4.0 was observed. Additional chemical treatments of the biosorbent had no significant effect on mercury biosorption. (C) 2012 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Vinasse is the main by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry. For each liter of ethanol produced from sugarcane, approximately 12-18 L of vinasse are generated. Being such, its use as a hydration agent in concretes may be useful to save drinking water. This work analyzed the compressive strength of concrete manufactured with vinasse and recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), as a substitute for water (100\%) and sand (50 and 100\%), respectively. At the initial periods (7 and 14 days), the compressive strength of specimens hydrated with water was higher than those hydrated with vinasse due to the delay in hydration of the cement caused by the sucrose present in the vinasse. Therefore, in these stages, the hydration agent is the main contributor for the differences in the compression strength (p < 0.05, Two-way ANOVA). In the later stages (21 and 28 days), the RCA content was that which most contributed to the differences in the compressive strength. Specimens with 50\% RCA showed the highest values (p < 0.05), independently of the hydration agent; the specimens with vinasse reached the same resistance as that of the reference. After 63 days of curing, the concrete with water replaced by vinasse acquired higher resistance in relation to the reference due to continuity of curing. As both residues proved to be viable in the composition of concretes, they were applied in a precast concrete panel, that presented satisfactory results, enabling its use as a non-structural wall. It can be concluded that sugarcane vinasse with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is a suitable solution to achieve better reuse of construction and agroindustry waste as a new building materials compound.
This paper reports the commercial-scale (1080 MJ h(-1)) development of a gasification system using low-density biomass, for thermal applications. The gasifier can handle fuels such as sugarcane leaves and bagasse, bajra stalks, sweet sorghum stalks and bagasse etc. The system was tested for > 700 h under laboratory conditions at 288-1080 MJ h(-1) output levels. The HI-IV of the gas was 3.56-4.82 MJ m(-3) (s.t.p.). The system also produces char, similar to 24wt\% of the original fuel. Tt can be briquetted to form an excellent fuel for wood stoves or can be used as a soil conditioner. After successful laboratory trial, the system was also rested at a metallurgical company, where it was retrofitted to an oil-fired furnace for baking speciality ceramics. The furnace was operated exclusively on the gasification system and the product quality was on a par with, if not better than, that obtained during oil-fired operation. The economics of the system are also presented. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared in the presence of KOH at 400-800 degrees C by carbonization of sugarcane molasses, a low-cost by-product of the vegetable sugar industry. All the ACs obtained were microporous materials. The AC that had the highest surface area (2202 m(2)/g) was tested as a methane adsorbent at temperatures between 20 and 100 degrees C. The adsorption data were modeled by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm equations, and the Langmuir model was found to have the best fit. The results suggest that ACs prepared from sugarcane molasses using a one-step carbonization and KOH chemical activation process has high potential for natural gas storage applications. The highest methane adsorption capacity was equal to 197.23 mg/g (12.33 mmol g(-1)) at 50 bar and 20 degrees C. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse was isolated by high pressure homogenization in a homogeneous media. Pretreatment with an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
High-temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) technology aims to incorporate fluxing materials into ceramic tapes to decrease the sintering temperature. In this context, we incorporate waste from sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) into alumina (Al2O3) tapes. We report an experimental investigation of the structural, physical, mechanical, and dielectric properties of the Al2O3 tape with the addition of the SCBA waste. The tape casting technique prepared the ceramic tape. The materials under study were characterized by rheology, thermogravimetry, dilatometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, relative density, Vickers microhardness, mechanical resistance, and dielectric measurements. The dilatometry results confirm that the addition of the SCBA waste remarkably reduces the sintering temperature of the Al2O3 tape to 1200 degrees C. The physical, mechanical, and dielectric properties are improved with the addition of the SCBA waste, which makes our discoveries attractive from an environmental and economic point of view. Besides, the stabilization and high dielectric constant of the Al2O3-SCBA tape becomes a promising material for aircraft turbine applications.
BACKGROUNDAconitic acid (propene-1, 2, 3- tricarboxylic acid) is the most prevalent organic acid found in sugar cane. It is used in the food processing industry as an acidulant and can be used in the synthesis of plasticizers. It can also be used to synthesize biodegradable polyesters for tissue engineering applications. In this study, aconitic acid was isolated from sugarcane molasses via liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Six combinations of time and temperature (1-6 h at either 30 or 40 degrees C) were tested. In order to conserve solvent, ethyl acetate was recovered and reused for subsequent extractions. The recovery of aconitic acid from vinasse was also evaluated. RESULTSUnder the most efficient set of conditions, 69\% of the aconitic acid was recovered as free acid. The purity (HPLC) of the extracted acid was found to be 99.9\%. Ethanol was an additional stream that was generated by fermentation of molasses and yields of 12.4\% (g per 100 g of molasses) were obtained. CONCLUSIONThe yield of aconitic acid from molasses varied from 34-69\%, depending on the extraction conditions, with purity of the extracted acid being 99.9\%. The aconitic acid is of a quality sufficient to synthesize polymers that could realize high-value in biomedical applications. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Selective fermentation of reducing sugars in mixed saccharides is an emerging key technology for productivity enhancement utilizing high-yielding sugarcane cultivars in cane sugar mills coproducing sugar, ethanol and electricity. In this paper, a sophisticated analysis on the heat exchanger networks for inlet and outlet of selective fermentation is performed. As a key constraining parameter, the effect of availability of hot/cold heats at cane sugar mills on energy use, investment efficiency and process complexity were examined. The results demonstrated that no additional fuels are needed for implementing selective fermentation into cane sugar mills by utilizing bagasse as fuel. The heat exchanging between process streams should be incorporated to save main steam and initial cost for temperature control for selective fermentation. Cold heat acquisition has a high impact on the final decision in the choice of precooling and heating units.
This work proposes a new methodology for sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with ethanol, allowing production of lignin and enzymatically digestible cellulose in a one-step fractionation process. After ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment, the enzymatic digestibility of pretreated sugarcane bagasse was greatly enhanced: based on 100 g raw material, 39.96 g glucose could be obtained during enzymatic hydrolysis, representing 91.39 \% of the glucose in the raw material. Furthermore, characterization of raw material and solids pretreated at various temperatures by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out to better understand how delignification and hemicellulose removal affected subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Pyrolysisgas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) analysis of lignins recovered after ethanol-based pretreatment and enzymatic residues indicated that the two lignin fractions generated different pyrolysis products, but they were both enriched in p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units.
This study focuses on the thermal and mineralogical transformations of clay ceramic pastes. The pastes contain different amounts of sugarcane bagasse ash waste. Thermal and mineralogical changes occurring during firing were characterized by differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy. On heating three endothermic events within the 73.5-75.7, 276.9-283.5, and 567.1-573.5 A degrees C temperature ranges were identified. The endothermic valleys could be mainly interpreted as the release of physically adsorbed water, dehydration of hydroxides, and dehydroxylation of kaolinite, respectively. Two exothermic events within the 618.9-690.1 and 948 A degrees C temperature ranges were identified. The exothermic peaks are associated with the decomposition of organic compounds and crystallization of mullite from metakaolinite, respectively. TG results indicate that the clay ceramic pastes had a total mass loss in the 13.1-13.6 \% range, and are dependent on the sugarcane bagasse ash waste amount added. It was found that the replacement of natural clay with sugarcane bagasse ash waste, in the range up to 20 wt\%, influenced the thermal behavior and technological properties of the clay ceramic pastes. In addition, the thermal analysis results agree well with the XRD.
After industrial processing, one-third of sugarcane culms is converted into residual bagasse. The xylan-rich hemicellulose components of the bagasse were extracted with hot aqueous alkali (AX-CRUDE). Approximately 82\% of the extracted hemicelluloses was precipitated with ethanol (AX-PET). Both AX-CRUDE and AX-PET contained an arabinoxylan as confirmed by C-13 NMR and methylation analysis. Fraction AX-PET was fed to female Wistar rats with ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Oral administrations of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg reduced the gastric lesion area by over 50\%, and replenished ethanol-induced depletion of glutathione. The polysaccharide also increased mucus production by over 70\%, indicating its cytoprotective action on experimentally induced gastric ulcers. These findings are significant, since a biologically active compound can be extracted in high yields from an abundant, readily available residue. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Batteries are electric cells that use a reversible electrochemical process. One of the important components in the battery is the electrode. Electrodes in conventional batteries generally contain the B3 material. This study aimed to produce and characterize the bioelectrolytes made from blood clam shells and sugarcane bagasse. This study consisted of four stages, namely the stage of calcination of blood clam shells, the stage of hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, the stage of making bioelectrolyte paste, and the stage of test parameters. The test parameters performed included calcined blood clam shell morphology analysis using SEM, composition and mineral analysis on blood clam shell ash using XRF (X-Ray Fluorcence), analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and analysis using FTIR spectrophotometry. The characterization of the bioelectrolytes was tested using an AVOmeter or a multimeter connected using a connecting cable and an alligator clip. The best bioelectrolyte results were obtained using a reaction time of 90 minutes and a concentration of acid solution 30\% (v/v) with a mixture of shell ash and sugarcane bagasse paste in 1:1 ratio. The best power produced was 0.02 watts.
This study evaluated the adsorption capacity of chemically modified sugarcane bagasse with citric acid (B-CA), sodium hydroxide (B-S) and citric acid and sodium hydroxide (B-CAS) for Pb2+ ion adsorption in aqueous medium. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterise the materials, where the chemical modification was confirmed by the presence of carboxylate groups created at 1,730cm(-1) peak. All assays related to Pb2+ ion adsorption onto adsorbent, i.e. equilibrium time between Pb2+ ions and adsorbate (24 h), as well as Pb2+ ion concentration, were performed in batch system. The initial and final Pb2+ ion concentration after shaking time was determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Isotherm adsorptions were applied to Langmuir and Freundlich linear models and maximum adsorption capacity (MAC) of materials towards Pb2+ ions was calculated in function of modifications. A significant improvement regarding Pb2+ ion adsorption after the bagasse treatment with citric acid, in which MAC was 52.63 mg g(-1), was observed. The adsorptions followed the behaviour described by the Langmuir linear model and its kinetics follow the behaviour described by the pseudo-second-order equation.
In this study, thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene waste (PP) was investigated using a batch reactor in the temperature range 400-460 degrees C. Sulfonated carbon (SC) from sugarcane bagasse was used as a catalyst for the catalytic pyrolysis of PP. Catalytic pyrolysis of PP was investigated at four different catalyst to polymer ratios (1:20, 1:10, 1:5, and 1:3). The highest yield of catalytic pyrolytic liquid product was obtained at the ratio 1:5 with a liquid yield of 86.14\% at 420 degrees C. The time required for thermal pyrolysis was 70 min and it was reduced to 50 min in catalytic pyrolysis, with a decrease in temperature of 35 degrees C. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out for product oil from thermal and catalytic cracking. The results showed that the product oil from catalytic pyrolysis had more light fractions with a carbon distribution of C-8-C-33 compared to thermal pyrolysis. Properties of the liquid product were analyzed and it was compared with the properties of diesel and gasoline fuels. Considering the obtained results the economic low-cost catalyst from sugarcane bagasse waste could be more potential in the pyrolysis of PP plastic waste into useful hydrocarbons.
A bioflocculant produced by B. licheniformis was investigated with regard to a low-cost culture medium and its industrial application. Molasses replaced sucrose as the sole carbon source in bioflocculant fermentation. The optimum low-cost culture medium was determined to be composed of 20 g/L molasses, 0.4 g/L urea, 0.4 g/L NaCl, 0.2 g/L KH2PO4, 1.6 g/L K2HPO4, and 0.2 g/L MgSO4. The bioflocculant from B. licheniformis was then applied to treat sugarcane-neutralizing juice to remove colloids, suspended particles, and coloring matters in a sugar refinery factory. The optimal operation conditions were a bioflocculant dosage of 21 U/mL, pH 7.3 and a heating temperature of 100A degrees C. The color and turbidity of the sugarcane juice reached IU 1267 and IU 206, respectively, after clarification with the bioflocculant; these values were almost the same as those acquired following treatment with polyacrylamide (PAM), the most widely applied flocculant in sugar industries. These results suggest the great potential for use of bioflocculants in the sugar refinery process.
In this work, two catalytic systems combining Lewis and Bronsted acids (ZnCl2/HCl and AlCl3/HCl) were applied in a tetrahydrofuran (THF)/NaClaq biphasic system to produce furan compounds from plant polysaccharides. The following cellulosic matrices were applied for this purpose: alpha-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and both native and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. The AlCl3/HCl catalytic system afforded the best yields for alpha-cellulose conversion to furan compounds (hydrolysis followed by dehydration). The highest yields of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural (HMF) and furfural were 44.0 and 92.2\% for AlCl3/HCl and 36.5 and 81.4\% for ZnCl2/HCl, respectively. Cellulosic materials with lower crystallinity indexes afforded the best performance in hydrolysis followed by dehydration, giving relatively high yields of HMF and furfural. The HMF yields were similar for both native and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse and the presence of lignin had a negative effect on HMF production. The highest furfural yield from native sugarcane bagasse was 60.6\% with AlCl3/HCl catalytic system.
N,S-TiO2 deposited on three kinds of pre-treated sugarcane bagasse was synthesized via a sol-gel method. The obtained composites were characterized by various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). UV-visible induced degradation of ciprofloxacin was investigated. The influence of some experimental parameters such as contact time, pH, dosage, and initial concentration on the efficiency of ciprofloxacin elimination was also evaluated. The highest efficiency was observed for the alkaline pre-treated sugarcane bagasse combined with N,S-TiO2, about 86\% under optimal conditions (contact time 150-min irradiation, pH 5.5-6, dosage 0.5 g L-1, and the initial concentration CIP 30 ppm). There may be a rapid ciprofloxacin transition from the adsorption site to the photocatalytic site, and the alkaline pre-treated sugarcane bagasse/N,S-TiO2 prevented the recombining of holes and electrons of the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the alkaline pretreatment sugarcane bagasse/N,S-TiO2 composite material was sustainable, with only a 10\% reduction after reusing the material three times. The presence of sugarcane bagasse made the material easy to recover from the liquid phase.
The results of a set of experiments that were designed to integrate current knowledge on the major constituents of sugarcane bagasse lignin, specifically p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic acids, and vanillin are presented. These aromatic compounds have well-known antioxidant power and they are very important for the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Following a study on the effect of pH upon the spectra of these monomers and the determination of their pK(a) values, their self-association properties in ethanol as a solvent, particularly at concentrations < 10(-4) M were investigated using UV spectrophotometry and their K-ass values were determined. The results collected allowed to better understand the chemistry of sugarcane lignin and provide a contribution to the possible exploitation of this abundant straw material for the recovery of fine chemicals.
A process has been elaborated for one-step low lignin content sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose extraction using alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. To maximize the hemicellulose yields several extraction conditions were examined applying the 2(4) factorial design: H2O2 concentration from 2 to 6\% (w/v), reaction time from 4 to 16 h, temperature from 20 to 60 degrees C, and magnesium sulfate absence or presence (0.5\%, w/v). This approach allowed selection of conditions for the extraction of low and high lignin content hemicellulose. At midpoint the yield of hemicellulose was 94.5\% with more than 88\% of lignin removed. Lignin removal is suppressed at low extraction temperatures and in the absence of magnesium sulfate. Hemicellulose in 86\% yield with low lignin content (5.9\%) was obtained with 6\% H2O2 treatment for 4 h and 20 degrees C. This hemicellulose is much lighter in color than samples obtained at the midpoint condition and was found suitable for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The beta-glucosidase (BG) enzyme plays a vital role in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Supplementation of the hydrolysis reaction medium with BG can reduce inhibitory effects, leading to greater conversion. In addition, the inclusion of immobilized BG can be a useful way of increasing enzyme stability and recyclability. BG was adsorbed on polyacrylic resin activated by carboxyl groups (BG-PC) and covalently attached to glyoxyl-agarose (BG-GA). BG-PC exhibited similar behavior to soluble BG in the hydrolysis of cellobiose, while BG-GA hydrolyzed the same substrate at a lower rate. However, the thermal stability of BG-GA was higher than that of free BG. Hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse catalyzed by soluble cellulase supplemented with immobilized BG improved the conversion by up to 40\% after 96 h of reaction. Both derivatives remained stable up to the third cycle and losses of activity were less than 50\% after five cycles. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present work investigated the effects of subcritical CO2 pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at different CO2 pressure, pretreatment time, and temperature with relative high-solid concentration (15\% w/v) to the composition of prehydrolyzate and the enzymatic hydrolysis. The results indicated that the maximum xylose yields in prehydrolyzate liquid were 15.78 g (combined 3.16 g xylose and 12.62 g xylo-oligosaccharides per 100 g raw material). Due to the effective removal of hemicellulose, the maximum glucose yield in enzyme hydrolyzate reached 37.99 g per 100 g raw material, representing 91.87\% of glucose in the sugarcane bagasse. The maximal total sugars yield (combined xylose and glucose both in prehydrolyzate and enzymatic hydrolyzate) were 52.95 g based on 100 g raw material. These results indicated that subcritical CO2 pretreatment can effectively improve the enzymatic hydrolysis, so it could be successfully applied to sugarcane bagasse.(C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Xylooligosaccharides are known prebiotics that various foods and feed industries can utilize. In the present study, the xylan was extracted from sugarcane bagasse and coconut coir by NaOH treatment and it was further structurally characterized by FTIR. Furthermore, Thermomyces lanuginosus VAPS-24 was used to produce endo-xylanase, which induced the production of XOS from both of these substrates. The maximum production of XOS in 8 h using 20U enzyme concentration and 2\% substrate concentration was found as 10.10 mg/ml, 5.43 mg/ml for sugarcane bagasse and coconut coir, respectively. Further, the produced XOS was structurally characterized by the NMR, HPLC and FTIR analysis. This study gives a clue that the sugarcane bagasse can be used as the potent producer for the xylooligosaccharides as compared to the coconut coir and can be utilized at the industrial level.
To improve yield and nutrient absorption, the addition of fertilizers to provide nutrients in adequate quantities is recommended. An alternative substitution for soluble fertilizer is the use of Acidithiobacillus bacteria to produce rock biofertilizer that is then mixed with organic matter inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria (Beijerinckia indica) for N enrichment. This study evaluates the effectiveness of biofertilizer on nutrient uptake and its interaction with sugarcane filter cake in field-grown sugarcane on an Ultisol in the Brazilian rainforest region. The experiment used two NPK fertilizer treatments (biofertilizer and soluble fertilizer) applied at three rates (50, 100 and 150\% of the recommended rate {[
In this study, a novel activated carbon adsorbent from the press mud of a sugarcane industry was used to remove methyl orange dye (MOD) from aqueous solution and was optimized via response surface methodology using the central composite design. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis and showed the presence of functional groups such as alcohols, nitriles, amides, alkane, alkyl halides, and alkenes, and it also showed fibrous surface morphological appearance. The factors affecting MOD adsorption, such as initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were examined, and optimal pH 2.0 to remove MOD in an aqueous solution that is found in various studies is also utilized. The results showed maximum MOD removal rate of 98.68\% when the initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were optimally set as 24.17 mg/L, 0.5 g, and 20 min, respectively. The analysis of the equilibrium data revealed that MOD adsorption using press mud activated carbon best fitted the Langmuir isotherm (R-2 = 0.96103) which implies monolayer adsorption process. Also, the kinetics of MOD adsorption using press mud activated carbon followed a pseudo-first-order model (R-2 = 0.96096) which means that the active sites are proportional to the non-active sites during the adsorption process.
This work describes the preparation of sugarcane bagasse chemically modified with citric acid and evaluated adsorption of Cu(II), Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by sugarcane bagasse in natura and chemically modified. Adsorption analyses in batch system were carried out in function of contact time with the adsorbent and adsorbate concentration. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the ions concentrations. Adsorption experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich linear models, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated for copper ions in function of modifications. The chemical modifications were confirmed at 1.730 cm(-1) peak in infrared spectra, referring to the carboxylate groups. The required time for the adsorption to reach equilibrium was 24 h and the kinetics follows the behavior described by the pseudo-second order equation. Besides, a significant improvement of the ions adsorption has been observed after the bagasse modification, according to Langmuir isotherm linear model, showed maximum adsorption capacities for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cr(III) ions ranging from 6.87 to 31.53 mg. g(-1), 11.63 to 52.63 mg. g(-1), and 21.87 to 22,08 mg. g(-1), respectively.
The production of high-value commodities from sugarcane bagasse and harvest residues could be integrated into existing sugarcane mills to create sugarcane biorefineries. Three distinctly different domains of operating conditions were optimised for autocatalyzed steam pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of these lignocelluloses, to provide sugars according to biorefinery priorities, i.e. (i) maximum digestibility of the solids for glucose only, (ii) maximum hemicellulose recovery in the prehydrolysate for xylose only, or (iii) maximum combined sugar yield (CSY; glucose plus xylose). Bagasse pretreatment showed isolated optima for each response at (i) 215 degrees C, 15 min; (ii) 202.2 degrees C, 5 min; and (iii) 215 degrees C, 5 min. For the harvest residues, the three domains of optimum conditions overlapped within temperatures of 198 and 200 degrees C, and times of 8 and 12 degrees min, allowing for a single pretreatment condition that meets all three criteria. The practicality and robustness of the preferred pretreatment conditions were demonstrated with a mixed stream of both feedstocks.
Vinasse - liquid organic residue derived from the production of sugarcane ethanol fuel, has been applied as soil amendment via fertigation for decades in Brazil. This organic residue is an important source of nutrients and water for sugarcane crops. Through fertigation, approximately 400 billion liters of vinasse are recycled annually. Despite the economic and agronomic importance of this practice, vinasse-based fertigation can be a source of antibiotic contamination in the environment. The present work reports the application of solid phase extraction (SPE), salting-out liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE), and on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE) as sample preparation techniques for the analysis of the following antibiotics (contaminants) in vinasse sample: monensin, penicillin G, virginiamycin M1, virginiamycin S1, tetracycline and erythromycin. The study also employed a totally automated quantitative method based on on-line SPE and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) for the analysis of these contaminants in vinasse. The application of the aforementioned sample preparation techniques led to the successful extraction of the analytes, and a comparative analysis of the techniques showed that the on-line SPE technique was the most advantageous among the techniques investigated. The quantitative analytical method applied yielded well-defined chromatographic peaks, working range of 1.0-370.0 ng.mL(-1) , apparent recovery ranging from 80 to 110\% for most compounds, repeatability between 3 and 16\%, and limits of detection ranging from1.0 to 10 ng.mL(-1) . The analysis of six vinasse samples from different ethanol producing plants led to the detection of monensin at the concentration of 14.3 ng.mL(-1) in their compositions. The results obtained show that fertigation with vinasse is a source of antibiotic contamination in the environment. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse was chemically modified by polyethylenimine (PEI) and glutaraldehyde (GA) and then used as a support to immobilize Clostridium acetobutylicum XY16 in the process of butanol production. Compared with batch fermentation using unmodified sugarcane bagasse, 22.3 g/L total solvents were produced by cells immobilized on 4 g/L PEI treated sugarcane bagasse with high solvent productivity of 0.62 g/(L h) and glucose consumption rate of 1.67 g/(L h). Improvement of 14, 43, and 37 \% in total solvent titer, solvent productivity and glucose consumption rate was observed, respectively. Enhanced solvent production of 25.14 g/L was obtained when using a high concentration of glucose of 80 g/L. Continuous fermentation was studied using PEI/GA modified sugarcane bagasse as immobilization support with a range of dilution which rates from 0.2 to 2.5 to find an optimal condition. The maximum solvent productivity of 11.32 g/(L h) was obtained at a high dilution rate of 2.0 h(-1).
To understand the lignocellulose properties of sugarcane (Sacchanun sp.) bagasse with a view to its application to produce fermentable sugars, we comparatively analyzed lignocellulose properties, especially lignin chemical structures, of bagasse before and after alkaline, hydrothermal, and dilute sulfuric acid pretreatments. Wet chemical analyses and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy determined that lignocellulose from untreated bagasse contained similar levels of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignins with lower levels of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and tricin (T) lignins. Alkaline pretreatment preferentially removed S and T lignins from bagasse, whereas the hydrothermal and dilute sulfuric acid pretreatments had the effect of enriching lignins (except T lignin) by reducing xylans and arabinans. Our data indicated that the alkaline and dilute sulfuric acid pretreatments relatively enriched beta-5 linkages, while reducing beta-O-4 and beta-beta substructures, in the residual lignin polymers. In contrast, hydrothermal pretreatment reduced all three major linkage types.
The pretreatment and fractionation of sugarcane bagasse into carbohydrate-rich (CRM) and lignin-rich material (LRM) was investigated using a series of cholinium-, triethylammonium- and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids in conjunction with acetone-water-mixtures as precipitating antisolvent. Compositional analysis of the CRM showed that the pretreatment with carboxylate anion containing ILs allowed high carbohydrate recovery and moderate to high delignification, while hydrogen sulfate based ILs led to a marked reduction in both lignin and hemicellulose content. The recovery of the solubilized lignin, which could serve as a potentially valuable product stream was found highest for ILs comprising hydrogen sulfate anions. Spectroscopic characterization and comparison with alkaline, Formacell and commercial kraft lignin samples revealed differences in purity, functional group composition and syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio between the individual LRM fractions, giving rise to different potential applications for the derived lignins.
Sugarcane bagasse pretreated with dilute-acid was submitted to an organosolv ethanol process with NaOH under different operational conditions (pretreatment time, temperature, and ethanol concentration) aiming to maximize the glucose yield in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis stage. The different pretreatment conditions resulted in variations in the chemical composition of the solid residue as well as in the glucose recovered by enzymatic hydrolysis. All the studied variables presented significant (p < 0.05) influence on the process. The optimum organosolv pretreatment conditions consisted in using 30\% (v/v) ethanol at 195 degrees C, during 60 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the residue then obtained produced 18.1 g/l glucose, correspondent to a yield of 29.1 g glucose/100 g sugarcane bagasse. The scale-up of this process, by performing the acid pretreatment in a 10-1 semi-pilot reactor fed with direct steam, was successfully performed, being obtained a glucose yield similar to that found when the acid pretreatment was performed in autoclave. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the major crops cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and the primary purpose is to obtain raw sugar. It is an important substance for sugar and alcohol production by both the sugar and beverage industries. During cane processing, various byproducts are obtained, namely sugarcane bagasse, bagasse ash, pressmud cake, sugarcane vinasse, and spent wash. There are many challenging problems in storage, and they cause great environmental pollution. This review discusses their properties by which they can be used for cleaner agricultural and environmental sustainability. Utilization of byproducts results in value-added soil properties and crop yield. Replacing chemical fertilization with these organic natured byproducts not only minimizes the surplus usage of chemical fertilizers but is also cost-effective and an eco-friendly approach. The drawbacks of the long-term application of these byproducts in the agricultural ecosystem are not well documented. We conclude that the agriculture sector can dispose of sugar industry byproducts, but proper systematic disposal is needed. The need arises to arrange some seminars, meetings, and training to make the farming community aware of byproducts utilization and setting a friendly relationship between the farming community and industrialists.
BackgroundThe recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass made it challenging for their bioconversion into biofuels and biochemicals. Pretreatment was required to deconstruct the intact structure by the removal of hemicellulose/lignin, improving the cellulose accessibility of enzyme. Combinatorial pretreatments with liquid hot water/H2SO4 and ethanol/NaOH of sugarcane bagasse were developed to improve enzymatic hydrolysis under mild conditions.ResultsAfter one-step 60\% ethanol containing 0.5\% NaOH pretreatment with solid to liquid ratio of 1/10, the glucose yield after hydrolysis for 72h with enzyme dosage of 20FPU/g substrate was enhanced by 41\% and 205\% compared to that of NaOH or 60\% ethanol pretreated solids, respectively. This improvement was correlated with the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. However, using combinatorial pretreatments with 1\% H2SO4 followed by 60\% ethanol containing 0.5\% NaOH, the highest glucose yield with Tween 80 reached 76\%, representing 84.5\% of theoretical glucose in pretreated substrate. While retaining similar glucose yield, the addition of Tween 80 capacitated either a reduction of enzyme loading by 50\% or shortening hydrolysis time to 24h. However, the enhancement with the addition of Tween 80 decreased as hydrolysis time was extended.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that a combinatorial pretreatment with 1\% H2SO4 followed by 60\% ethanol containing 0.5\% NaOH had significant effects on improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The addition of Tween 80 enabled reducing the enzyme loading or shortening the hydrolysis time. This study provided an economically feasible and mild process for the generation of glucose, which will be subsequently converted to bioethanol and biochemicals.
A new PVA-hydrogel matrix for yeast cell immobilization for xylitol bioproduction from sugarcane bagasse was studied. Five repeated-batch fermentation runs were carried out in medium based on sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate with reuse of the entrapped biocatalyst. The system performance as well as the metabolic behaviour of cells entrapped into the matrix were evaluated. The biocatalyst remained stable and exhibited a similar fermentative profile in all the successive batches, demonstrating the viability of the system. At the end of the run, an average xylitol production was observed of 35.1 g l(-1) and average xylitol yield and productivity of 0.58 g g(-1) and 0.49 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively.
Pyrolysis process of sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane straw was studied with the objective of determining the kinetic parameters activation energy (E), logarithm of pre-exponential factor (log A) in agreement with converted fraction (alpha). The determination of kinetic parameters was done through software thermokinetics by NETZSCH, which associated ``Model Free{''
Activated carbon from sugarcane residues, bagasse and straw was obtained with phosphoric acid activation. All samples were characterized by N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The advantages of using a ball or hammer milling process were investigated, together with the effect of the impregnation ratio and its influence on the final activated carbon porosity. The results show that all samples exhibit a high surface area and well developed porosity, but those which were ball-milled have a greater gas adsorbed amount, especially those which had straw (1415 m(2)/g) as precursor material. Furthermore, the results suggest that the process may have an optimum impregnation ratio, which should be around 2 or 3, irrespectively of the lignocellulosic source material. The mechanochemical process seems to be more relevant than the percentage of cellulose in the raw material. According with spectroscopy results, the homogeneous distribution of phosphorus throughout the sample was verified, even after repeated washing steps. Surface phosphate linkages like C-O-PO3 and C-PO3 were also detected.
This work evaluated sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with wood-decay fungi, producing varied patterns of biodegradation. The overall mass balance of sugars released after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis indicated that a selective white-rot was necessary to provide glucose yields similar to the ones observed from leading physico-chemical pretreatment technologies. The selective white-rot Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was selective for lignin degradation in the lignocellulosic material, preserved most of the glucan fraction, and increased the cellulose digestibility of biotreated material. Glucose mass balances indicated that of the potential glucose of untreated bagasse, 47\% was recovered as sugar-rich syrup after C. subvermispora biotreatment for 60 days followed by enzymatic digestion of the pretreated material. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper aims to identify and quantify the main potential environmental impacts of the sugarcane bagasse electricity generation in Brazil. To do so, it was employed the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique based on primary and secondary data from three previous studies encompassing electricity generation, transmission and distribution processes. It was identified that the main impact potentials of this type of electricity generation in Brazil that should be addressed by decision-makers are the photochemical ozone, the human toxicity via soil and the nutrient enrichment ones, which are caused mainly by the sugarcane straw burning prior harvesting and the chemical application. In addition, it was found that non-renewable resources, renewable resources and energy consumption are also important issues that should be addressed mostly in the process of electricity transmission. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biofilms are of vital significance in bioconversion and biotechnological processes. In this work, sugarcane molasses was used to enhance biofilms for the improvement of the production of fumigaclavine C (FC), a conidiation-associated ergot alkaloid with strong anti-inflammatory activities. Biofilm formation was more greatly induced by the addition of molasses than the addition of other reported biofilm inducers. With the optimal molasses concentration (400 g/l), the biofilm biomass was 6-fold higher than that with sucrose, and FC and conidia production was increased by 5.8-and 3.1-fold, respectively. Moreover, the global secondary metabolism regulatory gene laeA, FC biosynthetic gene fgaOx3, and asexual central regulatory genes brlA and wetA were upregulated in molasses-based biofilms, suggesting the upregulation of both asexual development and FC biosynthesis. This study provides novel insight into the stimulatory effects of molasses on biofilm formation and supports the widespread application of molasses as an inexpensive raw material and effective inducer for biofilm production.
This study evaluated an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor to produce hydrogen from sugarcane molasses of 25 g-COD L-1. The reactor of 1.2 L working volume contained shredded tires as support material. The inoculum was sludge obtained in a UASB reactor of a sewage treatment plant. The AFBR was operated at hydraulic retention times of 12, 6, 4 and 3 h. The maximum hydrogen production rate (1.44 L-H-2 h(-1) L-1) and the highest hydrogen yield (3.07 mol-H-2 mol(-1)-glucose) occurred at HRT of 4 and 6 h, respectively. The highest COD removal (23.3 +/- 8.5\%) was achieved at HRT of 12 h, while the HRT of 6 h presented the maximum carbohydrate conversion of 70.1 +/- 2.2\%. Ethanol (44-67\%) and acetic acid (18-38\%) were the main metabolites produced, emphasizing a predominance of ethanol-type fermentation pathway in the process. The PCR-DGGE analysis revealed that the bacterial community presented a maximum similarity of 88\% between HRT of 4 and 3 h, indicating that the microbial dynamic altered as the organic load has increased. The highest Shannon-Winner index of 2.77 was obtained at HRT of 6 h, inferring that higher microbial diversity favored hydrogen production.
Even some natural resources, considered as waste, can be used for manufacturing a lot of products with enhanced sustainable properties, such as cellulosic bagasse. In this review was performed in order to gather state of the art about natural fibers structure, properties, and applications in polymer composites reinforcement, giving an approach of bagasse sugarcane fibers. The literature was done in different scientific databases; more than 50 papers were analyzed. The vegetable fibers are an extensive and multipurpose group, bagasse sugarcane fibers emerge as a remarkable renewable resource, due to their suitable properties and a large amount of available resources worldwide. Nevertheless, this kind of products require the use of adequacy physical and chemical treatments in order to achieve an adequate proper interaction with polymer matrices, additionally, other characteristics as the geometry and fiber content can influence the performance as reinforcements in composite materials.
The present work investigates the effect of gamma irradiation on the recovery of total reducing sugars from delignified sugarcane bagasse. The bagasse was irradiated with different radiation dose i.e. 25, 100, 250, 400 and 1000 kGy.The effect of different initiators in terms of sugar recovery was also investigated. The total reducing sugars was estimated by Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and individual sugars were identified and estimated by HPLC.The results revealed that irradiation of delignified sugarcane bagasse increases the yield of total reducing sugar by three fold. The use of 1\% Ammonium persulphate (APS) as initiator further increases the yield by four fold. The increase in the yield of total reducing sugar was attributed to the breakage of cellulosic cell walls of sugarcane bagasse by irradiation.
Fertigation using sugarcane vinasse is expected in the sugar and alcohol industries; however, its indiscriminate practice can trigger soil salinization and contamination of water sources. This review article appraises the vinasse use as a precursor material in producing organo-mineral fertilizers. Vinasse use could be an alternative for the increased demand for organo-mineral fertilizers. In that case, the vinasse reuse would be maintained but through controlled practices and lower environmental impact. The state-of-art points to possible advantages associated with the vinasse conversion into organo-mineral fertilizers, such as ease of transport and handling, low variability in its composition, and lower risks of soil and water resources contamination. It has been summarized and critically discussed the past ten years (2011-2021, total number papers revised: 175) of research data about vinasse composition, along with the limitations to be overcome in the near future to enable the application of organo-mineral fertilizers. Possible nutrients supplementation beyond those already present in vinasse composition would depend on the crop requirement, and the impact on the soil biota and integrity should be better understood. The aspects discussed along the manuscript would be aligned with circular economy principles, converting a residue (vinasse) into a potential resource for agricultural activities, including sugar and alcohol industries. After all, although promising, obtaining organo-mineral fertilizers from vinasse must be empirically validated and its feasibility proven by comparative studies between fertigation and the use of organo-mineral fertilizers.
The excess of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) from the sugar-alcohol industry is considered a by-product with great potential for many bioproducts production. This work had as objective to verify the performance of sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SCBHH) as source of sugars for enzymatic or in vitro xylitol production. For this purpose, xylitol enzymatic production was evaluated using different concentrations of treated SCBHH in the commercial reaction media. The weak acid hydrolysis of SCB provided a hydrolysate with 18 g L-1 and 6 g L-1 of xylose and glucose, respectively. Considering the reactions, changes at xylose xylitol conversion efficiency and volumetric productivity in xylitol were not observed for the control experiment and using 20 and 40\% v.v (1) of SCBHH in the reaction media. The conversion efficiency achieved 100\% in all the experiments tested. The results showed that treated SCBHH is suitable as xylose and glucose source for the enzymatic xylitol production and that this process has potential as an alternative for traditional xylitol production ways. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
L-asparaginase is an important enzyme used in the pharmaceutical and food industry, which can be produced by different microorganisms using low cost feedstocks. In this work, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was used as support for enzyme production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) by A. terreus. Initially, the influence of the variables carbon and nitrogen sources on the enzyme production was studied following an experimental design carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks. Statistical analysis indicated the use of 0.54\% of starch, 0\% of maltose, 0.44\% of asparagine, and 1.14\% of glutamine in the medium, resulting in enzyme activity per volume of produced extract of 120.723 U/L. Then, these conditions were applied in a horizontal column reactor filled with SCB, producing 105.3 U/L of enzyme activity. Therefore, the potential of extracellular L-asparaginase enzyme production in the column reactor using sugarcane bagasse as support was demonstrated and it represents a system that can favor large scale production.
