Daily weight gains (DWG), dry matter intake (DMI) and cost of fattening were studied using a diet of 29\% sugarcane sprouts, 29\% corn stubble, 29\% concentrate with 18\% crude protein (CP), 9.5\% molasses, 2\% urea, 1\% salt and 0.5\% mineral salts. The study was conducted during three consecutive years (1990-1992), using a total of 374 goats of 12-36 months of age. Results showed DWG of 102 g +/- 9 g day(-1) for the group less than 30 kg BW (Group 1) and of 86 g +/- 8 g day(-1) for goats with more than 30 kg BW (Group 2). The ratio of feed conversion was 11:1 for the first group, and 12:1 for the second group. DMI was 1.055 kg day(-1) and 1.270 kg day(-1) for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Goats with an initial BW of less than 30 kg were more profitable (P < 0.01). For effect of breed, growth of Nubians was superior (P < 0.05) to that of Alpines. The diet had a cost of \$US0.11 kg(-), so \$US1.21 was needed to gain 1 kg for Group 1 and \$US1.32 for Group 2. The diet evaluated by DWG and index of conversion was profitable, with the mixture of agricultural by-products produced in the tropics such as sugarcane sprouts combined with molasses-urea, and corn stubble, adding a true protein source (commercial concentrate) and urea as a non-protein nitrogen source. It was concluded that the overall diet was a good alternative nutritional management for fattening goats in the dry season.
Sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed under oxygen-limited conditions from 100 to 600 A degrees C and used for the adsorptive removal of oxidation intermediate p-benzoquinone, tetracycline, and polyvinyl alcohol. The three organic pollutants have different polarities and solubilities. The carbon content increased from 57.7\% of the raw bagasse to 75.3\% of the biochar pyrolyzed at 600 A degrees C, while the O content decreased from 13.2\% to 6.1\%. Accordingly, the biochar surface became more hydrophobic with increasing pyrolytic temperature. Interestingly, the adsorption affinity of biochars towards the three pollutants improved with an increase in the pyrolytic temperature. The adsorption of tetracycline molecules was almost unaffected by its being negatively charged with increasing solution pH. A mechanism of pi-pi electron-donor-acceptor interaction might contribute to the adsorption of tetracycline and p-benzoquinone, while H-bond interaction between polyvinyl alcohol and the biochar might be dominant during adsorption. The Elovich model fitted the kinetic model well, indicating that the diffusional rate-determining step was more pronounced. An isotherm study indicated that the contribution of partitioning was also dominant in the adsorption processes. Wide application of the prepared biochars is expected for the efficient adsorptive removal of organic pollutants.
Mycotoxins released by fungi present in animal feed feedstocks can lead to severe health problems in animals. In this work, we investigated the use of a low-cost agro-industrial waste produced in ethanol mills, the sugarcane bagasse fly ash (BFA), as an effective adsorbent for the removal of aflatoxin B-1 (a model mycotoxin) from buffer solutions simulating the animal gastrointestinal tract. The results revealed that BFA could rapidly (< 2 h) and selectively remove aflatoxin B-1 from a multicomponent solution containing vitamins (63\%, 28\% and 9\% removal of aflatoxin B-1, vitamin B-1, and vitamin B-12, respectively). Furthermore, important nutrient minerals, such as Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, K+, and PO43-, were not adsorbed by BFA. The in vitro results indicated that BFA could be a potential adsorbent to be incorporate in animal feed due to its high selective and fast aflatoxin B-1 uptake, in addition to wide availability and low cost.
The sugar-making industry from sugar cane has a byproduct of sugar cane as molasses. One alternative to reduce the amount of molasses waste is by reusing molasses as biomass for bioethanol production. Molasses can be reused as bioethanol that have economic value because of their high sugar content. The process of making bioethanol from molasses is done by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) method using 10\% substrate (100 gr / L molasses) and 20\% substrat (200 gr / L molasses). The process of hydrolysis of sugarcane molasses is carried out biologically using Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride, while the fermentation process uses the consortium Saccaromyces cerevisiae-Pichia stipitis. Ethanol production using the SSF methods had the highest bioethanol concentration of 14.38\% v/v for 20\% substrat and 10\% consortium usage at 72 hours fermentation.
Sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous material and an excellent bioresource for biogenic silica. Moreover, sugarcane bagasse has low production costs and is a sustainable precursor for the synthesis of biogenic silica nanoparticles (BSNPs). In this study, we synthesized BSNPs using sugarcane bagasse. The acid pretreatment of sugarcane was carried out in an autoclave, which eliminates metal ions and promotes the hydrolysis of organic substances. Residues of the acid pretreatment were incinerated at different temperatures to determine the role of temperature on the formation of BSNPs. The crystalline nature and morphology of the prepared BSNPs were analyzed using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis result indicates that the prepared BSNPs have an amorphous nature. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed that the BSNPs have an irregular shape with a porous morphology. The biocompatibility of BSNPs was studied by assessing their effect on human lung fibroblast cell viability, morphology, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species, and gene expression. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays and microscopy studies suggested that BSNPs do not affect cell viability or morphology. BSNPs slightly affect the mitochondrial membrane potential at high doses. In addition, BSNPs decreased the percentage of human lung fibroblast cell in G1 and G2/M phases and increased the S population. These studies revealed that the BSNPs were biocompatible, indicating that they may be applicable for biomedical applications. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nineteen fungi and seven yeast strains were isolated from sugarcane bagasse piles from an alcohol plant located at Brazilian Cerrado and identified up to species level on the basis of the gene sequencing of 5.8S-ITS and 26S ribosomal DNA regions. Four species were identified: Kluyveromyces marxianus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sydowii and Aspergillus fumigatus, and the isolates were screened for the production of key enzymes in the saccharification of lignocellulosic material. Among them, three strains were selected as good producers of hemicellulolitic enzymes: A. niger (SBCM3), A. sydowii (SBCM7) and A. fumigatus (SBC4). The best beta-xylosidase producer was A. niger SBCM3 strain. This crude enzyme presented optimal activity at pH 3.5 and 55 degrees C (141 U/g). For beta-glucosidase and xylanase the best producer was A. fumigatus SBC4 strain, whose enzymes presented maximum activity at 60 degrees C and pH 3.5 (54 U/g) and 4.0 (573 U/g), respectively. All these crude enzymes presented stability around pH 3.0-8.0 and up to 60 degrees C, which can be very useful in industrial processes that work at high temperatures and low pHs. These enzymes also exhibited moderate tolerance to ethanol and the sugars glucose and xylose. These similar characteristics among these fungal crude enzymes suggest that they can be used synergistically in cocktails in future studies of biomass conversion with potential application in several biotechnological sectors.
Agro-industrial wastes and by-products are the natural and abundant resources of biomaterials to obtain various value-added items such as biopolymer films, bio-composites and enzymes. This study presents a way to fractionate and to convert an agro-industrial residue, sugarcane bagasse (SB), into useful materials with potential applications. Initially cellulose was extracted from SB which was then converted into methylcellulose. The synthesized methylcellulose was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR. Biopolymer film was prepared by using methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glutaraldehyde, starch and glycerol. The biopolymer was characterized to exhibit 16.30 MPa tensile strength, 0.05 g/m2 h of water vapor transmission rate, 366 \% of water absorption to its original weight after 115 min of immersion, 59.08 \% water solubility, 99.05 \% moisture retention capability and 6.01 \% of moisture absorption after 144 h. Furthermore, in vitro studies on absorption and dissolution of model drug by biopolymer showed 2.04 and 104.59 \% of swelling ratio and equilibrium water content, respectively. Biocompatibility of the biopolymer was checked by using gelatin media and it was observed that swelling ratio was higher in initial 20 min of contact. The extracted hemicellulose and pectin from SB were fermented by a thermophilic bacterial strain, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25 that yielded 12.52 and 6.4 IU mL-1 of xylanase and pectinase, respectively. These industrially important enzymes further augmented the utility of SB in this study. Therefore, this study emphasizes the possibility for industrial application of SB to form various products.
