Green harvest sugarcane management has increased soil organic C and N stocks over time. However, emerging sugarcane straw removal to meet increasing bioenergy demands has raised concerns about soil C and N depletions. Thus, we conducted a field study in southeast Brazil over nearly three years (1100 days) for assessing soil C and N responses to increasing sugarcane straw removal rates. In order to detect the C input as a function of the different amounts of straw over three years, a field simulation was performed, where the original soil layer (0-0.30 m) was replaced by another from an adjacent area with low total C and delta C-13. The treatments tested were as follows: (i) 0 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) (i.e., 100\% removal), (ii) 3.5 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) (i.e., 75\% removal), (iii) 7.0 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) (i.e., 50\% removal), (iv) 14.0 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) (i.e., no removal), and (v) 21.0 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) (i.e., no removal + extra 50\% of the straw left on the field). The results showed that sugarcane straw removal affected the soil C and total N pools. In the first 45 days of straw decomposition, a small but important straw-derived C portion enters into the soil as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The lower the straw removal rate, the higher was straw-derived DOC content found into the soil, down to 0.50 m depth. After 3 years of management, keeping sugarcane straw on soil surface significantly increased C and N stocks within surface soil layer (0-0.025 m). Our findings suggest that under no straw removal management (i.e., 14 Mg ha(-1)), approximately 364 kg ha(-1) of C and 23 kg ha(-1) of N are annually stored into this low-C soil. The contribution of the straw-derived C (C-C4) to the total soil C increases over time, which accounted for about 60\% under no straw removal rate. The greatest contribution of the C storage preferentially occurs into the fraction of organic matter (< 0.53 mu m) associated with soil clay minerals. We concluded that indiscriminate sugarcane straw removal to produce cellulosic ethanol or bioelectricity depletes soil C stocks and reduces N cycling in sugarcane fields, impairing environmental gains associated with bioenergy production. Therefore, this information, linked with other agronomic and environmental issues, should be taken into account towards a more sustainable straw removal management for bioenergy production in Brazil.