The study investigated potential of scrap tire and sugarcane bagasse as co-pyrolysis feedstock with a focus on liquid yield. Two raw materials were fed to fixed-bed reactor in various mixing ratios. The experiments were carried out at 500 degrees C with heating rate of 20 degrees C/min and Nitrogen (flowrate: 50 mL/min) was used as carrier gas. Sugarcane bagasse/scrap tire 1:3 produced highest liquid yield (49.7 wt\% against 42.1 wt\% of pure sugarcane bagasse), which was then characterized for physical and chemical properties using different chromatographic and spectroscopic analytical techniques. Significant synergistic effects were indicated by the quality and quantity of the co-pyrolysis liquid yield. The optimum feedstock mix produced oil with calorific value of 41 MJ/kg with lesser viscosity as compared to pure sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis oil. Co-pyrolysis oil showed high potential to be used as feedstock for fuel production after required processing. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the present study we employed sugarcane bagasse for biotreatment of soil containing 50 mg kg(-1) of lindane. Garden soil were treated with lindane and amended with varying concentrations of sugarcane bagasse (10\%, 20\%, 30\%, 40\% and 50\%: w/w). Data on dissipation and degradation of lindane in soil columns (0-15, 15-30 cm) were studied at six consecutive samplings (0, 3, 7, 45 and 60 days). Treatment with 50\% sugarcane bagasse resulted in >53\% degradation of lindane in upper soil column with minimal leaching to lower soil column (0.002\%) while highest leaching of lindane from upper soil column to lower soil column was occurred in garden soil (35.8\%). Similarly, a substantial microbial biomass input has detected in amended soil than garden soil. Our results provide evidence that sugarcane bagasse can accelerate lindane degradation by enhanced microbial activity and prevent pesticide mobility through soil column by adsorption. Sugarcane bagasse could be useful as cheaper, easy available alternative for the biotreatment of lindane impacted soil. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD) modified sugarcane bagasse (SB) was prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Due to the presence of a large number of carboxyl groups, the adsorption capacity of the EDTAD modified SB (EDTAD-SB) for malachite green (MG) showed a significant increase compared with SB. Increase in ion strength of solution-induced decline of MG sorption. The maximum adsorption capacities were 157.2 mg g(-1) for MG, according to the Langmuir equation. Kinetic studies showed better correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, confirming that the sorption rate was controlled by a chemisorption process.
The RT-CaCCO process for enzymatic saccharification was applied to readily-milled fractions of wet sugarcane bagasse. Wet bagasse immediately after juice extraction was crushed with shark-mill blades to prepare two fractions referred to as readily-milled (RF) and hardly-milled fraction (HF). Monosaccharide recoveries from RFs via the RT-CaCCO process were 1.03-1.21 times higher than those from HFs. Moreover, when the wet weight ratio of RF/HF was adjusted to 2/8, the hexose recovery from RF was 90.9\%, which was 1.3 times higher than that of the wet bagasse before fractionation. The results show that this process can be used for efficient monosaccharide recovery from RF of wet bagasse. In addition, the process can be adapted to more fibrous HF for multiple uses such as fuel for boilers and fibers for particleboards. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work aims at the valorization of sugarcane bagasse by extracting xylose which is destined to the production of xylitol after purification and hydrogenation. Our approach consists in applying the principle of biorefinery to sugarcane bagasse because of its hemicellulose composition (particularly rich in xylan: (92\%)), Optimizing of the thermal treatment was investigated. A treatment at 170 C for 2 h was found optimal, with higher solubilzation of hemicellulose than that at 150 C and lower degradation of sugar monomers than 190 degrees C. Recovery of xylose was high and the purity of xylose solution (78\%) allows expecting an easy purification and separation of xylose before hydrogenation. Analysis of thermal hydrolyzates shows the presence of xylan oligomers and polymers with large distribution of DPs. This fraction should be submitted to enzymatic treatment to recover more xylose monomer. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molasses, the main byproduct of sugar production, is a well-known source of phenolic compounds. In this study, the effect of sugarcane molasses extract on the formation of N-epsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) and N-epsilon-(carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL) was investigated in glucose-lysine model reaction systems. Results showed that sugarcane molasses extract significantly and dose dependently inhibited the formation of CML and CEL in model reaction systems. The antiglycation activities of sugarcane molasses extract were not only brought about by its antioxidant activities but also associated with its trapping abilities of reactive carbonyl species, such as glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO), the key intermediate compound for the formation of CML and CEL. Besides, the presence of sugarcane molasses extract effectively reduced the extent of browning. The present study emphasized the potential health effects of sugarcane molasses and the possibility of using byproducts as effective ingredients to reduce dietary Maillard reaction end products. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Second generation ethanol can be produced from carbohydrates released from both sugarcane bagasse cell wall and sugarcane straw. The development of new method for the analysis of carbohydrates is, in this sense, seen as extremely relevant in the area of bioenergy. Based on the above considerations, the scope of this work encompasses the identification and quantification of carbohydrates composition in sugarcane bagasse without the need of sample derivatization, developing a novel analytical method using a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes containing nickel oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (GCE/MWCNT/NiOOH) and applying the modified electrode as a detector in HPAEC (High Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography) with reverse pulsed amperometric detection (RPAD) towards the determination of arabinose, galactose, glucose and xylose in hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse. The carbohydrates concentrations determined in the hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse were 6.1x10(-4)molL(-1), 1.0x10(-2)molL(-1) and 2.8x10(-3)molL(-1) for arabinose, glucose, and xylose respectively. Our results showed that the present method is, in essence, attractive for analysis in the course of the production process of second generation ethanol production in that it does not require sample derivatization, has rapid run time, satisfactory separation, and can be used for the detection of carbohydrates without the interference of other electroactive species.
Sugarcane bagasse was exposed to gamma radiation at different doses i.e. 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 kGy at a dose rate of 2.5 kGy/h and characterized for physical, chemical, morphological and structural properties. Results showed that on exposure of sugarcane bagasse, hemicellulose content reduced from 31\% to 12.4\% at 2000 kGy dose. The cellulose content of bagasse did not get affected much upto 1000 kGy exposure; however at 2000 kGy dose it decreased considerably. XRD study shows an initial increase in crystallinity index of bagasse at a dose level of 100 kGy while on further increase in radiation dose from 100 kGy to 2000 kGy the crystallinity index of bagasse decreases. Pores in the SEM photograph were observed on the surface of irradiated bagasse. UV-Vis spectra of bagasse showed a red shift indicating internal changes caused by radiation exposure. Study shows that the irradiation of bagasse results in disrupton of the lignocellulosic structure of Bagasse which opens up for easy accessibility of acids and hydrolytic enzymes for cellulosic hydrolysis resulting into fermentable sugars.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) has commendable potential as pozzolanic material on account of silica as an attractive oxide composition; however, the coarser size of SCBA fractions hinders the fullest potential. In this regard, the choice of the comminution process is inevitable. In the present investigation, three sugarcane bagasse ash samples with a variable loss on ignition (less than 20\%), but in compliance with the oxide composition requirement of ASTM C618, were selected to assess the effect of grinding on the particle size of SCBA and, in turn, the pozzolanic reactivity of ground SCBA. Four different methods of pozzolanic reactivity were adopted to evaluate the suitable characteristics of SCBA, enhancing the pozzolanicity. The results of the pozzolanic reactivity of ground SCBA showed that a particle size (D50) lower than 35 mu m and particles below 45 mu m higher than 60\% was a desirable level of grinding in attaining the minimum strength activity index (SAI) (75\%). The provided amorphous silica was more than 25\%, and oxide composition conformed to ASTM C618. Assessment of the pozzolanic reactivity of SCBA through simple and feasible techniques like the Frattini test and the modified Chapelle test with SAI appears reassuring. The attainment of the suggested level of particle sizes for SCBA through comminution indicates it is a viable method for developing pozzolanic reactivity. (C) 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Hydrothermal treatment of sugarcane bagasse was conducted using a semi-batch reactor to develop a new biomass fractionation method that has low impact in the environment. A continuously increasing temperature was used in this treatment. It was found that hemicellulose and lignin could be mainly extracted as a water-soluble fraction at 200-230 degreesC, while the cellulose fraction was hydrolyzed at higher temperatures (230-280 degreesC) or recovered as solid residue from this treatment. Detailed analyses of the solid residue indicated that the crystal structure and the chemical composition of the residue were in good accordance with those of untreated crystalline cellulose. These experimental and analytical findings show that this method is promising for removal of hemicellulose and lignin from woody biomass without any catalyst and organic solvent. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nanocellulose (NC) was extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by acid hydrolysis. Alkalization and bleaching were used to treat SCB before the acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis was carried out at 45 and 60 degrees C for 90 and 180 min. Chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal stability of the materials were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Morphology and particle size of nanocellulose were also studied using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). FTIR results confirmed that lignin and hemicellulose were eliminated after alkali and bleaching treatments. These chemical treatments resulted in an improvement in the crystallinity and thermal stability of SCB. Sphere shape nanocellulose particles were observed by FE-SEM. With increasing hydrolysis time and temperature, the crystallinity of nanocellulose was increased but particle size and thermal stability were decreased.
Extracion of hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse under microwave radiation was studied in this paper. The effects of liquid to solid ratio ( V ( water) : in ( stover)), alkali consumption ( m( NaOH): m ( stover)), time, microwave power, and temperature on the extraction yield of hemicelluloses were investigated. The optimal parameters were: liquid to solid ratio of 25, alkali consumption of 2.0, time of 20 min, and microwave power of 1200 W. The obtained hemicelluloses was qualitatively analyzed by gas chromatography, and results showed that prepared hemicelluloses is a kind of xylan hemicelluloses, mainly consisting of simple sugars like D-xylose, D- arabinose, L- arabinose, D- galacturonic acid, D-galactose and D-mannose.
Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 was used to degrade sugarcane bagasse (SCB) directly for hydrogen production, which was significantly enhanced by supplementing medium with CaCO3. The effect of CaCO3 concentration on the hydrogen production was investigated. The hydrogen production was significantly enhanced with the CaCO3 concentration increased from 10 mM to 20 mM. However, with the CaCO3 concentration further increased from 20 mM to 100 mM, the hydrogen production didn't increase further. Under the optimal CaCO3 concentration of 20 mM, the hydrogen production reached 97.83 +/- 5.19 mmol/L from 2\% sodium hydroxide-pretreated SCB, a 116.72\% increase over the control (45.14 +/- 1.03 mmol/L), and the yield of hydrogen production reached 4.89 mmol H-2/g SCBadded. Additionally, CaCO3 promoted the biodegradation of SCB and the growth of C. thermocellum. The stimulatory effects of CaCO3 on biohydrogen production are mainly attributed to the buffering capacity of carbonate. The study provides a novel strategy to enhance biohydrogen production from lignocellulose. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is the major by-product of the sugar industry. It has a great potential for the production of biofuels and chemicals due to its considerable amount of cellulose and hemicellulose. In this study, we investigated a simple and economic pretreatment process using dilute ammonia for the storage of sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse was stored in 0, 0.03, and 0.3\% (w/w) ammonium hydroxide in a closed bottle for 40 days at 30 A degrees C under atmospheric pressure without any agitation or circulation. Samples were taken every 10 days and analyzed for changes on lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose composition, ammonia concentration, and microbial counts. Biomass storage for 40 days at 0.3\% ammonium hydroxide removed 46\% of lignin and retained 100\% cellulose and 73\% hemicellulose.
Sugarcane bagasse, is one of the largest agriculture residues in the world and its chemical composition is interesting for several areas. Among one of the lipid components was found phytosterols. These are structurally and functionally similar to cholesterol, they are contributing to the reduction of cholesterol in the blood when consumed. Phytosterols were extracted with supercritical CO2 from sugarcane bagasse. In this work was evaluated the effect of temperature (40-80 degrees C), flowrate (6-10 ml min(-1)), pressure (200-400 bar) and co-solvent (0-10\% ethanol) on extraction yield and phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol) concentration. The addition of co-solvent improves total phytosterols concentration at low pressure, but has no effect at high pressure. At optimal extraction conditions the yield was 0.92\% and 0.300 mg total phytosterol g(-1) dry material. The extract obtained presented a lipidic composition with possible cardiovascular health benefits due to phytosterols, policosanols and unsaturated fatty acids found.
High performance concrete (HPC) is produced in this study by utilizing the agriculture industry by-product. The usage of by-product helps to condense the disposal issues, ecological degradation and also makes the production of concrete economical. The raw sugarcane bagasse ash from sugarcane industry is processed to ensure the suitability with the properties of cement to be used in HPC. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is used as binder in HPC as an alternative of ordinary Portland cement. The properties of the SCBA have been studied. Investigation were carried out experimentally on M 60 grade of high performance concrete blended with SCBA to assess the workability, strength and durability properties at different ages of curing. Three SCBA blended HPC specimens were tested for each trial and test. Test results indicate improved performance in strength and durability properties up to 15\% substitution level of SCBA with ordinary Portland cement.
In this work is presented a process with high lactic acid production as well as high sugar conversion and low by-products formation. The microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum uses preferably 6-carbon sugars. However, the xylose consumption occurs since the hexose concentration is not high. Lb. plantarum was shown to have a capacity for lactic acid production from cellulosic and hemicellulosic hydrolysates without detoxification. The results were similar to that using glucose, which is the source of carbon currently used by the lactic acid industry. Lactic acid is an organic acid with a hydroxyl and an acid functional group. It has an asymmetric carbon and it naturally occurs as two optical isomers, D and L lactic acid. Crystallinity and many other important physical properties such as rate of degradation, melting point and boiling point are controlled by the ratio of enantiomers used. Lactic acid production by fermentation has several advantages when compared to chemical synthesis, such as low temperatures, low energy consumption, better environmental concerns and high purity. Furthermore, by fermentation it is possible to obtain the optically pure lactic acid, while by chemical synthesis only the racemic mixture can be produced. Despite the wide variety of feedstock tested for the lactic acid production most of them have problems with price, seasonality, continuous availability for large-scale production, fermentation rate, the amount of contaminants present, yields of lactic acid, formation of by-products, location of lactic acid production plant due to both availability as logistics of transportation and use of it. Trying to find substrates that overcome some of these barriers, in this work is proposed the use of molasses from sugar industry, pentose and hexose from enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse aiming to produce lactic acid.
Xylitol production by chemical or enzymatic routes generates massive amounts of hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse as a residue. This biomass is a renewable feedstock for the production of added-value chemicals from its lignocellulosic constituents. In this work, chlorine-free, alpha-cellulose pulp and acetic acid were produced from hydrolyzed bagasse. Soda/AQ and oxidative processes were developed to remove lignin from the biomass. Lignin-rich liquid effluents (mixed black liquors) were converted into acetic acid via wet peroxide oxidation (WPO). Transition metals (Fe, Cu, and Mn) present in the liquor were used as homogeneous catalysts. Experimental results demonstrate the technical feasibility of converting hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse into et-cellulose, chlorine-free pulps, and acetic acid via environmentally friendly integrated processes. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The present study deals with a production of pine particleboards using the sugarcane bagasse content and using castor-oil based bicomponent polyurethane resin and urea-formaldehyde resin. The influence of incorporation of sugarcane bagasse on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites was evaluated. The particleboards were produced according Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810, but performance requirements have been analyzed using Brazilian and international standards, as well. Treatment 2, using PU resin, were considered the best treatment using pine residue and sugarcane bagasse, presenting physical properties values 60\% lower and mechanical properties 65\% higher on average when compared with panel without sugarcane bagasse, indicating the good performance of sugarcane incorporation and the possibility of its use on commercial purpose for thermal and acoustic insulation. The addition of sugarcane bagasse improved physical and mechanical properties of particleboards when compared to panels manufactured from pine wood particles only. Statistical analysis indicated that moisture content and bagasse content were significant, enhancing properties when compared with reference treatments.
With the growth and development of chemical plants, the amount of mercury released in wastewater has increased. Mercury in wastewater contains harmful compounds which are hazardous to the human health and living organisms. Therefore, its removal from wastewater is significant. There are various techniques or methods available for removing mercury from aqueous solutions. This study focused upon the removal of mercury from aqueous solution with commercial activated carbon and activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse. Activated carbon produced from sugarcane bagasse was used as adsorbent. This adsorbent was used to remove mercury from aqueous solution. For this purpose, first, the optimal mercury solution pH for mercury removal was obtained. Effective parameters such as contact time, initial concentration of mercury, adsorbent dose and agitation speed were investigated. The mercury adsorption was increased when the mass of activated carbon was increased. Increasing the initial mercury concentration leads to decrease in mercury adsorption efficiency. The results of experiments indicated that the speed of the stirrer was not considered to be an effective factor in the mercury adsorption. Experiments were also carried out on a commercial activated carbon. Adsorption results obtained for sugarcane bagasse activated carbon were compared with commercial activated carbon. The adsorption efficiency was increased as the contact time was increased. Finally, the experiment was carried out on water samples released from South Pars platforms. In addition to the mercury removal, other heavy metals removal such as lead and cadmium were also carried out.
Several compounds related with plant defense and pharmacological activities have been isolated from sugarcane. Straw phytotoxins and their possible mechanisms of growth inhibition are Largely unknown. A bioassay-guided fractionation of the phytotoxic constituents leachated from a sugarcane straw led to the isolation of trans-ferutic (trans-FA), cis-ferulic (cis-FA), vanillic (VA) and syringic (SA) acids. The straw leachates and their identified constituents significantly inhibited root growth of Lettuce and four weeds. VA was more phytotoxic to root elongation than FA and SA. The identified phenolic compounds significantly increased leakage of root cell constituents, inhibited dehydrogenase activity and reduced chlorophyll content in Lettuce. VA and FA inhibited mitotic index while SA increased cell division. Additive (VA-FA and FA-SA) and synergistic (VA-SA) interactions on root growth were observed at the response level of EC25. Although the isolated compounds differed in their relative phytotoxic activities, the observed physiological responses suggest that they have a common mode of action. HPLC analysis indicated that sugarcane straw can potentially release 1.43 (ratio 2:1, trans:cis), 1.14 and 0.14 mmol kg(-1) (straw dry weight) of FA, VA and SA, respectively. As phenolic acids are often found spatially concentrated in the top soil Layers under plant straws, further studies are needed to establish the impact of these compounds in natural. settings. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. ALL rights reserved.
The remediation of Cr(VI) is one of the hot issues in groundwater pollution remediation. The influences and effects of pH on Cr(VI) reduction by organic reducing substances in sugarcane molasses were studied under the sterilization and unsterilization conditions by means of batch laboratory-scale experiments. The results showed that pH of reaction solution has a great influence on the reduction of Cr(VI) by sugarcane molasses. When pH >= 3.0, the final removal efficiency of Cr(VI) on the condition of sterilization and unsterilization at pH values of 8.0, 5.8, 4.0 and 3.0 was 15.441\%, 17.945\%, 29.205\%, 36.258\% and 99.236\%, and 98.577\%, 99.235\% and 99.368\%, respectively. When pH < 3.0, the final removal efficiency of Cr(VI) on the condition of sterilization and unsterilization at pH values of 2.5 and 2.0 was 99.631\% and 99.895\%, and 99.631\% and 99.895\%, respectively. The main mechanism involves chemical reduction and biological reduction. And biological reduction in the process of Cr(VI) reduction by sugarcane molasses is of the first priority when pH >= 3.0; when pH < 3.0, the rate of chemical reduction was higher and it was not the basic existing biological reduction. The relationship between pH and pseudo-first-order rate constant (k(obs)) on both the sterilization and unsterilization conditions was satisfied with Boltzmann model. There is an inflection point at the pH of about 2.6, which also indicated the influence mechanism of pH on the reduction of Cr(VI) by sugarcane molasses.
Sugarcane is a tall, stout, perennial grass with fibrous stalks rich in sucrose used for sugar production. Sugarcane is widely used to produce sugar, ethanol, and other bioactive compounds. However, the processing of sugarcane and its byproduct bagasse can result in negative environmental impacts and safety hazards. Therefore, safe, and sustainable processing methods are crucial for the generation of biofuels and bioactive compounds. Sugarcane and its by-products contain high levels of phytochemicals such as phytosterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, and phenolic acids. The phytochemicals and the microbial populations associated with sugarcane that live in the soil (rhizosphere) and on the surface (phyllosphere) contain a wealth of potentially valuable microbes for industrial applications. Using metagenomics and meta-omics techniques, various microbes have been identified and characterized for their role in breaking down sugarcane bagasse, a substantial source of lignocellulosic biomass. Other valuable products of sugarcane include molasses, which offers an intense flavor, whereas bagasse is used to produce paperboard products, reconstituted panelboard, agricultural mulch, and fuel for the kilns. The sugarcane has tremendous applicability in biofuel production, animal feed additive, and electricity production. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into the challenges and opportunities for the safe and sustainable processing of sugarcane and bagasse. Overall, this review highlights the importance of safe and sustainable processing methods for the generation of biofuels and bioactive compounds from sugarcane and its byproduct bagasse.
Gasification of sugarcane vinasse in CO2 and the release of ash-forming matters in CO2 and N-2 atmospheres were investigated using a differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyzer (DSC-TGA) at temperatures between 600 and 800 degrees C. The results showed that pyrolysis is the main mechanism for the release of the organics from vinasse. Release of ash-forming matters in the vinasse is the main cause for vinasse char weight losses in the TGA above 700 degrees C. The losses are higher in N-2 than in CO2, and increase considerably with temperature. CO2 gasification also consumes the carbon in the vinasse chars while suppressing alkali release. Alkali release was also significant due to volatilization of KCl and reduction of alkali sulfate and carbonate by carbon. The DSC measured thermal events during heating up in N-2 atmosphere that correspond to predicted melting temperatures of alkali salts in the char. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Alkaline lignin (AkL) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were pretreated by an ozonification process with the aim to study its effect on the solubilization of lignin. We study the ozonification of Alkaline lignin (AkL) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with the aim to understand its effect on lignin solubilization and its effect on further acid and enzymatic saccharification. Here, infrared spectroscopy permitted to elucidate the structural changes on the ozonated materials. Indeed, the spectra analysis showed that AkL suffered evident oxidation after 60 min and the corresponding soluble lignin from SCB was observed within 30 min of the ozonification reaction. The total (TS) and reducing sugars (RS) produced from ozonized SCB in acid hydrolysis were 30.83 and 27.17\%; while enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in 18.41 and 13.43\% after 120 min of ozonation. Furthermore, there is apparently no pH effect on the solubilization of lignin and biomass saccharification. Nevertheless, the highest values of AkL, TS and RS, 0.97, 24.0 and 20.5\% were obtained at pH 7, respectively. The ozone is a potential oxidizing agent to remove lignin from lignocelullosic biomass. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study was to research the catalytic effects on the microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and thus to discuss the reaction performance, product distribution, and kinetic analysis. With the addition of metal-oxides served as catalysts, reaction results such as mass reduction ratio and reaction rate increased, even the maximum temperature decreased. Adding either NiO or CaO slightly increased the production of H-2, while adding either CuO or MgO slightly decreased it. The addition of either CaO or MgO enhanced the gaseous production, and either NiO or CuO addition enhanced the liquid production. There could be several secondary reactions such as self-gasification and interactions among the gases originally produced during the pyrolysis stage to alter the composition of gaseous product and the final three-phase product distribution. The catalyst addition slightly increased the activation energy but greatly increased the pre-exponential factor. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is the most produced agricultural commodity in tropical and subtropical regions, where it is primarily used for the production of sugar and ethanol. The latter is mostly used to produce alcoholic beverages as well as low carbon biofuel. Despite well-established production chains, their respective residues and by-products present unexploited potentials for further product portfolio diversification. These fully or partially untapped product streams are a) sugarcane trash or straw that usually remain on the fields after mechanized harvest, b) ashes derived from bagasse combustion in cogeneration plants, c) filter cake from clarification of the sugarcane juice, d) vinasse which is the liquid residue after distillation of ethanol, and e) biogenic CO2 emitted during bagasse combustion and ethanol fermentation. The development of innovative cascading processes using these residual biomass fractions could significantly reduce final disposal costs, improve the energy output, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and extend the product portfolio of sugarcane mills. This study reviews not only the state-of-the-art sugarcane biorefinery concepts, but also proposes innovative ways for further valorizing residual biomass. This study is therefore structured in four main areas, namely: i) Cascading use of organic residues for carboxylates, bioplastic, and bio-fertilizer production, ii) recovery of unexploited organic residues via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, iii) valorization of biogenic CO2 sources, and iv) recovery of silicon from bagasse ashes.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of crescent levels of urea,with or without urease, on sugarcane bagasse nutritive value. The experimental design was a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (4 x 2) + 1 (control), with four replicates. The evaluated factors were urea revels (2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0\% DM), urease levels (presence - 20\% of urea fresh matter - and absence) and a control treatment (0.0\% urea and without urease). There was an effect of urea addition (63.3\%) on the control (69.6\%) and effect of urease presence (64.4\%) on its absence(62.1\%) for the dry matter (DM) content. The smallest estimated DM content (62.5\%) was observed at 6.2\% urea level. The crude protein (CP) content linearly increased with the addition of crescent levels of urea (12.0\%) as compared to the control (1.2\%), without urease effect. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF)content of ammoniated materials (81.4\%) was smaller than the control (84.7\%), with a negative linear effect of the crescent levels of urea. There was higher NDF content in the treatments with the presence of urease (82.1\%) than on the treatments without urease (80.8\%). The average in. vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of the control treatment (23.2\%) was lower than average urea addition treatments (28.5\%) with positive linear effect by the crescent addition of the urea levels. There was no urease effect on IVDMD. The ammoniation with urea improved the sugar cane bagasse nutritive value, without necessity to add urease.
A nanocomposite comprising crosslinked hybrid polymer network was prepared using chitin and sugarcane bagasse in presence of montmorillonite clay. Chitin and sugarcane bagasse were micro-fibrillated by ultrasonication of their suspension in an ionic liquid 2-hydroxy ethylammonium formate. Optimum reaction conditions were established by variation of amounts of initiator, monomer and crosslinker, and microwave irradiation to obtain nanocomposite with swelling degree above 1000\% in 24 h. Slow and steady swelling was observed and the sample swelled to about 15,000\% to form a hydrogel in 15 days. The nanocomposite was characterized by swelling degree, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Swelling and reswelling in water was studied for four cycles, erosion was highest after first cycle but became negligible for consecutive cycles. The swelling degree increased up to three cycles then became constant. Nanocomposite shows sufficient antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. It is biodegradable in moist garden soil in three months.
The processing of sugarcane bagasse as a potential feedstock for efficient energy production has attracted a great deal of attention in the sugarcane industry, which has traditionally inefficiently burned bagasse in boilers for steam and electricity generation. Alternative technologies for more efficient utilisation of bagasse for energy production within the industry has also been hindered by the high degree of complexity involved in bagasse handling and pre-processing before it can be utilised as an energy feedstock. This can be attributed to unfavourable characteristics of mill-run bagasse, which includes low bulk and energy densities, a wide range of particle sizes and shapes as well as high moisture content. Gasification is regarded as one of the most promising energy recovery technologies for the widespread use of biomass because of its higher efficiency when compared to the combustion technology commonly used by the sugarcane industry. There has been a strong drive to identify efficient pre-processing methods that can be applied to bagasse to make it a suitable feedstock for energy production in thermochemical conversion systems. This work provides a comprehensive review on the pre-processing of bagasse for gasification, and the gasification technology options for its conversion into energy, with a particular emphasis on the downdraft gasification technology. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Eutrophication is an inevitable phenomenon, and it has recently become an unabated threat. As a positive, the thriving microalgal biomass in eutrophic water is conventionally perceived to be loaded with myriad valuable biochemical compounds. Therefore, a sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent was proposed in this study to harvest the microalgal biomass for producing biodiesel. By activating the sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent with 1.5 M of H2SO4, a highest adsorption capacity of 108.9 +/- 0.3 mg/g was attained. This was fundamentally due to the surface potential of the 1.5 M H2SO4 acid-modified sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent possessing the lowest surface positivity value as calculated from its point of zero charge. The adsorption capacity was then improved to 192.9 +/- 0.1 mg/g by stepwise optimizing the adsorbent size to 6.7-8.0 mm, adsorption medium pH to 2-4, and adsorbent dosage to 0.4 g per 100 mL of adsorption medium. This resulted in 91.5\% microalgae removal efficiency. Excellent-quality biodiesel was also obtained as reflected by the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile, showing the dominant species of C16-C18 encompassing 71\% of the overall FAMEs. The sustainability of harvesting microalgal biomass via an adsorption-enhanced flocculation processes was also evidenced by the potentiality to reuse the spent acid-modified adsorbent.
Managing vinasse in sugarcane biorefineries currently raises a direct debate between traditional industrialists of the sucro-energy sector and researchers. While the first group identifies fertirrigation (land disposal of in natura vinasse) as a well-consolidated approach, the latter understands vinasse as a potential substrate for numerous (bio)technological applications, in addition to associating environmental issues with fertirrigation. This study offers an unbiased assessment of fertirrigation using in natura vinasse by quantifying and qualifying its pros and cons. A comparative analysis using anaerobic digestion (AD) as an alternative management approach was carried out, presenting aspects of organic matter-derived pollution and bioenergy recovery from biogas. Field data obtained in five sugarcane cultivation areas subjected to fertirrigation within the period 2012-2016 revealed the adequate buildup of macronutrients (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) associated with high base (51.97-81.38\%) and low aluminum (0.22-2.26\%) saturation levels without evidences of overfertilization and sodification. However, the inputs of biodegradable organic matter along with nutrients trigger important environmental drawbacks, with emphasis on uncontrolled methane emissions (up to 732.10 kg-CO2-eq ha-1) and polluting potential levels equivalent to that of population densities as high as 293 inhab ha-1. Energy losses in all cultivation areas assessed could provide electricity to process at least 80\% of the daily milling capacity of the reference biorefinery. Hence, gains in soil fertility do not offset the losses in environmental quality when land disposing in natura vinasse, and AD seems to be the primary approach to mitigate polluting issues and enhance resource recovery in sugarcane biorefineries.
In this work, agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse and orange peel were used for obtaining activated carbons through phosphoric acid activation in order to propose them as adsorbent materials during the production of carbon foam or filters for wastewater treatment applications. A two-step process was carry out to obtain activated carbons; the first step consisted of a simple physical activation at high temperature 400 degrees C to reach raw material decomposition; followed by acid activation at temperature of 500 degrees C. The effect of concentration of acid media (45, 65 and 85 wt.\%) was analyzed in terms of the thermal stability, sorption, textural and structural properties. Surface area increases with the concentration of activation media, which is ranging from 114.08-355.52 m(2) g(-1), 49.54-228.90 m(2) g(-1) for sugarcane bagasse and orange peel, respectively. Fourier transform-infrared spectra showed the presence of functional C-O-P group, which confirmed with the thermal stability of the samples. The produced carbon foams showed a two-level cell structure with bubble and bar-like structures that increase the pore quantity in the carbon foams.
Arabinoxylan is one of the main components of xylan-rich hemicellulose of sugarcane bagasse. The study on the dissolution behavior of arabinoxylan from sugarcane bagasse (AXSB) is beneficial to its efficient utilization. The dissolution behavior of AXSB in a 50\% TBAH aqueous solution was investigated by small angle X-ray scattering and rheological methods. SAXS analysis showed that the radius of gyration (R-g) of AXSB is between 8.5 nm and 21.6 nm, and R-g has a larger value with the rising AXSB concentration. Rheological measurements showed that AXSB is completely dissolved in TBAH aqueous solution at low concentration, aggregating after reaching a certain concentration. The estimated critical concentration is approximately 0.033 g mL(-1). The rheological curves at the high concentration indicated shear thinning behavior, causing the failure of the Cox-Merz rule. The storage modulus grows gradually with the increasing AXSB concentration, inferring the probable formation of AXSB aggregation in TBAH aqueous solution.
The fibers extracted from the sugarcane bagasse have been investigated as possible reinforcement for polymer matrix composites. The use of these composites in engineering applications, associated with conditions such as ballistic armor, requires information on the impact toughness. In the present work, Charpy tests were performed in ASTM standard specimens of polyester matrix composites, reinforced with 10, 20 and 30 vol\% of continuous and aligned sugarcane bagasse fibers, in order to evaluate the impact energy. Within the standard deviation, the composite absorbed impact energy increased with the volume fraction of sugarcane bagasse fiber. This toughness performance was found by scanning electron microscopy to be associated with the fiber/matrix delamination. (C) 2017 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Nanocellulose obtained by acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) has been characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra. thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Nanocellulose and cellulose exhibited identical FTIR spectra quite different from SCB. TG analysis shows that the bagasse starts to degrade earlier than cellulose and the nanocellulose shows an even earlier onset of degradation compared to SCB but leaves the maximum residue within the range of temperatures studied. DSC studies revealed that SCB, cellulose and the nanocellulose differ in their loosely bound moisture content. The nanocellulose exhibits an intermediate behavior between SCB and cellulose. The XRD shows enrichment in the proportion of crystalline cellulose in nanocellulose, which manifests significant conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II. DLS studies show particle size distribution in the nanorange which has been substantiated by SEM, AFM and TEM. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane straw returned to the field has rapidly increased due to the bane on straw burning in China. Straw returning of new sugarcane cultivars has been practiced in the fields. Still, its response has not been explored on soil functionality, microbial community and yield of different sugarcane cultivars. Therefore, a comparison was made between an old sugarcane cultivar ROC22 and a new sugarcane cultivar Zhongzhe9 (Z9). The experimental treatments were: without (R, Z), with straw of the same cultivar (RR, ZZ), and with straw of different cultivars (RZ, ZR). Straw returning improved the contents of soil total nitrogen (TN by 73.21\%), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N by 119.61\%), soil organic carbon (SOC by 20.16\%), and available potassium (AK by 90.65\%) at the jointing stage and were not significant at the seedling stage. The contents of NO3-N was 31.94 and 29.58\%, available phosphorus (AP 53.21 and 27.19\%), and available potassium (AK 42.43 and 11.92\%) in RR and ZZ were more than in RZ and ZR. Straw returning with the same cultivar (RR, ZZ) significantly increased the richness and diversity of the rhizosphere microbial community. The microbial diversity of cultivar Z9 (treatment Z) was greater than that of cultivar ROC22 (Treatment R). In the rhizosphere, the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms Gemmatimonadaceae, Trechispora, Streptomyces, Chaetomium, etc., increased after the straw returned. Sugarcane straw enhanced the activity of Pseudomonas and Aspergillus and thus increased the yield of sugarcane., The richness and diversity of the rhizosphere microbial community of Z9 increased at maturity. In ROC22, bacterial diversity increased, and fungal diversity decreased. These findings collectively suggested that the impact of Z9 straw returning was more beneficial than ROC22 on the activity of rhizosphere microorganism's soil functionality and sugarcane production.
Portland cement is one of the most consumed materials in civil construction, however, there is a large emission of CO2 in cement production, therefore the search for alternative materials that reduce environmental impacts and production costs arises. As Brazil is one of the main world producers in the sugar and alcohol complex, sugarcane represents a great importance of agribusiness in the country's economy. Bagasse is a sugarcane by-product which, during burning in boilers, generates sugarcane bagasse ash (CBCA). The objective of this research is to evaluate the mechanical properties and the influence of partial replacement of local CBCA in proportions of 10\%, 15\%, 20\% and 0\% as a reference. For durability analyses, specimens were made and analyzed by electrochemical techniques for corrosion assessment, through the test of corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion intensity (Icorr), resistivity of concrete and resistance to linear polarization. The mineralogical composition was evaluated using XRD analysis. Regarding the economic feasibility, bibliographic surveys were carried out for a better basis and findings of the research. The results indicated that the specimens produced with CBCA reached more electronegative corrosion potential values over time, providing a more favorable condition for corrosion. Concluding that the physicochemical characteristics of the local ash depend on the granulometry, degree of crystallinity of the bagasse fibers, burning conditions and that the ash has great availability and can replace cement in low contents with significant advantages.
This work examines the adsorption in single- and multi-solute adsorption experiments of antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., ciprofloxacin (CPX), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ibuprofen (IBU), and diclofenac (DCF), onto sugarcane bagasse. The maximum experimental adsorption capacities of single components CPX, DCF, IBU, and SMX, were 0.98, 0.77, 0.61, and 0.51 mg/g, respectively, with decreases between 5 and 28\% in multi-solute mixtures, assuming competitive adsorption. The experimental data of a single drug fitted a pseudo-second-order model, while the experimental isotherms fit the Freundlich model. The presence of CPX did not interfere with the adsorption of other solutes. The adsorption of SMX was lower in the presence of adsorption competitors than SMX single solution. The adsorption of binary systems adequately fitted the Sheindorf-Rebhun-Sheintuch model. The results showed that the competition process depends on each adsorbate and that sugarcane bagasse can adsorb drugs in multi-component systems.