The production of bioactive agents from lignocelluloses has received limited attention because plant cell walls are essentially non-bioactive. In this study, a chemical reaction is reported, which produces a lignin-derived antiviral substance from sugarcane bagasse by microwave heating at 200 degrees C in aqueous glycerol containing 0.5 \% H2SO4. The purified fraction, designated as FR200, strongly inhibited the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in L929 cells without cytotoxicity. HSQC NMR spectra demonstrated that the principal interunit linkages in the native lignin were cleaved by the reaction. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and pyrolysis-GCMS revealed that FR200 is composed of oligomeric lignin with a weight average molecular weight of approximately 2000. When the bagasse was reacted at lower temperatures, 140 degrees C and 160 degrees C, the native lignin substructures were partially retained and the antiviral activity significantly decreased. The results thus indicate that the antiviral activity emerged through severe alteration of the native lignin structure. Furthermore, it was revealed that the antiviral lignin inactivated the EMCV virions through direct contact, as the innate immune system of L929 was not activated by FR200 treatment, and no antiviral activity was found when L929 was pre-treated with the lignin before viral infection.
Hemicellulosic sugars, the overlooked fraction of lignocellulosic residues can serve as potential and cost-effective raw material that can be exploited for xylitol production. Xylitol is a top platform chemical with applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and olive pits (OP) are the major waste streams from sugar and olive oil industries, respectively. The current study evaluated the potential of Pichia fermentans for manufacturing of xylitol from SCB and OP hydrolysates through co-fermentation strategy. The highest xylitol accumulation was noticed with a glucose and xylose ratio of 1:10 followed by feeding with xylose alone. The fedbatch cultivation using pure xylose, SCB, and OP hydrolysates, resulted in xylitol accumulation of 102.5, 86.6 and 71.9 g/L with conversion yield of 0.78, 0.75 and 0.74 g/g, respectively. The non-pathogenic behaviour and ability to accumulate high xylitol levels from agro-industrial residues demonstrates the potential of P. fermentans as microbial cell factory.
Brazil is the world's largest sugarcane producer. This crop leaves huge amounts of straw behind which have to be managed with innovative approaches. In this study, a field experiment was carried out over six successive years of sugarcane harvests to evaluate the effect of straw maintenance on the field on changes in soil phosphorus (P) fractions. Four straw maintenance rates were tested: (i) maintaining 15 Mg ha-1 (SM15); (ii) maintaining 10 Mg ha-1 (SM10); (iii) maintaining 5 Mg ha-1 (SM5), and (iv) maintaining 0 Mg ha-1 (SM0). Our results showed that low maintenance of straw (SM5) resulted in the highest amount of P extracted by anion exchange resin and inorganic P extracted by 0.5 mol L-1 NaHCO3 in 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil depths. While total removal of residues resulted in soil P deficiency after six crop cycles, keeping straw on the soil surface at the rate of 5 Mg ha-1 supports plant growth without the need for P fertilizer application. We detected inorganic P extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH as the sink of P derived from straw since it was the only P fraction which increased with increasing straw on the soil surface. Non-labile P fractions were not influenced by straw maintenance rates in all depths. This is a promising result since it shows that P derived from straw does not accumulate in non-labile P fractions which are not plant available. Inorganic P was not influenced by straw removal rates and total P was only changed in 0-5 cm soil layer, while organic P was affected in all depths. We observed that organic P is available to sugarcane plants under SM0, SM5, and SM10, while under SM15, organic P does not play a role in sugarcane nutrition. <comment>Superscript/Subscript Available</comment
Anaerobic digestion is a viable process to recover bioenergy through sugarcane vinasse in the form of methane. However, interruptions in the anaerobic reactors operation during the sugarcane off-season is clearly a challenge to the anaerobic systems' performance, which potentially negatively compromise the energy balance in a sugarcane biorefinery. Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, is a viable option for vinasse replacement in the off-season period. Anaerobic co-digestion of these wastewaters can promote improvements in operational conditions and enhance energy recovery. Thus, this study evaluated the exchange of substrates, vinasse and glycerol, in an anaerobic structured bed reactor (AnSTBR), using glycerol as substrate in off-season and vinasse in the following harvest season, in mono-and co -digestion processes. The AnSTBR operation showed promising results regarding the organic matter removal (higher than 80\%, in terms of chemical oxygen demand) and methane yields (higher than 225 NmLCH(4).g(-1)COD(rem)). The methane produced, for a cycle of harvest, off-season and harvest again, can improve approximately 17.5\% the energy generation in the sugarcane biorefinery, using glycerol as substrate, instead of shutting down the anaerobic reactor in off-season, resulting in a positive economic balance. Furthermore, the operational strategy of gradually exchanging substrates ensured the system stability throughout the operation. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane molasses is a by-product of sugarcane products that can be used as bioethanol production. Bioethanol is ethanol produced through a fermentation process that can be done by various microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Commercial instant dry yeast on this fermentation was chosen because it can be directly used as a starter to simplify the production process and reduce the bacterial contamination risk. The sugar industry in West Java is one of the sugarcane processing industries that produce molasses in Indonesia. Then molasses were processed into bioethanol. However, the ethanol content on bioethanol production in this industry is low (+/- 4-6\%). Some factors can cause low ethanol production such as the presence of mineral contents and sugar concentrations in molasses. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of H2SO4 pretreatment and sugar concentration on ethanol production. Three level of sugar concentration i.e. 20\%, 25\% and 30\% Brix were compared for ethanol production using with and without pretreated molasses. The obtained data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Under the best condition (30\% sugar concentration with H2SO4 pretreatment), the ethanol concentration could be increased by 3.5-5.5\%.
Several pre-treatments are used to release sugars from lignocellulosic materials that are used to produce second-generation ethanol (2G). This study aimed to evaluate the kinetic release of glucose and xylose through the enzymatic and physical treatments of sugarcane bagasse and residual forest biomass, focusing on the ratio between hexose and pentose. Enzymatic hydrolysis after hydrothermal pre-treatment under different conditions, at 170, 170 and 190 degrees C, 170 and 190 degrees C with sulfuric acid, and 170 and 190 degrees C with the Organosolv solvent, all of them for 10 min, were performed with sugarcane bagasse and residual forest biomass, and the kinetic parameters of sugar release were evaluated. The results indicated that compared to hydrothermal and combined hydrothermal and dilute acid hydrolysis, organosolvation process led to higher release of glucose in hydrolysates from both biomasses, with a maximum yield of 14.12 and 33.33 g L-1, respectively. On the other hand, the highest glucose/xylose ratio (about 19), which will facilitate its subsequent use for fermentation, was obtained from sugarcane bagasse after hydrothermal treatment at 170 and 190 degrees C. This ratio was higher for all treatments when compared to untreated biomass, which indicated that temperature and acid affected xylose instead of glucose. {[
Co-production of furfural and ethanol from mixture of sugarcane bagasse and harvest residues in a biorefinery annexed to a sugar mill was investigated. The study considered energy self-sufficient scenarios producing furfural-only (scenario 1), ethanol-only (scenario 2) and integrated furfural-ethanol co-production at a range of operating conditions (scenarios 3-7). Scenario 1 was based on the industrial furfural process conditions (180 degrees C), which was replaced with steam explosion pretreatment at 205 degrees C in the ethanol-only Scenario 2. Furfural process conditions of Scenarios 3,4 and 6 were autocatalytic at 170 degrees C, 200 degrees C and 185 degrees C, respectively, while the furfural conditions with 0.5 wt\% H2SO4 at 170 degrees C and 185 degrees C were applied for Scenarios 5 and 7, respectively. All investigated scenarios were simulated in Aspen Plus (R) V8.8, with economic viability expressed by internal rate of return (IRR). The integrated furfural and ethanol biorefinery (Scenario 5) was more profitable than the ethanol-only production (scenario 2) as indicated by 12.78 \% and 10.18 \% IRR, respectively. However, furfuralonly biorefinery was the most profitable with IRR of 12.92 \% as it was associated with lower total capital investments (272 million US\$) and bypass (51 \%). Although total capital investments (305 million US\$) and feed bypass (58 \%) were higher, the integrated furfural and ethanol biorefinery (Scenario 5) was more economically viable without electricity sales (IRR = 10.30 \%) due to higher furfural yield (69 \%). The economic benefits of furfural and ethanol co-production were limited by the process energy demands, which could only be supplied by feedstock available in the integrated biorefinery.