Although biomass is from a renewable source, and its biological development captures CO2, burn-ing emits a mixture of various components, such as particulate materials, CO2, CO, NOx, oxides, VOCs, among others, and may contain F, Hg and As. These gases contribute toward anthro-pogenic air polluting agents and are emitted for energy sources by various industrial sectors, such as sugarcane bagasse burning, which is a waste product of the sugar and alcohol industry. This study aims to quantify gas emissions, mainly CO2, CO, and NOx, from sugarcane bagasse burning under different burner operating conditions and to evaluate the emission and control of these pol-lutants using a Venturi scrubber. The sugarcane bagasse combustion process occurred in an ex-perimental burner, comprising a rotary feeder, combustion chamber, exhaust gas chamber, Ven-turi scrubber, cyclone, blowers, and exhaust ducts. The Venturi scrubber, located between the burner and the cyclone, has a rectangular geometry. The gas velocity was evaluated from 3.4 to 11 m/s and the water flow rates from 2.5 L/min to 6.0 L/min. The results indicate that CO con-centrations ranged from 34 to 311 ppm, the NOx concentrations from 8 to 80 ppm, while CO2 reached values from 6000 to 26000 ppm. Investigating and quantifying these emissions are im-portant to understand the global carbon balance, given the considerable magnitude of CO2 emis-sions from these non-fossil fuels.
In recent years, research into replacing synthetic fibers with natural fibers as reinforcements in thermoplastic composites has developed rapidly. The main objective of this work is to produce eco-friendly and cost-effective composite material. This material consists of natural fiber of sugarcane bagasse as the reinforcing component and thermoplastic polymer of low-density polyethylene as a matrix. The injection molding technique was used to produce the test samples. The fabricated composite contained 30 wt.\% sugarcane bagasse. The effects of natural fiber sugarcane bagasse content, chemical treatment, and the addition of maleic anhydride as coupling agent on the composite degradation were studied. The degradation of sugarcane bagasse/low-density polyethylene composite under ultraviolet radiation and the thermal degradation were investigated. In addition, the amount of absorbance ultraviolet radiation by the fabricated composites was studied using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy in the range from 200-800 nm. The effect of carbon black particles added to the fabricated composite on the degradation by ultraviolet exposure was also investigated. The results showed that the compatibilized sugarcane bagasse/low-density polyethylene composites at 3 wt.\% maleic anhydride concentration revealed a higher decomposition temperature (466 degrees C) than that of the uncompatibilized composites (460 degrees C). This ensures that the thermal degradation temperature was improved by using the maleic anhydride coupling agent. Moreover, using the coupling agent showed significant resistance to degradation by ultraviolet exposure. Furthermore, the addition of 2.5 wt.\% carbon black enabled more resistance to degradation by ultraviolet exposure.
Objectives of the research were to determine the best combination of mozzarella cheese whey and sugarcane molasses as agro-industrial wastes in producing bioethanol with the inoculation of indigenous yeasts. The research has been done experimentally by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 3 x 3 factorial pattern, and the data was analyzed with ANOVA then continued with Tukey test. Treatments consisted of two factors, i.e. addition of sugarcane molasses (10\%, 15\%, 20\%) and indigenous yeasts combination {[
In this work, analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS) was employed to identify lignin markers derived from H, S, and G phenylpropanoid units in sugarcane bagasse. Temperatures of 450 and 500 degrees C allowed the detection of key products that were informative on the bagasse lignin composition. The method was validated by comparing the S/G ratio as determined by the nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO) standard method for five sugarcane varieties. The S/G ratio as determined by Py-GC-MS, taking into consideration all known lignin markers in the analysis, resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.85 with a linear regression coefficient of 0.74. When a group of selected markers (M2) was used, the correlation coefficient between methods was improved to 0.95 and the linear regression coefficient was adjusted to 0.92. M2 markers consisted of five syringyl markers (syringol, 4-methylsyringol, 4-ethylsyringol, 4-vinylsyringol, and trans-4-propenylsyringol) and four guaiacyl markers (guaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, and vanillin). Importantly, Py-GC-MS allowed for the study of lignin composition in sugarcane bagasse without the need to remove the extractives, minimizing the work with sample preparations.
Four marine-derived fungi strains Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935 and Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847 were studied as potential microbial producers of cellulases under solid-state fermentation. The cultivation parameters (time, pH and temperature) and the performance of the cellulases in the hydrolysis of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse were evaluated. The best cultivation time in solid-state fermentation for producing cellulases was 3 days for all of the strains except for A. sydowii CBMAI 934, which exhibited its highest filter paper activity (FPU) after 7 days. After optimizing pH and temperature, activities of 0.73, 1.9, 2.4 and 1.3 FPU g(-1) (of substrate) were obtained for A. sydowii CBMAI 935, A. sydowii CBMAI 934, M. racemosus CBMAI 847 and P. citrinum CBMAI 1186, respectively. The hydrolysis of cellulose was studied using rind and pith fractions of sugarcane bagasse, with and without alkali pretreatment. Independent of the fungi strains, untreated bagasse was resistant to saccharification. After the treatment, the degree of saccharification was 78\% for A. sydowii CBMAI 934 and 24\% for M. racemosus CBMAI 847. The different anatomical and morphological characteristics of the rind and pith cells influenced the saccharification by cellulases for the different marine fungi strains. The hydrolysis by cellulases from A. sydowii CBMAI 934 produced 56\% and 81\% saccharification in the rind and pith, respectively. This fungus strain exhibits significant potential for the production of fermentable sugars resulting from the hydrolysis of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse, mainly after pretreatment with NaOH solution. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Lignin from pre-treated sugarcane bagasse was sulfomethylated to overcome its high hydrophobicity (Lig-S) and tested at different concentrations as an emulsifier for stabilizing oil-in-water nanoemulsions. The average diameter of the oil droplets was higher in the nanoemulsion prepared with 0.1 \% (w/w) Lig-S (-380 nm) than those prepared with 0.5 and 1.0 \% (w/w) (-180 nm and -170 nm, respectively). Zeta potential measurements predicted the long-term stability of Lig-S nanoemulsion. GC-MS analysis of the volatile carbon compounds derived from the oxidation of soybean oil indicated the highest oxidation rates were in preparations with the smallest droplet size. However, all the Lig-S nanoemulsions showed oxidation rates below the threshold values described in the literature. Microscopy analysis confirmed that all the preparations nanosized, dispersed spherical droplets. Collectively, this study has demonstrated that modified lignin isolated from sugarcane bagasse is an excellent emulsifier for the production of oil-in-water nanoemulsions that have both high physical and oxidative stability, providing prospects for the development of nanosystems, based on sustainable strategies, that can be explored for applications such as entrapment and delivery of hydrophobic or bioactive molecules.
PurposeThe purpose of study was utilization of sugarcane bagasse, waste product of sugarcane industry, for production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and their evaluation of their prebiotic potential.MethodsThe XOS production was carried out in two steps: alkaline extraction of xylan (5, 10 and 15\%KOH and NaOH) followed by acid hydrolysis (0.25 and 0.50M H2SO4; 20, 40 and 60min) of xylan, and quantified using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The prebiotic potency of XOS was evaluated for probiotics viz. Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus viridescens in comparison to standard fructooligosaccharides (FOS).ResultsThe chemical compositional analysis indicated that bagasse contain 28.42\% hemicellulose out of which 21.46\% was estimated to be xylan. Maximum yield of xylan (20.5\%) was obtained with 15\%NaOH treatment. The best treatments for xylan hydrolysis were found to be 0.25M H2SO4 for 20 and 40min with concentrations of xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose to be 2.014, 2.106 and 1.228mgml(-1), respectively, in 20min hydrolysis and 2.138, 1.502 and 0.824mgml(-1), respectively, in 40min hydrolysis. XOS were found to be better prebiotics than standard FOS. Pure xylobiose was found to have highest positive effect on growth of all three bacteria tested indicating that effects of XOS were due to presence of xylobiose, xylotriose and XOS with higher degree of polymerization in xylan hydrolysates.ConclusionsSugarcane bagasse xylan can be converted into XOS only by controlled acid hydrolysis leading to increased production of XOS which can be used as good prebiotics in drugs and food ingredients after their purification eliminating all the acidic and alkaline residues and also side products. {[
Brazil is a major producer of agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, which could be used as raw material for microbial production of cellulases as an important strategy for the development of sustainable processes of second generation ethanol production. For this purpose, this work aimed at screening for glycosyl hydrolase activities of fungal strains isolated from the Brazilian Cerrado. Among 13 isolates, a Trichoderma harzianum strain (L04) was identified as a promising candidate for cellulase production when cultured on in natura sugarcane bagasse. Strain L04 revealed a well-balanced cellulolytic complex, presenting fast kinetic production of endoglucanases, exoglucanases and beta-glucosidases, achieving 4,022, U.L-1 (72 h), 1,228 U.L-1 (120 h) and 1,968 U.L-1 (48 h) as the highest activities, respectively. About 60\% glucose yields were obtained from sugarcane bagasse after 18 hours hydrolysis. This new strain represents a potential candidate for on-site enzyme production using sugarcane bagasse as carbon source.
A marine fungus, Phlebia sp. MG-60, and three white-rot fungi were incubated with whole sugarcane bagasse (WSB). The residual lignin content and holocellulose content in the decayed WSB were determined, and based on their content delignification selection factors of the fungi were calculated. More than 50\% of lignin in the WSB was degraded by Phlebia sp. MG-60, and less than 10\% of the holocellulose was lost. The WSB was fractioned by sieving to separate long-fiber bagasse, short-fiber bagasse, and bagasse pith. When Phlebia sp. MG-60 was incubated with the three fractions, more efficient delignification activity on the bagasse pith was observed. As the most efficient utilization of bagasse, we predict that bagasse fiber might be employed as the raw material in the pulp and paper industry after biopulping with Phlebia sp. MG-60 and bagasse pith, or WSB might be used to produce animal feed after fermentation with the strain.
The use of agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane straw, has been identified as one of the alternatives for the generation of renewable energy. Among the steps for the production of 2G ethanol, pre-treatment has been presented as one of the most crucial steps. Thus, the aiming of the work was to optimize the acid pre-treatment of sugarcane straw for the production of generation second ethanol. A linear experimental design 2(3) was carried out and the following arameters were analysed: H2SO4 concentration (1, 2, and 3 M), temperature (60, 80, and 100 degrees C) and reaction time (20, 40, and 60 min). Assay 8 (H2SO4 3M, 100 oC and 60 min) was the one that provided a greater release of reducing sugars (15.9 g/L) and a lower mass yield (69.71 \%). Infrared spectroscopy analysis by Fourier transform (FTIR) was also performed. Structural changes were observed between fresh and pretreated straw, demonstrating the efficiency of the pre-treatment.
Compost produced from lignocellulosic agricultural residues is found to be suitable for maintaining soil properties and health. Results of experimental trials of large scale windrow composting of sugarcane press mud, cane bagasse and coffee pulp mixtures are presented and discussed. Filter press mud and bagasse mixtures were transformed into composted products in 120 days, of which 80 days were of active material machine turning in the windrows. However, the mixtures containing coffee pulp were active for a much longer time period as the Solvita (R) readings showed. Bagasse was an important component of the mixture as it provided an adequate structure in the heap. The compost product containing 50 \% coffee pulp at the start caused adverse effects on black bean seed germination and decreased the growth of black beans and tomato when mixed with soil above 2.5 and 5 \%, respectively. These effects were not observed with the products containing sugarcane press mud and bagasse only.
A pilot scale anaerobic degradation of sugarcane vinasse was carried out at various hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the Anaerobic Suspended Growth Closed Bioreactor (ASGCB) under thermophilic temperature. The performance and kinetics were evaluated through the Haldane-Andrews model to investigate the substrate inhibition potential of sugarcane vinasse. All parameters show great performance between HRT 35 and 25 days: chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiency (81.6 to 86.8\%), volatile fatty acids (VFA) reduction efficiency (92.4 to 98.5\%), maximum methane yield (70\%) and maximum biogas production (19.35 L/day). Furthermore, steady state values from various HRT were obtained in the kinetic evaluation for: rXmax (1.20 /day), Ks (19.95 gCOD/L), Ki (7.00 gCOD/L) and YCH4 (0.33 LCH4/gCOD reduction). This study shows that anaerobic degradation of sugarcane vinasse through ASGCB could perform well at high HRT and provides a low degree of substrate inhibition as compared to existing studies from literature.
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of great industrial importance due to its antioxidant properties and applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The primary production is carried out synthetically due to the high costs of the natural output. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a yeast that grows on several substrates and produces astaxanthin. Saccharified sugarcane bagasse (SCBS) was evaluated as a low-cost substrate to reduce costs in producing natural astaxanthin. In optimizing the enzymatic saccharification process of sugarcane bagasse (enzyme units, temperature, pH, and reaction time), 68.1\%+/- 2.6 holocellulose conversion was obtained with 2000 UEG/g SCBS, at 55 degrees C, pH 4.8 for 12 h. X. dendrorhous wild (WT) and R4 strains were cultured on glucose, xylose, and SCBS to determine the effect of carbon sources on growth and production of astaxanthin. R4 strain had higher growth in glucose compared to xylose. However, in SCBS cultures containing the mixture of these sugars, growth increased 4.73-fold to that of glucose. SCBS also favored astaxanthin production, having the highest output compared to pure sugars, with titers of 2.73 and 3.24 mg/L for the WT and R4 strains, respectively. The results confirm that SCBS is a potential substrate for enhancing astaxanthin production by X. dendrorhous, which could improve the biotechnological production of carotenoids.
Sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste has been one of the most common solid pollutants worldwide. Thus, introducing a simple method to convert sugarcane bagasse into value-added materials has been highly significant. Herein, we develop a simple and green strategy to reprocess sugarcane bagasse as a starting material for the preparation of graphene oxide nanosheets toward the preparation of novel photoluminescent, hydrophobic, and anticorrosive epoxy nanocomposite coatings integrated with lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles. Environmentally friendly graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures were provided by a single-step preparation procedure from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) agricultural waste using ferrocene-based oxidation under muffled conditions. The oxidized SCB nanostructures were applied as a drier, anticorrosion, and crosslinking agent for epoxy coatings. Different concentrations of pigment phosphor were applied onto the epoxy coating. The generated epoxy-graphene-aluminate (EGA) paints were then coated onto mild steel. The hydrophobic properties and hardness as well as resistance to scratch of the EGA paints were examined. The transparency and colorimetric screening of the EGA nanocomposite paints were determined by the absorption spectral analysis and CIE Lab parameters. The luminescent translucent paints demonstrated a bright green emission at 520 nm when excited at 372 nm. The anticorrosion properties of the painted steel submerged in NaCl(aq) were inspected by the electrochemical impedance spectral (EIS) method. The EGA paints with phosphor (11\% w/w) exhibited the most distinct anti-corrosion properties and long-persistent luminescence. The produced paints displayed high durability and photostability.
Food supplements have been increasingly investigated. Probiotics have several benefits for human and animal health and selenium (Se) is widely recommended against oxidative stress. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop a low-cost bioprocess to produce a functional food product comprising both probiotic and Se accumulation. Yeast cells of Saccharomyces boulardii CCT 4308 were cultivated using sugarcane molasses as substrate. Optimization studies were performed to evaluate the best medium composition for biomass production and Se-accumulation in batch and fed-batch systems. Optimized conditions were defined with a medium composed of 150 g L-1 sugarcane molasses and 12 g L-1 yeast extract, with feeding of 100 g L-1 sugarcane molasses and 100 mu g mL(-1) of Se incorporation after 4 h and 10 h of fermentation, respectively, during 48 h in STR (stirred tank reactor). Best biomass production reached 14.52 g L-1 with 3.20 mg Se g(-1) biomass at 12 h. Process optimization led to 4.82-fold increase in biomass production compared to initial condition. A final Se-enriched S. boulardii CCT 4308 biomass was obtained, which is comparable to commercial products. An alternative probiotic yeast biomass was efficiently produced as a new food-form of Se supplement in a sustainable process using an inexpensive agro-industrial residue.
The lack of available phosphorus (P) in red soil severely limits the high yield of sugarcane. This study aims to explore the effects of different fertilization methods on P forms and bacteria community and the role of soil bacteria in P transformation in the seedling stage of sugarcane. Five fertilization treatments were set: no fertilizer (CK), a single application of chemical fertilizer (F), and combined application of chemical fertilizer with molasses (FC): the amount of added molasses (mg C kg(-1) soil) was 64 (FC1), 160 (FC2), and 240 (FC3). Compared with F, FC treatment increased the sugarcane dry biomass, soil organic matter (SOM), pH, soluble organic P (Po) and stable inorganic P (Pi) contents while decreased the stable Po contents. All the F and FC treatments decreased the Shannon index compared with CK, whereas FC2 increased the Chao1 index and observed species. Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria were the dominant taxa in all five treatments, where the relative abundances of Firmicutes and WPS-2 were higher in F than in FC. The increases in Bacillus and Sinomonas were accompanied by the depletion of soil stable Po. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that pH and AP levels were significantly related to the bacterial community structure. Besides, the relative abundances of Bacillus plus Sinomonas were positively correlated with sugarcane dry biomass. These findings indicated that combined application of chemical fertilizer with moderate molasses can increase the sugarcane biomass and promote the utilization of soil stable Po via altering bacteria community and soil properties.
The production of synthesis gas by the two-stage thermal conversion of agricultural waste of plant origin (straw and sugarcane bagasse) was studied. It was established that this method allows one to obtain 1.21-1.24 m(3) of synthesis gas from 1 kg of feedstock. The heat of combustion of the resulting gas was 10.6-11.0 MJ/m(3), and the yield of biochar was 26.46-29.90\% on a feedstock weight basis.
Sugarcane bagasse and straw are the residues from sugarcane production. They can be used to produce electricity, second-generation ethanol, and biogas. These three kinds of fuel are energy carriers that can be used to propel light vehicles. Thus, we assessed the use of these two residues as a primary fuel to propel light vehicles. For this assessment, this article takes into account, for the same amount of primary energy, the distance one can drive, the emission of CO2, the water usage, the expenditure to build the facilities, and some qualitative indicators, such as health and handleability. It is found that bringing straw from the field increases the production of biofuels and mitigates the environmental impact. Considering the different energy carriers (ethanol, electricity, and biogas), it is possible to conclude that depending on the criteria used to analyze these energy carriers, one carrier would be preferred to another. For example, taking into account the return on the investment, electricity would be the least preferable one, while analyzing health, electricity would be the most preferable one. The uncertainty associated with the analysis is captured using the Monte Carlo approach. Thus, some indicators, such as the distance one can drive and the CO2 emissions, show that they depend on the uncertainty associated with the conversion efficiency of the different processes and the vehicle mileage-rate.
Vinasse, a residue froin distillation of alcohol-fermented sugar-cane juice, was converted into oil by heating at 300-degrees-C in a bomb-type batch reactor with argon or high-pressure water with/without the addition of, separately, Na2CO3, H2SO4, zeolites and FCC catalyst. The highest oil conversion (24.5wt\%) was obtained by the pyrolysis of dried vinasse in the argon atmosphere. For high-pressure conversion of aqueous vinasse, the presence of H2SO4 increased oil yield, while that of Na2CO3 decreased it. The addition of FCC catalyst was found to increase low-molecular weight components and decrease S and N contents in the oil. FCC catalyst was considered effective in the high-pressure oil conversion of aqueous vinasse.
Removal of benzene vapor from gaseous streams was studied in two identically sized lab-scale biofiltration columns: one filled with a mixture of raw sugarcane bagasse and glass beads, and the other one packed with a mixture of ground sugarcane bagasse and glass beads, in the same volume ratio, as filter materials. Separate series of continuous tests were performed, in parallel, under the same operating conditions (inlet benzene concentration of 10.0, 20.0 or 50.0 mg m(-3), and superficial gas velocity of 30.6, 61.2 or 122.4 m h(-1)) in order to evaluate and compare the influence of the packing material characteristics upon the biofilter effectiveness. The maximum elimination capacities obtained, at an inlet load of 6.12 g m(-3) h(-1), were 3.50 and 3.80 g m(packing matcrial)(-3) h(-1) with raw and ground sugarcane bagasse, respectively. This was a preliminary study and the results obtained suggest only a limited application with more work needed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of anaerobic ensiling of raw agricultural wastes with a fibrolytic enzyme cocktail (EZ) as a cleaner and sustainable biological product for animal feed. Ten 1-kg samples of wheat straw, corn stalks and sugarcane bagasse were chopped at 5 cm length and mixed with EZ at three levels of 0, 1 or 3 L enzyme/ton of feed, moistened to a relative humidity of approximately 50\% and ensiled in plastic bales for 30 days. Additionally, fibrous samples were incubated for 72 h with rumen liquor to determine the digestion of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre. Increasing enzyme level lowered ether extract and nitrogen-free extract contents of fibrous feeds and increased the biodegradation of acid detergent lignin of wheat straw. Anaerobic ensiled corn stalks and sugarcane bagasse with EZ improved the biodegradation of DM and fibre fractions. It could be concluded that ensiling fibres of the three wastes with EZ improved and enhanced their ruminal digestion with the biodegradation rate at 3 L/ton and subsequently produced a cleaner product for animal feed from agriculture wastes.
Lignin from sugarcane bagasse was extracted using an alkali treatment process. The lignin extracts was coated on fabric to be used as potential additional fabric in a sanitary mask. The antimicrobial activities of lignin extracts and from fabric with coated lignin extracts were evaluated using a broth dilution method and time kill analysis assay against Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (DMST 15505). The MIC and MBC values of the lignin extracts were 4096 mu g/ml and 8192 mu g/ml, respectively. Fabric with 16 cm(2) surface area coated with lignin extracts equivalent to one-fold of MBC could prevent further bacterial formation. At a concentration of two-fold and above, the coated fabric achieved a bactericidal level within 12 h of analysis. The chemical characteristics of lignin extracts were investigated using FTIR and were similar to other studies. The coated fabric did not cause a significant pressure drop and so could be used as an additional part of a sanitary mask. These results suggested the potential for lignin in filtration and antimicrobial textile applications.
The characteristics and water/oil sorption effectiveness of kapok fibre, sugarcane bagasse and rice husks have been compared. The three biomass types were subjected to field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and surface tension analyses for liquid-air and oil-water systems were conducted. Both kapok fibre and sugarcane bagasse exhibit excellent oil sorption capabilities for diesel, crude, new engine and used engine oils as their oil sorption capacities all exceed 10 g/g. The synthetic sorbent exhibits oil sorption capacities comparable with sugarcane bagasse, while rice husks exhibit the lowest oil sorption capacities among all the sorbents. Kapok fibre shows overwhelmingly high oil-to-water sorption (O/W) ratios ranging from 19.35 to 201.53 while sugarcane bagasse, rice husks and synthetic sorbent have significantly lower O/W ratios (0.76-2.69). This suggests that kapok fibre is a highly effective oil sorbent even in well-mixed oil-water media. An oil sorbent suitability matrix is proposed to aid stakeholders in evaluating customized oil removal usage of the natural sorbents.
A low-cost solid amine adsorbent for CO2 capture was prepared by using sugarcane bagasse (SB), a dominant agro-industrial residue in the sugar and alcohol industry as raw materials. In this preparation process, acrylamide was grafted on SB, and the grafted fiber was then aminated with different type of amine reagents to introduce primary and secondary amine groups onto the surface of SB fibers. The graft and amination conditions were optimized. The prepared solid amine adsorbent showed remarkable CO2 adsorption capacity and the adsorption capacity of the solid amine adsorbent could reach 5.01 mmol CO2/g at room temperature. The comparison of adsorption capacities of amine fibers aminated with various amination agents demonstrated that fibers aminated with triethylenetetramine would obtain higher adsorption capacities and higher amine efficiency. These adsorbents also showed good regeneration performance, the regenerated adsorbent could maintain almost the same adsorption capacity for CO2 after 10 recycles. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Although adsorption is an essential step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, literature reports controversial results in relation to the adsorption of the cellulolitic enzymes on different biomasses/pretreatments, which makes difficult the description of this phenomenon in hydrolysis mathematical models. In this work, the adsorption of these enzymes on Avicel and sugarcane bagasse pretreated by the hydrothermal bagasse (HB) and organosolv bagasse (OB) methods was evaluated. The results have shown no significant adsorption of -glucosidase on Avicel or HB. Increasing solids concentration from 5\% (w/v) to 10\% (w/v) had no impact on the adsorption of cellulase on the different biomasses if stirring rates were high enough (>100 rpm for Avicel and >150rpm for HB and OB). Adsorption equilibrium time was low for Avicel (10 Min) when compared with the lignocellulosic materials (120 Min). Adsorption isotherms determined at 4 and 50 degrees C have shown that for Avicel there was a decrease in the maximum adsorption capacity (E-max) with the temperature increase, whereas for HB increasing temperature increased E-max. Also, E-max increased with the content of lignin in the material. Adsorption studies of cellulase on lignin left after enzymatic digestion of HB show lower but significant adsorption capacity (E-max = 11.92 +/- 0.76 mg/g). (C) 2014 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Processing sugarcane produces one third of matted cellulose fibre residue known as bagasse. Several millions of tons of bagasse are produced each year in the major cane sugar growing countries and environmental concerns can arise for its safe disposal. Current practice is to use the bagasse as a fuel for boilers within the sugar processing part of the industry, which represents an alternative natural resource for sustainable energy production. Other methods for the deployment of bagasse are evaluated within this work with the intention of presenting the broad background for bagasse fibre use. The alternative uses of bagasse can be classified as high volume/low technology or low volume with a high added value. The high value applications of bagasse are considered in the current work where the intrinsic characteristics and properties of the fibre are exploited for niche markets in the bio-polymers arena.
Pretreatment is an essential pathway to improve agro-based feedstock (sugarcane bagasse) for fast pyrolysis. The undesirable changes in the chemical composition and large amounts of alkali metals are obstacles in using common pretreatment process of sugarcane bagasse. To address this challenge, microwave-assisted hot water treatment (MW-HT) was introduced as an environment-friendly and low-cost pretreatment process. Other pretreatments such as sulfuric acid, formic acid, and hot water were compared with MW-HT at ambient temperature before pyrolyzing the treated bagasse at 500 degrees C in a tandem microreactor. Higher amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose derivatives including levoglucosan, furfural, and HMF were obtained with MW-HT, finding immense applications in polymer and chemical industries, while lignin-rich components such as phenols, guaiacol, benzene, and char formation increased with sulfuric acid pretreatment. The yield of compounds containing C-5-C-12 alkane chains increased significantly from 6.5 to 13.6\% by weight through MW-HT, while the yield of compounds containing C-5-C-12 olefinic chains increased from 9.8 to 16.9\% by weight for sulfuric acid pretreatment. In terms of compounds containing aromatic hydrocarbon yield, an increase from 3.2 to 10.1\% by weight was obtained after applying formic acid pretreatment but was reduced to 5.7 wt\% when hot water treatment was considered.
To enhance the removal of vegetal oil from water, the influence of the concentration of fibers from sugarcane bagasse pretreated by the steam explosion as reinforcement in polyurethane foam was used. The composites were obtained by mass mixing the polyol with the prepolymer (1: 1) and reinforced with 5\% to 20\% (wt/wt) sugarcane bagasse fibers. The fibers, composites and pure polyurethane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Surface area measurements (BET). Sorption tests were carried out on the fibers, pure polyurethane (PU) and composites. The sorption capacity of the composites was evaluated as a function of the fiber content inserted in the matrix. When applied as the oil sorbents, it was found that the composites reinforced with pretreated fibers presented better results, due to defibrillation of the fiber and the increase of its contact area dispersed in the polymer. Efficient removal increases with increasing concentration of fibers reinforced in polyurethane.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with soda-green liquor (soda-GL) and methanol (soda-GL-MeOH). The effects of the methanol concentration, the soda-GL dosage and pretreatment temperature on the composition and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse were investigated. The highest lignin removal rate of 85.97\% was observed with 50\% (w/v) MeOH and 1.0 mL soda-GL/g-dry substrate (DS) at 140 degrees C. A glucose yield of 95.70\% with cellulolytic enzymes was reached with 65\% MeOH and 1.5 mL soda-GL/g-DS. The yield was slightly lower at 92.82\% with 50\% MeOH and a decreased pretreatment temperature of 120 degrees C. The lowest yield was observed at 90.10\% when the pretreatment temperature is 140 degrees C with 65\% MeOH and 1.5 mL soda-GL/g-DS. Soda-GL-MeOH pretreatment is a promising method for high retention of xylan in sugarcane bagasse, and the final overall yield of xylose was about 80\%. Furthermore, the characterizations of the raw material and the pretreated sugarcane bagasse were conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the energy consumption and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, the optimal soda-GL-MeOH pretreatment conditions of 50\% MeOH and 1.5 mL soda-GL/g-DS at 120 degrees C for 3 h were selected for subsequent research.
Sugarcane straw (SCS) is a raw material with high potential for production of cellulose derivatives due to its morphology and structure. The proposal of this work was to synthesize cellulose acetate (CA) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from sugarcane straw cellulose, and applied the CA in the preparation of a membrane. The cellulose extraction was carried out in four steps. Firstly, SCS was treated with H2SO4 (10\% v/v) followed by NaOH (5\% w/v) treatment. Subsequently, a chelating process was performed before ending the extraction process with chemical bleaching using H2O2 (5\% v/v). The extracted cellulose was employed in the obtainment of CA and CMC. The CA presented a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.72. Its FTIR spectrum showed that practically all hydroxyl groups were replaced by acetate groups. The membrane synthesized from CA was dense and homogeneous. The presence of small particles on the top and bottom surfaces decreased the mechanical resistance of the membrane. The CMC presented a low DS (0.4) demonstrating the carboxymethylation reaction was not very effective due to the presence of lignin. These results proved that SCS can be utilized in the synthesis of CA and CMC. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In Brazilian sugarcane plantations, fertilization with vinasse, supplemented or not with mineral fertilizer, is a common practice. But little is known about the effects of this application on N losses, especially those forms of N which give rise to greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study was to quantify N2O and NH3 emissions from soil after vinasse application and urea fertilizer addition and to examine the possible impact adding vinasse before or after urea. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions and one in the field with treatments of vinasse and urea fertilizer, either alone, or in sequence. The highest proportions of N emitted as N2O were registered in the vinasse treatment, which amounted to 15 \% of the N applied in the first greenhouse experiment, and 2.5 \% in the field experiment. With respect to the losses by NH3 volatilization, urea was the only treatment where this process was significant. N2O emission from vinasse was 2.5 \%, somewhat above the default emission factor of 1 \% of the IPCC. N2O emissions from urea were also variable, but emission factors registered were still well below the default IPCC factor for organic residues. The order of addition of urea and vinasse had little effect on NH3 volatilization in the field, but there were evidences it was important for N2O.
Environmental constraints, labour shortages and the search for greater efficiency have induced the mechanisation of sugarcane harvesting, providing a large amount of straw in the system, which provides benefits to the soil, the crop and the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the removal of different amounts of straw from the soil surface on the development and productivity of sugarcane in eutrophic Red Latosol. The experiment was conducted in an area belonging to the Usina in Bandeirantes, PR, using a randomised block design with four replications. The effects of six treatments (0, 25\%, 50\%, 75\%, 100\% of straw and sugarcane) were evaluated after four years of cultivation on the LAI (leaf area index), tillering, diameter, length and fresh mass of the stalks, in five periods: 60, 120, 180, 240 and 370 days after harvest (DAC). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey's test. The straw on the soil surface provided benefits to the development and productivity of sugarcane. The management of sugarcane burning, total removal of the straw (0\% of soil cover) or 75\% of straw resulted in a lower IAF and stalk diameter and a 37\% decrease in final yield under conditions of water deficiency. The maintenance of 50\% of straw is sufficient to favour the development and to provide greater productivity of the sugarcane, as it is possible to use the 50\% surplus of the field for the production of ethanol of second generation or electric energy, without damage to the productivity of the culture.
The vinasse is a residue of ethanol production with the potential for methane production, requiring an allochthonous inoculum. Several microorganisms act in the different phases of anaerobic digestion, and the identification of these microbial communities is essential to optimize the process. The characterization of the microbiota involved in the biodigestion of vinasse was observed in the initial stage (IS), at the peak of methane production (MS) and the end of the process (FS) of the best performance assay by high-throughput sequencing. The highest methane production was 0.78 mmoICH(4).gVS.h(-1) at 243.7 h in the substrate/inoculum ratio of 1.7, with consumption partial of acetic, propionic and isobutyric acids and an 82\% reduction of COD. High microbial diversity was found. The genus Clostridium, Acinetobacter, Candidatus Cloacamonas, Bacteroides, Syntrophomonas, Kosmotoga, the family Porphyromonadaceae and the class Bacteroidia were the most abundant in the maximum methane production. Methane production was driven by Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta, suggesting the metabolic pathways using were hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic.
The production potential of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse was studied. Chemical pretreatments were carried out by shaking bagasse with 1, 2 and 3\% H2O2 (pH 10, 11.5 and 13) for 24, 48 and 72 h with subsequent saccharification of pretreated bagasse with H2SO4 (0.8 and 1.0 M) for 50 min for optimization of process. Acid hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. Maximum weight loss in alkaline pretreatment (52.30\%), amount of reducing sugars (520.84 mg/g) and ethanol produced (27.94 ml/100 g pretreated bagasse) were found in 2\% H2O2 (pH 11.5, 48 h) pretreated bagasse saccharified with 0.8 M H2SO4 after fermentation for 72 h. Pretreatment followed by acid saccharification decreased the time interval for ethanol fermentation.
Pretreatment procedures of sugarcane bagasse with lime (calcium hydroxide) or alkaline hydrogen peroxide were evaluated and compared. Analyses were performed using 2(3) factorial designs, with pretreatment time, temperature, and lime loading and hydrogen peroxide concentration as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of total reducing sugars (TRS) and glucose released from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. Experiments were performed using the bagasse, as it comes from an alcohol/sugar factory and bagasse, in the size, range from 0.248 to 1.397 mm (12-60 mesh). The results show that, when hexoses and pentoses are of interest, lime should be the pretreatment agent chosen, as high TRS yields are obtained for non-screened bagasse using 0.40 g lime/g dry biomass at 70 degrees C for 36 h. When the product of interest is glucose, the best results were obtained with lime pretreatment of screened bagasse. However, the results for alkaline peroxide and lime pretreatments of non-screened bagasse are not very different.
A new alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) molasses was studied and compared with analogous products. Three honey meads and two beverages obtained from sugarcane molasses were analysed to determine physicochemical characteristics, the Folin-Ciocalteu index, tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. The results obtained show that sugarcane molasses share some physicochemical characteristics with beer and red wine (\%V/V approximate to 8.9 with red wine; acidity (g tartaric acid/L) approximate to 2.7 with beer; pH approximate to 4.0 with beer and honey mead; reducing sugars (g/L) approximate to 3.0 with red wine). The remaining parameters, however, differ statistically from those of beer, red wine and honey mead. Multivariate analysis confirmed the differences found between these industrial alcoholic products and sugarcane molasses mead. We conclude that the sugarcane molasses product is a valid alternative for the consumer of fermented alcoholic beverages and an interesting use of a by-product of the sugar cane industry.
The chemical modification of native sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses with succinic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide as a catalyst and N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride system as solvent was studied. The parameters optimised included succinic anhydride concentration by the molar ratio of succinic anhydride/anhydroxylose units in native hemicelluloses from 1:1 to 9:1, reaction time 0.5-6 h, NBS concentration 0.5-3.0\%, and reaction temperature 25-85 degreesC required in the process. Results were also compared with other catalysts such as pyridine, DMAP, H2SO4, and other two tertiary amine catalysts, N-methyl pyrrolidine, and N-methyl pyrrolidinone. The degree of substitution of succinylated hemicelluloses ranged between 0.19 and 1.39, depending on the experimental conditions. FT-IR and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopic characterization of the esterified polymers indicated a monoester substitution. The thermal stability of the succinylated hemicelluloses decreased upon chemical modification. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A facile strategy is reported to convert sugarcane bagasse (SCB) cellulose into phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils (PCNFs) whose gelation is pH-dependent via the different ionic forms of phosphoric groups (H2PO4-, HPO4-2, PO4-3). Cellulose was isolated from SCB at a 42.1\% yield, then phosphorylated at an optimized 1:0.5:2 anhydroglucose (AHG)/(NH4)(2)HPO4 /CO(NH2)(2) molar ratio and, at pH 12, was in the most charged phosphate (PO4-3) to be disintegrated to generate 84.3\% PCNFs. PCNFs were 3.84 nm wide, 0.73 nm high, up to 500 nm long, and highly charged (2.56 mmol g(-1)). Aqueous PCNF exhibited strongly pH-dependent gelation, gelling at 1.4 wt.\% at pH 12 and at lowered 1.0 and 0.8 wt\% at pH 7 and 2, respectively, enabling potential applications in full range of pH.