This paper describes the organosolv delignification of depithed bagasse using glycerol-water mixtures without a catalyst. The experiments were performed using two separate experimental designs. In the first experiment, two temperatures (150 and 190 degrees C), two time periods (60 and 240 min) and two glycerol contents (20\% and 80\%, v/v) were used. In the second experiment, which was a central composite design, the glycerol content was maintained at 80\%, and a range of temperatures (141.7-198.3 degrees C) and time (23277 min) was used. The best result, obtained with a glycerol content of 80\%, a reaction time of 150 min and a temperature of 198.3 degrees C, produced pulps with 54.4\% pulp yield, 7.75\% residual lignin, 81.4\% delignification and 13.7\% polyose content. The results showed that high contents of glycerol tend to produce pulps with higher delignification and higher polyoses content in relation to the pulps obtained from low glycerol content reactions. In addition, the proposed method shows potential as a pretreatment for cellulose saccharification. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present study aims to investigate the effect of CaO and MgO as catalyst in pyrolysis of Indonesian sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for biofuel production. Prior to being used as raw material, SCB underwent acid washing to remove its inherent Ca and Mg content. Catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis experiment were performed in a fixed-bed reactor within a temperature range of 20-480 degrees C. Thermogravimetric Analysis was used to describe the mechanism of pyrolysis and one-step global model was employed to determine the reaction kinetics. Pyrolysis stage comprised of a rapid decomposition zone (260-340 degrees C) and slow decomposition zone (340-480 degrees C). TG curve confirmed that the endothermic cellulose decomposition and volatilization was more dominant than exothermic polymerization and aromatization of lignin. Moreover, CaO provided the highest reaction kinetics with the lowest reaction order compared with catalytic pyrolysis with MgO and non-catalytic process, both in rapid and slow zone. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Thermal Gravimetric (DTG) corresponded to this by showing that the energy for decomposition in non-catalytic process and using MgO and without catalyst was higher than SCB0-Ca which gave the highest conversion rate. Hence, this study shows that the addition of CaO as catalyst can improve the kinetics of SCB pyrolysis. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Biocomposites containing natural fibers waste have gained the attention of researchers due to their biodegradability and suitability for several applications in different industries. In this study, sugarcane bagasse fibers waste was treated by digestion with NaOH and steam explosion to the previous soaking with NaOH, and their impregnation with 1\% maleated polyethylene was used as reinforcement in poly (lactic acid) matrix composites. Surface morphological changes were observed with scanning electron microscopy due to fiber treatment/MAPE in the PLA matrix. The biocomposites with MAPE improved Young's modulus, but the strength tensile was reduced. Flexural modulus of biocomposites shows a considerable increase with MAPE, for biocomposites of 10\% and 20\% of bagasse the values are circa 8000 MPa regarding the 3500 MPa from PLA. These increases in the properties are ascribed to the improved interfacial interaction of the modified sugarcane bagasse fibers into the PLA. The analysis of TGA shows that incorporation of fiber with and without treatment and MAPE improved the thermal stability. By adding fiber into the biocomposites, the loss modulus peak becomes wider, this means that adhesion of the matrix and the fiber were improved. The X-ray diffraction graph shows an increase in the crystallinity of the biocomposites after the treatment and the addition of MAPE compared to the matrix of PLA.
Vinasse, a waste from ethanol production, has been widely used as a means of fertigation in sugarcane. However, high dose limits application at and its effects on nutrient absorption and accumulation by the crop are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, during the initial development of sugarcane, the effect of mineral fertilization and high doses of vinasse on the macronutrient and sodium contents of the top visible dewlap (TVD) leaf and their respective accumulations in the aerial part of the crop. The experiment was carried out in 100-dm(3) pots filled with Argisol. The treatments consisted of five doses of vinasse (0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 m(3) ha(-1)) and an additional treatment with no vinasse and mineral fertilizer (500 kg ha(-1) of the NPK 14-24-18 formulation). The levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium were evaluated in the TVD leaf at 120 days after planting and their accumulation in the aerial part of the plant at 210 days. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared using regression analysis and orthogonal contrasts. The vinasse doses applied did not adequately nourish the crop in macronutrients. Mineral fertilization provided higher N and P levels. The highest doses of vinasse provided higher levels of K, Ca and Mg and larger accumulations of N, P, K and Na, but were detrimental to the accumulation of Ca. The descending order of accumulation of macronutrients and sodium with mineral fertilization was P> Ca> N> K> Mg> Na. For the application of vinasse, the descending order was K> P> Ca> N> Na> Mg. In the absence of mineral fertilization and vinasse, the descending order was P> Ca> K> N> Mg> Na.
Agriculture waste can be used as an alternative material to absorb microwave interference in different applications such as military applications, stealth technology, electronic device, etc. The conventional microwave absorbers were made from chemical materials like polyurethane and polystyrene. These materials were costly, non-eco-friendly, and hazardous for human beings. In this paper, agriculture waste {[
In this work, sugarcane bagasse fibers were used as filler in composites having recycled high-density polyethylene (PEr) as matrix. Because of the poor interaction between fibers surface and the PEr, the surface of bagasse was chemically modified. This modification consists of washing with water at 80 degrees C, a mercerization process using sodium hydroxide and acetylation reaction with acetic anhydride. The chemical modification was characterized by Fourier transform infrared-horizontal attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-HATR) and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The composites were prepared from modified and unmodified fibers into PEr matrix, containing 5, 10, and 20\% (w/w) of fiber. The samples were processed by extrusion and molds were prepared by injection process in order to perform mechanical tests. These materials were analyzed by SEM, TGA, and the water uptake was evaluated. Also, their mechanical properties were analyzed. Morphological analysis indicated that the chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse increased the compatibility between matrix and reinforcement. Tensile, flexural, and impact tests showed that the mechanical properties of the composite were improved compared to PEr due to the presence of the fibers. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:768-774, 2014. (c) 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
This study evaluated the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) as tools to predict and identify the experimental conditions used in the process of delignification of sugarcane bagasse using supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). The experimental conditions varied from 35 - 100 degrees C to temperature, 75 - 300 bar to pressure and 0 - 100\% to ethanol content, used as co-solvent in the extraction. HPLC and determination of insoluble lignin (Klason lignin) analysis were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the process. A database was constructed with the information of the experiments, dividing them into groups of training (70\%) and test (30\%). The models were obtained using toolbox of the MATLAB R2016b. In the developed neural network, the data obtained by the different techniques of analysis were used as neurons in the input layer and the percentage of insoluble lignin was used as neuron in the output layer. The performance of the neural network was evaluated by the correlation coefficient (R-2) and the error indexes (MSE and SSE). The process of sugarcane bagasse delignification using ScCO2 showed good yields. The model developed from the neural network was satisfactory, since the R-2 value was 99.58\% and the error index values were 0.176 to SSE and 0.0147 to MSE.
The environmental sustainability of biofuel production is still a debated issue in the world bio-economy development. Therefore, different researches are undergoing to evaluate the sustainability of ethanol production in different countries. This study aimed at analyzing the environmental performance of ethanol production in Ethiopia, considering energy balance and emission reduction using a life cycle assessment approach. It is also intended to identify the environmental hotspots so that possible improvement option can be devised. The life cycle assessment methodology was applied considering three alternative scenarios: 1) Base Case, which is the current situation, 2) Alternative 1, which considers the utilization of biogas from vinasse and bioslurry, and 3) Alternative 2, which includes mechanical harvesting and avoids pre-harvest cane trash burning. The results show that agricultural stage is greatly contributing to the pollutant emissions. The contribution of cane trash burning was significant to all the impact categories considered and avoiding pre-harvest cane trash burning significantly reduced the emissions contributing to global warming, acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, ozone formation, particulate matter and eutrophication. On the other hand, the introduction of mechanical harvesting to avoid pre-harvest cane trash burning increased ecotoxicity, human toxicity and resource consumption (land, water and mineral) impacts. The net energy balance is positive for all the alternatives considered. In addition to using by-products, proper management of fuel utilization at the agricultural stage can further enhance benefits from the sector. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the price of molasses highly influences both energy ratio and greenhouse gas emissions since it completely shifts the allocation of upstream emissions from sugar to molasses. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In present investigation, the adsorptive treatment of synthetically contaminated aqueous solution containing Congo red (CR) by using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost adsorbent was studied. Surface morphological and physio chemical nature of SCB was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Adsorption studies were conducted in batch mode to investigate the effect of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature. Experimental data was evaluated by using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm model and it was best followed by Freundlich isotherm. Different kinetic models were also studied, and pseudo second order was concluded to be the best followed with R-2= 1 and Q(e)(cal)=0.935mg g(-1) which was very close to the experimental Q(e)(exp)=9.976mg/g. R-L value in current investigation is 1 which indicates that adsorption of SCB onto CR dye is favorable. The negative values of thermodynamic parameters (?G and ?H) revealed that adsorption of CR onto SCB was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, respectively. The adsorbent (SCB) also reflects excellent recyclability, 76\% of the adsorbent was regenerated and available for further adsorption experiments. Applicability of developed procedure with tap water was also checked out and results revealed that 70\% of CR dye had been adsorbed under optimum condition. It suggests that SCB possess a potential to be used as an effective, and low-cost adsorbent for adsorption of CR dye from industrial effluents.
Strong potential exists in India for bioelectricity (biomass-derived electricity) to meet the rising, domestic demand for energy. In order to fill the anticipated need, precise assessments of the resource potential are necessary as well as regularly-tracked resource inventories and apt policy. Studies addressing these aspects of energy management are limited for India, particularly in terms of energy planning at the local level. The current research evaluates the prospects for bagasse co-generation in Uttar Pradesh, the largest sugarcane-producing state in India. Specifically, the geo-spatial pattern of bagasse harvestable distributions and bioelectricity potential are assessed, along with policies and market mobilization directions for optimizing increased adoption of biomass energy. Results show that Uttar Pradesh has the potential to produce 27.05 million tonnes of usable bagasse annually. Major, sugarcane producing regions are identified within the western and north-eastern agro-climatic zones. Specific to power generation, the state could produce 1.93 GW of bioelectricity from sugarcane bagasse. At the agro-climatic zone level, the bioelectricity potential varies between 2.46 MW (Vindhyan zone) and 655 MW (western plain zone). When considered at the district level, the potential varies from 66 kW in Firozabad to an upper bound of 232 MW in Muzaffarnagar. The latter estimate indicates that some districts of Uttar Pradesh could be transitioned to 100\% renewable electricity from bagasse co-generation. In conjunction with the ongoing growth path for India and energy access considerations, we recommend more strategically-focused energy policies, including auctions, regular resource-mapping, and zoning that can catalyze biomass energy adoption, while mitigating the greenhouse gas footprint of India. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper explores a few alternatives for utilizing solid by-products of the industrial process of ethanol fermentation from sugarcane juice and molasses. It was devised a scenario in which a fraction of the bagasse generated in the process is used for production of cellulosic ethanol, whereas the remaining bagasse and sugarcane straw could be used either as fuel to generate steam for a Cogeneration Rankine Combined Cycle (CRCC) or be fed to Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC). An economic assessment roughly estimates the Net Present Value (NPV) of the above mentioned plant for a 25 years lifetime period. Through superstructural optimization, it was possible to determine the optimal fraction of biomass that should be hydrolysed (15.02 \%) and which method for production of electricity would be the most profitable in the long-term (BIGCC).
In this study, for the first time the effects of glycerol on enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation were investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis was inhibited slightly with 2.0 wt\% glycerol, leading to reduction in glucan digestibility from 84.9\% without glycerol to 82.9\% (72 h). With 5.0 wt\% and 10.0 wt\% glycerol, glucan digestibility was reduced by 4.5\% and 11.0\%, respectively. However, glycerol did not irreversibly inhibit cellulase enzymes. Ethanol fermentation was not affected by glycerol up to 5.0 wt\%, but was inhibited slightly at 10.0 wt\% glycerol, resulting in reduction in ethanol yield from 86.0\% in the absence of glycerol to 83.7\% (20 h). Based on the results of laboratory and pilot-scale experiments, it was estimated that 0.142 kg ethanol can be produced from 1.0 kg dry bagasse (a glucan content of 38.0\%) after pretreatment with acidified glycerol solution. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Xylitol was recovered from fermented sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate by adsorption and crystallization procedures. Silica gel adsorption was employed to purify the broth containing xylitol. In this step, different mixtures of the solvents ethyl acetate, ethanol and acetone were used as eluent, and different proportions of fermented broth volume incorporated per gram of silica gel (V-b/M-sg, varying from 1.0 to 2.0 cm(3) g(-1)) were used to pack the column employed as stationary phase bed. The xylitol purification efficiency varied for each mixture of solvent, and for each V-b/M-sg ratio used. The purified broth was submitted to different crystallization procedures (cooling, concentration and supplementation with commercial xylitol) aiming to recover xylitol crystals. The best result (60\% crystallization yield and 33\% total recovery of xylitol from fermented broth) was obtained when the column was packed with a V-b/M-sg ratio of 2 cm(3) g(-1), and the broth was purified with a mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol, concentrated 6.5-fold, and supplemented with commercial xylitol to force the precipitation. (c) 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are used as prebiotics in food industries. XOS with high purity is required for effective prebiotic function. All crude xylanases exhibit beta-xylosidase, which forms significant amount of xylose and reduces the yield and purity of XOS. Here, we describe the use of crude xylanase of Bacillus subtilis devoid of beta-xylosidase to produce high-pure XOS from ammonia pretreated sugarcane bagasse. MALDI-TOF-MS and HPLC analysis of XOS showed the formation of xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose with xylobiose as the major product. The conversion of bagasse to XOS was >99\% with negligible amount of xylose (0.4\%). NMR analysis of XOS mixture indicated the presence of arabinosyl and glucuronyl substituted XOS. The relative content of substituted XOS in the mixture was 32\%. The XOS mixture supported growth of probiotic bifidobacterial strains under anaerobic conditions. The bifidobacterial strains completely utilized XOS with production of short chain fatty acids indicating their prebiotic function. The concentration of fatty acids formed was in the order of acetate, formate and lactate. Hence, the present method would be useful for further development of low-cost process for production of high-pure prebiotic XOS from lignocellulosic materials. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Studies on the characterization and performance of residual sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) obtained from high-temperature cogeneration boilers in concrete are highly limited. This study investigated the pretreatment process and optimization of SCBA collected from high-temperature boilers by various physicochemical methods. The effect of recalcination and grinding on the physical and mineralogical properties of SCBA were also examined. The percentage replacement of cement with SCBA was optimized using packing density and flow. The performance of optimized binder with combinations of cement and SCBA was validated through compressive strength of mortar specimens. From the results, it was observed that SCBA from high-temperature boilers can be used as a supplementary cementitious material with minimal processing efforts, and a 15\% level of replacement is suggested as the optimum level for SCBA-blended cement. Based on the investigation, a framework with a step-by-step procedure including pretreatment and optimization methods is suggested for the use of SCBA.