This work describes the preparation and characterization of cellulose/hydrous niobium phosphate hybrid with bleached cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. The hybrid was prepared in two different forms: named methods I and II. Method I consisted in dissolving metallic niobium in a fluoridric/nitric (100:10) mixture, with aging time of 16 hours in which the sugarcane bagasse was in contact with the acid solution. Phosphoric acid was then added to the solution for precipitation of the material. Method II was similar, but metallic niobium was diluted in a fluoridric/nitric (160/100) solution without aging time. In both methods different proportions of Cel/NbOPO4 center dot nH(2)O were used: (10:10); (10:6) and (10:2). These materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) analysis and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The deposition of niobium phosphate and an increase in crystallinity were observed.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product from sugar industries and can be used as supplementary cementitious material in concrete. The development of new cementitious blends with processed sample of sugarcane bagasse ash is described in this paper. Utilization of various supplementary cementitious materials significantly influences fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Interaction of pozzolanic material with cement and chemical admixtures produces diverse effects in the fresh properties of blended cement concrete. This paper aims to ascertain the effect of different bagasse ash replacements of cement on the compatibility with superplasticizers in cement paste. Sugarcane bagasse ash based Portland pozzolana cements were produced with three different levels of replacement - 10\%, 15\%, and 20\%. Marsh cone and mini-slump test were used to determine the effect of superplasticizer type and water binder ratio on the saturation dosage. From this study, it was observed that polycarboxylic ether based superplasticizer was more compatible with bagasse ash blended cement than sulphonated naphthalene based superplasticizer. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper presents an experimental study on the mechanical performance of sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Tensile and flexural properties of the composites were investigated in this research. Different weightage of short fiber and fiber particulates were utilized to study their effects on the mechanical performance of the composites in terms of tensile and flexural properties. 1\% of nano-silica was reinforced to investigate its effect on the mechanical performance of the composites. Hand lay-up composite molding process was used to fabricate the composite samples. During fabrication, ultrasonic mixing was carried out to study the effects on mechanical performance of the fiber particulate reinforced composites. In overall, ultrasonic mixing and addition of nano-silica particles has improved the mechanical performance of the fiber particulate composites. Morphology analysis on surface of composites has shown the removal of air bubbles and deagglomeration. 1wt\% of short fiber reinforced composite exhibits the highest tensile and flexural properties among all the samples. Sugarcane bagasse particulates reinforced composites were shown to have better performance compared to short fiber reinforced composites when the wt\% of the fiber increase.
Utilizing agricultural waste and natural fibers minimizes environmental impact and can improve the acoustic and thermal conditions of buildings. Natural fibers can be an alternative to non-biodegradable synthetic sound-absorbing materials. This study aimed to investigate the acoustic and thermal properties of insulating materials made from wool and sugarcane bagasse. Thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, acoustic and moisture absorption, and fire properties of five insulating materials made from sheep wool, goat fiber, camel wool as well as pith and fiber bundles of sugarcane bagasse were determined. The measurement of the sound absorption coefficient was performed in an impedance tube. The thermal resistance and thermal conductivity coefficient were measured according to the ASTM D5334-08 Standard. The findings show that camel wool has the highest sound-absorbing performance, thermal insulation, and fire-resistant properties. The lowest value of the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) was 0.52 for goat fiber, and the highest was 0.74 for camel wool. The maximum sound absorption coefficient of camel wool was 0.95 at a frequency above 1000 Hz. Thermal conductivity varies between 0.038-0.046W/(M.K). Hence, all materials tested can be considered thermally insulating. The results showed insulating materials made from wool, especially camel wool, had better performance than fiber and pith of sugarcane bagasse.
Modern concretes lay emphasis on high strength in order to reduce structural member sizes to reduce materials used; high early strength to promote fast construction; high durability to reduce maintenance costs; and the incorporation of industrial and agricultural wastes to reduce environmental degradation. The incorporation of industrial and agricultural wastes into concrete as cement replacement materials reduces the amount of cement used in the production of concrete and the CO2 emissions arising from cement production. Sugarcane bagasse is a waste product from the extraction of juice from sugar cane. It is estimated that 1.7 million tons of bagasse are produced worldwide every year. Much of the bagasse is used as boiler fuel and to produce electricity, and the ash is dumped in earth fills, resulting in critical environmental pollution that requires immediate attention. Available literature shows that when burned under controlled conditions, a pozzolanic ash of high silica content can be obtained, which can be used in concrete production with several advantages. This study investigates the mechanical properties of concrete designed for high strength and incorporating processed sugarcane bagasse ash in amounts of 10-40\% by weight of cement in a binary combination with silica fume. Concrete workability in the fresh state and compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths in the hardened state are investigated. Water absorption of hardened concrete is also investigated as an indicator of potential durability. The results show that the mix containing 10\% SCBA has the highest mechanical strength, and increasing the SCBA percentage reduces water absorption. However, the workability of concrete in the fresh state reduces substantially with an increase in ash content.
This review provides an important insight on using Sugarcane Bagasse (SB) biosorbent in raw and modified form for removal of dyes from wastewater. Various methods of activation and modification of SB like physical, chemical, biological, composite formation and grafting were explored. Beside this, effect of different optimization conditions like adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, temperature and contact time on the adsorption process were studied. Also, regeneration of dye loaded SB, the challenges and perspectives for future researches on waste-derived adsorbents were studied. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work estimated the energy consumption of three straw-collection systems: baling, forager and whole-plant harvest system in which the chopped cane and straw are separated at the mill. About 12 t ha(-1) yr(-1) of straw can be collected for a typical sugarcane yield of 100 t ha(-1) yr(-1). The system with the lowest energy consumption was whole-plant harvesting, which used 2.0 L of diesel fuel per tonne of straw collected for a harvest area 30 km from the mill and when 75\% of straw is collected. This value is approximately 40\% lower than of the specific consumption estimated for the other systems and just 1-2\% of the energy available from the straw. However, for successful application of the whole-plant harvest system, it is needed significant improvements to the efficiency of cane cleaning systems for straw separation. The thermal energy available from the straw when 75\% is recovered is 182 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1), compared to 151 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1) of the ethanol that can be produced and approximately 174 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1) from the bagasse. If cane straw were used for electricity generation, an additional 12.6 MWh ha(-1) yr(-1) could be generated. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) adsorption potential of unmodified and modified sugarcane bagasse and ground wheat straw was explored from aqueous solution through batch equilibrium technique. Both the materials were chemically modified by treating with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) alone and in combination with nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Two kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order were used to follow the adsorption process and reaction fallowed the later model. The Pb removal by both the materials was highest and followed by Cr and Cd. The chemical treatment invariably increased the adsorption capacity and NaOH treatment proved more effective than others. Langmuir maximum sorption capacity (qm) of Pb was utmost (12.8-23.3 mg/g of sugarcane bagasse, 14.5-22.4 mg/g of wheat straw) and of Cd was least (1.5-2.2 mg/g of sugarcane bagasse, 2.5-3.8 mg/g of wheat straw). The qm was in the order of Pb > Cr > Cd for all the three adsorbents. Results demonstrate that agricultural waste materials used in this study could be used to remediate the heavy metal-polluted water.
The xylan-rich hemicellulose components of sugarcane bagasse were sequentially extracted with pressurized hot-water extraction (PHWE) and alkaline peroxide. The hemicelluloses were found to contain mainly arabinoxylans with varying substitutions confirmed by different chemical and spectroscopic methods. The arabinoxylans obtained from PHWE were found to be more branched compared to those obtained after alkaline extraction. Sequential extraction could be useful for the isolation of hemicelluloses with different degree of branching, molar mass, and functional groups from sugarcane bagasse, which can be of high potential use for various industrial applications. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Unmodified lignin from sugarcane bagasse was chemically modified by acetylation, epoxidation and hydroxymethylation reactions. Modifications in lignin structure were characterized by FT-IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra. The optimum reaction times for both epoxidation and hydroxymethylation of lignin were found to be 3 h by epoxy content and functional analysis, respectively. Acetylated and epoxy lignins were found to have lower DPPH radical scavenging activity {[
Sugarcane bagasse ash can be used as an alternative cementitious material. However, lack of performance evaluation hinders its effective utilization in concrete. Therefore, performance assessment of bagasse ash in concrete is essential and a combined utilization of bagasse ash and marble waste is not reported in the current literature. In the present study, sugarcane bagasse ash and marble waste were used in concrete as an alternative for cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Bagasse ash-blended concrete paver blocks were cast and performance evaluation of paver specimens in terms of compressive strength, breaking load, abrasion resistance, water absorption was determined. Incorporation of marble waste as an alternative material to the commonly used fine aggregate led to a significant improvement in abrasion resistance and marginal improvement in the compressive strength. Results from the experimental study showed that there was a significant improvement in strength and durability of bagasse ash-blended concrete specimens up to 20\% replacement level when compared to the conventional concrete specimens.
Proportions of biogas effluent, sugarcane filter cake, and anaerobic sludge for methane production were optimized in batch fermentation using a mixture design with the D-optimal design method. The highest methane yield (MY) of 175.1 mL CH4/g volatile solid (VS) was achieved at a biogas effluent and filter cake of 30.00 and 30.00 g VS/L, respectively. Results suggested that the methane production could occur by normal floras in biogas effluent and filter cake without the addition of inoculum. The data from batch experiments were used to evaluate the hydraulic retention time (HRT) by the first-order kinetic model. The optimum proportions and predicted HRT of 30 days were further used to determine their efficacy in generating methane in the semi-continuous fermentation process using the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). It was confirmed that the optimum proportions and HRT of 30 days gave a maximum MY of 92.8 mL CH4/g VS and methane production rate of 185.9 mL CH4/L day.
In order to increase the reducing sugar concentration in the sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose acid hydrolysate and recover the acid, the acid hydrolysis was carried out in an acid recycle process and detoxification of hydrolysate was performed by electrodialysis. Two cycles of acidic treatments increased the reducing sugar concentration from 28 to 63.5g l(-1) and sulphuric acid consumption decreased to 0.056 g g(-1) bagasse. After treatment by electrodialysis, 90\% of acetic acid in hydrolysate was removed and the recovery ratio of sulphuric acid was 88\%. The pretreated hydrolysates, supplemented with nutrient materials, were fermented to ethanol using Pachysolen tannophilus DW06. A batch culture with pretreated hydrolysate as substrate was developed giving 19 g ethanol l(-1) with a yield of 0.34 g g(-1) sugar and productivity of 0.57 g l(-1) h(-1). (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, an experimental research was conducted in developing and characterising sugarcane bagasse and pineapple leaf particulate particulate reinforced polyester resin composites. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was reinforced with sugarcane bagasse and pineapple leaf particulates in varied proportions (0 - 25 wt. \%) by mould casting. Morphology and mechanical properties of the composites were examined. There was a good dispersion of particulates in the polyester resin. The sugarcane bagasse reinforced composite demonstrated the highest tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact energy of 84.94 MPa, 121.16 MPa, and 7.37 J respectively at 20 wt. \% reinforcement. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact energy of the composites improved with increasing concentration of the reinforcement. This is an indication of the suitability of the reinforcing materials as fillers for unsaturated polyester resin and an indication of the potential the polymer matrix composite has for low strength applications.
A holistic investigation considering the sugarcane bagasse characterization, fast pyrolysis and upgrading of bio-oil applying two nickel-based catalysts is presented. The bio-oil composition is correlated to the bagasse building blocks, and the hydrotreatment reaction pathways are identified. Despite the high ash content of 6.75 wt\%, 60.1 wt\% of bio-oil was obtained by fast pyrolysis, attributed to low concentration of potassium (0.08 wt\%) and low humidity (2.80 wt\%) observed in the bagasse. Upgraded bio-oil with 60.3\% less water and 43.3\% less oxygen were obtained with Ni/SiO2, resulting in an HHV 63\% higher compared to bagasse. Ni-Cr/SiO2 showed the highest hydrogenation activity and the highest conversion of acids, converting 25.7\% of acetic acid and 14.95\% of propionic acid while Ni/SiO2 was more active for conversion of compounds containing aromatic groups. The higher viscosity of upgraded oils in comparison to the fast pyrolysis bio-oil indicates that the stabilization during the heating ramp can be improved to suppress polymerization. Hence, sugarcane bagasse is an attractive feedstock with an overall final yield of 30.5 wt\% of the upgraded product.
Waste recycling has been the subject of numerous scientific researches regarding the environmental care. This paper reports the redirecting of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) as new filler to natural rubber (NR/SBA). The NR/SBA composites were prepared using an opened cylinder mixer to incorporate the vulcanization agents and different proportions of residue (SBA). The ash contains about 70-90\% of inorganic compounds, with silica (SiO2) being the main compound. The SBA incorporation improved the mechanical properties of the vulcanized rubber. Based on these results, a new use is proposed for the agro-industry organic waste to be implemented in the rubber vulcanization process, aimed at improving the rubber physical properties as well as decreasing the prices of natural rubber composites.
High methoxyl pectin was used as biopolymeric matrix to produce a novel slow release soil fertilizer added with sugarcane vinasse and lipid extracted microalgal (Desmodesmus subspicatus) biomass residue (LMBR). Vinasse acted as the biopolymer solvent, providing greater stability to pectin gel, and as a source of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). LMBR (0.5\%) was considered a complementary source of N and micronutrients, copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Compared to blank pectin particles, the particles with vinasse and LMBR showed homogeneous polymer matrix, spherical shapes, higher soluble matter release and enhanced mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the incorporation of microalgal biomass and nutrients from vinasse. Higher rates of biodegradation as well as larger degree of mineralization were found over a period of 36 days for vinasse and LMBR particles. These particles exhibit good perspectives as an alternative fertilizer for agriculture applications and represent an innovative solution for vinasse and LMBR final disposal.
Mineral and organic fertilization can be optimized by using rhizobacteria which increases dry matter, yield, and nutrients in the soil and plant, among the other biological inputs. However, the discovery of single microbes or a consortium that can benefit plants has been a challenge. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus combined with mineral fertilization and sugar and alcohol industry by-products in presprouted and the initial growth phase of sugar cane seedlings. The study was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 included presprouted seedlings with T1 = untreated control, T2 = B. subtilis, T3 = B. pumilus, and T4 = B. subtilis + B. pumilus treatments. Phase 2 included the same treatments with four types of fertilization: F1 = mineral fertilization, F2 = mineral fertilization + vinasse, F3 = mineral fertilization + filter cake, and F4 = mineral fertilization + filter cake compost. Of the phase 1 treatments, T2 (B. subtilis) was the best promoter of root growth and the total dry matter compared to the control with an increase of 23.0\% compared to the control. In phase 2, B. pumilus application, increased the total dry matter by 13\%, the number of tillers by 37\%, and the diameter of the tillers by 48\% when combined with mineral fertilization. The combined application of B. subtilis and B. pumilus increased the phosphorus content by 13\% in soil treated with mineral fertilization and filter cake compost. The results of the this study strongly suggest that the use of B. subtilis and B. pumilus together with these by-products can improve soil fertility parameters and decrease adverse effects associated with vinasse fertilization, in addition to providing shoot and root growth and providing collective synergy for a high yield of sugarcane production with environmental benefits.
This study addresses the formulation of composites based on carbonaceous materials derived from biomass and metallic oxides, with the aim of obtaining solids with properties suitable for applications in different sectors, such as heterogeneous photocatalysis. In this context, the thermal decomposition study of titanium dioxide/sugarcane bagasse mixtures in the proportions 1:1 and 1:2 (TiSC 1:1 and TiSC 1:2) was carried out at three different temperatures: 473, 623, and 723 K, with a heating ramp of 10 K min(-1) under nitrogen flow of 80 mL min(-1) for 2 h to obtain composites TiSC1:1 473, TiSC1:1 623, TiSC1:1 723, TiSC1:2 473, TiSC1:2 623, and TiSC1:2 723. The obtained solids were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DTA), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform, X-ray diffraction, and specific surface area measurements. The kinetics of the decomposition of the solids at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K min(-1) were carried out using the models of Ozawa and Kissinger. The activation energy values of the precursor mixtures decreased with an increase in the proportion of titanium dioxide in the mixture. The characterization of the composites showed that the variation in the proportion of the precursors did not alter the phases of titanium dioxide that remained as anatase and rutile. In contrast, the combination of a higher heat treatment temperature and a higher proportion of biomass leads to an increase in the specific surface area. {[
Esterification is a versatile way to produce the derivatives of lignocellulose with developed properties. However, the traditional heterogeneous esterification of lignocellulose suffered from the drawbacks of low efficiency, additional reaction medium and heating. In the present study, an efficient method was developed to produce the functionalized sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by ball milling without any additional solvents and heating. The effects of pulverization time, rotation speed, the kind of linear chain anhydrides, the ratio of anhydrides to SCB, with or without pyridine catalyst and the dosage of catalyst were investigated on weight percent gain (WPG) of SCB esters. The results indicated that the high efficiency of this mechanocatalystic esterification was probably due to the destroyed crystalline structure and the promoted penetration of the esterifying reagent onto SCB bulk caused by ball milling. The maximum WPG of SCB acetate, propionate and butyrate reached 33.3\%, 33.6\% and 32.4\%, respectively. The physicochemical structure of the esterified SCB was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), solid state cross-polarized magic angle spinning C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/ MAS C-13-NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The direct evidence of the esterification occurrence was provided with FT-IR and solid-state CP/ MAS C-13-NMR. The thermal stability of SCB increased upon the mechanocatalytic esterification. The results implied that the relatively homogeneous modification was achieved with this semi-homogeneous esterification method by ball milling.
The main emphasis of the present study was to prepare a low-cost adsorbent using sugarcane bagasse for the adsorption of methylene blue. Chemical activation using di-potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) was employed for the preparation of activated carbon by one-factor-at-a time methodology using batch operation. Different process parameters such as K2HPO4 concentration, impregnation time, temperature, and impregnation ratio were optimized for the chemical treatment of bagasse. The optimized protocol yielded 136.84mg/g binding capacity in the activated carbon composed of 2 M K2HPO4 solution-treatedbagasse powder (treated for 6h with an impregnation ratio of 0.0125 at 30 degrees C temperature); while sugarcane bagasse without any pretreatment was found to have a binding capacity of 125.06mg/g. The methylene blue adsorption capacity of the chemically treated adsorbent was compared to the commercial activated carbon. Reduction in the characteristic peak intensities of IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies indicates structural changes in chemically activated bagasse powder. Prepared adsorbent has tremendous potential for adsorption of harmful dyes and chemicals from polluted water system.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate nitrogen utilization by sugarcane ratoon from two sources, applied urea and sugarcane straw covering soil surface (trash blanket), besides the recovery of N from both sources in the soil-plant system. The following treatments were established in a randomized block design with four replicates: T1, vinasse-urea (100 kg ha(-1) of urea-N) mixture applied on the total area of the soil covered with cane trash labeled with N-15; T2, vinasse-urea mixture (urea labeled with N-15; 100 kg ha(-1) of urea-N) applied on the total area of the soil covered with non-labeled sugarcane trash; and T3, urea-N-15 (100 kg ha(-1) of urea-N) applied in furrows at both sides of cane rows, with previous surface application of vinasse, onto soil without trash covering. The vinasse was applied at a rate of 100 m(3) ha(-1) in all treatments. The experiment was carried out on a Yellow Red Podzolic soil (Paleudalf), from October 1997 to August 1998, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The nitrogen use efficiency of urea by the sugarcane ratoon was 21\%, while that of the sugarcane straw was 9\%. The main contributions of N from sugarcane trash, during one cycle, are the preservation and increase of the organic N in soil. The tendency for a lower accumulation of urea-N in the sugarcane plant, in the soil surface covered with sugarcane residue, was compensated by the assimilation of N from trash mineralization. Nitrogen derived from cane trash was more available to plants in the second half of the ratoon cycle.
The gasification technology has been object of study of many researchers, especially those involved in promoting large-scale electricity generation in sugarcane mills. This paper presents a simplified model for the gasification process based on chemical equilibrium considerations. The model consists in the minimization of the Gibbs free energy of the produced gas, constrained by mass and energy balances for the system. Despite the simplicity of the model, its results are reliable in identifying the tendencies of the working parameters of the system. A parametric study has been carried aiming the verification of the influence of many variables inherent to the model, such as: gasification temperature, moisture content, and air temperature, among others. The results were compared with those found in literature and real systems. Following this parametric study, an exergy analysis has been performed in order to evaluate irreversibilities associated to the process, and the influence of temperature, moisture, charcoal production, and thermal losses on them. Finally, a first attempt to integrate a gasifier into a sugarcane mill was performed, which showed the potential benefits regarding the use of such technology. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The current study explores co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, and thermocol waste in a semi-batch reactor to evaluate the influence of temperature, and blending ratio on yield of products, and reaction time, and thereby characterize the maximum liquid product. The properties of liquid product (bio-oil), and the solid product (bio-char) obtained from thermal sugarcane bagasse, and co-pyrolysis sugarcane bagasse: thermocol waste bio-oil were investigated for physicochemical characterizations. The compositional analysis result of the co-pyrolysis liquid product established the presence of several aromatic compounds. The co-pyrolysis liquid product manifested a higher calorific value, carbon, and hydrogen content as compared to sugarcane bagasse thermal pyrolysis bio-oil. The co-pyrolysis liquid product can be used as a liquid fuel in internal combustion engines, as well as a precursor for value-added chemicals. The properties of bio-char suggested it can be used as a solid fuel, as well as an adsorbent.
An autohydrolysis pretreatment with different conditions was applied to sugarcane bagasse to compare the impacts of the physicochemical properties and hydrolytic inhibitors on its enzymatic hydrolysis. The results indicate that the autohydrolysis conditions significantly affected the physicochemical properties and inhibitors, which further affected the enzymatic hydrolysis. The inhibitor amount, pore size, and crystallinity degree increased with increasing autohydrolysis severity. Furthermore, the enzymatic hydrolysis was enhanced with increasing severity owing to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. The physicochemical obstruction impeded the enzymatic hydrolysis more than the inhibitors. The multivariate correlated component regression analysis enabled an evaluation of the correlations between the physicochemical properties (and inhibitors) and enzymatic hydrolysis for the first time. According to the results, an autohydrolysis with a severity of 4.01 is an ideal pretreatment for sugarcane bagasse for sugar production.
This study provides a preliminary contribution to the development of a bioprocess for the contintious production of xylitol from hemicellulosic hydrolyzate utilizing Candida guilliermondii cells immobilized onto natural sugarcane bagasse fibers. To this purpose, cells of this yeast were submitted to batch tests of ``in situ{''
The development of cellulose and nanocellulose based materials have been a subject of intense research in recent decades due to their renewability, high strength and stiffness, as well as environmental friendliness. Advancements in industrial biotechnology provide ample opportunities for economic utilization of cellulosic agro-residues such as sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an abundant fibrous waste of the sugarcane industry and it is normally used for animal feed, enzymes, paper and biofuel conversion application. Due to its high cellulose content (40-50\%), SCB is a good source of cellulose fiber for the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals. This review reports recent developments, current results and trends in the field of sugarcane bagasse fiber (SCBF) and sugarcane bagasse fiber cellulose nanocrystals (SBFCNC) as a green material in the manufacturing of composite materials and heavy metal adsorbent. Herein, the preparation methods and properties of the SCBF and SBFCNC composites are discussed. The reinforcing abilities of the SCBF and SBFCNC in various polymers are summarized. Also, the potential applications of SBFCNC as heavy metal adsorbent are documented. These demonstrated that we can widen the application of cellulose nanocrystals (synthesized from agriculture waste) while contribute to the sustainable development of the related products. {[
Chemical reagents used by the textile industry are very diverse in their composition, ranging from inorganic compounds to polymeric compounds. Strong color is the most notable characteristic of textile effluents, and a large number of processes have been employed for color removal. In recent years, attention has been directed toward various natural solid materials that are able to remove pollutants from contaminated water at low cost, such as sugarcane bagasse. Cell immobilization has emerged as an alternative that offers many advantages in the biodegradation process, including the reuse of immobilized cells and high mechanical strength, which enables metabolic processes to occur under adverse conditions of pH, sterility, and agitation. Support treatment also increases the number of charges on the surface, thereby facilitating cell immobilization processes through adsorption and ionic bonds. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polycationic compound known to have a positive effect on enzyme activity and stability. The aim of the present study was to investigate a low-cost alternative for the biodegradation and bioremediation of textile dyes, analyzing Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization in activated bagasse for the promotion of Acid Black 48 dye biodegradation in an aqueous solution. A 1 \% concentration of a S. cerevisiae suspension was evaluated to determine cell immobilization rates. Once immobilization was established, biodegradation assays with free and immobilized yeast in PEI-treated sugarcane bagasse were evaluated for 240 h using UV-vis spectrophotometry. The analysis revealed significant relative absorbance values, indicating the occurrence of biodegradation in both treatments. Therefore, S. cerevisiae immobilized in sugarcane bagasse is very attractive for use in biodegradation processes for the treatment of textile effluents.
As a by-product of the sugar industry containing many sugars, proteins, nitrogenous materials, and heavy metals, molasses is rarely used for polysaccharide production. In the present work, a Chaetomium globosum CGMCC 6882 polysaccharide was produced from sugarcane molasses (CGP-SM) was successfully produced from sugarcane molasses. The yield of CGP-SM was 5.83 +/- 0.09 g/l and its protein content was 2.41 +/- 0.12\% (w/w). Structural analysis showed that CGP-SM was a crystalline and amorphous polysaccharide containing rhamnose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, fructose, and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 10.31: 1.14: 2.07: 59.55: 42.65: 1.92: 9.63. Meanwhile, weight-average molecular weight (Mw), number-average molecular weight (Mn), and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of CGP-SM were 28.37 KDa, 23.66 KDa, and 1.199, respectively. Furthermore, the bacteriostatic assay indicated that CGP-SM inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in a concentration-dependent manner, and its inhibitory effect on S. aureus was higher than that of E. coli. Above all, this work provides a green method for the production of bioactive polysaccharide from sugarcane molasses.
Lignocellulosic constituents as renewable feedstock can be utilized for various applications. A systematic procedure for separation of cellulose and lignin followed by hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was proposed in this study. Sugarcane bagasse was first subjected to alkaline hydrolysis to remove lignin and hemicelluloses. Then cellulose was separated from the alkali pretreatment residue and further purified. Meanwhile, the obtained pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) was acidified to precipitate lignin, and the filtrate was hydrolyzed with 1-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ({[
Lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized to produce promising biofuels. In this study, liquid hot water pretreatments were performed to break the intricate structure of sugarcane bagasse, which resists the enzyme accessibility to cellulose. The effects of temperatures and times on the hemicellulose degradation (including the yields of pentoses and hexoses, the proportion of monomers and oligosaccharides, as well as limited inhibitors) and cellulose enzymatic digestibility were evaluated. The results indicated that the maximum xylose yields (combined 3.85 g xylose and 13.21 g xylo-oligosaccharides per 100 g raw material) in prehydrolyzate liquid were obtained at 180 degrees C and 30 min. Due to the effective removal of hemicellulose, the maximum glucose yield in enzyme hydrolyzate reached 37.27 g per 100 g raw material, representing 90.13\% of glucose in the sugarcane bagasse. The maximal total sugars yield (combined prehydrolyzate and enzymatic hydrolyzate) were 53.65 g based on 100 g raw material. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
There is a growing interest by the Brazilian sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) industry in removing sugarcane straw from the field to use as raw material for increasing bioenergy production (e.g., second generation and co-generation). In contrast, straw has an essential role in sustaining critical soil functions, so indiscriminate straw removal can jeopardize soil quality and consequently reduce crop yield. The objectives of this study were: (i) to apply the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) tool to investigate the short-term effects of sugarcane straw removal on a sandy clay loam Oxisol and on a sandy loam Ultisol, and (ii) to correlate soil quality attributes (i.e., chemical, physical and biological) and the overall Soil Quality Index (SQI) with plant yield (straw and stalk) in areas managed with straw removal. A 2-year experiment was conducted in a randomized block design replicated four times with three rates of straw removal: 0, 50 and 100\% (i.e., no removal, moderate removal, and total removal, respectively). Soil samples were collected at the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers and following indicators were analyzed: physical {[
The present study was conducted to explore the nutritional potential of different varieties of sugarcane top silages enriched with molasses or bacterial inoculants as unconventional feed resource. Tops of four sugarcane varieties, i.e., Co 118, CoJ 88, CoPb 93 and CoPb 92, recommended for cultivation in India were collected and evaluated for their chemical composition. Results revealed that tops of sugarcane variety CoPb 93 were lower in crude protein and ether extract content, whereas variety CoPb 92 had lower acid detergent lignin as compared to all tested varieties. Similarly, neutral detergent fiber was lower in variety Co 118 and CoPb 92 as compared to varieties CoJ 88 and CoPb 93. Collected sugarcane tops were ensiled with bacterial inoculants (1 g/ton) and molasses (95:5) for 45 days in low-density polypropylene tubes. The all sugarcane tops varieties with molasses and bacterial inoculants produced good quality silage with pH < 5, lactic acid content > 4.0\% DM and ammonical-N < 10\% of total nitrogen. Although molasses-based sugarcane top silages had overall good ensiling potential as compared to bacterial treated silages, overall from the present study, it can be concluded that the molasses-based silages with sugarcane tops variety CoPb 92 followed by variety CoPb 93 have higher potential as unconventional feed resource for livestock.
The sono-assisted alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was optimized using a central composite design in which the glucose recovery after enzymatic hydrolysis was used as the response function. Cellic (R) CTec3 (Novozymes) and Thermossac (R) Dry (Lallemand) were used for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, respectively. The best performance was achieved at 70 degrees C with 140 W of sonication power using 0.125 g of NaOH g(-1) of dry biomass, yielding a total glucose recovery of 95.8 wt\% in relation to the total glucan content of the original material. The fermentation efficiency of the best substrate hydrolysate was 91.4\%, whereas lower values of 87.1 and 80.0\% were obtained for steam-exploded and sono-assisted alkali-washed steam-exploded cane bagasse, respectively. In addition, when the glucan recovery of each pretreatment method was taken into account, the total C6 cellulosic ethanol production from the sono-assisted alkali-washed cane bagasse was 20.4 and 40.6\% higher than that of the other two pretreatment technologies, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Conditions for the preparation of esters of sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses with oleoyl chloride using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a catalyst in the N,N-dimethylformamide/lithium chloride system under mild conditions were studied comparatively. The oleoylation was followed in terms of yield and degree of substitution (DS). The parameters optimised included oleoyl chloride concentration as the molar ratio of oleoyl chloride/anhydroxylose units in native hemicelluloses (1:1-8:1), NBS concentration (0.5-3.0\%), reaction time (20-100 min) and reaction temperature (30-100degreesC). Results were also compared with those for other catalysts such as H2SO4 and four tertiary amine catalysts, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methyl pyrrolidine and N-methyl pyrrolidinone. An oleoyl chloride/hemicellulose molar ratio of 3:1 was found to be necessary for the reaction to proceed smoothly and to yield a product with a low DS. The new materials were characterised by FT-IR and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopies as well as thermal analysis. The thermal stability of the oleoylated hemicelluloses decreased slightly upon chemical modification, but no significant further decrease in thermal stability was observed for DS greater than or equal to 0.29. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.
Biorefinery concept is gaining interest as a promising option for enhancing the benefits of biomass in the sugarcane industry. The study assesses the environmental sustainability of sugarcane biorefinery systems expressed in terms of potential environmental impacts. The biorefinery system includes sugarcane cultivation and harvesting, sugarcane milling and by-product utilization i.e. bagasse for steam and electricity, molasses for ethanol, and vinasse for fertilizer and soil conditioner. The results revealed that the improvement of sugarcane cultivation and harvesting practice e.g. green cane production along with integrated utilization of biomass residues through the entire chain would help reduce the environmental impacts of the main products derived from sugarcane e.g. sugar and ethanol. The potential impacts on climate change, acidification, photo-oxidant formation, particulate matter formation and fossil depletion could be reduced by around 38\%, 60\%, 90\%, 63\% and 21\%, respectively. Hotspots identified from the results of this LCA study can provide the important information for policy makers towards enhancing sustainable sugarcane production in the future. Recommendations for effective implementation of the proposed sugarcane biorefinery options to Thai sugarcane and sugar industries are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with ozone to increase lignocellulosic material digestibility. Bagasse was ozonated in a fixed bed reactor at room temperature, and the effect of the two major parameters, ozone concentration and sample moisture, was studied. Acid insoluble and total lignin decreased whereas acid soluble lignin increased in all experiments. Pretreatment barely attacked carbohydrates, with cellulose and xylan recovery rates being >92\%. Ozonolysis increased fermentable carbohydrate release considerably during enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucose and xylose yields increased from 6.64\% and 2.05\%, for raw bagasse, to 41.79\% and 52.44\% under the best experimental conditions. Only xylitol, lactic, formic and acetic acid degradation compounds were found, with neither furfural nor HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) being detected. Washing detoxification provided inhibitor removal percentages above 85\%, increasing glucose hydrolysis, but decreasing xylose yield by xylan solubilization. SEM analysis showed structural changes after ozonization and washing. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of Fe(III) on Cr(VI) reduction by organic reducing substances in sugarcane molasses was investigated under different conditions {[
An integrated and green process for co-producing xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and gluconic acid (GA), was developed by utilizing sugarcane bagasse as starting material. In this study, the highest XOS yield of 39.1\% obtained from the prehydrolysis was achieved with 10\% acetic acid at 150 degrees C for 45 min. Subsequently, 88.6\% conversion of cellulose was achieved in a fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis using a solid loading of 15\%. Results of glucose fermentation suggested that inherent regulatory system of strain Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621 H boosted GA accumulation without the requirement of pH control, leading to a good 96.3\% of GA yield. Great performance of this strain offer an economically feasible option for the large-scale sustainable GA production from biomass. Overall, approximately 105 g XOS and 340 g GA were co-produced from 1 kg of dried sugarcane bagasse as feedstock; this integrated process might be a cost-effective option for the comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse.
Seven strains of Panus tigrinus were grown, without any additional carbon source, on sugarcane bagasse for 10 days in a semi-solid state fermentation. The production of MnP, LiP and Lac by fungi were correlated with the efficiency of delignification process in bagasse after organosolv pulping with aqueous acetic acid. Analysis of decayed sugarcane bagasse by FTIR indicated a correlation between lignin modification and pulp properties in some strains, in such a way that the more the lignin modifies, the more the pulp properties improve. This correlation became more evident after PCA treatment of the spectra. The absorption at 1000 cm(-1), corresponding to C-O bonds, determines the separation of the samples in the principal component plot. PCA of FTIR spectra can be used together with activity values to predict pulp properties of decayed bagasse samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA-treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.
Zeolite NaA was synthesized using sugarcane bagasse as silica source under hydrothermal condition at 80 degrees C for 72-160 h. The silicon was extracted by alkaline fusion for 40 min, at 550 degrees C with an alkali:ash ratio of 1. Zeolite A was obtained without phase contamination. The ash and synthesized zeolite NaA were analyzed by granulometry, XRD, SEM, FTIR, XRF and TG/DTA. In XRD results, all signals were perfectly indexed to zeolite A. The vibration bands at ca. 557 cm(-1) suggested the presence of double-four-ring (D4R) zeolite A structure. The synthesized material has a potential application as a catalyst, as adsorbent, and as an ion exchanger. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The need for biodegradable films for packaging, absorbents, and fibers has encouraged the development of novel biodegradable films made from natural sources, especially agricultural byproducts. The present investigation involved preparation of alpha cellulose and regenerated cellulose film, in view of the use of sugarcane bagasse, the cellulose-rich waste from the sugar industry. In order to prepare a cellulose pulp, the bagasse was exploded separately by saturated steam at temperatures of 195 degrees C and 205 degrees C for 5 min, washed, oven-dried, and submitted to an alkali pulping and bleaching process. The chemical compositions consisted of alpha cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, and the extractives of the bagasse and its pulp were analyzed. The results showed that the pulp contained high levels of alpha cellulose and low lignin. The cellulose pulp was being successfully regenerated as cellulosic films in an acid coagulation bath at different coagulation times. The characteristics of the steam exploded bagasse, cellulose pulp, and regenerated cellulose were investigated by SEM, XRD, FITR, TGA, tensile test, contact angle, and water retention measurement. The results of the XRD, FTIR and TGA all indicated that high alpha cellulose with low lignin pulp could successfully be made from steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. The SEM images, contact angles, and water retention values also revealed that the regenerated films coagulated in an acid bath for 15 min were more hydrophilic than those that had coagulated for 30 min. The tensile test indicated that the regenerated cellulose films coagulated for 30 min were stronger than those coagulated for 15 min. (C) 2017 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The present paper reports the two-stage hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse to produce monomer sugars by using dilute and concentrated sulphuric acid. About 88\% of the sugars present in bagasse could be recovered with a little formation of toxic compounds such as furfural/HMF. The sugar concentration in the first-stage of hydrolysis was obtained as xylose-rich solution of 49.7 g l(-1) using 8\% acid concentration at 100 degrees C and a solid to liquid ratio of 1:4, whereas, with the same solid to liquid ratio of 1:4, 73.4 g l(-1) glucose-rich solution was obtained in the second-stage of hydrolysis by using 40\% acid concentration at 80 degrees C. The acid hydrolysis of bagasse could be described by a first-order, two-step consecutive reaction model, where the polysaccharides first decompose into monomers through hydrolysis, and thereafter, decompose into various products in the second step. The proposed kinetic model correlates the experimental data satisfactorily. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dark fermentation (DF) systems usually exploit bioH(2) production aiming to improve the energetic potential (EP) of anaerobic digestion (AD) schemes. In the case of sulfate-rich substrates, the versatility of fermentative consortia may favor the establishment of sulfidogenic conditions, minimizing/eliminating the competition between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogens in the sequential stage and providing sulfide-free biogas. This study details the establishment of sulfidogenesis on the thermophilic DF of sugarcane vinasse in a continuous polyurethane-filled fixed-film reactor, also estimating the EP for vinasses according to different AD-related approaches. High sodium levels naturally stimulated SRB by maintaining high pH values (> 6.0), whilst NaHCO3 dosing was required when natural buffering conditions were not maintained. High acetate (similar to 3 g-COD L-1) and COD/sulfate ratio (> 25.0) levels indicated a high-quality substrate for further methanogenesis. High butyrate concentrations (similar to 11 g-COD L-1) coupled to caproate detection indicated the occurrence of chain elongation processes, leading to low bioH(2) production levels (<400 NmL-H(2)L(-1)d(-1)). However, estimates indicated 12.2\%-and 51.7\%-increases in the methane-based EP (MJ m(-3)) of sulfate-free fermented vinasse (216.72) relative to sulfate-rich fermented (193.10) and fresh (142.88) vinasses. Hence, the ultimate approach for maximizing bioenergy production from sugarcane vinasse is detailed in this study.