The main hindrance in the use of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as a replacement for existing petroleum-based plastics is their high production cost. The carbon source accounts for 50\% of the cost for PHA production. Thus, increasing the yield and productivity of PHAs on cheap substrates is an important challenge for biotechnologists to support the commercialization and further applications of these polymers. In this study, we have investigated the use of an agricultural raw material, sugarcane molasses, as the main carbon source for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB)) production by Bacillus cereus SPV. These studies were carried out in both shaken flasks and 2 L bioreactors. Various conditions were evaluated for their effects on biomass and P(3HB) accumulation. A high polymer yield was obtained, 61.07\% dry cell weight (DCW) in a 1 L shaken flask study and 51.37\% DCW in a 2 L fermenter study. These yields are 50\% higher than previously observed with Bacillus cereus SPV. Hence, the results are encouraging and show that sugarcane molasses are a promising carbon source for an economical and commercially viable production of P(3HB).
In this paper, the authors propose and evaluate a methodology to capture and visualize aerosols that are thermally ejected from the liquid intermediate of sugarcane bagasse and its pseudo-components (Avicel cellulose, Xylan and Organosolv lignin) pyrolysis. Tests were conducted on a hot plate reactor at 500 degrees C with two different pressures (150 mbar and 900 mbar) and two heating rates (10 degrees C/s and 1200 degrees C/s). The aerosols were collected on a heated slide located across from the sample. The slides were visualized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do determine the number and diameters of the droplets. Results showed that vacuum and the high heating rate (150 mbar and 1200 degrees C/s) favored thermal ejection of aerosols. The aerosol yield for sugarcane bagasse was lower to those obtained for cellulose and Organosolv lignin, and heating rate enhanced aerosol release more dramatically than pressure.
Adsorption is one of the best methods for arsenic removal from water which is established in the last few decades. Biosorption by natural biosorbents and agricultural by-product is an environmental friendly approach and has proved to be a cost-effective and non-hazardous technology for the removal of heavy metals from water. This paper describes batch test findings conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as an industrial by-product of sugar industry to remove arsenic (As) from water and compare the results with the efficiency of activated carbon (AC) for arsenic (As) removal. The effects of three parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage (C-a), and initial metal concentration (C-0) on the adsorption of arsenic were evaluated by using response surface methodology (RSM). It is discovered that AC and SCB removed up to similar to 89 and similar to 98 \% of arsenic, respectively. The uptake capacities yielded from the batch experiment were about 31.25 mg/g for AC at pH similar to 7.4 and 11.9 mg/g for SCB at pH similar to 9. The equilibrium times achieved were 120 and 150 min for SCB and AC, respectively. This study shows that SCB is an efficient low-cost biosorption for arsenic removal from water.
Selective fractionation of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for the production of fermentable sugars was studied. The SCB was pretreated by hydrothermal pretreatment using five different types of solid acid catalysts (SACs): (1) self-synthesis SiO2-OSO3H, (2) SO42-/TiO2/Fe3O4/WO3, (3) sulfonated bentonite and commercial SAC, (4) Amberlyst 15, and (5) Dowex 50WX8. Fractionation of SCB was conducted in a combination with choline acetate (ChOAc) ionic liquid (IL) at moderate temperature. After enzyme hydrolysis, the highest total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 78.1\% was achieved when pretreated with SiO2-OSO3H. For the black liquor from fractionation, the highest amount of lignin could be precipitated from ChOAc IL through treatment with SO42-/TiO2/Fe3O4/WO3. Pyrolysis of dry precipitated lignin was performed at 400 and 500 degrees C under a nitrogen atmosphere, and phenolic-rich oil was produced. Carbon microspheres appeared in the solid phase from the pyrolysis. It was postulated that lignin was first degraded to phenol with an aromatic structure, while other sugar residues (C5 and C6) in the lignin molecule formed ring compounds. These compounds underwent condensation polymerization as a shell-like shape, and carbon rich microspheres were thus formed. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a potential source for second-generation bioethanol production. However, its recalcitrant structure (carbohydrates and phenolics) hinders the efficient release of sugars. Imidazole is a cheap green solvent that has demonstrated high efficiency in lignocellulosic biomass delignification. The main objective of this work was to study the SCB pre-treatment with imidazole for further enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production. Significant modifications of imidazole-treated biomass were observed in the morphology and composition, such as cellulose enrichment, a great decrease of amorphous compounds (lignin and hemicellulose), and structural disorganization of lignocellulosic fibres. On the other hand, this pre-treatment also shows a substantial improvement of enzymatic conversion performance using Cellic CTec2 (R)/Cellic HTec2 (R) (15 FPU per gram of solid biomass) in all evaluated conditions compared to untreated material. After pre-treatment at 160 degrees C for 1 h, enzymatic conversion efficiency reached 100\% for glucose and xylose, significantly decreasing the hydrolysis time to only 8 h. The hydrolysates obtained were used for bioconversion to bioethanol by S. cerevisiae LPB 2705, giving a high production yield (83.7\%), which represents a production of 218 L of ethanol per ton of SCB. This means an increase of up to 4 times the ethanol production compared to untreated material. The results obtained showed the great potential of imidazole in SCB pre-treatment, because it increased the release of fermentable sugars, which leads to an efficient and economic use of agro-industrial waste to generate valueadded products and reduce the environmental impact under a biorefinery concept.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate could be an interesting source for red pigment production by Monascus ruber Tieghem IOC 2225. The influence of different wavelength of light-emitting diode (LED) at 250 mu mol. m(-2). s(-1) of photon flux density on red pigment production by M. ruber in glucose-based medium was evaluated. Then, SCB hydrolysate was used as carbon source under the previously selected light incidence conditions. In glucose-based medium, the highest pigment production was achieved in fermentation assisted with orange LED light (8.28 UA(490nm)), white light (8.26 UA(490nm)) and under dark condition (7.45 UA(490nm)). By using SCB hydrolysate-based medium, the highest red pigment production (18.71 AU(490nm)) was achieved under dark condition and the glucose and cellobiose present in the hydrolysate were metabolized. SCB enzymatic hydrolysate was demonstrated to be a promising carbon source for high thermal stability red pigment production (activation energy of 10.5 kcal. mol(-1)), turning an interesting alternative for implementation in biorefineries.
Microbiological activities are essential in the bioremediation of polluted soils. The enzymatic activities of microorganisms are usually used as a biological indicator of soil health. The aim of this work was to observe the catalase, acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (A1P) activities in soil that was amended with agro-industrial by-products and macro nutrients during the process of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal. To this end, microcosm tests were performed with soil and agro-industrial by-products ratios of 100:2:2, for soil:sugarcane bagasse pith:filter cake mud (SSF); 100:2, for both soil:sugarcane bagasse pith (SS); and for soil filter cake mud (SF). The macronutrients carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the experimental treatments were adjusted to 100:10:1 with a solution of NH4NO3 and K2HPO4. The best TPH removal (51.4\%) was obtained with SSF at 15 days. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between TPH removal and A1P as well as AcP (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001: r = 0.70, p < 0.0107, respectively). Fungi growth was also correlated with both A1P (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001) and AcP (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001) activities. Besides, bacterial and fungi growth showed a correlation with TPH (r = 0.86, p < 0.001: r= 0.77,p < 0.0034, respectively). It could be said that the agro-industrial by-products and macronutrients contributed to pollutant removal from the oil polluted soil at relatively short amount of time. In addition, the enzymatic activities were increased after the treatment; in this study, the high sensitivity enzyme was AlP, and it could be used as an indirect indicator of oil pollutant removal.
A multi-scale study of sugarcane bagasse (SB) pretreatments and integrated developments for use of its carbohydrates portions for ethanol and xylitol production, are presented. In a first approach, after SB acid hydrolysis, hemicellulosic ethanol production was investigated, verifying ethanol yield of 0.31 g/g and volumetric productivity (Q(P)) of 0.1 g/L.h. Xylitol production was also studied, showing xylitol yield and Q(P) of 0.61 g/g and 0.38 g/L.h, respectively. Thus, remaining cellulignin from acid pretreatment was submitted to alkaline hydrolysis followed by Semi-Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-fermentation in sequential processes to ethanol production, by using mixture of SB hemicellulosic and enzymatic hydrolysate as carbon source, verifying Q(P) of 0.6 g/L.h. Moreover, a biomass multi-scale study was conducted by analysis of MEV, X-Ray, FTIR and Ramman Spectroscopy, verifying clear changes in SB structure along each pretreatment. These novel approaches indicated the potential of these integrated use of SB carbohydrates portion for bioproducts obtaining from SB in sustainable processes. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the present study, optimal reaction conditions to produce levulinic acid (LA) from depithed sugarcane bagasse (DSB) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate {[
Fructose, glucose, and sucrose in sugarcane molasses are determined simultaneously by high performance liquid chromatography using maltose as internal standard with refractive index detector. The mixture of the diluted samples and internal standard was purified with Sep-Pak C-18 solid-phase extraction and filtered through a 0.22-mu m membrane before injection. The results showed that the linear ranges for fructose, glucose, and sucrose were 3.30-16.48, 1.80-9.02, and 5.94-29.70 g/L with the squared correlation coefficients (R-2) being 0.9986, 0.9987, and 0.9955, respectively. The method is simple, quantified, and time-saving for determination of sugars in sugarcane molasses.
The study focuses on fabricating GLARE (Glass Laminate Aluminium Reinforced with Epoxy) composites with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) that can be extensively used in the fuselage structure of aircraft, espe-cially for its blast resistant properties. In this work, the effect of reinforcement of GLARE with varying agro-waste SBA (Sugarcane Bagasse Ash) microparticles such as 1\%, 2\%, and 3\% by wt. in three cases was studied. The GLARE hybrid composites stocks were fabricated through the hand layup technique. Various static mechanical tests like tensile, flexural, and impact were made on tailored composites as per the ASTM standards to investigate the effects of SBA reinforcement. Results indicate the addition of bagasse-ash in GLARE composites with 3\% by wt. provided greater effect and outperformed other hybrid GLARE composites. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International e -Confer-ence on Advancements in Materials Science and Technology.
Straw can change the dynamics of the herbicide oxyfluorfen in the raw sugarcane system. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of oxyfluorfen with Straw Cover in controlling weeds in raw sugarcane tinder greenhouse conditions. The species Brachiaria decumbens. Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit and Merremia cissoids were evaluated and the dose used was oxyfluorfen 3 L ha (1) (720 g.i.a. ha (1)). Treatments consisted of different herbicide positions and conditions before and after application. Weed control percentage was evaluated at 12, 20, 26. 33 and 38 DAA. The highest control rates at 38 DAA. regardless of the weed studied, were reached when oxyfluorfen was applied in treatments with the cover straw, with or without humidity. However, the results obtained in the other treatments were effective in controlling the different weed species studied.
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of sugarcane bagasse (SB) was performed in the presence of unpromoted and copper promoted carbon nanotubes supported nickel (Ni/CNTs) nanocatalyst prepared with impregnation technique. The Ni/CNTs and Ni-Cu/CNTs catalysts were characterized using FT-IR, ICP, BET, XRD, and TEM techniques. Results showed that 20 wt.\% nickel over CNTs (20\%-Ni/CNTs) had the best performance, on the SCWG of SB, in terms of H-2 conversion with the yield of 21.8 (mmol H-2/g of SB) comparing with the rest of the Ni/CNTs catalysts. Promotion of Ni/CNTs catalysts with copper increased the total gas and hydrogen yield by 14.4\% and 14.7\%. The yield of methane is decreased by 25.9\%. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The objective of this work was to test two forms of hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (with {[
Hydrothermal carbonization transforms biomass into value-added material called hydrochar. The release of nutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, and K) and organic carbon (TOC) from hydrochar in different extractive solutions was investigated in this study. Two sets of hydrochar were produced: (i) hydrochar prepared from sugarcane bagasse and vinasse mixture (BV-HC) and (ii) hydrochar prepared by the addition of H3PO4 to this mixture (BVA-HC). Both hydrochar types released significative amounts of nutrient and organic carbon, mainly Ca (5.0 mg g(-1)) in the mixture (KCl, K2SO4, NaOH, 1:1:1) extractive solution and TOC (72.6 mg g(-1)) in the NaOH extractive solution, for BV-HC. Nutrient release was influenced by pH and ionic strength. The release of P, Ca, and Mg was affected by the presence of insoluble phosphate phases in BVA-HC. The release of nutrients P, N, Ca, Mg, and K and organic carbon demonstrated that hydrochar has potential for soil application purposes.
Three different procedures for isolation of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were comparatively studied. Sequential extractions of dewaxed SCB with water with or without ultrasonic irradiation, various concentrations of alkali and alkaline peroxide yielded 44.7 and 45.9\% cellulose preparations, which contained 6.0 and 7.2\% associated hemicelluloses and 3.4 and 3.9\% bound lignin, respectively. Delignification with acidic sodium chlorite followed by extraction with alkali (10\% KOH and 10\% NaOH) gave cellulose yields of 44.7 and 44.2\%, which contained 5.7 and 3.7\% residual hemicelluloses and 1.6 and 1.5\% remaining lignin, respectively. Interestingly, a one-step treatment of SCB with an 80\% acetic acid-70\% nitric acid mixture under the conditions given yielded 43.0-43.6\% of the more pure cellulose fractions, which contained minor amounts of bound hemicelluloses (3.2-4.3\%) and were relatively free of associated lignin (0.2-0.6\%). The isolated six cellulose samples were comparatively studied by both degraded methods such as acid hydrolysis and thermal analysis and non-degradation techniques such as FT-IR and CP/MAS (13)GNMR spectroscopy, and the relative crystallinity was also comparatively estimated. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were produced from untreated and pretreated sugarcane fibers through enzymatic hydrolysis using a crude cellulolytic extract produced by the fungusAspergillus fumigatusCCT 7873 using semi-solid fermentation (SSF). The fibers were characterized in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents and crystallinity index. The CNC generated during the enzymatic hydrolysis using a sugarcane fiber pretreated with 4\% NaOH and an enzymatic loading of 7.5 FPU g(-1)of bagasse were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that after the hydrolysis time of 48 h, spherical-like particles with a good size distribution and a mean diameter of 61 nm were obtained. Novelty statement In this study, we produced cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from untreated and pretreated sugarcane fibers through enzymatic hydrolysis using a crude cellulolytic extract produced by the fungusAspergillus fumigatusCCT 7873 using semi-solid fermentation (SSF). In fact, the main novelty of this manuscript is the fact that it accompanies the formation of CNC, by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is noteworthy that there are few manuscripts with this approach in the literature. In addition, this was performed during the cultivation of a fermentation broth containing cellulases produced by an enzymatic extract of the fungusAspergillus fumigatusCCT 7873 using SSF. Thus, CNC, a highly added value product, can be obtained from lignocellulosic residues, which is a renewable and low-cost source. The results showed that, during the cultivation, there is a variation in the size distribution of the CNC and that, for the hydrolysis time of 48 h, a good size distribution was obtained for the CNC with about 61 nm in diameter, presenting a spherical shape.
Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse pulp by hot chlorine dioxide has been performed to study delignification and structural changes in lignocelluloses. The compositions of the products were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The structure and morphology of the D-hot pretreated sugarcane bagasse pulps were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Metso Kajaani FS300 fiber analyzer and optical analyzer. Temperature played a crucial role in the lignin depolymerization and hemicellulose hydrolysis. The results show that the lignin content was reduced by 28.39\% in the P layer and 20.93\% in the S layer with increasing temperature from 60 to 95 A degrees C. The resulting compositions of D-hot stage effluent were mainly including oxidized lignin and derivatives of furfural. Compared with the control, the category of oxidized lignin can be increased with D-hot pretreatment. Also, pretreated bagasse pulp has high brightness of 59.71\% ISO, crystallinity index of 70.84\%, L/W of 50.84 and outstanding optical properties. Therefore, bleached bagasse pulps might have the opportunities for further application in paper and paper-based materials. The graphical abstract showed that the changes of the crystallinity index (CrI), the brightness, and the L/W of the SCB pulp fibers with increasing reaction temperature from 60 to 95 A degrees C. Also showed that the cross section of the single fiber and the region of P and S layer. EDS images of P and S layers for the unbleached SCB pulp, control pulp and D-hot bleached SCB pulps, the peaks corresponding to elemental carbon and oxygen were shown for the samples. In EDS, oxygen/carbon atom ratios and lignin mass in P and S layer of the unbleached pulp and bleached pulps were determined. The degradation products of lignin (1)-(3) in the control and degradation products (2)-(15) in the D-hot effluent were identified. {[
In this work, the effects of CuCl2-catalyzed organsolv on sugarcane bagasse pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated under different reaction conditions. The majority of hemicellulose and lignin were degraded when 0.025 mol/L CuCl2 were used in the pretreatment at 160 degrees C for 10 min, resulting in 89.25\% of glucose yield after hydrolysis for 72 h, which was revealed by structure alteration, which was confirmed by different characterization analysis. Furthermore, the effect of additives (Tween 80, BSA, tea saponin, and xylanse) on enzymatic hydrolysis was determined. Except for xylanse, the glucose and xylose yields were enormously enhanced by adding additives, and their increased yield rose initially and then declined with the extending of hydrolysis time. Combined with the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the maximal total xylose and glucose yields reached 87.1\% and 97.96\%, respectively, by adding tea saponin (60 mg/g substrate) with reduction of 50\% enzyme loading.
Expansive soils constitute one of the most frequently encountered and challenging soils to geotechnical engineers. This study assessed the possibility of utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) by partially replacing slaked lime to stabilize expansive clay soils. The soil samples were picked from Muduuma area, Mpigi district, Central Uganda. Experimental tests of linear shrinkage (LS), plasticity index (PI), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were conducted on both unstabilized soil and SCBA-lime treated samples. The SCBA-lime mixture was prepared by partially replacing 5\% lime with SCBA at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10\% by weight. Hence, SCBA was used in proportions of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5\% by dry weight of the soil. The addition of lime greatly lowered the PI and LS, which later increased with the addition of the SCBA. The maximum dry density was generally lowered with the addition of lime and SCBA, from 1.87 g/cm(3) to 1.58\%. The CBR increased with SCBA-lime addition from 12\% for unstabilized soil up to 48\% at 6\% SCBA replacement. The optimum lime replacement was established as 6\% SCBA lime replacement based on CBR criteria. At the 6\% optimum, the optimum moisture content (OMC) was 1.7 Mg/m(3), LS was 10\%, and PI was 20\%. This study demonstrated the potentiality of SCBA as a novel construction material, specifically by partially reducing the usage of the unsustainable, non-environmentally friendly lime. It is also expected to enable using currently unsuitable clays from the region.
A catabolite derepressed Bacillus subtilis strain KCC103 was used to produce a-amylase in medium containing sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH). Addition of SBH (1\% reducing sugar (w/v)) to the nutrient medium supported maximum alpha-amylase production of 67.4 U ml(-1). HPLC analysis of SBH showed the presence of glucose, xylose and arabinose in the ratio of 0.9:1.0:0.16 (w/w/w). In SBH-medium glucose and xylose were consumed completely while arabinose remained unutilized. Uptake rate of glucose was 2-folds higher than xylose but rate of alpha-amylase production with xylose was 1.5-folds higher than glucose. Arabinose had no effect on growth and a-amylase synthesis. Further, alpha-amylase production in SBH-medium was enhanced to 144.5 U ml(-1) (2.2-fold) by response surface methodology where the levels of SBH, and other media components were varied. The modified medium consisted of (in g l(-1)) SBH: 24; peptone: 17.43; yeast extract: 1.32 and beef extract: 1.82. High level of SBH showed no significant inhibition of alpha-amylase synthesis. The derepressed strain KCC103 is useful to produce alpha-amylase economically in short time (30-36 h). (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This research aims to investigate the mechanical performance of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) stabilized by a combination of metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) and sugarcane molasses (SM), to remedy the limitations present in CEBs stabilized with MKG alone. Two schemes of stabilization were used. In the first, the optimum MKG content for stabilizing CEB was partially substituted with various percentages of SM (10\% MKG + 0\% SM, 8\% MKG + 2\% SM, 6\% MKG + 4\% SM, 4\% MKG + 6\% SM, 2\% MKG + 8\% SM). The second stabilization scheme consisted of fixing 5\% MKG and varying SM from 2\% to 8\% (5\% MKG + 0\% SM, 5\% MKG + 2\% SM, 5\% MKG + 4\% SM, 5\% MKG + 6\% SM, 5\% MKG + 8\% SM). The mechanical properties of the CEBs stabilized with SM and MKG were analyzed in terms of compressive strength, dry density, and water absorption. The test results showed that the combination of MKG and SM for stabilizing CEBs was not as effective as MKG alone in increasing the compressive strength of CEBs. However, this combination solved the high porosity of CEBs stabilized with just MKG by increasing their dry density and decreasing their water absorption capacity. In terms of compressive strength and water absorption, the optimum values were obtained respectively with 5\% MKG + 4\% SM (4.163 MPa at 28 days) and 6\% MKG + 4\% SM (8.73\% at 28 days). Therefore, the suggested innovative stabilization approach is suitable for improving the overall mechanical properties of CEBs and addressing the shortcomings of CEBs stabilized only with MKG.