An investigation was carried out using sugarcane bagasse as the agricultural residue to study the optimization of xylanase production by solid-state fermentation. Maximum xylanase production (20.35 U/g substrate) was achieved by Bacillus substilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 using `one variable at a time approach' at pH 7.0, 40 degrees C after 48 h. After statistical optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) there was 4.82-fold improvement in xylanase production (98.16 U/g substrate). Further optimization of untreated and sodium carbonate pretreated sugarcane bagasse enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using both bacterial (Bacillus substilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250) and fungal (Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU3) xylanases that showed high amount of reducing sugar liberation from untreated sugarcane bagasse (124.24 mg/g substrate) as compared to pretreated (76.23 mg/g substrate) biomass. Furthermore, biophysical characterization of untreated and sodium carbonate pretreated sugarcane bagasse using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed the structural changes in the pretreated biomass.
2,3-butanediol is known to be a platform chemical with several potential industrial applications. Sustainable industrial scale production can be attained by using a sugarcane molasses based fermentation process using Bacillus subtilis. However, the accumulation of acetoin needs to be reduced to improve process efficiency. In this work, B. subtilis was genetically modified in order to increase the yield of 2,3-butanediol. Metabolic engineering strategies such as cofactor engineering and overexpression of the key enzyme butanediol dehydrogenase were attempted. Both the strategies individually led to a statistically significant increase in the 2,3-butanediol yields for sugarcane molasses based fermentation. Cofactor engineering led to a 26 \% increase in 2,3-butanediol yield and overexpression of bdhA led to a 11 \% increase. However, the combination of the two strategies did not lead to a synergistic increase in 2,3-butanediol yield.
Massive sugarcane bagasse ash waste is generated from the combustion of fibrous residue of sugarcane . Also, highway reconstruction work generates large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements that are disposed as waste . This paper present results of stabilization and laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of these wastes with a view to determine its suitability as flexible pavement material. The mixtures were subjected to reduced British standard light (reduced Proctor), British standard light (standard Proctor), West African standard and British standard heavy compactive efforts to determine the compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio, durability and water absorption characteristics of the mixes. Test results show that the properties of reclaimed asphalt pavements waste improved with sugarcane bagasse ash stabilisation. The maximum dry density decreased as the optimum moisture content increased with higher sugarcane bagasse ash contents in the mixes. Maximum California bearing ratio values of 28\% (unsoaked) and 14\% (soaked for 24 h) were recorded for 50\% RAP + 50\% SCBA mix that satisfied durability requirements and can be used as subgrade material in flexible pavement construction. This research is based on CBR determination. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load.
Research on effective use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA) \& Metakaolin enhances the strength \& durability properties of concrete. The strength \& durability of concrete is reduced under acidic water curing but till it is higher as compared to the control mix concrete which cure under acidic water. The cement in the concrete replaced by Bagasse Ash, RHA\& Metakaolin by the percentage 15\%, 20\%, 25\%, 30\%, 35\%\& 40\%. The result obtained is beneficial in improving the compressive strength (CS), flexural Strength (FS), Split tensile strength (STS), water penetration and resistance to the chloride penetration of concrete.Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing \& Characterization.
SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a perennial monocot plant, the major source of sugar and an important cash crop in the world. The plant does not produce seeds in Egypt and mostly produced through vegetative propagation. Hence, it is necessary to propagate this plant through in vitro culture for large scale production, which can be used commercially for germplasm conservation using synthetic seeds. New supporting material like sugarcane bagasse reducing the cost of synthetic seeds storage and different additive to the gel matrix were used. In vitro production and conservation of synthetic seed in sugarcane plant were studied. Encapsulation is a method for micro- shoots coating using Na-alginate for synthetic seeds conservation. The developed protocol in this study is a simple and effective tool for mass propagation, storage of synthetic seeds and minimize the production cost as well. Maximum shoots proliferation was observed on MS medium containing 1 mg/l BA and 0.8mg/l NAA. Sodium alginate was very effective for the formation of uniform and firm capsules at the concentration 4\% (w/v) sodium alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride. The highest germination rate of synthetic seeds was recorded at 20 or 25 g/l sucrose in the gel matrix. The synthetic seeds with synthetic endosperm consist of MS medium supplemented with, ABA at (1.00 or 1.25 mg/l) gave the lowest regrowth of synthetic seeds (1.66\%) with high viability and the ability to regrowth when they transferred to the natural environmental conditions. Maximum regrowth and low storage cost of synthetic seeds were obtained with MS medium supplemented with sugarcane bagasse compared with those grown on agar-gelled media.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and molasses, known as carbohydrate-rich biomass derived from sugar production, can serve as feedstock for bio-ethanol production. To establish a simple process, the production of bio-ethanol through integration of whole pretreated slurry (WPS) of SCB with molasses was investigated. The results showed that microwave-assisted dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment reduced the formation of toxic compounds compared to a pretreatment process involving ``conventional heating{''
Owing to increased environmental awareness and the implementation of stringent governmental regulations, the demand for the valorization of natural fibers has increased in recent years. Sugarcane bagasse after juice extraction could be a potential source of natural fibers to be used in textile applications. In this paper, sugarcane bagasse is converted to textile fibers. Sugarcane fibers are extracted through alkali and H2O2 treatment with varying concentrations (6, 10, 14) g/L and (8, 12, 16) g/L, respectively. To soften the fibers for textile use, extracted fibers were post-treated with a constant ratio of silicone softener (50 g/L). Treatment of sugarcane fibers with varying concentrations of alkali-H2O2 significantly influenced the fiber surface morphology. Furthermore, an increase in the crystallinity of extracted fibers was observed, whereas a reduction in fiber linear density from 54.82 tex to 45.13 tex as well as moisture regain (6.1\% to 5.1\%) was observed as the ratio of alkali-H2O2 treatment was increased. A notable improvement in overall mechanical strength was achieved upon alkali-H2O2 treatment, but at a higher concentration (conc.) there was a loss of mechanical strength, and the torsional and flexural rigidity also increased significantly. Based on the results, sugarcane fibers treated with 10 g/L NaOH, 12 g/L H2O2 and 50 g/L silicone softener showed the most optimum results. These sustainable fibers have the potential to be used in textile applications due to their enhanced softness, optimum moisture regain, and better mechanical properties.
The biosorption characteristics of Cr6+ from aqueous solution using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were investigated. Experimental parameters affecting the biosorption process, such as pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and temperature were studied. The equilibrium nature of Cr6+ biosorption at different temperatures was described by the Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The biosorption isotherm of SCB for Cr6+ followed the Langmuir model, and the maximum biosorption capacity of Cr6+ obtained was 1.76 mg/g at 25 degrees C. The biosorption kinetics of Cr6+ onto SCB followed the pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (Delta G, Delta H, and Delta S) showed that the biosorption of Cr6+ ions were feasible, spontaneous (Delta G = -21.52 kJ center dot mol(-1)), and exothermic (Delta H = -6.364 kJ center dot mol(-1)) at the temperature range of 25-65 degrees C.
Bio-bitumen is becoming `talk in the air' within the pavement community due to its sustainable advantages. While it is not easy to replace the conventional bitumen, which is one of the oldest engineering material, increasing environmental concerns and oil crisis demands at least partial, if not complete, replacement of bitumen. In this study, raw sugarcane molasses (SM), a by-product obtained from the sugarcane industry, was used as a partial replacement of asphalt binder. Several tests on binders and mixtures were carried out to assess its suitability for asphalt pavement. The optimum dosage of SM was found to be 25\% by weight of bitumen. VG30 modified with 25\% SM had rutting and fatigue performance similar to, or improved, compared to the control binder. Irrespective of the aggregate source, SM modified mixes showed satisfactory performance in terms of moisture resistance, fatigue resistance, and accumulation of permanent deformation. Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant impact of binder type (VG30 and 25SM) on the performance of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, 25\% molasses can be successfully used to partially replace the conventional bitumen, which in addition to being a sustainable technology, will reduce the cost of binder in the mix by approximately 21\%.
The co-combustion characteristics and kinetics of torrefied sugarcane bagasse (TB), lignite (L), and their blended samples were experimentally investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) based on the Coats-Redfern method for kinetic estimation. Their physicochemical properties were also investigated. Raw bagasse was thermally treated in a laboratory-scale torrefactor at 275 degrees C with a torrefaction time of 60 min under an inert nitrogen environment. Then, the torrefied bagasse was blended with Thai lignite as a co-fuel at ratios of 50:50 (TB50L50), 70;30 (TB70L30), and 90:10 (TB90L10), respectively. Torrefaction improved the fuel properties and heating value of the raw bagasse as well as reducing the 0/C and H/C ratios. In addition, the blending of torrefied bagasse with lignite improved the combustion behavior. The TGA and DTG results indicated that the ignition and burnout temperatures stepped downwards with different increasing ratios of torrefied bagasse. The co-combustion behavior at the maximum burning rate showed that the burnout temperatures of TB50L50, TB70L30, and TB90L10 were 532, 529, and 528 degrees C, respectively, indicating a slight decrease with an increasing torrefied bagasse blending ratio. These results were sufficient to provide comprehensive guidelines in terms of the design and operation of the combustion system for adding torrefied bagasse into the co-firing process.
Arsenic (As) is a hazardous element causing environmental pollution and yield loss in wheat. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is known to have metal detoxification efficiency in wastewater. However, the role of SCB in As elimination in plants was never investigated. This work examines the role, if any, of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to alleviate As toxicity in wheat. The addition of SCB under As (V) stress showed significant improvement in shoot biomass, chlorophyll synthesis, membrane stability, total protein, and sugar concentration judged against As-stressed plants, suggesting that SCB is effective in As detoxification. Interestingly, the As-induced damage in the quantum efficiency of PSII (F-v/F-m) and photosynthesis performance index (Pi\_ABS) significantly improved due to SCB treatment on As-stressed wheat. This further suggests that the antagonism of essential elements with As might be linked to the nutrient balance responsible for morpho-physiological improvement. Analysis of As in plant tissues and nutrient medium reveals that the adsorption efficiency of SCB is inversely proportioned to As translocation rate resulting in a significant decline of As in roots and shoot. It supports the physiological findings and suggests that the adsorption capacity of SCB leads to less available As in the nutrient medium for the wheat plants under As supplementation. Alongside this, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation significantly decreased subjected to SCB treatment under As. It is correlated with the increased antioxidant (CAT and SOD) activities of SCB in response to As toxicity. This study explores the novel and eco-friendly strategy through the potential application of SCB for the detoxification of crops and soil.
Background and aims: A large volume of vinasse is generated annually in Argentinean ethanol producing provinces. It has been proposed that vinasses could be used for sugarcane or soybean fertigation. However, basic research to know the effect of vinasse on soil, morphology and crop physiology is scarce in the Argentine northwest. M\&M: We provide data on the effect of diluted vinasse (1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 v/v) on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in soybean plants grown under semicontrolled conditions (greenhouse). Results: Maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate (A(max)) was strongly affected by all vinasse dilutions. In the lowest dilution (1:1) the A(max) decreased 35\% while in highest dilution (1:10) a 15.9\% decrease was observed. Changes in A(max) were correlated with decreases in stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen content (N-f) and total chlorophyll. Data of chlorophyll fluorescence show a decrease in F-v/F-m at 1:1 dilution, which indicate a photosystem II (PSII) stress. Conclusions: We can conclude that the application of diluted vinasse affects gas exchange parameters and if it is used it should be done with dilutions 1:10 or higher. Long-term studies are essential to know the effect of vinasse on physicochemical and biological characteristics of soils as well as the probable accumulation of heavy metals in fertirrigated plants.
Aspergillus niger ORS-4.410, a mutant of A. niger ORS-4, was generated by repeated ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Analysis of the UV treatment dose on wild-type (WT) A. niger ORS-4, conidial survival, and frequency of mutation showed that the maximum frequency of positive mutants (25.5\%) was obtained with a 57\% conidial survival rate after the second stage of UV irradiation. The level of glucose oxidase (GOX) production from mutant A. niger ORS-4.410 thus obtained was 149\% higher than that for WT strain A. niger ORS-4 under liquid culture conditions using hexacyanoferrate (HCF)-treated sugarcane molasses (TM) as a cheaper carbohydrate source. When subcultured monthly for 24 mo, the mutant strain had consistent levels of GOX production (2.62 +/- 0.51 U/mL). Mutant A. niger ORS-4.410 was markedly different from the parent strain morphologically and was found to grow abundantly on sugarcane molasses. The mutant strain showed 3.43-fold increases in GOX levels (2.62 +/- 0.51 U/mL) using HCF-TM compared with the crude form of cane molasses (0.762 +/- 0.158 U/mL).
Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic agro-industrial waste, which is usually burned in the sugar and bio-ethanol mills to produce heat and electricity. This work presents the kinetic study of the carbohydrates extracted from the mild hot water pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse, to explain the variation of hemicellulosic carbohydrates during the treatment. This could allow the selection of optimum conditions to obtain the desired products in spent liquors, as high concentration of xylans and low concentrations of fermentation inhibitors. Sugarcane bagasse was hydrothermally treated under isothermal conditions at 160, 170, and 180 degrees C, using a liquid to solid ratio of 14:1. Glucans, xylans, arabans, xylose, glucose, arabinose, acetic acid, formic acid, HMF and furfural were first identified in the spent liquor. A kinetic model was applied, considering the direct extraction of xylose and oligomers from the solid, xylose production from the oligomers, and furfural generation from xylose. It was supposed that the reaction rate constants have first-order kinetics. The fractionation by hydrothermal treatment has proven to be effective for hemicelluloses removal. Most glucans were retained in the solid, and a partial delignification (at 180 degrees C, 9.8\% and 36.3\% of the initial lignin at 20 and 240 rnM, respectively) was achieved. The maximum concentration of xylans in spent liquors with the low furfural content (0.5\% on oven dry bagasse) was achieved at 180 degrees C and 20 mm of treatment (17.6\% on oven dry bagasse, about 74\% of the initial amount). An activation energy of 128.8 kJ mol(-1) has been obtained for the fast hydrolysis of xylans from sugar cane bagasse. The maximal concentration of xylans + xylose in liquors was obtained with a P-factor of 800. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Tonnes of cement are produced and used due to boom in infrastructure sector. During the process of production of cement, lot of CO2 has been emitted. It is estimated around 4\%-8\% of CO2 has been emitted from cement production. There is high need for address this issue. Because of its renewable nature and high silica content, Agriculture waste ash is gaining popularity as a viable alternative to traditional cementitious materials. It has been found by (Hernandez et al 1998) that Sugarcane bagasse ash shows good pozzolanic activity. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a waste-free renewable energy source made from sugarcane fibres. Many attempts have been made to study the SCBA as partial replacement for cement. The same has been checked in this study with extension for structural members have been done. The results of tests on concrete and concrete containing a partial replacement of cement made from sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) are the most important details in this text. The substitution of 10\% SCBA resulted in the greatest increase in compressive strength, followed by a modest increase in split tensile strength maximum strength. The study findings allow for the conclusion that the Concrete that was built has high durability qualities. The flexural behaviour also showed very good performance. The use of Bagasse Ash shows improved performance due to is micro grain size and crystallographic nature. The replacement of 10\% SCBA results in overall better performance.
This study evaluated the copper ion adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse in natura and chemically modified with citric acid and sodium hydroxide. Adsorption analyses in batch system were carried out in function of contact time with the adsorbent and adsorbate concentration. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the copper concentrations. Adsorption experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich linear models, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated for copper ions in function of modifications. The chemical modifications were confirmed at 1,730 cm(-1) peak in infrared spectra, referring to the carboxylate groups. The required time for the adsorption to reach equilibrium was 24 h and the kinetics follows the behavior described by the pseudo-second order equation. Besides, a significant improvement of the copper adsorption has been observed after the bagasse treatment, where the maximum adsorption capacity was 31.53 mg g(-1) for copper using modified bagasse with nitric acid according to Langmuir isotherm linear model. The high uptake of copper ions from aqueous medium verified by chemically modified sugarcane bagasse makes this material an attractive alternative for effluent treatment and avoids environmental contamination.
In the present work, a new alternative of hydrodynamic cavitation-assisted pretreatment associated with an advanced oxidative process was proposed, together with a new approach to obtain bioproducts in sequential fermentations. Enzymatic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After distillation of this alcohol, the obtained vinasse was used to produce xylitol by Candida tropicalis. Influent variables in pretreatment were evaluated by performing experiments according to a statistical design, and, at optimum conditions (ozone flowrate of 10 mg/min, and H2O2 concentration of 0.61\%), about 84\% and 78\% of glucan and xylan hydrolysis yields were obtained in enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. In the sequential fermentations for ethanol and xylitol production, yield values of 0.41 g/g and 0.55 g/g, respectively, were obtained, with corresponding volumetric productivities of 8.33 g/Lh and 0.64 g/Lh, respectively. The proposed strategy was shown as a promising approach for biorefineries, considering the mild conditions of pretreatment and the possibility of high ethanol production using S. cerevisiae in a fermentation process similar to that one already available in sucro-alcoholic sector, followed by xylitol production in vinasse-based medium.
Vinasse is produced at high amounts by the ethanol and sugarcane spirits industries. Although the effects of vinasse on soil attributes are well elucidated, little is known about its effects on sorption and leaching of lead (Pb) from soils. This work evaluated the Pb sorption and leaching from disturbed topsoil samples (0-20 cm) of an Inceptisol, under the influence of sugarcane vinasse. Pb sorption was evaluated by batch sorption method, using air-dried samples (< 2 mm) treated with pure (100\%), and diluted (20\%, and 50\%) vinasse. The amended soil samples were further reacted with 0.05; 0.10; 0.25; 0.50, and 0.75 mmol L(-1) of Pb. To measure the Pb leached, soil columns were packed in PVC tubes, 12-cm long with 4-cm internal diameter filled with 200 g of treated soil. The vinasse doses applied over the columns corresponded to 0 (control), 150 and 300 m(3) ha(-1). Seven days later, 5 mL of a Pb solution (100 mmol L(-1)) was applied on the columns; they were successively leached and Pb was measured in the leachates. The vinasse increased the maximum sorption capacity and binding energy of Pb with the soil when at equilibrium conditions. However, at non-equilibrium conditions, the vinasse enhanced the Pb leaching. From these results, it is advised that special attention must be given to Pb contaminated areas where vinasse is applied.
In the present study, the main focus was the characterization and application of the by-product lignin isolated through an industrial organosolv acid hydrolysis process from sugarcane bagasse, aiming at the production of bioethanol. The sugarcane lignin was characterized and used to prepare phenolic-type resins. The analysis confirmed that the industrial sugarcane lignin is of HGS type, with a high proportion of the less substituted aromatic ring p-hydroxyphenyl units, which favors further reaction with formaldehyde. The lignin-formaldehyde resins were used to produce biobased composites reinforced with different proportions of randomly distributed sisal fibers. The presence of lignin moieties in both the fiber and matrix increases their mutual affinity, as confirmed by SEM images, which showed good adhesion at the biocomposite fiber/matrix interface. This in turn allowed good load transference from the matrix to the fiber, leading to biobased composites with good impact strength (near 500 J m(-1) for a 40 wt\% sisal fiber-reinforced composite). The study demonstrates that sugarcane bagasse lignin obtained from a bioethanol plant can be used without excessive purification in the preparation of lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced biobased composites displaying high mechanical properties. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 612-621. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies of phosphorus (P) forms in high-weathering soils, after long periods of phosphate fertilizer application associated with organic residues, are important to optimize P fertilization. This study aims to evaluate the effect of filter cake application and other distinct phosphate sources on organic and inorganic P fractions in Red Eutrophic Argisoil cultivated with sugarcane. The experiment was established between 2012 and 2014, in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The treatments were as follows: control (without P), triple superphosphate, natural phosphate from Araxa, and naturally reactive phosphate Bayovar on the presence and absence of filter cake at 7.5tha(-1) (dry mass). The P rate was 90kgha(-1) of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) soluble in citric acid. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block, in a 4x2 factorial with three repetitions. After 22months of treatments, soil samples were collected on sugarcane planting lines and P fractionation was analyzed. The greatest percentage of P is found as nonlabile P fractions, regardless of filter cake application or not. The use of low solubility sources, such as natural phosphate from Araxa, in association with filter cake has promoted greater solubility of P bound to calcium (Ca), which can enhance the crop uses. Filter cake increases most of labile and moderately labile inorganic P forms in the soil (resin; sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3; and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 0.1molL(-1)), which characterizes the importance of this source to sugarcane nutrient supply.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of cattle fed high concentrate diets containing 15. 21 or 27\% of sugarcane bagasse in the dry matter. Twenty-four Nellore steers with 279 kg of shrunk body weight and 24 months of age, two per pen, were fed for 98 days. No significant effects were observed for average daily gain (mean = 1.461 kg) and feed efficiency among the treatments. It was observed a linear effect between dry matter intake and levels of bagasse. with greater intake in treatments with lower proportion of bagasse. Consistent with intake, the liver weight presented linear association with bagasse levels, with higher weight in treatments with more concentrate. The hot carcass weight, kidney, pelvic. heart and inguinal fat, ribeye area and fat thickness were no different between treatments. However, it was observed a linear association between dressing percentage and bagasse levels, with higher percentage in treatments with more concentrate, consistent with the energy level of the diet. The results showed the viability of the use of 15 or 27\% of sugarcane bagasse as the only roughage in high concentrate diets with corn, citrus pulp and soybean meal for Nellore steers in feedlot.
The potential of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse used for pork sausage was investigated. The purity level of cellulose fibre from sugarcane bagasse and the functional characteristics in pork sausage were studied. The differences in the sugarcane fibre and sausage characteristics were strongly related to the cellulose/lignin content of the extracted cellulose under different amounts of bleaching. Bleached sugarcane fibres showed better water (3.55) and oil (2.34) holding capacity in comparison with untreated fibre (2.92 and 2.38, respectively). The sugarcane fibres in each treatment stage showed different effects on sausage properties. Sausages with 1\% cellulose fibres added had an improved texture profile, but the addition of 3\% cellulose fibres to sausages resulted in a higher cooking yield. Consumers considered the sensory characteristics of all sausages as acceptable. These results indicated that low levels of cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse could be added and maintain the inherent characteristics of meat products.
The use of pretreated sugarcane bagasse for ethanol production was investigated by comparing three process configurations, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and presacchararification followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). Design of experiments was applied to the different configurations. Glucose concentration and glucose yield were selected as response parameters for the saccharification step, while ethanol concentration and amount of bagasse per liter of ethanol were taken as comparison parameters among the three process configurations. Best values for ethanol yield of 81.6, 59.4 and 68.4\% of theoretical yield based on glucose content in raw material were achieved for SHF, SSF and PSSF, respectively. From one ton of sugarcane bagasse it is possible to obtain, under these experimental conditions, 192, 172 and 198 L of ethanol, respectively. PSSF is the best process configuration based on ethanol yield and on volume of ethanol that can be produced from one tone of sugarcane bagasse. Further studies will be focused on increasing working scale. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The sugarcane bagasse is locally utilized in sugar industries for power production that yields a huge amount of dumped waste sugarcane bagasse ash, which poses threats to human health by mutilating the atmosphere through particulate matter. Besides, river sand resources are depleting worldwide due to the uncontrolled extraction of sand for concrete production. Therefore, this research presents the microstructural, fresh, physico-mechanical, and thermal properties of bagasse ash incorporated foam concrete and its comparison is made with control foam concrete. Microstructural characterization includes morphology, oxide composition, chemical reactivity, and its crystallographic characteristics. The characterization results revealed that it has flaky, tubular, and irregular-shaped particles containing amorphous silica and thus, possesses pozzolanic reactivity. The results of physicomechanical and thermal properties of 10\% sugarcane bagasse ash incorporated foam concrete mix produced the maximum increase in compressive strength of 14.50\% and a decrease in thermal conductivity of 10.76\% compared to control-mix. The rise in compressive strength of sugarcane bagasse ash-based foam concrete was due to the formation of secondary calcium silicate hydrate gel due to the formation of pozzolanic hydrates. Whereas the decreased thermal conductivity was due to lightweight bagasse ash. Contrarily, the higher replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash changes the pore size and shape, which consequently damages the distribution of the pores by imploding foam bubbles due to the adsorptive nature of sugarcane bagasse ash. Conclusively, sugarcane bagasse ash provides eco-friendly sand replacement in foam concrete without degrading its mechanical properties.
The fluid bed gasification of a sugarcane bagasse is a promising option for the large-scale production of fuel gas in order to increase the energetic efficiency of the sugar industry. A fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic assessment of the use of sugarcane bagasse as feedstock for a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier was performed. It was determined the required range of sugarcane bagasse particles sizes to permit the use this biomass as feedstock in bubbling fluidized bed gasifiers and the main fluidization parameters for the range of diameters proposed, with good agreements with the experimental values reported for the same Geldart's type of particles. A range of particle sized between 0.8 and 1.21 mm was suggested. The producer gas composition was modeled using air as gasification agent, obtaining a theoretical LHV of 4.56 MJ/Nm(3). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most suitable approach for managing vinasse, the main wastewater from ethanol production, based on potential biogas applications. However, despite significant improvements in both scientific and technological aspects of the AD of vinasse, specific aspects of the global process require a better understanding to facilitate the scale-up of treatment systems. In this context, this study aimed to identify the main factors that affect the economic performance of the AD of vinasse in sugarcane biorefineries using a techno-economic approach. The energy recovery potential, as well as economic parameters were obtained for different biogas applications. Sensitivity analysis was also used to assess the impacts of different factors on the profitability of the process. Overall, biomethane production economically outperformed electricity generation, regardless of the biorefinery type (autonomous or annexed) and AD layout (single- or two-phase). In turn, investment costs on AD-power plants and product (electricity or biomethane) prices characterized the primary factors governing the economic performance of biogas reuse, regardless of the proposed application. These results confirm the key role of external agents in encouraging the implementation of AD plants in ethanol biorefineries by establishing specific funding for biogas projects, imposing environmental restrictions and/or developing competitive AD-related technological packages. (C) 2017 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In converting advanced biomass to fuel, one pretreatment that has been extensively explored is a high temperature, dilute-sulfuric acid (H2SO4) process. This effectively hydrolyzes the hemicellulosic portion of the lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars. Our aim was to optimize the concentration of sulfuric acid and residence time to release xylose from the hemicellulose of sugarcane bagasse. According to response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum concentrations and residence time were determined. The experimental maximum yield for xylose production was found to be 78.9\% at 170 degrees C, 0.24\% acid, for 15 mm, and 76.4\% at 200 degrees C, 0.22\% acid, for 6 min. The predicted maximum yield obtained for the fitted model was found to be 80.3\% and 78.1\% for the conditions stated above, respectively. The experimental yield was around 1.5\% lower than that of the predicted yield. It was confirmed in this study that pentose sugars (xylose and arabinose) derived from hemicellulose fraction were further degraded. The statistical optimization method, which incorporates reaction time, temperature and acid concentration, did prove to provide a useful means of trading off the combined effects of these three variables on total xylose recovery yields.
The pretreatment of lignocellulosic residues has been extensively studied as a method to disrupt the cellulose-hemicelluloses-lignin complex in biomass to access the sugars in their respective components. In this work, we carried out a study using sulfuric acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse by varying the following operational parameters: solid loading (10-30\% of bagasse relative to the volume of the sulfuric acid solution), sulfuric acid concentration (0.5-2.5\% relative to the dry mass of bagasse), reaction time (5-25 min), and temperature (135-195 degrees C). The obtained solids from each pretreatment condition were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis under the same process conditions: 0.232 g of Celluclast 1.5 L and 0.052 g of Novozym 188 per g of pretreated sugarcane bagasse, 72 h of hydrolysis, and 200 rpm of agitation at 50 degrees C. Using central composite rotational design configuration in the experiments and analysis of variance, the results indicate that the conditions that produced larger quantities of glucose by enzymatic hydrolysis (0.35 g glucose/g pulp) with minimum amounts of degradation products were as follows: 20\% solids loading, 15 min of reaction time, 1.5\% sulfuric acid, and a minimum temperature of reaction of 170 degrees C.
Despite amino groups modified crop straw has been intensively studied as new and low-cost adsorbent for removal of anionic species from water, there is still a lack of clear characterization for amino groups, especially quaternary ammonium groups in the surface of crop straw. In this study, we used C-13 NMR and XPS technologies to characterize adsorbents with quaternary ammonium groups prepared from rice straw, corn stalk and sugarcane bagasse. C-13 NMR spectra clearly showed the presence of quaternary ammonium groups in lignocelluloses structure of modified crop straw. The increase of nitrogen observed in XPS survey spectra also indicated the existence of quaternary ammonium group in the surface of the adsorbents. The curve fitting of high-resolution XPS N1s and C1s spectra were conducted to probe the composition of nitrogen and carbon contained groups, respectively. The results showed the proportion of quaternary ammonium group significantly increased in the prepared adsorbent's surface that was dominated by methyl/methylene, hydroxyl, quaternary ammonium, ether and carbonyl groups. This study proved that C-13 NMR and XPS could be successfully utilized for characterization of quaternary ammonium modified crop straw adsorbents. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Restoring soil fertility is essential to sustain crop production in order to meet the needs of the ever-blooming population. In this light, the present investigation was conducted on the same soil for two consecutive years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) in Punjab, Pakistan, to determine the influence of press mud compost (PMC) and mineral fertilizers (NPK) on wheat growth, yield and soil properties. The experiment was composed of an unfertilized control and five inter-exchanging combinations of NPK and PMC (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). 100\% PMC (900 kg ha(-1)) was intermediate in wheat growth and yield between unfertilized and 100\% NPK, this latter being the recommended dose of mineral nutrients (120, 100 and 60 kg ha(-1) of the respective N, P2O5, and K2O). The 50:50 combination of NPK and PMC determined the best growth and final yield (+ 19\% vs. 100\% NPK), despite an approximately 40\% lower nutrient supply with respect to 100\% NPK. Soil traits bulk density, pH, organic matter, total N, and available nutrients P and K significantly improved with 100\% PMC. Based on the ANOVA, the 50:50 combination of NPK and PMC was no worse than 100\% PMC in bulk density, available P and K, and it was a good compromise between 100\% NPK and 100\% PMC in organic matter content. Therefore, conjunctive use of PMC and NPK fertilizers appeared a good choice to improve wheat productivity and soil properties. Additionally, the use of PMC will lower the reliance on mineral fertilizers while restoring soil fertility and assuring environmental protection.
Sugarcane is a valuable raw material for bioenergy and bioproduct production. The environmental performance of sugarcane-derived bioenergy and bioproducts vary with sugarcane cultivation practices and energy conversion technologies. A farm to factory gate life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to assess the energy and environmental performance of sugar production and bagasse electricity cogeneration in Maharashtra, India under different scenarios. Altogether 20 scenarios were developed taking four sugarcane seasons (adsali, ratoon, preseasonal and sum) and four cogeneration boilers (low pressure, medium pressure, high pressure and very high pressure). The functional units are the production of 1 tonne of sugar and 1 MWh of surplus electricity. The ReCiPe 2016 midpoint (H) method is used for impact assessment. System expansion is applied to assess the alternative uses of sugarcane by-products (trash, press mud and bagasse ash). The global warming potential (GWP) of bagasse cogenerated electricity and sugar range from 90 to 142 kg CO2-eq MWh(-1) and 324-834 kg CO2-eq t(-1) among the scenarios. The water consumption potential (WCP) varies from 209 to 354 m(3) MWh(-1) for electricity and 768-2097 m(3) t(-1) for sugar. The Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) for electricity and sugar ranges from 0.8 to 1.2 MJ kWh(-1) and 3-8 MJ kg(-1). The Energy Return On Investment (EROI) differs from 2.7 to 4.5 for electricity and 2.1 to 5.3 for sugar. The alternative uses of sugarcane by-products contribute to negative emission and lower the overall GWP by 13-15\%. Scenarios producing only sugar have a much higher environmental impact than scenarios producing both sugar and surplus electricity. The combination of adsali sugarcane and very high pressure cogeneration boiler provides the highest environmental benefits among all scenarios. The findings can help enhance cleaner production initiatives in the Indian sugarcane sector. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work was focused on the steam explosion pretreatment reproduction and alkaline delignification reactions on a pilot scale for the ethanol production, through different varieties of natural sugarcane bagasse, pretreated bagasse and delignified pretreated bagasse (cellulosic pulp). The possible chemical composition differences of the various types of bagasse, as well as the chemical composition variations of the materials in the 20 processes of pretreatment and delignification on the pilot scale were verified. The analytical results of the 20 samples of most diverse varieties and origins of natural sugarcane bagasse considering planting soils, planting periods and weather; show no significant chemical differences. It is evident that only with the chemical composition it is not possible to verify the differences between the varieties of sugarcane bagasses. The research results may offer some evidences of these varieties, but it is not a reliable parameter. The pilot process of steam explosion pretreatment and the alkaline delignification process of pretreated material showed through analytical results a good capacity of reproduction, as the standard differences were below 2.7. The average allowed in the pretreatment and alkaline delignification processes were 66.1 +/- 0.8 and 51.5 +/- 2.6 respectively, ensuring an excellent reproduction capacity of the processes obtained through chemical characterizations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Four beef cattle with initial body weight of 283 +/- 14 kg were randomly allocated according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design to study on the effect of feeding sugarcane bagasse (SB) treated with urea and/or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation. The treatments were as follows: rice straw (RS), untreated SB (SB), 4 \% urea-treated SB (SBU), and 2 \% urea + 2 \% Ca(OH)(2)-treated SB (SBUC), respectively. The results revealed that cattle fed with SBU and SBUC had higher feed intake and apparent digestibility. Ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were increased in cattle fed with SB as roughage source (P < 0.05). Feeding SBU and SBUC to cattle resulted in higher propionic acid and lower acetic acid, acetic to propionic ratio, and methane production (P < 0.05). Moreover, the number of fungi was increased in SBU- and SBUC-fed groups while protozoa population was unchanged. This study concluded that the nutritive value of SB was improved by urea and/or Ca(OH)(2) treatment, and feeding treated SB could increase feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation. This study suggested that SB treated with 2 \% urea + 2 \% Ca(OH)(2) could be used as an alternative roughage source for ruminant feeding.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of effluents in sugarcane biorefineries may improve the energy balance in the bioethanol production process and the environmental suitability of wastes disposal. This study analyses the inclusion of AD of vinasse (stillage) into different configurations of sugarcane biorefineries, using technical, economic and environmental metrics. The three base-case scenarios are a first generation (1G) ethanol plant, an integrated first and second generation (1G2G) ethanol plant with alcoholic fermentation of the hemicellulose fraction (C5), and an 1G2G ethanol plant with biodigestion of the C5 fraction. These three base scenarios are compared with the similar ones including the biodigestion of vinasse. The implementation of vinasse biodigestion had positive impact on the productivity and sustainability of sugarcane biorefineries. The use of biogas from vinasse for a 1G ethanol plant increased in 9.20\% the surplus of electric energy yielded to the grid. This scenario had a positive net present value, NPV: + 11.5 x 10(6)USD, assuming minimum acceptable rate of return, MARR = 11\%. For the 1G2G + C5 fermentation scenario the NPV was + 4.63 x 10(6)USD. Assuming NPV = 0, the IRR for 1G becomes 19.7\% and for 1G2G + C5, 13.6\%, an IRR higher than the MARR. The inclusion of AD of vinasse when the C5 fraction is biodigested was not an economically feasible option. In all scenarios, vinasse biodigestion reduced environmental impacts, and the 1G2G processes exhibit better results than the consolidated 1G for almost all environmental impact categories. The AD of vinasse can be considered an environmental-friendly and economical-feasible technology to improve the process in sugarcane biorefineries. Graphic
The consolidation of second generation ethanol will provide a greater amount of ethanol without increasing sugarcane acreage, but two technologies have emerged that use sugarcane bagasse as a feedstock: the generation of bioelectricity and second generation ethanol. As a result, a new discussion has arisen for the future configuration of the sugarcane industry: should bagasse be used to generate bioelectricity or produce second generation ethanol? Due to the high volatility of prices, for both electricity and anhydrous ethanol, the decision is complex, and higher volatility of price is associated with greater risk in this decision. This article presents a bi-objective optimization model to decide efficiently the percentage of the available sugarcane bagasse that should be allocated to each of these options in order to maximize the average return and, at the same time, minimize the risk inherent in price level volatilities. The results for four possible scenarios are presented; it is concluded that the scenario that presents a bioelectricity production cost of US\$ 50/MWh and a cost of second generation ethanol production of US\$ 0.30/liter has a higher return and lower risk to the investor. In this scenario, the allocation of bagasse for second generation ethanol production is 84\%. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present paper aims at researching the development of lightweight aggregates from sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) sintering and binary mixtures of SBA and red clay (RC). Two different SBA were evaluated, which differ on their milling process: one was produced in a ball mill and the other in a knife mill. The average particle diameters of the resulting SBA were 2.99 mu m and 20.47 mu m, respectively. Each of these mills was evaluated in binary mixtures of SBA and RC, varying the SBA contents from 50\% to 90\%. Pure SBA and RC were also evaluated. Six different sintering temperatures were studied (1000 degrees C, 1050 degrees C, 1100 degrees C, 1150 degrees C, 1175 degrees C and 1200 degrees C). The precursor materials were characterized in terms of chemical, mineralogical composition, particle size distribution, specific surface area and thermal analysis, to be subsequently pelletized and sintered. After sintering, the bloating index, particle density, loose bulk density, water absorption, voids index, crushing strength and morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were assessed. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain lightweight aggregates based on binary mixtures of SBA and RC in a wide range of particle densities, ranging from 1.03 to 1.67 g/cm(3) and loose bulk densities ranging from 0.55 to 0.9 g/cm(3). Bloating was observed only when smaller diameter SBA was used. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
As a potential precursor, the utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash imparts enormous technical and environmental benefits to human society. However, its rich crystal content challenges the mix design of sugarcane bagasse ash -sourced geopolymers. The present study is aimed to contributing towards the substantial utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in geopolymers and to developing a guideline for designing binary geopolymers from metakaolin and sugarcane bagasse ash. The experimental results show that when suitably designed, the compressive strength of metakaolin-sugarcane bagasse ash geopolymers satisfied the structural use for building materials, and the sug-arcane bagasse ash proportion could substantially reach up to 50\%. Moreover, through a combination of me-chanical, economic and environmental assessments, the optimal mixing proportions fall into the following ranges: SiO2/Al2O3 = 4.63-5.60, Na2O/Al2O3 = 1.5-2.0 and H2O/Na2O = 8-10. Companion characterizations using XRD, FTIR and SEM show that the binary geopolymers produced within the above ranges register the greatest amorphicity, the highest degree of geopolymerization alongside the densest microstructure. Further, multi-factor models are proposed to regulate the mix design of binary geopolymers, with a R2 value beyond 0.9.
In this study, the effects of glycerol pretreatment on subsequent glycerol fermentation and biomass fast pyrolysis were investigated. The liquid fraction from the pretreatment process was evaluated to be feasible for fermentation by Paenibacillus polymyxa and could be an economic substrate. The pretreated biomass was further utilized to obtain levoglucosan by fast pyrolysis. The pretreated sugarcane bagasse exhibited significantly higher levoglucosan yield (47.70\%) than that of un-pretreated sample (11.25\%). The promotion could likely be attributed to the effective removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals by glycerol pretreatment. This research developed an economically viable manufacturing paradigm to utilize glycerol comprehensively and enhance the formation of levoglucosan effectively from lignocellulose. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The presence of metal ions in drinking water as well as high concentrations of heavy metals in wastewater are serious issues that warrant greater scrutiny. As such, utilizing natural materials to adsorb metals from aqueous solutions is an attractive solution as it is inexpensive. Therefore, the present study evaluated the efficacy of utilizing cellulose derived from sugarcane bagasse (SB) as a bio-adsorbent precursor to remove copper ions (Cu2+). This study aimed to determine the optimum acid to SB ratio by combining varying acid concentrations at different temperatures during acid hydrolysis for cellulose isolation. A microscope as well as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to observe the morphology and structure of these bio-adsorbent precursors, respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was then used to determine the efficacy of the bio-adsorbent precursors by measuring the Cu2+ concentrations, and percentage of Cu2+ removed. Microscope image analysis showed that SB had rigid fibre bundles prior to acid hydrolysis. This changed to a smoother surface post-hydrolysis as the binding materials ruptured. FTIR spectroscopy showed an average peak of 3,400 cm(-1) within the 3,500 to 3,000 cm(-1) spectral bands with varying peak intensities, which alluded to the presence of different concentrations of O-H bonds depending on the nature of the treatment. More significant peaks between the 1,500 to 1,000 cm(-1) range were observed in the hydrolysed SB than in the raw SB, indicating the successful removal of hemicellulose and lignin. In the adsorption experiment, SB that had been hydrolysed with 3 M H2SO4 sulphuric acid provided the highest adsorption efficiency (86.6\%) after 24 h. Hence, it can be concluded that cellulose derived sugarcane bagasse is a promising `green' adsorbent for the removal of copper ions from an aqueous solution.
BACKGROUND: Lignocellulose should undergo pretreatment to enhance its enzymatic digestibility before being saccharified. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong oxidant that can remove lignin under mild conditions. The sulfuric acid in the PAA solution also can cause degradation of hemicelluloses. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. RESULTS: It was found that PAA charge, liquid/solid (l/s) ratio, temperature, time, interactions between PAA charge and l/s ratio, temperature and time, all had a very significant effect on the enzymatic conversion ratio of cellulose. The relative optimum condition was obtained as follows: PAA charge 50\%, l/s ratio 6:1, temperature 80 degrees C and time 2 h. More than 80\% of the cellulose in bagasse treated under the above conditions was converted to glucose by cellulase of 20 FPU g(-1) cellulose. Compared with H2SO4 and NaOH pretreatments under the same mild conditions, PAA pretreatment was the most effective for enhancement of enzymatic digestibility. CONCLUSION: PAA pretreatment could greatly enhance the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by removing hemicelluloses and lignin, but removal of lignin was more helpful. This study can serve as a step to further optimization of PAA pretreatment and understanding the mechanism of enhancement of enzymatic digestibility. (c) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.
The main objective of the present work is to study the effect of molybdenum (Mo) loading amount on Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (HZSM-5, Si/AL = 23) catalyst on pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse via in-situ fixed bed reactor. HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was used as a support with Mo as promoter modified at varying metal loading (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.\%) via incipient wetness impregnation method. The pyrolysis oil (PO) yields and aromatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) yields were significantly affected by the use of all synthesized catalysts than the none catalytic pyrolysis, in which generating lower PO yields (11.7 wt.\%) and AHCs yields (1.1 wt.\%). The impregnation of Mo in the framework of HZSM-5 has an additional effect on the performance of the support HZSM-5 catalyst, with respect to PO and AHCs yields. Among all the catalysts tested, Mo(1 wt.\%)/HZSM-5 catalyst has demonstrated to be potential candidates in the catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse into a higher yield of ACHs in PO. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Business cost concern of solid CO2 adsorbents has motivated the production of porous activated carbons from waste biomass materials. In this work, porous activated carbons were prepared from sugarcane bagasse using different activating agents (air, CO2, H3PO4 and NaOH). Chemically activated porous carbons exhibited better physicochemical properties as compared to the physically activated carbons. Particularly, NaOH-activated carbon (CAC-S) featured a high specific surface area (1149m(2)/g) and a large pore volume (1.73 cm(3)/g). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed that the CAC-S adsorbent exhibited enhanced total basicity. The desired CAC-S adsorbent showed superior isothermal CO2 uptakes of 5.50 and 4.28 mmol CO2/g at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C and 1 bar. The isosteric heat of adsorption was predicted as 43.96 kJ/mol from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and Toth model, which indicated intensified interaction between CO2 molecules and the basic carbon surface. The excellent CO2 adsorption performance should be associated with the improved textural properties and enriched surface basicity benefited from NaOH activation. Overall, CAC-S is considered as a promising adsorbent for CO2 adsorption. The recycling of sugarcane bagasse as solid CO2 adsorbents presents environmental implications with respect to waste management and pollutants mitigation.
Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysates, pretreated by either over-liming or electrodialysis and, supplemented with nutrient materials, were fermented to ethanol using Pachysolen tannophilus DW06. Compared with detoxification by over-liming, detoxification by electrodialysis decreased the loss of sugar and increased the acetic acid removal, leading to better fermentability. A batch culture with electrodialytically pretreated hydrolysate as substrate was developed giving 21 g ethanol l(-1) with a yield of 0.35 g g(-1) sugar and productivity of 0.59 g l(-1) h(-1).
This study investigated the application of an AnSBBR in biohydrogen production process from the co-digestion of vinasse and molasses. Process performance indicators were evaluated using the organic matter removal efficiency, molar hydrogen yield, productivity and composition of the biogas. The influence of influent composition and concentration, feeding mode (batch/fed batch), need for micronutrient supplementation and inoculum pretreatment were evaluated. Kinetic modeling of the metabolic pathways of the conditions with the highest hydrogen productivity was performed. The results showed that the system was stable under all conditions. The best results were obtained with an influent concentration of 6000 mgCOD L-1, composition of 67-33\% vinasse-molasses, without micronutrient supplementation, with inoculum heat shock pretreatment, and batch mode (13.5 molH(2) m(-3) d(-1) with 39\% H-2). Increasing the percentage of the vinasse in the influent was unfavorable, but increasing the influent concentration, refraining from micronutrient supplementation and performing the inoculum heat shock pretreatment favored the performance indicators. The fitted kinetic model aided the understanding of the metabolic pathways: hydrogen is produced via acetic, butyric and valeric acids routes. Scale up estimation (performed with data of best condition) resulted in a system with 6 discontinuous reactors configured in parallel, each one with a volume of 27,297 m(3). (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Humic and fulvic acids are valuable compounds that are produced from sugarcane bagasse using Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) and Submerged Fermentation (SmF). Initially, fourteen treatments were examined to determine the most prominent one with a proper C/N ratio. BFFU (Bagasse + Filter cake + Fungi booster + Urea) is regarded as the most effective mixture. The results obtained from SSF using BFFU treatment included 3.96 and 2.36\% dry matters for Humic Acid (HA) and Fulvic Acid (FA), respectively. Optimal treatment and fermentation systems were implemented using two different SmF bioreactor volumes (60 and 1000 liter) to determine the optimal condition for higher yield. In contrast with the SSF, production yield in the SmF system resulted in a higher yield within a shorter processing time (36 days in SmF instead of 70 days in SSF). These obtained values were almost three times more than the SSF results in the range of 12.84 to 7.91\% DM over a period of 36 days. However, the production rate was slightly higher when using a 1000-liter Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) (14.25 and 8.39\% DM over 35 days) than that in regular conditions. The results from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) pointed to some structural similarities between the SB-derived HA and FA in the present study and those of their commercial counterparts. (c) 2022 Sharif University of Technology. All rights reserved.
At least a combination of endoglucanase (EglII) and beta-glucosidase (BglZ) is required for hydrolyzing crystalline cellulose. To understand the catalytic efficiency of combination enzymes for converting biomass to sugars, EglII and BglZ were constructed in the form of individual, fused as well as co-expression proteins, and their activities for hydrolyzing sugarcane bagasse were evaluated. The genes, eglII isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PSM3.1 earlier and bglZ from B. amyloliquefaciens ABBD, were expressed extracellularly in Bacillus megaterium MS941. EglII exhibited both exoglucanase and endoglucanase activities, and BglZ belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 1 family (GH 1) showed beta-glucosidase activity. A combination of EglII and BglZ showed activity on substrates Avicel, CMC and sugarcane bagasse. Specifically for hydrolyzing sugarcane bagasse, fused protein (fus-EglII+BglZ), co-expression protein (coex-BglZ+EglII), and mixed-individual protein (mix-EglII+BglZ) produced cellobiose as the main product, along with a small amount of glucose. The amount of reducing sugars released from the hydrolyzing bleached sugarcane bagasse (BSB) using fus-EglII+BglZ and mix-EglII+BglZ was 2.7- and 4.2-fold higher, respectively, than steamed sugarcane bagasse (SSB), indicating the synergetic enzymes worked better on treated sugarcane bagasse. Compared with fus-EglII+BglZ and mix-EglII+BglZ, coex-BglZ+EglII released more mol reducing sugars from SSB, indicating the enzymes were potential for biomass conversion. Additionally, coex-BglZ+EglII acted on BSB 2.5-fold faster than fus-EglII+BglZ. Thus, coex-bglZ+eglII expression system was the best choice to produce enzymes for hydrolyzing sugarcane baggase. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
This paper present the results of a batch study on thermal-acid pre-treated sugarcane bagasse (SB) and food waste (FW) as the substrate with waste activated sludge (WAS) as inoculum. Experiments were conducted in six different batch reactors under ambient condition. Each batch reactor was fed with varied substrate ratio (mixture of SB+FW) maintaining inoculum constant (225 mL) to investigate the highest methane generation. The thermal acid pre-treated sugarcane bagasse (SB) with food waste at mixture ratio (SB: FW similar to 35:65) had resulted the maximum biogas production of 7338 mL followed by (SB: FW similar to 50:50) - 6747 mL and (SB: FW similar to 100:0) - 4040 mL. The maximum reduction in Total Solids (TS) concentration was achieved 57\% at mixture ratio of {[
Vinasse is a by-product generated during the distillation phase of ethanol production. Vinasse can be concentrated and enriched with N to be used as a means of supplying nitrogen (N) to sugarcane fields. However, it remains necessary to ascertain the most effective N source and application rate to be mixed with concentrated vinasse (CV) in order to maximize crop productivity. In this study, we aimed to address three major questions: (i) which is the best combination of N source {[
The recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from waste and wastewaters has recently been pointed out as a promising strategy for adding value to residues, which characterizes the carboxylate platform. The exploitation of sugarcane vinasse within the carboxylate platform is still an incipient approach and has to be further investigated to determine the conditions which optimize the process. This study aimed to optimize the production of VFA (as the sum of concentrations of acetic, butyric and propionic acids) through the dark fermentation (DF) of sugarcane vinasse. A central composite design (CCD, factorial 2(2)) and response surface methodology (RSM) regarding two independent variables, namely, temperature (33-47 degrees C) and initial pH (7.1-9.9), was performed. Experiments were conducted in batch reactors using diluted vinasse (COD = 10 g L (-1)) without nutrient supplementation. The results showed that the production of VFA reached a peak of 2,980 mg L (-1) (as the sum of VFA produced), yield of 332 mg-CODVFA g 1CODtinicial and productivity of 619 mg-COD L (-1) d (1)) at 39.6.C and initial pH of 8.8. The microbial community analysis performed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that organisms from the families Clostridiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and Veillonellales-Selenomonadales order prevailed during higher VFA production, whilst the presence of Desulfotomaculales and Lactobacillaceae families could be associated with VFA consumption and lactic acid production, respectively. These results provide a basis for vinasse management within the carboxylate platform context, potentially diversifying the product portfolio of sugarcane biorefineries.
India is among the largest producers of sugarcane in the world. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) has been used in different applications in the area of sugar and its products, biomedical sciences, biotechnology, textile industry, etc., and its utilization as a source of cellulose is also gaining rapid popularity in construction and health sector. The aim of the study is to analyze the surface morphology, structure, elemental composition of sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste cellulose nano fibrils (CNFs) extracted by alkali treatment, followed by steam explosion and acid treatment. It was observed that the properties are dissimilar for each of the samples tested at each of the four different stages of chemical treatment of sugarcane fibers studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), structural spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis (energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDX). Based on the characterization some probable applications in fiber reinforced composites have been discussed.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), as an abundant lignocellulosic waste, was subjected to ethanolic ammonia pretreatment followed by anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. Ammonia pretreatment was performed with 10\% v/v aqueous ammonia solution at 50 and 70 degrees C for 12 and 24 h. Furthermore, the effect of addition of ethanol to the pretreatment mixture at different concentrations (5, 25, and 50\% v/v) was investigated. Two scenarios for biogas production from SCB were considered and compared in terms of equivalent gasoline production per unit mass of biomass: (1) biogas production from the pretreatment separated solid and liquid fractions, and (2) biogas production from the whole pretreatment slurry. The highest methane yield of 298.0, 248.6, and 299.3 ml/g VS (volatile solids) were attained from the liquid fraction, solid fraction, and the whole slurry of pretreatment at 70 degrees C, respectively. Whereas, methane yield from untreated SCB was only 105.6 ml/g VS. Generally, the methane production yield by pretreatments at 70 degrees C was more than those at 50 degrees C. The maximum equivalent gasoline from each ton of SCB for scenarios 1 and 2 were 172 and 182 L, respectively, obtained after pretreatment at 70 degrees C for 12 h with 10\% ammonia + 50\% ethanol, whereas it was 103 L from untreated SCB.
Seven hemicellulosic fractions were extracted with 10\% KOH from delignified sugarcane bagasse for 10 h at 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 degrees C, respectively. Chemical composition and structural features of all the fractions were investigated by a combination of HPAEC, GPC, FT-IR, 1D (H-1, C-13) and 2D (HSQC) NMR spectra, and TGA-DTA. Notable differences in the molecular weights were observed that the fractions extracted at 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C showed relatively lower molecular weights (68, 400-76, 900 g mol(-1)) and the extraction at elevated temperatures from 35 to 50 degrees C yielded the hemicellulosic populations of somewhat higher M-W (80, 400-93, 300 g mol(-1)). However, the differences in the yield, chemical composition, structural features and thermal stability were much less pronounced in this study. The results also suggested that all the hemicellulosic polymers had a backbone of (1 -> 4)-beta-D-xylan and mainly substituted with (1 -> 2) and (1 -> 3)-linked arabinofuranosyl residues, and also with 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid linked to O-2 of the backbone. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse-based raw materials are predominantly used for their low cost and ease of availability of cellulosic materials for biocomposite engineering. Herein, we use cellulose derived from bagasse to form microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). Unmodified MFCs were chemically characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis and later treated with the addition of filler materials, such as glass powder, air bubbles, and activated carbon, in order to enhance material properties. Sugarcane bagasse microfibrillated cellulose with added filler materials were subsequently evaluated with respect to their mechanical, structural, and chemical properties. The MFC was synthesized via a facile microfibrillation process enabled by a kitchen blender at ambient conditions. The as-formed MFC was thoroughly characterized chemically to identify any chemical compositional variations, especially those observed as a result of filler addition. Changes in mechanical properties of MFCs in the presence of individual filler materials were evaluated using tensile testing and are reported at a nearly comparable strength of similar to 3.63 MPa. The addition of filler materials resulted in the improvement of MFC such that the MFC was easily drawn into pliable sheets. The increased flexibility of the MFC offers a simple strategy to create bagasse-based disposable utensils that could promote sustainable and eco-friendly commodities.
Cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse by alkaline extraction with sodium hydroxide followed by delignification/bleaching using sodium chlorite/hexamethylenetetramine system. Factors affecting extraction process, including sodium hydroxide concentration, hexamethylenetetramine concentration and temperature were studied and optimum conditions for alkaline extraction were found to be boiling finely ground bagasse under reflux in 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and then carrying out the delignification/bleaching treatment at 95 degrees C using 5 g/l sodium chlorite together with 0.02 g/l hexamethylenetetramine. The extracted cellulose was used in the preparation of hydroxyethyl cellulose through reaction with ethylene oxide in alkaline medium. Factors affecting the hydroxyethylation reaction, like sodium hydroxide concentration during the alkali formation step, ethylene oxide concentration, reaction temperature and reaction duration were studied. Optimum conditions for hydroxyethylation reaction were using 20\% NaOH solution and 200\% ethylene oxide (based on weight of cellulose), carrying out the reaction at 100 degrees C for 60 min. (C) 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
Sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis is an effective way of producing renewable and sustainable energy. A combined study on characterisation of primary and secondary by-products of sugarcane towards the effective use of bagasse as an energy feedstock and biochar is not yet available in the existing literature. This study is an attempt to bridge this gap and to understand the complete valorisation potential of sugarcane bagasse and its by-products. In this study, the elemental, structural, and compositional analyses of sugarcane bagasse collected from various sources were carried out, and their thermal decomposition behaviour under pyrolysis conditions was investigated using thermogravimetric data. The composition of all sugarcane bagasse samples showed remarkable similarity, except for the presence of high soluble sugars in two of the six samples. The hemicellulose content in the lignocellulosic bagasse samples was found to have a distinct thermal decomposition pattern, resulting in deconvolved derivative thermogravimetric curves with peaks centred at around 300 degrees C. A detailed analysis of the thermogravimetric data indicated a complex multi-step thermal degradation behaviour for bagasse under pyrolysis conditions. The pyrolysis reaction kinetics of sugarcane bagasse were developed by using iso-conversional and model-fitting methods. Further, SEM-EDS analysis revealed that the biochar obtained from bagasse fast pyrolysis experiments was predominantly siliceous. X-ray diffraction studies on biochar indicated that there were no crystalline phases, even at pyrolysis temperature of 700 degrees C.
Fermentation can use renewable raw materials as substrate, which makes it a sustainable method to obtain H-2. This study evaluates H-2 production by a mixed culture from substrates such as glucose and derivatives from sugarcane processing (sucrose, molasses, and vinasse) combined with landfill leachate. The leachate alone was not a suitable substrate for biohydrogen production. However, leachate blended with glucose, sucrose, molasses, or vinasse increased the H-2 production rate by 2.0-, 2.8-, 4.6-, and 0.5-fold, respectively, as compared with the substrates without the leachate. Determination of metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Fe) at the beginning and at the end of the fermentative assays showed how they were consumed during the fermentation and demonstrated improved H-2 production. During fermentation, Cu, Fe, and Cd were the most consumed leachate metals. The best substrate combination to produce H-2 was molasses and leachate, which gave high volumetric productivity-469 ml H-2/l h. However, addition of the leachate to the substrates stimulated lactic acid formation pathways, which lowered the H-2 yield. The use of leachate combined with sugarcane processing derivatives as substrates could add value to the leachate and reduce its polluting power, generating a clean energy source from renewable raw materials.
Diet is a crucial factor on health and well-being of livestock animals. Nutritional strengthening with diet formulations is essential to the livestock industry and animal perfor-mance. Searching for valuable feed additives among by-products may promote not only circular economy, but also functional diets. Lignin from sugarcane bagasse was proposed as a potential prebiotic additive for chickens and incorporated at 1 \% (w/w) in commercial chicken feed, tested in two feed forms, namely, mash and pellets. Physico-chemical characterization of both feed types with and without lignin was performed. Also, the prebiotic potential for feeds with lignin was assessed by an in vitro gastrointestinal model and evaluated the impact on chicken cecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. As for the pellet's physical quality, there was a higher cohesion of the pellets with lignin, indicating a higher resistance to breakout and lignin decreases the tendency of the pellets for microbial contamination. Regarding the prebiotic potential, mash feed with lignin showed higher promotion of Bifidobacterium in comparison with mash feed without lignin and to pellet feed with lignin. Lignin from sugarcane bagasse has prebiotic potential as additive to chicken feed when supplemented in mash feed diets, presenting itself as a sustainable and ecofriendly alternative to chicken feed additives supplementation.
Sugarcane bagasse, a dietary fiber-rich by-product of the sugar industry (70-75\%) and having negligible protein and fat content, was treated with acid, alkali and steaming to reduce the microbial load. Steaming was effective in making the bagasse microbiologically safe. The processed bagasse (5-15\%) was used in the rheological studies and in the preparation of soft dough biscuits. Glucose (hexose), arabinose and xylose (pentose) were present, whereas rhamnose, mannose and galctose were not traced in all of the bagasse samples. Farinograph characteristics of wheat flour-bagasse blends showed that the mixing profile weakened with addition of bagasse. Processed bagasse also affected the pasting characteristics indicating starch dilution on incorporation of bagasse, as indicated by sensory characteristics. Biscuits prepared from steamed bagasse (10\%) along with additives were highly acceptable. Results indicated that high-fiber biscuits can be prepared by replacing wheat flour with steamed bagasse at a 10\% level.
In this study, sawdust, formaldehyde treated sugarcane bagasse and thermally activated corncob were used as biosorbents for the removal of reactive Congo red dye color in wastewater of an industrial unit, throwing effluent into a small stream located in the vicinity of Lahore city. The batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of pH, contact time and adsorbent dose on the removal efficiency of dye color. The equilibrium was attained after 45, 75 and 90 min for sawdust, corncob and bagasse, respectively. The adsorption efficiency was found to be in order of 78.8\%, 55.1\% and 45.6\% for formaldehyde treated sugarcane bagasse, thermally activated corncob and sawdust, respectively. Different models were used to fit experimental data and to understand the possible sorption mechanism. The results depicted that Langmuir isotherm was more significant than Freundlich isotherm, which indicated homogenous and monolayer surface of three adsorbents. In isotherm studies, the dimensionless factor R-2 revealed that the adsorption processes more favorable for formaldehyde treated sugarcane bagasse than thermally activated corncob than sawdust. The first-order and second-order kinetic measurement were performed for dye adsorption onto three adsorbents. The q(e,exp) and the q(e,cal) values from the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were very close to each other in case of formaldehyde treated sugarcane bagasse and sawdust, while these values were in good agreement from pseudo-first-order for thermally treated corncob.
Sugarcane bagasse pretreatment is a physical and chemical process that reduces the crystalline structure and disrupts the hydrogen bonding of cellulose to improve the accessibility to hydrolytic depolymerization reactions. The combination of pretreatment technologies intends to decrease the severity of the processes and to avoid excessive sugar degradation and formation of toxic by-products. An effective pretreatment preserves the pentose fractions and limits the formation of degradation products that inhibits the growth of fermentative microorganisms. This study presents the evaluation of the cleavage of polysaccharides from sugarcane bagasse using ionizing radiation combined with thermal and diluted acid treatment to further enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of cellulose. Samples of sugarcane bagasse were irradiated using a Radiation Dynamics electron beam accelerator with 1.5 MeV and 37 kW, with different absorbed doses, and then were submitted to thermal and acid (0.1\% sulfuric acid, m/m) hydrolysis for 10, 20 and 40 min at 180 degrees C. Taking into account the sugars and by-products liberated in these treatments the conversion rates of cellulose and hemicelluloses were calculated. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Studies involving the use of residual biomass from processes have grown substantially. In this context, the efficiency of the production of second-generation ethanol and carboxymethylcellulose from sugarcane bagasse was evaluated in this work. Therefore, sugarcane bagasse was characterized and submitted to pretreatment with different low-cost ionic liquids {[
Salinity stress is one of the major global problems that negatively affect crop growth and productivity. Therefore, ecofriendly and sustainable strategies for mitigating salinity stress in agricultural production and global food security are highly demandable. Sugarcane press mud (PM) is an excellent source of the organic amendment, and the role of PM in mitigating salinity stress is not well understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate how the PM mitigates salinity stress through the regulation of rice growth, yield, physiological properties, and antioxidant enzyme activities in fine rice grown under different salinity stress conditions. In this study, different levels of salinity (6 and 12 dS m(-1)) with or without different levels of 3, 6, and 9\% of SPM, respectively were tested. Salinity stress significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA, 38\%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 74.39\%), Na+ (61.5\%), electrolyte leakage (40.32\%), decreased chlorophyll content (32.64\%), leaf water content (107.77\%), total soluble protein (TSP, 72.28\%), and free amino acids (FAA, 75.27\%). However, these negative effects of salinity stress were reversed mainly in rice plants after PM application. PM application (9\%) remained the most effective and significantly increased growth, yield, TSP, FAA, accumulation of soluble sugars, proline, K+, and activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Thus, these findings suggest a PM-mediated eco-friendly strategy for salinity alleviation in agricultural soil could be useful for plant growth and productivity in saline soils.
This paper reports the studies made on the vacuum pyrolysis of deashed sugarcane bagasse, on the pyrolysis products. The present work is with an objective to understand the change in the quantity and quality of the oil fraction obtained from pyrolysis, upon pretreatment for deashing of original biomass. Ash, in the entrained char is believed to be catalyzing the polymerization reaction in the oils and thereby increases the viscosity. Three different pre-treatment processes used for deashing are water leaching, mild acid treatment with HCl and mild acid treatment with HF.(1) The study indicates the remarkable influence of pretreatment process for deashing, by enhancing the total energy distribution in oil fraction of the pyrolysis products. This is attributed to selective removal of ash elements along with removal of extractives and hemicellulose in different proportions. However, it was found that the pre-treatments do not improve the stability of oil. The water leachate, as expected, showed potential of making ethanol via fermentation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Subcritical water has potential as an environmentally friendly solvent for applications including hydrolysis, liquefaction, extraction, and carbonization. Here, we report hydrolysis of sugarcane straw, an abundant byproduct of sugar production, in a semi-continuous reactor at reaction temperatures ranging from 190 to 260 degrees C and at operating pressures of 9 and 16 MPa. The target hydrolysis products were total reducing sugars. The main products of sugarcane straw hydrolysis were glucose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose in addition to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural as minor byproducts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis provided additional information on the surface and bulk composition of the residual biomass. Char was present on samples treated at temperatures equal to and greater than 190 degrees C. Samples treated at 260 degrees C contained approximately 20 wt\% char, yet retained substantial hemicellulose and cellulose content. Hydrolysis temperature of 200 degrees C provided the greatest TRS yield while minimizing char formation. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Aerial prevalence of clinically important thermophilic actinomycetes and occurrence of precipitating antibodies against them in sera of 153 exposed workers have been reported. The study was carried out in two cane sugar mills namely, the Upper Doab Sugar Mills and the Ramala Sugar Mills, located in north-west India. In both the sugar mills, T. sacchari was the predominant species, it accounted for 55.1\% and 50.3\% of the total population of thermophilic actinomycetes, followed by T. vulgaris (19.7\% and 23.7\%), T. thalpophilus (21.1\% and 17.1\%), Saccharomonospora viridis (3.4\% and 5.0\%) and Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (Faenia rectivirgula) (0.7\% and 3.9\%), respectively. Precipitating antibodies against thermophilic actinomycetes were demonstrable in 34 (22.2\%) workers; T. sacchari alone accounted for 20 of the positive precipitin reactions, followed by S. rectivirgula in 10. The mean absorbance values for IgG antibody activity against ir: sacchari as well as S. rectivirgula were found to be elevated significantly in the symptomatic workers than in the asymptomatic workers (p < 0.05) or unexposed controls (p < 0.001). However, the difference in IgG antibody activity was insignificant between precipitin-positive symptomatic workers and precipitin-positive asymptomatic workers. The results indicate that clinically important thermophilic actinomycetes are widely prevalent in cane sugar mills, and II: sacchari and S. rectivirgula are the major species involved in the sensitization of the bagasse workers in India.
Four hemicellulosic preparations were extracted using hot water at 70 degrees and 80 degrees C from dewaxed sugarcane bagasse and 10\% KOH and 10\% NaOH from the corresponding delignified bagasse. Their chemical and physical characteristics were determined using GC, HPLC, GPC, and FT-IR and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that two water-soluble hemicellulosic fractions consisted of arabinoxylans and pectic polysaccharides as shown by their sugar composition of xylose (51.7 - 53.5\%), galactose (22.1\%), arabinose (11.6 - 12.3\%), glucose ( 7.0 - 8.2\%), mannose (5.1 - 5.6\%), uronic acids (4.5 - 6.2\%), and rhamnose (0.9 - 1.0\%), while the two alkali-extractable hemicellulosic preparations were dominated by arabinoxylans in which xylose (82.2 - 82.5\%) and arabinose (9.7 - 11.3\%) were the major sugar components. These differences in the structure of arabinoxylans between water and alkali extracts indicated that water-soluble arabinoxylans had significantly lower xylose-to-arabinose ratios (4.3 - 4.5) than those extracted with alkali (7.3 - 8.5), implying a greater degree of branching in the water-soluble fractions. In addition, the studies showed that the two water-soluble hemicellulosic fractions were more acidic and had a much lower molecular weight (M-w, 8,080 - 8,560 g mol(-1)) than the two alkali-extractable hemicellulosic preparations (M-w, 50,700 - 53,180 g mol(-1)). Furthermore, it was found that the two water-soluble polymer fractions contained noticeable amounts of lignin (7.8 - 8.9\%), whereas the two alkali-extractable polymer preparations were relatively free of bound lignin (1.1\%).
This study investigated the possibility of utilizing detoxified sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (DSCBH) as an alternative carbon source to culture Yarrowia lipolytica Po1g for microbial oil and biodiesel production. Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis with 2.5\% HCl resulted in maximum total sugar concentration (21.38 g/L) in which 13.59 g/L is xylose, 3.98 g/L is glucose, and 2.78 g/L is arabinose. Detoxification of SCBH by Ca(OH)(2) neutralization reduced the concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by 21.31\% and 24.84\%, respectively. Growth of Y. lipolytica Po1g in DSCBH with peptone as the nitrogen source gave maximum biomass concentration (11.42 g/L) compared to NH(4)NO(3) (6.49 g/L). With peptone as the nitrogen source. DSCBH resulted in better biomass concentration than is-glucose (10.19 g/L), D-xylose (9.89 g/L) and NDSCBH (5.88 g/L). The maximum lipid content, lipid yield and lipid productivity of Y. lipolytica Po1g grown in DSCBH and peptone was 58.5\%, 6.68 g/L and 1.76 g/L-day, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Brazilian sugarcane industry generates a significant amount of waste each year, which should be properly analyzed and studied to allow an adequate recovery and application supported by the best understanding of its properties. The present work reports the ignition and burnout temperatures of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) obtained after performing a thermal analysis using four different heating rates. The intersection method (IM) and deviation method (DM) were employed to approach the ignition and burnout temperatures of the sugarcane bagasse. The ignition temperatures of the SCB measured from IM are between 250 and 263 degrees C, and their burnout temperatures are between 357 and 377 degrees C. The ignition temperature was in the range of 205 degrees C to 236 degrees C for the DM. IM is recommended for determining the ignition and burnout temperatures. In TGA, the heating rates in the range of 10 degrees C center dot min(-1) and 15 degrees C center dot min(-1) are suggested due to their accuracy and the contribution to timesaving in the analysis.
This study prepared a carboxylate-functionalized sugarcane bagasse (CF-SCB) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) via a simple and low-toxicity chemical modification to enhance its capacity for adsorbing methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The success of chemical modification was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the pore area and porosity, and zeta potential measurement analysis. The adsorption capacity of CF-SCB was investigated at different pHs, ionic strengths, temperatures, contact times and initial dye concentrations. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CF-SCB (296.74 mg g(-1)) was greatly improved compared with SCB (77.16 mg g(-1)) at 30 degrees C. The thermodynamic study indicated that MB adsorption onto CF-SCB was a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increased process. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order mode, and the adsorption mechanism was based on electrostatic interactions. The reusability study showed that CF-SCB had reasonably good reuse potential. All the results suggested that CF-SCB has high potential to be used as an effective and renewable adsorbent for MB removal from wastewater.
This work reports hot-air convective drying of thin-layer fermented and non-fermented sugarcane bagasse. For this purpose, experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale dryer assessing the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the drying kinetics of the processing material. The fermented sugarcane bagasse in SSF was obtained with the use of Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. Drying experiments were carried out at 30, 35, 40 and 45 degrees C, at volumetric air flow rates of 2 and 3 m(3) h(-1). The ability of ten different thin-layer mathematical models was evaluated towards representing the experimental drying profiles obtained. Results showed that the fermented sugarcane bagasse presents a distinct, faster drying, behavior from that verified for the non-fermented material at the same conditions of temperature and volumetric air flow rate. It is shown that the fermented sugarcane bagasse presented effective diffusion coefficient values of about 1.3 times higher than the non-fermented material. A satisfactory agreement between experimental data and model results of the thin-layer drying of fermented and non-fermented sugarcane bagasse was achieved at the evaluated experimental conditions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane molasses is a by-product in the process of sugar production, which has characteristics of large quantity, low price and easy to pollute the environment. High-valued utilization of sugarcane molasses has important research significance. In this work, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was obtained through hydrolyzing sugarcane molasses, and was separated from the hydrolysate by a designed hyper-cross-linked adsorption resin (HCLR). The optimal conditions for adsorption/desorption of HMF by HCLR were obtained. On this basis, the adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic behavior of HMF onto HCLR were studied, and the adsorption mechanism of HMF onto HCLR was clarified. At last, HMF with a highest purity of 96.0\% and an average purity of 93.2\% were obtained through fixed bed dynamic adsorption/desorption study. Overall, this work provides a complete process route from sugarcane molasses to high-value product of HMF, and provides theoretical and technical references for the efficient and comprehensive utilization of sugarcane molasses resources.
Biomasses are organic materials that are derived from any living or recently-living structure. Plenty of biomasses are produced nationwide. Biomasses are mostly combusted and usually discarded or disposed of without treatment as biomass ashes, which include wood and sugarcane bagasse ashes. Thus, recycling or treatment of biomass ashes leads to utilizing the natural materials as an economical and environmental alternative. This study is intended to provide an environmental solution for uncontrolled disposal of biomass ashes by way of recycling the biomass ash and replacing the soils in geotechnical engineering projects. Therefore, in this study, characteristic tests of wood and sugarcane bagasse ashes that are considered the most common biomass ashes are conducted. The test of chemical compositions of biomass ashes is conducted using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and heavy metal analysis is also conducted. Engineering behaviors including hydraulic conductivity, constrained modulus and shear modulus are examined. Also, coal fly ash Class C is used in this study for comparison with biomass ashes, and Ottawa 20/30 sands containing biomass ashes are examined to identify the soil replacement effect of biomass ashes. The results show that the particle sizes of biomass ashes are halfway between coal fly ash Class C and Ottawa 20/30 sand, and biomass ashes consist of a heterogeneous mixture of different particle sizes and shapes. Also, all heavy metal concentrations were found to be below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum limit. Hydraulic conductivity values of Ottawa 20/30 sand decrease significantly when replacing them with only 1\%-2\% of biomass ashes. While both the constrained modulus and shear modulus of biomass ashes are lower than Ottawa 20/30 sand, those of mixtures containing up to 10\% biomass ashes are little affected by replacing the soils with biomass ashes.
Adsorptions of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Basic Blue 9 (BB9, also known as methylene blue) by sugarcane bagasse of different surface areas were compared in this study. There was a small gain in the amount of dye removed by increasing bagasse surface area from 0.57 m(2)/g to 1.81 m(2)/g. BB9 adsorption was less sensitive to surface area change than RhB adsorption. Adsorption capacity of 250 mg/L RhB on 1 g/L bagasse was 65.5 mg/g compared to a value of 30.7 mg/g obtained with BB9 under the same conditions. Increasing adsorption temperature (from 30 degrees C to 50 degrees C) while having no effect on RhB adsorption, slightly decreased BB9 adsorption by similar to 4\%. The differences in adsorption performances between these dyes have been related to the molecular structure of the dyes and the surface chemistry of bagasse. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this work, the investigation mainly focused on ultrasonic-assisted dual-alkali pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse followed by Candida tropicalis fermentation to produce xylitol. The results showed that the combination of NaOH and ammonia water had the best effect by comparing the effects of the four single-alkali (NaOH, KOH, ammonia water, Ca(OH)(2)) and their mixed double-alkali pretreatments on xylose content. Then, the optimal conditions for ultrasonic-assisted pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse were obtained by response surface methodology. When the ratio of NaOH and ammonia water was 2:1, the mixed alkali concentration (v/v) was 17\%, the ultrasonic temperature was 45 degrees C, the ultrasonic power was 300 W, and the ultrasonic time was 40 min, the content of xylose reached a maximum of 2.431 g/L. Scanning electron microscopy showed that sugarcane bagasse by ultrasonic-assisted alkali pretreatment aggravated with more folds and furrows. Moreover, the fermentation results showed that the concentration ratio of enzymatic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse affected the xylitol yield, and when concentrated three times, the highest yield of xylitol (54.42\%) was obtained.
The aim of present study was to obtain total reducing sugars (TRS) by hydrolysis in subcritical CO2-water from sugarcane bagasse pith (SCBP), the fibrous residue remaining after papermaking from sugarcane bagasse. The optimum hydrolysis conditions were evaluated by L-16(4(5)) orthogonal experiments. The TRS yield achieved 45.8\% at the optimal conditions:200 degrees C, 40 min, 500 r min(-1), CO2 initial pressure of 1 MPa and liquid-to-solid ratio of 50:1. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize hydrolysis liquor, treated and untreated SCBP, resulting in the removal of hemicelluloses to mainly produce xylose, glucose and arabinose during hydrolysis. The severity factors had no correlation to TRS yield, indicating that the simple kinetic processes of biomass solubilisation cannot perfectly describe the SCBP hydrolysis. The first-order kinetic model based on consecutive reaction was used to obtain rate constants, activation energies and pre-exponential factors. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The production of enzymes by bioprocesses is a good alternative to add value to agroindustry residues. Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant by-product of sugar industry and was tested as support and carbon source for production of inulinase (2, 1-beta-D-fructanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.7) from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 by solid-state fermentation. Corn steep liquor was used as nitrogen supplement. Factorial design and response surface analysis were carried out to evaluate the effects of temperature (30.4-41.6 degrees C) and corn steep liquor (13-27.1\%, w/v) on the production of inulinase. Optimum fermentation conditions were found to be: 36 degrees C and 20 wt.\% of corn steep liquor. Under optimized conditions, the extra-cellular enzyme concentration reached 391.9 U/g of dry fermented bagasse. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BackgroundSugarcane is an essential crop for sugar and ethanol production. Immediate processing of sugarcane is necessary after harvested because of rapid sucrose losses and deterioration of stalks. This study was conducted to fill the knowledge gap regarding the exploration of fungal communities in harvested deteriorating sugarcane. Experiments were performed on simulating production at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C after 0, 12, and 60 h of sugarcane harvesting and powder-processing.ResultsBoth pH and sucrose content declined significantly within 12 h. Fungal taxa were unraveled using ITS amplicon sequencing. With the increasing temperature, the diversity of the fungal community decreased over time. The fungal community structure significantly changed within 12 h of bagasse storage. Before stored, the dominant genus (species) in bagasse was Wickerhamomyces (W. anomalus). Following storage, Kazachstania (K. humilis) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae) gradually grew, becoming abundant fungi at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The bagasse at different temperatures had a similar pattern after storage for the same intervals, indicating that the temperature was the primary cause for the variation of core features. Moreover, most of the top fungal genera were significantly correlated with environmental factors (pH and sucrose of sugarcane, storage time, and temperature). In addition, the impact of dominant fungal species isolated from the deteriorating sugarcane on sucrose content and pH in the stored sugarcane juice was verified.ConclusionsThe study highlighted the importance of timeliness to refine sugar as soon as possible after harvesting the sugarcane. The lessons learned from this research are vital for sugarcane growers and the sugar industry for minimizing post-harvest losses.
Cellulosic ethanol derived from sugarcane straw may have a significant role to play in the projected increase of Brazilian biofuel production for next years. However, some practical challenges, such as, defining how much and how to recover straw from the field still need to be overcome. Integrated sugarcane harvesting (i.e. stalks plus straw) with straw separation at the processing site has shown greater cost-effectiveness. However, there is no published procedure to quantify the yield of sugarcane straw, to set up the harvester to collect only a specific portion of this straw or to verify the quantity of straw left in the field. We conducted four field trials in the southeast of Brazil to develop systematic field guidelines that describe how to estimate the yield of sugarcane straw, the harvester setup to vary the amount of straw left in the field and how to evaluate the overall performance of the operation. The results showed that these guidelines were efficient (r(2) >= 0.97, p < 0.01) and, therefore, can be incorporated into a standard protocol to help the sugarcane industry improve the efficiency of the sugarcane straw harvesting process for bioelectricity cogeneration and cellulosic ethanol production. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is available in abundance and it has significant pozzolanic reactivity. However, bagasse ash is currently disposed of as a waste in the major sugar-producing countries and its use in industrial-scale blended cement production is highly limited. A systematic review of the potential of bagasse ash for use as a pozzolan in concrete and the translation of the all-inclusive research outcomes from earlier research studies to the industry can enable its wider acceptance. Hence, this study undertakes a comprehensive review on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete. The physical, chemical and pozzolanic characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash and their effects on the properties of concrete are reported. The use of bagasse ash is found to result in a notable increment in the compressive and tensile strengths up to 20\% replacement. Nevertheless, delay in setting times and reduction in workability are widely reported. The resistance of bagasse ash blended concrete against chloride ion penetration, water permeability and air permeability were also reviewed, and a considerable drop in the permeability was reported over the conventional cement concrete. Opportunities for the effective recycling of bagasse ash and their benefits in India, the second-largest sugar producer in the world, are presented.
Brazil meets about 16\% of its energy needs with bioethanol and other sugarcane products and leads the world in biofuel energy production. However, there are concerns over the environmental credentials of the sugarcane given the high emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) - a potent greenhouse gas - associated with its production. We quantify N2O fluxes from a sugarcane experiment in the Brazilian Cerrado over an entire year, comparing the magnitude of response to different fertilizer treatments: mineral nitrogen (N), a liquid residue from bioethanol distillation known as vinasse (V) and a combination of both (NV), on irrigated and nonirrigated plots. We find that soil N2O fluxes in plots subjected to the NV treatment are, on average, at least three times higher than those in the other treatments, resulting in four times the emissions intensity per yield than when mineral N or vinasse were applied alone. We also find that irrigation has a positive effect on N2O emissions in the first two weeks after treatment addition and on annual sugarcane yield. Emission factors, defined as net N emissions as N2O as a percentage of the total mineral N added, vary from 0.05 to 4.6\% according to treatment. Sugarcane production in the Cerrado is a significant source of N2O, due to the synergistic effect of mineral N fertilizer and vinasse. Using vinasse as the main fertilizer, or applying N and vinasse at widely spaced intervals are effective strategies for climate change mitigation, plant nutrition, waste management and cost-efficient production.
Synthesis of amylase by Aspergillus niger strain UO-01 under solid-state fermentation with sugarcane bagasse was optimized by using response surface methodology and empirical modelling. The process parameters tested were particle size of sugarcane bagasse, incubation temperature and pH, moisture level of solid support material and the concentrations of inoculum, total sugars, nitrogen and phosphorous. The optimum conditions for high amylase production (457.82 EU/g of dry support) were particle size of bagasse in the range of 6-8 mm, incubation temperature and pH: 30.2 degrees C and 6.0, moisture content of bagasse: 75.3\%, inoculum concentration: 1 x 10(7) spores/g of dry support and concentrations of starch, yeast extract and KH2PO4: 70.5, 11.59 and 9.83 mg/g of dry support, respectively. After optimization, enzyme production was assayed at the optimized conditions. The results obtained corroborate the effectiveness and reliability of the empirical models obtained.
Electrodialysis (ED) is reported as a promising technique for vinasse desalination and nutrients recovery for mineral (K-struvite) and organomineral fertilizers production. The use of ultrafiltered vinasse as an electrolyte solution, as well as fouling layer formation on membrane surface, were evaluated by operating the ED for a longer operation time. After 40 h of test time, it was observed that the ED performance was stable, with high efficiencies of removal (>77 \%) and recovery (>70 \%) of potassium. Ultrafiltered vinasse did not affect the efficiencies of nutrient removal and recovery, and provides as benefits a reduction in the costs of water and chemical demand, and the production of organo-mineral fertilizer. Membrane fouling was considerably reduced after the cleaning procedure. Also, ED operation was evaluated in three configurations, namely A, B, and C, with 5, 3, and 2 compartments, respectively. The lower number of compartments did not affect the ED performance, with similar performance as that observed for the Configuration A. Removal and recovery efficiencies for potassium, calcium and magnesium were similar in all experiments, being 80 and 72 \%, 57 \% and 49 \%, 46 \% and 8 \%, respectively. For the specific energy consumption per mole of K+ (E/K+), no significant differences were found between the three configurations for both electrolyte solutions, being around 0.3049 +/- 0.012 KWh/Kg K+. Of the configurations evaluated, Configuration C demonstrated to be a viable alternative for implementation in a biorefinery for sugarcane vinasse treatment. Besides the high performance presented, this configuration has advantages such as: reduction in energy use, membrane area, area required for system installation, water and chemical demand, and the potential recovery of gaseous chlorine, which can be used as a decolorizing agent.
Few studies have been carried out on sludge blankets in treatment systems. However, the sludge blanket in a UASB system is the area where microorganisms responsible for converting organic matter into biogas are concentrated. Considering its importance, the present research aimed to study the sludge blanket of three UASB reactors used in the treatment of sugarcane vinasse (pilot scale). The main difference between them was the applied effluent recirculation rate (100 \%, 200 \%, and 400 \%). The research objective was to analyze the sludge blanket of these reactors: to determine the granulometry; the concentration of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, iron, manganese, copper, total chromium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; and the organic and inorganic contents, aiming to identify the physical-chemical alterations in the sludge caused during the operational period. A reduction in the granular diameter was observed in all systems up to the range between 0.4 and 1 mm, provided by the increase in the hydraulic load, the organic loading rate and biogas production, and the increase in the mineral fraction in the sludge blanket, associated with the metal contribution of vinasse to the sludge blanket. Metal accumulation such as magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium was not detrimental to the methanogenic process due to the strategy of adapting biomass to vinasse, by gradually increasing the vinasse load, and the effects of antagonisms between magnesium and sodium and between potassium and sodium, which reduced its toxic effects.
Wastewater from industries has been a serious issue that both manufactures and authorities raise concerns since it brings tremendous demerits to the surrounding environment and human well-being. Therefore, an appropriate treatment method should be applied before being discharged into the environment. In this paper, sugarcane bagasse was modified with citric acid and then used to load the suspension of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to form a nanocomposite of magnetic citric acid-modified sugarcane bagasse. The properties of prepared materials were investigated by a variety of modern methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The adsorptive capacity of prepared materials was investigated with methylene blue as the typical adsorbate. The decolonization effectiveness was increased with increasing contact time and declined with rising initial dye concentration. The higher removal efficiency was observed for the basic medium in comparison with the acidic medium. Additionally, the results showed that more than 12.42 mg/g (98\%) of cationic yellow 51, and basic red 46 dyes were removed after 30 min.
This work reports the effect of fungal pretreatment of sugarcane straw in the performance of the treated pulps. Fermentation time, fungal mycelium load and pretreatment scale were studied in the fungal treatment, and the best conditions were 15 days with 250 mg kg(-1) fungal mycelium per straw weight causing high lignin decomposition. At the largest scale tested (50 g straw) lignin degradation exceeded cellulose degradation by 2.4-fold. Acetosolv pulping was carried out in a tank reactor at 120 degrees C The pulping kinetics showed that for biopulps the final lignin content was around 7.5\% with a reduction of 40\% in the pulping time to reach 12.5\% pulp lignin, besides the factorial design showed that the biological pretreatment had a positive effect on the acetic acid reduction (21.5 wt.\%) during pulping process. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
India is the world's second largest producer of sugarcane and a major manufacturer of molasses-derived ethanol. The sugarcane produced is widely used in the production of sugar and 1G ethanol, leaving behind a huge amount of bagasse as waste. However, sugarcane bagasse also has some end-use value, for example, its utilization for the production of methanol, 2G ethanol, and electricity. Although the technologies for the production of these value-added products are well established, it is important to analyze the social, economic, and environmental impacts associated with their production processes. This work compares the environmental impacts of various sugarcane conversion processes on the life cycle basis. The functional unit used is 1Ton of sugarcane cultivated on field. Four routes were identified for bagasse utilization: (i) conversion to methanol (route 1), (ii) conversion to ethanol via a two-stage dilute acid process (route 2), (iii) conversion to ethanol via an enzymatic process (route 3), and (iv) electricity generation (route 4). The comparison of bagasse management scenarios to obtain various products is made based on midpoint indicators, such as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential. It was observed that methanol production had the highest environmental indicator values. Ethanol production processes and cogeneration process have nearly similar impacts, although it can be said that cogeneration is more eco-friendly.
One of the limiting stages in the second-generation (2G) bioethanol production process is enzymatic hydrolysis due to the low availability of cellulase enzymes and their high cost. The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse is optimized (Box-Behnken design) using an enzymatic extract of Aspergillus niger ITV02 cellulases produced in a bioreactor to obtain glucose. The maximum concentration of glucose (49 g/L) and conversion (70\%) was reached using sugarcane bagasse with acid-alkaline pretreatment (SB-AAL) under optimal conditions of enzyme load (18 FPU/g), the concentration of substrate (84.35 g/L) and hydrolysis time (48 h). The enzymatic hydrolysate of A. niger ITV02 from SB-AAL was subsequently fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITV01 for bioethanol 2G production, reaching a yield (Yp/s) of 0.46 g/g, an efficiency of 90.77\%, and 1.6 g/Lh productivity and reaching important values of parameters required for bioethanol 2G production to scale process. The present study shows that cellulases produced by A. niger ITV02 using an available and low-cost substrate such as sugarcane bagasse is efficient in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues for bioethanol 2G production.
The effect of organic loading on process performance and methane yields during anaerobic mono-digestion of sugarcane trash (ST) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) with and without dilute sulphuric acid impregnated steam explosion was investigated. At first, biochemical methane potential (BMP) of ST and SB was performed at 37 degrees C in batch assays with an inoculum to substrate (ISR) ratio of 2 on VS basis. Methane yields of 161.8 +/- 4 and 187.9 +/- 2.4 N mL g- 1 VSadded were obtained for ST and SB, respectively. These yields were 55.6 and 53.8 \% of the theoretical methane potentials for ST and SB respectively. Later, semi-continuous reactor experiments were conducted using four stainless steel reactors with working volume of 10 L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 35 d at 37 degrees C. Reactors were fed with untreated ST, untreated SB, steam exploded trash (TT) and steam exploded bagasse (TB). In all four reactors, methane production increased with increase in organic loading rate (OLR) from 1.5 to 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1. However, higher methane yields were noticed in TT (226 +/- 37 NmL g-1VSfed) and TB (236 +/- 22 NmL g-1VSfed) than for ST (121 +/- 24 mL g-1VSfed) and SB (148 +/- 25 mL g-1VSfed). Increase in OLR from 2.5 to 3.5 gVS L-1d-1 resulted in decreased methane yields and pseudo state stable conditions. Thus, steam explosion with dilute H2SO4 catalyst can improve the methane yields of both ST and SB.
In order to investigate the details of lignin biodegradation, the characteristics and process of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) degradation by three lignin degrading fungi, Phanerochaete chrysosporium PC2, Lentinula edode LE16 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO45, were studied. We found that the ligninolytic enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were produced first, and that the cellulolytic enzyme CMCase was produced subsequently. These three fungi were more efficient to degrade lignin (85-93\%) than hemicelluloses (64-88\%) and cellulose (15-67\%) in 12 weeks, in which P. chrysosporium PC2 was the most efficient strain to degrade all the ingredients. Results of the FTIR and CP/MAS C-13 NMR revealed that the three fungi preferentially degraded syringyl units. The PPO and MnP as the main ligninolytic enzymes, especially the presence of PPO, were new findings in this study, which improved our knowledge of biopretreatment of SCB and evidenced these strains as valuable resource for SCB biotransformation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biomass gasification is a process of converting solid biomass ingredients into combustible gas, which can be used in electricity generation. A biomass gasifier was designed with 30-40 kg/h downdraft, fabricated, and evaluated using sugarcane bagasse and coconut shells. The effect of equivalence ratio on syngas composition, heating value, syngas yield, gasification efficiency, and tar content was evaluated. Besides, the tar removal efficiency of different cleaning instruments was also evaluated. The investigation revealed that types of biomass feedstock and equivalence ratio have a significant effect on the performance parameter of the gasifier. The average syngas produced from 1 kg of sugarcane bagasse and coconut shells were 3.1 and 2.97 m(3), while the average amount of tar produced from the same fuels was 2.5 and 2.2 g/Nm(3). As ER increased from 0.17 to 0.22, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H-2) was increased from 14 to 17.9\% and 7.5 to 9.6\%, respectively. However, the lower calorific value of syngas was increased from 4.4 to 5.4 MJ/Nm(3). Removal efficiency of cleaning instruments is auxiliary filter (45.7\%) < wet scrubber (54.2\%) < biomass filter (56\%) < cyclone separator (60.6\%) when sugarcane bagasse was used as a biomass fuel, while for coconut shells, removal efficiencies of the cleaning units were auxiliary filter (52.9\%) < cyclone separator (54\%) < wet scrubber (59.4\%) < biomass filter (65\%) respectively.
The use of activated carbon for the treatment of wastewater from textile industries is integral to the production of reusable water. Despite its abundance in countries where textiles are produced and the apparent suitability of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a feedstock for the production of activated carbon, this material is not used commercially as it is uneconomic to produce when compared to other biomass sources. This chapter reports on the chemical pretreatment of SCB as a means to increase the production of biochar from SCB. The thermal degradation kinetics of bagasse was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of evolved gases was recorded to better understand the mechanism by which the treatment process affects the degradation of the SCB during pyrolysis. Two chemicals were used as chemical additives-ammonium sulphate (AS) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). These were added to bagasse as solutions at different concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 M prior to pyrolysis. It was generally found that the bagasse treated with additives caused mass degradation at lesser temperatures and formed considerably greater yields of biochar than untreated raw bagasse. Greater concentrations of additives improved the char yield significantly but passed through an optimum additive concentration for char yield. It was reasoned that the optimum was caused by a change in reaction mechanism when additive concentrations became high as evidenced by the FTIR spectrum measured-although this mechanism varies with the different additives. The addition of chemical additives to SCB so as to improve char yield may provide a route by which the SCB may be an economically attractive source of biochar.
Ethanol production is one of the most important activities in the Brazilian economy and its production has been increasing during the last decades. On average, 10-15 L of vinasse (main liquid wastewater obtained after distillation) are generated per liter of ethanol. Typically, vinasse is used for fertirrigation of sugarcane crop; however, if it is produced in excess, might bring several economic problems and environmental impacts. Vinasse is though a suitable feedstock for anaerobic digestion, producing biogas, which is a versatile gas fuel that may replace fossil fuels in power and heat generation plants and can be a raw material to produce other biofuels such as methanol. This work provides the simulation and validation of an ethanol distillery plant located in the South of Brazil to propose a new scenario of a coupled methanol plant using vinasse-derived biogas. This biogas is converted through steam-methane reforming to a mixture of mostly carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which in turn are input for the methanol production. The evaluation of this new methanol plant proposed allows ones to identify its technical feasibility. It also gives cost estimates describing the economic performance for each step of this new proposed route.
This study attempted to investigate the potential of sugarcane press mud (PM) as a secondary additive in conjunction with lime for the stabilization of an expansive soil. The physico-mechanical properties of an expansive soil, such as plasticity, shrink-swell behavior, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), mineralogical and microstructural characteristics were investigated. The expansive soil was stabilized at its optimum lime content (7\%) for producing maximum strength, and was modified with four different quantities of PM in small dosages (0.25\%-2\%). Cylindrical soil samples, 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height, were cast and cured for varying periods to evaluate the strength of the amended soil. The spent samples after strength tests were further used for determination of other properties. The test results revealed that PM modification led to a substantial improvement in 7-d strength and noticeable increase in 28-d strength of the lime-stabilized soil (LSS). The addition of PM does not cause any detrimental changes to the shrink-swell properties as well as plasticity nature of the stabilized soil, despite being a material of organic origin. Mineralogical investigation revealed that the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) minerals, similar to that of pure lime stabilization with only the type of mineral varying due to the modification of PM addition, does not significantly alter the microstructure of the LSS except for superficial changes being noticed. (C) 2020 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Green solvents, especially deep eutectic solvents (DESs), are widely applied to pretreat biomass for enhancing its enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, lactic acid was selected as the hydrogen-bond-donor to prepare Betaine-base DES (Betaine:LA), The DES was utilized to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB) at 160 celcius for 80 min (severity factor LogR0 = 3.67). The influences of Betaine:LA treatment on the chemical composition, crystal and microstructure structure of cellulose, and cellulase digestion were investigated. The results showed that the lignin (47.1\%) and xylan (44.6\%) were removed, the cellulase digestibility of Betaine:LA-treated SCB was 4.2 times that of the raw material. This improved efficiency was attributed to the enhanced accessibility of cellulose, the weakened surface area of lignin, the declined hydrophobicity, and the decreased crystallinity of cellulose. Several compelling linear correlations were fitted between enzymatic hydrolysis and these alterations of physicochemical features, comprehensively understanding enzymatic saccharification of Betaine:LA-pretreated SCB.
Poly(lactic acid)/sugarcane bagasse fiber (PLA/SCBF) composites were prepared using melt compounding followed by compression molding. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was selected as plasticizer for the PLA/SCBF composites. SCBF was alkali-treated and ground into powder form with the size of approximately 100 mu m (hereafter designated as SCBFP). The properties of the PLA composites were assessed using impact tests, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA results showed that the addition of SCBF increased the storage modulus of PLA and the effect is more pronounced for the one containing SCBFP. The impact strength of PLA/SCBF composites was improved significantly by the addition of ESO.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) before and after alkaline treatment has been investigated for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the adsorption was chemical in nature and the OH, C=O, and C-O groups were particularly responsible for MB dye adsorption. The optimum concentration of MB solution was fixed at 0.1 gr/50 mL in both treated and untreated SB. Batch adsorption studies are used to derive the optimum adsorption conditions. A contact time of 90 min, a pH range from 5 to 9, a dose of 0.1 g, and an initial concentration of the MB of 100 ppm were chosen. The amount of adsorbed MB dye on the surface of the SB was temperature dependent, and the adsorption increases with increasing temperature. The values of Delta H degrees, Delta G degrees, and Delta S degrees indicated endothermic but spontaneous process. The overall results indicated that SB was a promising candidate for dye removals.
This paper is an initial study of the implementation of two new enzymes, an endoglucanase and a concoction of hemicellulases and pectinases to obtain cellulosic nanoparticles. In this study, curaua and sugarcane bagasse were dewaxed and bleached prior to enzymatic action for 72 h at 50 A degrees C, and then followed by sonication. The concentration between these two enzymes was varied, and for the concentrations and time of enzymatic treatment used, subsequent sonication was necessary for cellulose nanoparticle release. It was easier to extract cellulose nanofibers from sugarcane bagasse which resulted in nanoparticles without damage of cellulose chains. On the other hand, curaua fibers needed a higher concentration of enzymes and the nanofibers obtained displayed a decrease of crystallinity suggesting that the cellulose structure was compromized. For both fibers, cellulose nanocrystals (single crystals) and larger diameter nanofibers were attained after the sonication.
This work investigates the influence of the positive regulator XYRl of Trichoderma harzianum on the production of cellulolytic enzymes, using sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. Constitutive expression of xyrl was achieved under the control of the strong Trichoderma reesei pkil promoter. Five clones with xyrl overexpression achieved higher xyrl expression and greater enzymatic productivity when cultivated under submerged fermentation, hence validating the genetic construction for T. harzianum. Clone 5 presented a relative expression of xyrl 26-fold higher than the parent strain and exhibited 66, 37, and 36\% higher values for filter paper activity, xylanase activity, andp-glucosidase activity, respectively, during cultivation in a stirred-tank bioreactor. The overexpression of xyrl in T. harzianum resulted in an enzymatic complex with significantly improved performance in sugarcane bagasse saccharification, with an enhancement of 25\% in the first 24h. Our results also show that constitutive overexpression of xyrl leads to the induction of several important players in biomass degradation at early (24h) and also late (48 h) timepoints of inoculation. However, we also observed that the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 was upregulated in xyrl overexpression mutants. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of improving cellulase production by modifying regulator expression and suggest an attractive approach for increasing total cellulase productivity in T. harzianum. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, a CFD model is developed to evaluate the performance of an industrial boiler furnace running on sugarcane bagasse. The model was developed in the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT and includes user-defined functions programmed in C language defining devolatilization phenomenon as well as combustion on the grate. The simulation results suggests that devolatilization is the dominant phenomenon through the largest portion of the particle trajectory, and hence an important factor in predicting the thermal fields. On the other hand, the char is burned on the grate or entrained through the furnace outlet. The general efficiency indicators obtained from particle combustion description could then allow us to compare different design and operational alternatives. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a significant agriculturalresidue generatedby sugar mills based on sugarcane crop. Valorizing carbohydrate-richSCB provides an opportunity to improve the profitability of sugarmills with simultaneous production of value-added chemicals, suchas 2,3-butanediol (BDO). BDO is a prospective platform chemical withmultitude of applications and huge derivative potential. This workpresents the techno-economic and profitability analysis for fermentativeproduction of BDO utilizing 96 MT of SCB per day. The study considersplant operation in five scenarios representing the biorefinery annexedto a sugar mill, centralized and decentralized units, and conversionof only xylose or total carbohydrates of SCB. Based on the analysis,the net unit production cost of BDO in the different scenarios rangedfrom 1.13 to 2.28 US\$/kg, while the minimum selling price varied from1.86 to 3.99 US\$/kg. Use of the hemicellulose fraction alone was shownto result in an economically viable plant; however, this was dependenton the condition that the plant would be annexed to a sugar mill whichcould supply utilities and the feedstock free of cost. A standalonefacility where the feedstock and utilities were procured was predictedto be economically feasible with a net present value of about 72 millionUS\$, when both hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of SCB were utilizedfor BDO production. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to highlightsome key parameters affecting plant economics. Sustainable production of 2,3-butanediolusing differentcarbon fractions of sugarcane bagasse and its economic feasibilityare studied.
The use of living actinobacteria biomass to clean up contaminated soils is an attractive biotechnology approach. However, biomass generation from cheap feedstock is the first step to ensure process sustainability. The present work reports the ability of four actinobacteria, Streptomyces sp. M7, MC1, A5, and Amycolatopsis tucumanensis, to generate biomass from sugarcane vinasse. Optimal vinasse concentration to obtain the required biomass (more than 0.4 g L-1) was 20\% for all strains, either grown individually or as mixed cultures. However, the biomass fraction recovered from first vinasse was discarded as it retained trace metals present in the effluent. Fractions recovered from three consecutive cycles of vinasse re-use obtained by mixing equal amounts of biomass from single cultures or produced as a mixed culture were evaluated to clean up contaminated soil with lindane and chromium. In all cases, the decrease in pesticide was about 50\% after 14 d of incubation. However, chromium removal was statistically different depending on the preparation methodology of the inoculum. While the combined actinobacteria biomass recovered from their respective single cultures removed about 85\% of the chromium, the mixed culture biomass removed more than 95\%. At the end of the reused vinasse cycle, the mixed culture removed more than 70\% of the biological oxygen demand suggesting a proportional reduction in the effluent toxicity. These results represent the first integral approach to address a problematic of multiple contaminations, concerning pesticides, heavy metals and a regionally important effluent like vinasse. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Briquettes and pellets can be an option to produce biofuels made by agricultural residues compression. Therefore, this study aims at provide the characterization of the briquettes made by different residual concentrations of sugar bagasse and straw. Concerning this, we determined rapid analysis and mechanical resistance. Our mechanical test determined the briquettes resistance and friability. The results showed better characteristics of bagasse for briquettes formation, such as lower ash and higher fixed carbon content. Considering the compression resistance, the sugar cane bagasse briquettes in a high concentration had better results. Besides, these briquettes were more resistance to break on the tumbling test. However, briquettes produced with both residues showed feasible results. Thus, the use of blends can be a viable alternative for the use of sugarcane residues.
The environmental and technical feasibility of cellulose nanocrystal production from sugarcane bagasse fibers was evaluated. First, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is presented as a methodology to investigate the most feasible form of obtainment. The environmental impacts regarding climate change and water footprint were evaluated considering a gate-to-gate process and a functional unit of 1 kg. The inventory data encompassed sugarcane plantation and pretreatment, bleaching and hydrolysis for bagasse generation. The twelve scenarios for extracting nanocrystals that were investigated consisted of treatment with sodium hydroxide or sodium chlorite followed by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. All products and processes were characterized by their yield and X-ray diffraction. As a result, all scenarios showed that the pretreatment stage was the most important contributor to the environmental impact. The comparison among the scenarios showed that nanocrystals produced by processes V-NaClO2/NaOH/H2SO4/3O min/lx and IX-NaClO2/NaOH/HNO3/H2SO4/3O min/1x presented low water consumption and minimal contributions to climate change. Therefore, considering the LCA, yield and crystallinity, the best processes were V and IX sequences. Finally, these cellulose nanocrystals were evaluated by their chemical composition, morphology and thermal stability, exhibiting hemicellulose and lignin removal, nanometric dimensions from 8 to 12 nm, high crystallinity and low thermal stability. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Chemithermomechanical (CTM) processing was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. Yields of the pretreated samples were in the range of 75-94\%. Disk refining and alkaline-CTM and alkaline/sulfite-CTM pretreatments yielded pretreated materials with 21.7, 17.8, and 15.3\% of lignin, respectively. Hemicellulose content was also decreased to some extent. Fibers of the pretreated materials presented some external fibrillation, fiber curling, increased swelling, and high water retention capacity. Cellulose conversion of the alkaline-CTM- and alkaline/sulfite-CTM-pretreated samples reached 50 and 85\%, respectively, after 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Two samples with low initial lignin content were also evaluated after the mildest alkaline-CTM pretreatment. One sample was a partially delignified mill-processed bagasse. The other was a sugarcane hybrid selected in a breeding program. Samples with lower initial lignin content were hydrolyzed considerably faster in the first 24 h of enzymatic digestion. For example, enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample with the lowest initial lignin content (14.2\%) reached 64\% cellulose conversion after only 24 h of hydrolysis when compared with the 30\% observed for the mill-processed bagasse containing an initial lignin content of 24.4\%. (C) 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 27: 395-401, 2011
Magnetic carbonaceous acid catalyst was synthesized from nano-Fe3O4 powder, glucose and hydroxyethyl-sulfonic acid by a novel method of one-pot hydrothermal precipitation-sulfonation. It was found that the prepared C-SO3H@Fe3O4/C catalyst had high acidity (1.23 mmol g(-1)) and strong magnetism (12.85 Am-2/kg). High yields of glucose (62.59\%) and total reducing sugar (73.01\%) were achieved from NaOH-freeze pretreated sugarcane bagasse by the C-SO3H@Fe3O4/C catalyst at 180 degrees C in a microwave reactor. In addition, the C-SO3H@Fe3O4/C catalyst could be easily separated and recovered by an external magnetic force at a high recovery rate (93.18\%). High yields of glucose (54.47\%) and total reducing sugar (60.65\%) were also obtained after experiencing five-time cycles. It was demonstrated as an effective hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse to fermentable sugars with high yields by the assistance of the C-SO3H@Fe3O4/C catalyst, and the catalyst exhibited an excellent catalytic stability during the conversion process.
Sugarcane bagasse can be considered a potential raw material in terms of quantity and quality for the production of alternative biofuels. In this research, liquid hot water (LHW) was studied as a pretreatment process to enhance the digestibility of pretreated material for further conversion into bioethanol. Different variables (temperature, residual time, and acid concentration) were determined to predict the optimized condition. LHW pretreatment showed an impact on the hemicellulose structure. The optimized condition at 160 degrees C for 60 min with 0.050 M acid concentration reached the highest glucose yield of 96.86\%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed conspicuous modification of the sugarcane bagasse structure. The effect of LHW pretreatment was also demonstrated by the changes in crystallinity and surface area analysis. FTIR techniques revealed the chemical structure changes of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The prepared material was further converted into ethanol production with the maximized ethanol concentration of 19.9 g/L.
The effect of alkali viz., sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, on the recovery of xylan from sugarcane bagasse under two different conditions namely overnight incubation at room temperature and autoclaving was investigated. Conditions for the enzymatic cleavage of the extracted xylan leading to the best yields of xylooligosaccharides was investigated using a fixed substrate concentration (2\%, w/v) and varied inputs of other critical factors like pH, temperature, enzyme dose and reaction time. The sugarcane bagasse constituted of 98.99 +/- 0.01\% organic matter, 35.67 +/- 0.15\% cellulose, 23.22 +/- 0.05\% hemicellulose, 6.04 +/- 0.06\% lignin and 2.3 +/- 0.01\% protein. The highest xylan recovery of 85\% was attained using 12\% sodium hydroxide combined with steam application. Analyses of the enzymatic hydrolyzate showed the presence of XOS of varying degree of polymerization falling in the range of 2-3. The maximum conversion to XOS was observed at temperature of 40 degrees C, pH of 4 with an enzyme dose of 2.65 U and a reaction time of 8 h. The response surface analysis predicted ideal condition viz., temperature 40.99 degrees C, pH 4.92, enzyme dose 3.13 U and reaction time 19.19 h for maximizing xylobiose yield, while for maximum xylotriose yields the ideal variables were 40.37 degrees C, pH 4.13, enzyme dose 5.89 U and an incubation time of 18.14 h. The findings established the suitability of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material for extraction of xylan vis a vis its conversion into XOS. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sustainability of the sugar crops harvesting and processing industry is closely associated with valorization of its byproducts via conversion into beneficial bioproducts, biomaterials, biochemicals, and biofuels, with potential in agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. Sugar crops are versatile in that they include a rich sugar fraction (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in addition to fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Byproducts such as leaves and tops can be used for fodder; bagasse and molasses for fuel and chemicals and press mud as fertilizer, and these encompass just a few examples of a myriad of applications. A detailed review of the state-of-the-art value-added conversion technologies for these byproducts is described in detail herein. Some technologies generate multiple co-products simultaneously, making the conversion more economically attractive and competitive toward traditional materials. There is also the opportunity for the creation of new jobs and markets for the dissemination of these products. In the first of two manuscripts, production of these byproducts is detailed together with their specific physicochemical properties and applications. This second manuscript is a review of the value-added conversion technologies for these byproducts.
Three culture media were studied for red pigment production by Monascus ruber in submerged cultivation: rice flour (20 g L-1), sugarcane molasses (30 g L-1), and, finally, molasses + rice flour (10 g L-1+10 g L-1); all culture media were added of 5 g L-1 glycine as nitrogen source. Rice flour showed pigment production of 7.05 UA(510nm) and molasses 5.08 UA(510nm), and the mixture of rice flour and molasses showed the best result of 16.38 UA(510nm.) Molasses culture presented good results for cell biomass production of 11.09 g L-1. With these results, it was observed that one substrate presented good pigment production (rice flour) and another attained better results for cell biomass growth (molasses), and a third medium containing 10 g L-1 of rice flour + 10 g L-1 of molasses was formulated. The results for this mixture showed satisfactory results, with global pigment productivity of 0.097 UA(510nm) h(-1) and maximum productivity rate of 0.17 UA(510nm) h(-1). The high production and productivity obtained for the mixture of rice flour and molasses indicated that the production of red pigment by submerged fermentation, using the mixture of these low-cost culture media, may be promising in terms of commercial production.
Nowadays, countries produce approximately 1700 million tons of sugarcane per year. However, many countries now find it difficult to produce sufficient energy, generating a relevant socioeconomic impact. The objective of this work is to study the potential energy of sugarcane bagasse after decomposing fungus process. This fungus, the basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus, acts in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues, through the decomposition of the solid substrate in a process of enzymatic catalysis. The activation energy, E-a, varied from 12 to 145 kJ/mol, and the calorific value and the fixed carbon obtained were 21 MJ/kg and 82.4\%, respectively, values considered acceptable for a solid biofuel. In the results of the enzymatic analysis performed through the laccase secretion and manganese peroxidase (MnP), measured by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique (FT-IR), it is possible to identify when there was degradation of the lignin due to the methoxy group (CH3) elongation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed partially fragmented structures, which occurred due to catalysis and pyrolysis processes, respectively.
This work shows both cellulases and hemicellulases are inhibited and deactivated by water-soluble and acetone extracted phenolics from sugarcane bagasse pretreated at 10\% (w/v) for 30 min in liquid hot water at 180 or 200 degrees C. The dissolved phenolics in vacuum filtrate increased from 1.4 to 2.4 g/L as temperature increased from 180 to 200 degrees C. The suppression of cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis by phenolics is dominated by deactivation of the beta-glucosidase or beta-xylosidase components of cellulase and hemicellulase enzyme by acetone extract at 0.2-0.65 mg phenolics/mg enzyme protein and deactivation of cellulases and hemicellulases by the water soluble components in vacuum filtrate at 0.05-2 mg/mg. Inhibition was a function of the type of enzyme and the manner in which the phenolics were extracted from the bagasse. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of the current study is to assess the feasibility of incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) from the sugar and ethanol industry as a filler material in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). For this purpose, paste composition was designed in the first stage of this study by conducting an experimental plan at the mortar level. During the second stage, SCC mixture properties were evaluated by considering the paste mixture proportions defined in the first stage. The study at the mortar level was conducted based on a statistical factorial design approach, which offers a valid basis for developing empirical models that allow determination of optimal settings of the design variables to satisfy all performance requirements. At the concrete level, the impact of three optimised paste mixtures on SCC properties was assessed. Fresh state, mechanical, and durability properties were evaluated. Mortar and concrete test results revealed that SBA can be used successfully in powder-type SCC as a filler material, and it exhibits good self-compacting ability and strength levels, which are adequate for many current civil engineering applications. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Practices of pre-harvest burning and the application of vinasse and N fertilizer are common in sugarcane cultivation. However, results of few long-term studies have been published. This study carried in sugarcane plantations of Cruangi sugar mill, Timbauba, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, located in the semi-arid-wet transition region of the State aimed at studying the effects of vinasse (80 m(3) ha(-1)) and nitrogen fertilizer (N - 80 kg ha(-1)) and two harvesting systems (with or without pre-harvest burning) on sugarcane yield and industrial parameters in a long-term study (1983 to 1999). The experiment was set up in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design in complete randomized blocks with four replicates and had two phases (1983 - 1992 and 1992 - 1999). Nitrogen application negatively affected the technical characteristics of sugarcane, although the yield gain proportioned by this practice favoured the overall sugar yield and compensated the such negative effects. The application of vinasse and the maintenance of cane trash in the system had no consistent effect on the industrial sugarcane parameters, although once again there was an overall gain in sugar production due to the higher yields.
Efficient biosynthesis of succinate from a renewable biomass resource by engineered Escherichia coli is reported in this paper. Fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate by engineered E. con BA204, a pflB, ldhA, and ppc deletion strain overexpressing the ATP-forming phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Bacillus subtilis 168, produced a final succinate concentration of 15.85 g L-1 with a high yield of 0.89 g L-1 total sugar under anaerobic conditions. During dual-phase fermentations, initial aerobic growth facilitated subsequent anaerobic succinate production, with a final succinate concentration of 18.88 g L-1 and a yield of 0.96 g g(-1) total sugar after 24 h of anaerobic fermentation. The high succinate yield from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate demonstrated a great potential application of renewable biomass as a feedstock for the economical production of succinate using metabolically engineered E. coli. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In order to remove or reduce the concentrations of toxic substances present in the sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate for xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion, the hydrolysate was pretreated by changing the initial pH level through the combination of different bases and acids with or without the subsequent addition of activated charcoal. Attention was given to the influence of the fermentation time as well. The experiments were based on multivariate statistical concepts, with the application of fractional factorial design techniques to identify the important variables in the process. Subsequently, the levels of these variables were quantified by the response surface methodology, which permitted the establishment of the best pretreatment procedure with a xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion efficiency of 86.2\%. This procedure consisted in increasing the pH of the hydrolysate from 0.5 to 7.0 with CaO and reducing it to 5.5 with H3PO4. Next, the hydrolysate was treated with activated charcoal (2.4\%). The highest xylitol yield (0.79 g/g) corresponded to a productivity of 0.47 g/L/h.
A novel approach was proposed for the production of xylooligosaccharides by direct pre-hydrolysis using gluconic acid as catalyst. Maximum xylooligosaccharides (degree of polymerization 2-6) yield of 53.2\% could be obtained in 60 min through 5\% gluconic acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 150 degrees C. Furthermore, the yield of glucose from solids following gluconic acid hydrolysis treatment was 86.2\% after fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis with 10\% solids loading. Results indicated that gluconic acid pretreatment combined with enzymatic hydrolysis could be successfully applied to sugarcane bagasse substrate. Subsequently, glucose could be efficiently bio-oxidized to gluconic acid by Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621H with 93.1\% yield, and sugarcane bagasse derived gluconic acid has been proved to be an effective catalyst for xylooligosaccharides production. In this study, xylooligosaccharides production from sugarcane bagasse by gluconic acid hydrolysis demonstrated a great potential with respect to the production of these probiotics around the world.
In most Colombian distilleries, fuel alcohol is produced by a continuous operation mode, recycling vinasse to dilute B molasses, which is the main byproduct of the sugar refining process and, more recently, the main feedstock for ethanol production. Commercial yeasts are used as catalysts during the fermentation stage; however, their yield is significantly affected by hyperosmolarity-induced stress and high organic acid concentration, both of which gradually reduce the performance of these microorganisms after a 3-month period of vinasse recycling. In this study, a methodology for isolating wild yeasts obtained from molasses storage tanks and sugarcane buds and leaves was standardized. These yeasts exhibited natural tolerance to vinasse and 85 \% of the isolates were characterized as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by biochemical testing. Based on intraspecific characterization by interdelta markers 12-21 and subsequent confirmation by the AFLP method, isolates were classified into five groups of strains with genetic distances ranging between 15 and 30 \%. A culture medium containing 50 \% vinasse and around 16 \% (w/v) reducing sugars was used to determine their fermentation capacity; ethanol yield (Yp/s) ranged from 5.69 to 6.82 \% (w/v), volumetric productivity (Qp) from 2.37 to 2.84 g L-1 h(-1), and efficiency was 71.22-85.09 \% after 24 h.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are non-digestible food ingredients with prebiotic properties for selectively promoting the growth of probiotics, which provide many health benefits and several applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to optimize the concentration of commercial hemicellulases for the production of XOS, with a 2-6 polymerization degree, using a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and straw pretreated with ionic liquid or diluted sulfuric acid. The concentrations of enzymes endo-1,4-xylanase (NS50030, Novozyme (R)) and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (GH51) (Megazyme (R)) were optimized using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The xylooligosaccharides (XOS) released by hydrolysis were analyzed via capillary electrophoresis and quantified with HPAEC-PAD. The XOS profile obtained from the hydrolisis of the pretreated sugarcane biomass mixture (MPSA) was similar to that obtained with the hydrolisis of MBX, which provided higher xylobiose (X2) concentration. Our results also demonstrated that pretreatment with an ionic liquid favored the requirement of lower enzyme concentration in enzymatic hydrolysis for having provided a biomass with lower lignin content than the pretreatment with dilute sulfuric acid. It required up to 20\% less of the optimum concentration of the endo-1,4-xylanase mixture to achieve similar values to those obtained with the biomass pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid, representing a possible alternative to reduce enzymatic cost.
Green liquor (GL) is readily available in any pulp mills which could be recycled. Alkaline sulfite pretreatment process was developed for non-woody biomass biorefinery. In this study, GL combined with sulfite was effectively utilized to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by selectively removing lignin. Compare to conventional alkaline sulfite pretreatment, the solid yield could be higher with low degradation of polysaccharide. With the increment of the pretreatment temperature from 100 to 140 degrees C, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was improved. And a higher glucose yield was achieved under pretreatment condition of 0.4 g/g-DS Na2SO3 and 1.5 mL/g-DS GL due to the higher degradation of xylan. The highest glucose yield of 96.8\% could be reached with 3.36 g/(L.h) of initial rate after Kraft GL-sulfite pretreatment at 140 degrees C. The superior performance of Kraft GL allows conversion of cellulose to glucose more significantly than Soda GL. In addition, surface tension test indicated that a part of lignin was dissolved in the pretreatment liquor as lignosulfonate. The results showed that GL combined with sulfite is a promising way for sugarcane bagasse pretreatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Composting of by-products from the sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) industry can help achieve sustainable biofuel production by replacing mineral fertilizers and adequate residual disposal. The hypothesis was that the compost of filter cake and ash enriched with/without phosphate rocks (apatite-A and phosphorite-P) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can replace mineral P fertilizers and improve sugarcane production. A compost was produced from a mixture of filter cake and ash in 60 days of composting. The compost + A and the compost + P (with/without bacteria) were applied at sugarcane planting to supply 150 kg ha(-1) P2O5. Yield and quality of sugarcane, soil P dynamics, and enzyme activities in the soil were monitored. Results showed that the application of 20 Mg ha -1 of compost increased sugarcane yield (up to 6\%) and b-glucosidase activity (up to 15\%) when compared to mineral control. Adding phosphate rock in compost allowed a reduction in the total compost amount from 20 to 10 Mg ha(-1), with similar yields. Bacteria inoculation increased sugarcane yield (up to 5\%) and acid phosphatase activity (up to 6-18\%), enhancing the soil P availability. Compost + P increased labile and moderately labile P contents with a reduction of the acid phosphatase activity. The increase of soluble P (available-P) in the soil is an important gain because most P is fixed (unavailable) in tropical soils. The study revealed a great potential for optimizing by-products generated by the sugarcane industry with the enrichment of compost (adding phosphate rock and phosphate solubilizing bacteria), reducing the dependency of sugarcane production on finite P mineral reserves. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The influence of the pressure in the ethanol/water pulping of sugarcane bagasse was studied using argon pressure varying from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa. The reaction volume and activation volume were studied. For the reaction volume, temperature and time were constant and pressure was varied, and for the activation volume, temperature was constant and pressure and time were varied. The degradation of cellulose was not promoted by the pressure with positive reaction volume (4100 cm(3)/mol). On the other hand, degradation of xylan (polyoses) and lignin was strongly favored by the pressure and reaction volume ranged from -1000 to -3000 cm(3)/Mol.
Crop residues returned to the soil are important for the preservation of soil quality, health, and biodiversity, and they increase agriculture sustainability by recycling nutrients. Sugarcane is a bioenergy crop that produces huge amounts of straw (also known as trash) every year. In addition to straw, the ethanol industry also generates large volumes of vinasse, a liquid residue of ethanol production, which is recycled in sugarcane fields as fertilizer. However, both straw and vinasse have an impact on N2O fluxes from the soil. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is a primary concern in biofuel sustainability. Because bacteria and archaea are the main drivers of N redox processes in soil, in this study we propose the identification of taxa related with N2O fluxes by combining functional responses (N2O release) and the abundance of these microorganisms in soil. Using a large-scale insitu experiment with ten treatments, an intensive gas monitoring approach, high-throughput sequencing of soil microbial 16S rRNA gene and powerful statistical methods, we identified microbes related to N2O fluxes in soil with sugarcane crops. In addition to the classical denitrifiers, we identified taxa within the phylum Firmicutes and mostly uncharacterized taxa recently described as important drivers of N2O consumption. Treatments with straw and vinasse also allowed the identification of taxa with potential biotechnological properties that might improve the sustainability of bioethanol by increasing C yields and improving N efficiency in sugarcane fields.
Biosorption of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution in both batch and fixed column mode of operation was investigated in this study. Batch experiment parameters, initial pH (2-7), contact time (10 min to 240 min), sugarcane bagasse mass (0.25 g-3 g) and initial Ni (II) ion concentrations (20-100 ppm) on biosorption of Ni (II) were studied. Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherm models and pseudo first order and second order kinetic models were used to evaluate isotherm and kinetic parameters. The fixed bed column experiment was conducted with an initial Ni (II) ion concentration of 100 ppm at a bed depth of 10 cm and 5 cm using sugarcane bagasse pellets. Breakthrough time was found to be 1500 and 600 min for chosen bed height. The results from the study were aimed to contribute in understanding Ni (II) biosorption process, mechanism and parameters influencing biosorption in batch and packed bed column. These studies have demonstrated sugarcane bagasse as a potential biosorbent for Ni (II) biosorption.
This study considered the application of anaerobic digestion (AD) with phase separation combined with the use of an anaerobic structured-bed reactor (ASTBR) as the methanogenic phase for the treatment of sugarcane vinasse, a high-strength wastewater resulting from ethanol production. Two combined thermophilic acidogenic-methanogenic systems formed by one single acidogenic reactor followed by two methanogenic reactors operated in parallel were compared, namely, a conventional UASB reactor and an upflow ASTBR reactor. Increasing organic loading rate (OLR) conditions (15-30 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)) were applied to the methanogenic reactors. The results highlighted the feasibility of applying the ASTBR to vinasse, indicating a global COD removal higher than 80\%. The ASTBR exhibited a stable long-term operation (240 days), even for OLR values as high as 30 kg COD m(-3) d(-1). The application of similar conditions to the UASB reactor indicated severe performance losses, leading to the accumulation of acids for every increase in the OLR. An energetic potential of 181.5 MJ for each cubic meter of vinasse was estimated from both hydrogen and methane. The provision of bicarbonate alkalinity proved to be a key factor in obtaining stable performance, offsetting the limitations of relatively low hydraulic retention times (<24 h). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gordonia polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137 was isolated from groundwater contaminated with leachate in an old controlled landfill (Sauo Paulo, Brazil), and cultured in GYM medium at different concentrations of sugarcane molasses (2\%, 6\%, and 10\%). The strain growth was analyzed by monitoring the viable cell counts (c.f.u. mL(-1)) and optical density and EPS production was evaluated at the end of the exponential phase and 24 h after it. The analysis of the viable cell counts showed that the medium that most favored bacterial growth was not the one that favored EPS production. The control medium (GYM) was the one that most favored the strain growth, at the maximum specific growth rate of 0.232 h(-1). Differences in bacterial growth when cultured at three different concentrations of molasses were not observed. Production of EPS, in all culture media used, began during the exponential phase and continued during the growth stationary phase. The highest total EPS production, after 24 h of stationary phase, was observed in 6\% molasses medium (172.86 g L-1) and 10\% (139.47 g L-1) and the specific total EPS production was higher in 10\% molasses medium (39.03 x10(-11)g c.f.u.(-1)). After the exponential phase, in 2\%, 6\%, and 10\% molasses media, a higher percentage of free exopolysaccharides (EPS) was observed, representing 88.4\%, 62.4\%, and 64.2\% of the total, respectively. A different result was observed in pattern medium, which presented EPS made up of higher percentage of capsular EPS (66.4\% of the total). This work is the first study on EPS production by G. polyisoprenivorans strain in GYM medium and in medium utilizing sugarcane molasses as the sole nutrient source and suggests its potential use for EPS production by G. polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137 aiming at application in biotechnological processes.
The role of sugarcane vinasse as a nutrient source and the impacts of different inoculum pretreatment methods (acid thermal and thermal treatment) were assessed in acidogenic systems aiming to produce value-added short-chain organic acids (SCOA) and alcohols. In-depth microbiome characterization was also conducted by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene using the Miseq Illumina platform. SCOA production was 473 \% higher in vinassefed reactors, with isobutyric (up to 10,3 g L-1) and butyric (up to 10.6 g L-1) acids as the primary metabolites most likely resulting from lactate conversion. Ethanol comprised the main product from solventogenic pathways in all conditions, with values ranging between 2.7 and 5.2 g L-1,whereas no butanol was detected. Microbial analyses revealed high relative abundance values for the Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Bacillus and Ruminococcus genera, with the predominance of the Clostridium genus (17\%) in acid-thermal treatment reactors and the Lactobacillus genus (37\%) in thermal treatment reactors. Overall, vinasse proved to be a suitable substrate for value-added SCOA production, which characterizes a potential management approach to this wastewater stream. In this sense, the biochemical production of butyrate from vinasse could diversify the product portfolio of sugarcane biorefineries, also minimizing bioenergy losses by converting residual carbon fractions. (C) 2018, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.
The use of raw sugarcane bagasse for cell immobilization by adsorption was evaluated in order to increase ethanol production. The aim of this work was to study the immobilization process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITV-01 RD on natural and pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. Pre-treatment with sulfuric acid was selected because of the efficiency and retention obtained (58\% and 80 mg/g). The Guggenheim-Andersen-de Boer (GAB) model adjusted experimental data and demonstrated that the process involved monolayer and multilayer stages. No statistically different results were obtained between the use of solid:liquid ratios of 1:75 and 1:100, and immobilization was stable up to 20 days. In a packed bed reactor using glucose medium, at a dilution rate (D) of 0.11 h(-1), 48 g/L ethanol was produced; meanwhile at 0.48 h(-1), ethanol productivity was 12.1 g/Lh. Using sugarcane juice diluted to 100 g/L total sugars, an ethanol productivity of 5.03 g/Lh was attained.
Initial pH, sugar and nitrogen are important parameters for bio-hutanol production. To improve butanol production efficiency, an L-9 (3(4)) orthogonal array design was used to obtain high levels of butanol production from sugarcane molasses by Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461. The three parameters optimized were initial pH (5.5-7.5), sugar concentration (40-80gl(-1)) and urea level (0.27-1.35gl(-1)). The results showed that the optimal conditions were an initial pH of 6.5, a sugar concentration of 40 gl(-1) and a urea level of 0.81 gl(-1). The magnitude of these parameters' influence on butanol and ABE concentrations was initial pH> sugar > urea. The fermentation under the optimal conditions in a 2-L fermenter with agitation rate of 100 rpm revealed that the butanol and ABE concentrations were 12.55 and 17.96 gl(-1), respectively. Without nutrient supplementation, they were 7.45 and 11.21 gl(-1), respectively, using molasses as a substrate. When a gas stripping system was connected to the fermenter, the butanol and ABE values increased to 14.13 and 18.90 gl(-1), respectively, with butanol productivity and sugar utilization of 0.29 gl(-1) h(-1) and 90.50\%, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Previous studies suggested that allelochemicals from sugarcane straw may suppress the growth of arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia L.). A study was conducted to establish: (1) the direct or indirect role of the organic molecules from sugarcane straw leachate on the growth suppression of arrowleaf sida and (2) if leachate phytotoxins induce proline accumulation in arrowleaf sida tissues as an adaptative response to a water or an oxidative stress. Inhibition of root elongation was the primary effect of sugarcane straw leachate on arrowleaf sida grown in unsterile soil. Addition of activated charcoal to unsterile soil before incorporation of straw leachate reduced the inhibition in root growth suggesting a direct participation of organic molecules in leachate phytotoxicity on arrowleaf sida. Inorganic straw constituents did not inhibit root growth while microbial activity increased leachate phytotoxicity. Soil chemical analysis suggested a direct action of organic molecules in leachate phytotoxicity rather than variations in macro and micronutrients or nutrient microbial immobilization. Straw leachate induced proline accumulation in roots and cotyledons of arrowleaf sida. Proline increase was related with oxidative stress in the roots but not in the cotyledons. Our results indicate a direct action of organic compounds from sugarcane straw and/or their microbial transformation products on root growth of arrowleaf sida. These substances induced proline accumulation in roots mainly as consequence of an oxidative stress while water stress may be the main cause of high proline content in the cotyledons. Although the observed responses could be due to phenolic compounds, the involvement of organic molecules with other chemical nature could not be excluded. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Stainless steel tubular beam sections have been increasingly utilised for structural applications due to the enhanced properties of stainless steel over conventional mild steel. However, thin-walled stainless steel sections are not effectively used for several practical applications due to the higher costs and its response to easily undergo local buckling under flexural loading. Consequently, to overcome these effects, concrete infilling is a generally preferred strengthening mechanism that enhances the overall capacity and makes the sections economic. Earlier research studies on the flexural behaviour of various concrete-infilled stainless steel composite beam specimens are highly limited. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on the flexural behaviour of bare stainless steel tubular beams, sugarcane bagasse ash blended concrete-infilled stainless steel composite beam, and fibre-reinforced sugarcane bagasse ash blended concrete-infilled stainless steel composite beam. The study uses sugarcane bagasse ash as a pozzolan in the infill concrete to produce durable and sustainable concrete. In the same manner, crimped steel fibres are incorporated to enhance the ductility of the beam specimen. The parameters such as ultimate strength, maximum flexural deformation, initial stiffness, failure modes, ductility, and moment-rotation profiles were comprehensively investigated for all the beam specimens. Furthermore, numerical modelling was performed for the fibre-reinforced sugarcane bagasse ash blended concrete-infilled stainless steel composite beam specimen and was validated with the experimental results. It was witnessed that adding infill concrete to the stainless steel tube enhanced the beam specimens' load-carrying capacity, stiffness and ductility.
A pentose-rich hydrolysate fraction obtained by extraction of steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was analysed with regard to dissolved phenolics. The liquid obtained after steam pretreatment (2\% SO2 (w/w) at 190 degrees C for 5 min) was divided into two parts: one containing dissolved compounds originating from hemicellulose (with xylose as the dominating compound), and the other containing predominantly dissolved compounds originating from lignin. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, the main dissolved compounds originating from lignin were identified as the glycosylated aromatics, 5-O-(trans-feruloyl)-L-Arabinofuranose and 5-O-(trans-coumaroyl)-L-Arabinofuranose, together with p-coumaric acid and small amounts of more common free phenolics such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillin. The phenolic compounds were analysed and quantified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The findings show that SO2 steam explosion opened up new degradation pathways during lignin degradation. Copyright (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
In the present study, chemically modified biochar (developed from sugarcane bagasse) was used for the nitrate removal from aqueous solution. The physico-chemical properties of modified biochar such as morphology, surface functional groups, elemental composition, cation exchange capacity, anion exchange capacity and surface area were analyzed. The effects of various operational parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration of nitrate, co-existing anions and temperature were examined on nitrate adsorption by modified biochar. The experimental data were fitted to different adsorption kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion and Avrami models) and adsorption isotherms models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Dubinin-Raduskovich models). The obtained results showed that the maximum percentage of nitrate adsorption attained at equilibrium pH 4.64, after 60 min of contact time and with an adsorbent dose of 2 g L-1. In competing anions experiments, carbonate and chloride ions have shown maximum and minimum influence on the adsorption of nitrate by modified biochar sugarcane bagasse. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model showed the best fit to the experimental adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacity of modified biochar for nitrate removal was found to be 28.21 mg g(-1). The values of Delta H degrees, Delta G degrees and Delta S degrees indicated that the nature of adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous and feasible. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The growing demand for fuel in South Africa coupled with the depletion of fossil fuel reserves demonstrates the need for alternative energy sources. A renewable resource such as biomass can be optimized as an energy source. Wastewater sludge and bagasse have the energy potential to produce high calorific value biocoal; this will contribute to the supply of energy in South Africa. The synthesis of biocoal from wastewater sludge and bagasse through an artificial synthetic coal production process, i.e. hydrothermal carbonization, is preferred over other thermal conversion techniques as hydrothermal carbonization is capable of handling feed having a high (75-90\%) moisture content. In this study, wastewater sludge and sugarcane bagasse were subjected to hydrothermal carbonization, and the effect of temperature was explored at 180, 210, 240 and 260 degrees C. Variation of the ratio of dry sludge to bagasse of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 and the composition of solid to liquid (solid loading wt\%) of 1:10, 2:10, 3:10 and 4:10 (SB:H2O) corresponding to 9.09, 16.67, 23.08 and 28.57 wt\% loading was investigated. The results obtained in this study reveal that solid loading, temperature, biomass type and ratio variation had a substantial impact on the yield and calorific value of the biocoal produced. The highest biocoal yield of 23.36 wt\% was achieved at 210 degrees C and derived from sludge/bagasse with a sludge content of 20\%. Across all of the runs, the highest calorific value of 20.21 MJ kg(-1) was achieved at 260 degrees C when pure bagasse was employed (0\% sludge content). (c) 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.
A study on tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-glass (G)/polyester hybrid composites is presented. The effects of the relative fibers content and plies stacking sequence on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites were investigated. Morphological studies of the fractured surfaces were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that, the mechanical properties of SCB/polyester composite can be effectively improved by the incorporation of G-fiber through the formation of hybrid composites. Also, with the proper selection of f relative fibers content and plies stacking sequence, the fabricated hybrids can achieve property profiles close to those of homogeneous glass-reinforced composite in terms of specific properties.
A laboratory experiment was carried out to prove the hypothesis that the decomposition of a complex organic substrate is reduced by the lower content of fungal biomass in a saline soil in comparison to a non-saline soil under acidic conditions. Three different rates (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0\%) of sugarcane filter cake were added to both soils and incubated for 63 days at 30 degrees C. In the saline control soil without amendment, cumulative CO2 production was 70\% greater than in the corresponding non-saline control soil, but the formation of inorganic N did not differ between these two soils. However, nitrification was inhibited in the saline soil. The increase in cumulative CO2 production by adding filter cake was similar in both soils, corresponding to 29\% of the filter cake C at all three addition rates. Also, the increases in microbial biomass C and biomass N were linearly related to the amount of filter cake added, but this increase was sliahtly higher for both properties in the saline soil. In contrast to microbial biomass, the absolute increase in ergosterol content in the saline soil was on average only half of that in the non-saline soil and it also showed strong temporal changes during the incubation: a strong initial increase after adding the filter cake was followed by a rapid decline. The addition of filter cake led to immobilisation of inorganic N in both soils. This immobilisation was not expected, because the total C-to-total N ratio of the filter cake was below 13 and the organic C-to-organic Nt ratio in the 0.5 M K2SO4 extract of this material was even lower at 9.2. The immobilisation was considerably higher in the saline soil than in the non-saline soil. The N immobilisation capacity of sugarcane filter cake should be considered when this material is applied to arable sites at high rations. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is an important economic crop in Thailand. It is not only important for sugar production but also for energy production in Thailand. In 2017, sugarcane cultivation area in Thailand covers 1.758 million hectares. Total sugarcane yield is 94.7 million tons, and sugar production efficiency is 107.90 kg/ton of sugarcane. At present, there are 51 sugar factories in Thailand. The total sugar production potentiality is over 10 million tons/year. Main exporting countries of Thai sugars are Asian as it gains advantage in transportation cost. Furthermore, bagasse and molasses are residues from sugar production. In 2016, sugar factories in Thailand left bagasse around 30.68 million tons which were used to generate 3885.34 million kWh electricity. Molasses have been used for ethanol production, at present, around 1.93 million liters/day ethanol is produced from molasses. Most of the ethanol products from molasses are used as fuel. Even though the current Thai sugar industry is in high competitive state, it still needs development, especially for increasing efficiency of sugarcane and sugar production. To increase the efficiency, new sugarcane cultivars with high yield and high sugar content are needed for sugarcane farmers and sugar industries.
Succinic acid, a four-carbon diacid, has been the focus of many research projects aimed at developing more economically viable methods of fermenting sugar-containing natural materials. Succinic acid fermentation processes also consume CO(2), thereby potentially contributing to reductions in CO(2) emissions. Succinic acid could also become a commodity used as an intermediate in the chemical synthesis and manufacture of synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers. Much attention has been given recently to the use of microorganisms to produce succinic acid as an alternative to chemical synthesis. We have attempted to maximize succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes using an experimental design methodology for optimizing the concentrations of the medium components. The first experiment consisted of a 2(4-1) fractional factorial design, and the second entailed a Central Composite Rotational Design so as to achieve optimal conditions. The optimal concentrations of nutrients predicted by the model were: NaHCO(3), 10.0 g l(-1); MgSO(4), 3.0 g l(-1); yeast extract, 2.0 g l(-1); KH(2)PO(4). 5.0 g l(-1); these were experimentally validated. Under the best conversion conditions, as determined by statistical analysis, the production of succinic acid was carried out in an instrumented bioreactor using sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate, yielding a concentration of 22.5 g l(-1).
Hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse using wet torrefaction is studied. The biomass is torrefied in water or dilute sulfuric acid solution and microwaves are employed to heat the solutions where the reaction temperature is fixed at 180 degrees C. The effects of acid concentration, heating time and solid-to-liquid ratio on the performance of wet torrefaction are investigated. It is found that the addition of sulfuric acid and increasing heating time are conducive to carbonizing bagasse. The calorific value of bagasse can be increased up to 20.3\% from wet torrefaction. With the same improvement in calorific value, the temperature of wet torrefaction is lower than that of dry torrefaction around 100 degrees C, revealing that wet torrefaction is a promising method to upgrade biomass as fuel. The calorific value of torrefied biomass can be predicted well based on proximate, elemental or fiber analysis, and the last one gives the best estimation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the period from June 23 to July 23, 2006, in the regional environment of Araras-SP, it was studied the influence of sugarcane straw coverage harvested mechanically in water content of a dystrophic dark-red Latosol, A moderate and clayey texture. The variation of volumetric water content of soil in these plots was assessed in layers of 0 to 0.20 m and 0.20 to 0.40 m deep. The experimental treatments consisted of covering the soil with quantities of sugarcane straw equivalent to 0 and 1.5 kg.m(-2) (0 and 1.5x10(4) kg.ha(-1)), the first representing the condition without straw and the second condition with straw. The results collected in the 0-0.20 m layer showed that during the study period there was a decrease in soil water content of 0.103\% per day provided with straw and 0.223\% per day without straw, or more than double the water loss recorded previously. When it was considered the soil layer of 0.20-0.40 m, the decrease in soil water content was much lower than that of the previous situation, the order of 0.116\% per day provided with straw and 0.159\% per day without straw. An important point to note is that the treatments used in the experiment had a decisive influence on the direction of water movement in the soil.
In the present study FAMEs were analyzed qualitatively while growing microalgae mixotrophically in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate under two concentrations and compared with biodiesel international standards. Biodiesel produced from microalgal feedstocks has gained attraction these days and for its commercial acceptance it must have to comply with the international biodiesel standards. Scenedesmus dimorphus and Nannochloropsis sp. showed high FAMEs contents of 138.7 and 170.5 mu g mg(-1) when cultivated mixotrophically. Nannochloropsis sp. and S. dimorphus showed high quantity of saturated fatty acids as 72 and 40\%, respectively during mixotrophic cultivations. Mixotmphy enhanced the biodiesel quality in Chlorella sp. BR2 but decreased its FAMEs contents. Cetane number increased to 50, 57 and 47 in S. dimorphus, Chlorella sp. BR2 and Nannochloropsis sp., respectively, while iodine value decreased in all the three strains during mixotrophic cultivations and values found in accordance with the standards.
Background: Pretreatment is the key step for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass, which can extract cellulose from lignin and disrupt its recalcitrant crystalline structure to allow much more effective enzymatic hydrolysis; and organic acids pretreatment with dual benefic for generating xylooligosaccharides and boosting enzymatic hydrolysis has been widely used in adding values to lignocellulose materials. In this work, furoic acid, a novel recyclable organic acid as catalyst, was employed to pretreat sugarcane bagasse to recover the xylooligosaccharides fraction from hemicellulose and boost the subsequent cellulose saccharification. Results: The FA-assisted hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using 3\% furoic acid at 170 degrees C for 15 min resulted in the highest xylooligosaccharides yield of 45.6\%; subsequently, 83.1 g/L of glucose was harvested by a fed-batch operation with a solid loading of 15\%. Overall, a total of 120 g of xylooligosaccharides and 335 g glucose could be collected from 1000 g sugarcane bagasse starting from the furoic acid pretreatment. Furthermore, furoic acid can be easily recovered by cooling crystallization. Conclusion: This work put forward a novel furoic acid pretreatment method to convert sugarcane bagasse into xylooligosaccharides and glucose, which provides a strategy that the sugar and nutraceutical industries can be used to reduce the production cost. The developed process showed that the yields of xylooligosaccharides and byproducts were controllable by shortening the reaction time; meanwhile, the recyclability of furoic acid also can potentially reduce the pretreatment cost and potentially replace the traditional mineral acids pretreatment.
A two-stage process for delignification of sugarcane bagasse with alkali and peracetic acid (PAA) to produce of pulp, ethanol and lignin products was reported. By this process, sugarcane bagasse can be converted to high-quality pulp, ethanol and lignin products under mild conditions. The obtained pulp had higher brightness and superior strength properties than corresponding kraft pulp. The pulp was also very easy to digest by cellulase, and well suitable for simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) to produce ethanol. The obtained lignins were characterized by several chemical and instrumental analyses. It was found that PAA lignin had higher oxygen content and lower molecular weight. This process is environment-friendly because no sulfur and chlorine were introduced and less wastewater was let. It also can be easily fulfilled by improving a conventional pulping mill based on the existing equipments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present study investigates the effect of soil amended with sugarcane straw leachate and its constituents on root elongation of weed and crop plants. The influence of soil biotic and abiotic factors on plant growth were also evaluated through assays in both autoclaved soil and sand. In unsterile soil, straw leachates stimulated root growth of some test plants at 6 g dry straw ls(-1) and inhibited root elongation at higher concentrations. A bioassay guided process of the bioactive leachate constituents led to the isolation of vanillic, syringic and ferulic acids. These compounds were also assayed on the test plants in the three mentioned substrates. In unsterile soil, phenolics stimulated the growth of some species at 19 mg l(-1). Higher phenolics concentrations were inhibitory. The concentration needed to inhibit 25\% root elongation (EC25) was calculated from the dose-response curves. The concentration of phenolics in the leachate (64 g dry straw l(-1)) was estimated to be 187 mg l(-1)(ferulic acid), 131 mg l(-1) (vanillic acid) and 20 mg l(-1) (Syringic acid). In general, these concentrations were below the EC25 values determined in unsterile soil indicating that these compounds cannot completely explain the strong inhibitory activity of sugarcane straw leachates. The role of soil factors on phytotoxicity of sugarcane straw leachate and its identified growth regulators is also discussed.
Nowadays, there is a tremendous global interest in the biofuels production. However, first generation biofuels have been debated about that energy-crop compete with food crops and thus cause food deficiency and price increases. In this sense, researchers have started looking for potential feedstock for ethanol such as lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., sugarcane bagasse), which does not affect food security. In this paper, the integrated use of sugarcane bagasse is analyzed as raw material for second generation of biofuels production. This case study implements a design and process integration to compare several biorefinery topologies using the typical mass flow rate of residual biomass produced by the sugar industry (1200 ton per day). Based on evaluation of chemical composition of bagasse (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) several process schemes for integral utilization of biomass were proposed. This paper is the first part of the study on the exergy, life cycle analysis (LCA) and economic analysis of sugarcane bagasse for sustainable biofuels production using Aspen Plus (TM) software. Part 1 presents the exergy and life cycle analysis developed while part 2 describes economic analysis and selection of an optimal configuration with minimal environmental impact, by means of the combined use of raw material and energy integration.