The reuse of the solid residues generated in the production of second-generation (2G) ethanol to obtain high-value products is a potential strategy for improving the economic and environmental viability of the overall process. This study evaluated the feasibility of using the residual solids remaining after the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), a valuable bionanomaterial. To this end, sugarcane bagasse subjected to steam explosion (SEB) or liquid hot water (LHWB) pretreatment was hydrolysed using different loadings of a commercial cellulase cocktail. Samples of SEB and LHWB were hydrolysed enzymatically, resulting in glucose releases close to 40 g/L, which would be suitable for producing 2G ethanol by microbial fermentation. The solid residues after the enzymatic hydrolysis step presented cellulose contents of up to 54 \%, indicating that a significant amount of recalcitrant crystalline cellulose remained available for subsequent use. These solid residues were purified and submitted to acid hydrolysis, resulting in the successful formation of CNC with crystallinity close to 80 \%, lengths of 193-246 nm and diameters of 14-18 nm. The CNC produced presented morphology, dimensions, physical-chemical characteristics, thermal stability and crystallinity within the ranges reported for this type of material. Moreover, the enzyme loading or the type of hydrothermal pretreatment process employed here showed no significant effects on the CNC obtained, indicating that these variables could be flexibly adjusted according to specific interests.
Tetraethylenepentamine-modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was prepared to improve its adsorption capacity and selectivity toward Cu2+. Adsorption performances of the modified sorbent for Cu2+ were studied in batch system. Separation of Cu2+ from Pb2+ by the modified sorbent fixed-bed column were studied under dynamic system with initial molar concentration ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:100. The amount of Cu2+ and Pb2+ adsorbed on the saturated column was calculated by the elution curve. Batch experimental results showed that the adsorption capacity of the sorbent for Cu2+ increased from 0.12 to 0.21 mmol g(-1) after modification. Dynamic adsorption results showed that the modified SCB had higher adsorption affinity toward Cu2+ than Pb2+. 0.07 mmol g(-1) of adsorbed Pb2+ was pushed off by Cu2+ during the competitive adsorption process at The breakthrough curves and adsorption kinetics of Cu2+ in the column could be fitted well by the Yoon-Nelson and modified Yoon-Nelson model, respectively. According to the elution curve, the amount of Cu2+ adsorbed on the fixed-bed column were 0.16, 0.16 and 0.15 mmol g(-1), while that of Pb2+ were 0.0016, 0.0051 and 0.0094 mmol g(-1) when increased from 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:100. Cu2+ could be selectively adsorbed and separated from Pb2+ by using the modified sorbent fixed-bed column.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were isolated by high-pressure homogenization. Xylanase-assisted pretreatment after steam explosion was studied to investigate its effect on various cellulose properties such as bleaching times, reduced chemical use and color in the subsequent bleaching stage. High cellulose contents were successfully extracted from SCB with xylanase-assisted pretreatment; moreover, xylanase-treated fibers exhibited decreased bleaching times, a 44\% reduction in the amount of chemicals used and had a satisfactory whiteness index compared to untreated fibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed significant increases in crystallinity index for xylanase-assisted pretreatment fibers. Characterization of the fibers by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the fiber diameters decreased with each treatment stage; the final CNFs obtained at 15,000 psi for 30 passes primarily ranged from 5 to 10 nm in diameter. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that CNFs have lower thermal stability than raw cellulose fibers. These results indicate that xylanase-assisted pretreatment with high-pressure homogenization is an environmentally friendly method to isolate CNFs and clearly demonstrates the potential of enzymatic pretreatment for reducing environmental contamination, especially with regard to toxic chlorine compounds that are required for the bleaching process. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is the most traded crop in the world, with Brazil being the world's largest producer. Sugarcane processing generates up to 28\% of sugarcane bagasse (SB) from the entire plant, with only 50\% of it used for energy generation. SB is a lignocellulosic biomass that can be converted into biogas. However, the optimization of pretreatment process parameters is essential for its successful scaling up. This study evaluated the effect of mild alkaline pretreatment of SB using NaOH and KOH at concentrations of 1-10\% and exposure time of 1-12 hours) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) under mesophilic temperature. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was applied as statistical tool to generate optimal operating pretreatment conditions. The tests were performed in triplicates totalizing 84 batch bottles. The BMP of the untreated SB varied between 297-306 L-N CH4 kg VS-1 while the BMP of the pretreated samples with NaOH and KOH were 19\% and 20\% higher. The optimized conditions were NaOH at 7.7\% and KOH at 8.3\% KOH for 12 hours. However, the range indicated by the statistical design with CCRD revealed that there was no statistical difference in terms of methane yield when concentrations between 4-10\% NaOH and 6-10\% KOH during 12 hours were applied, when compared to the specific optimized points. The optimization of the pretreatment parameters demonstrated to be a key-factor to improve the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic substrates, leading to a less chemically dependent and more sustainable approach, while allowing a more profitable process. {[
This study presented for the first time the PHA-lipid interactions by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, besides a sustainable PHA production strategy using a cost-effective microbial isolate. About 48 bacterial isolates were selected from multifarious Egyptian sites and screened for PHAs production. The Fe(AZU-A6) was the most potent isolate, and identified genetically as Priestia filamentosa AZU-A6, while the intracellular PHA granules were visualized by TEM. Sugarcane molasses (SCM) was used an inexpensive carbon source and the production conditions were optimized through a Factor-By-Factor strategy and a Plackett-Burman statistical model. The highest production (6.84 g L-1) was achieved at 8.0 \% SCM, pH 8.0, 35 degrees C, 250 rpm, and 0.5 g L-1 ammonium chloride after 72 h. The complementary physicochemical techniques (e.g., FTIR, NMR, GC-MS, DSC, and TGA) have ascertained the structural identity as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) with a characteristic melting tem-perature of 174.5 degrees C. The circular dichroism analysis investigated the existence of interactions between the PHB and the different lipids, particularly 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The ATR technique for the lipid-PHB films suggested that both the hydrophobic and electrostatic forces control the lipid-PHB interactions that might induce changes in the structuration of PHB.
Xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate was evaluated in a fluidized bed reactor operated in semi-continuous mode, using cells immobilized on porous glass. The fermentative process was performed during five successive cycles of 72 h each one. The lowest xylitol production occurred in the first cycle, where a high cell concentration (12 g l(-1)) was observed. In the subsequent cycles the xylitol concentration was ever increasing due to the cells adaptation to the medium. In the last one, 18 g xylitol l(-1) was obtained with a yield factor of 0.44 g g(-1) and volumetric productivity of 0.32 g l(-1) h(-1).
Sequential solid-state and submerged cultivation with sugarcane bagasse as substrate for cellulase production by Aspergillus niger A12 was assessed by measuring endoglucanase activity. An unconventional pre-culture with an initial fungal growth phase under solid-state cultivation was followed by a transition to submerged fermentation by adding the liquid culture medium to the mycelium grown on solid substrate. For comparison, control experiments were conducted using conventional submerged cultivation. The cultures were carried out in shake flasks and in a 5-L bubble column bioreactor. An endoglucanase productivity of 57 +/- 13 IU/L/h was achieved in bubble column cultivations prepared using the new method, representing an approximately 3-fold improvement compared to conventional submerged fermentation. Therefore, the methodology proposed here of a sequential fermentation process offers a promising alternative for cellulase production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anaerobic digestion, an attractive process for generation of hydrogen, involves complex microbial processes on decomposition of waste biomass. Here, efficient biohydrogen production (277.4 mM (6.2 L-H-2/L)) from non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse (NDSCB) was accomplished through a novel two-stage anaerobic fermentation, which to our knowledge, is the first utilization of NDSCB for biohydrogen fermentation. Interestingly, the hydrogen production of the second stage fermentation (167.8 mM) was significantly higher than that of the first stage fermentation (108.6 mM). Metabolite analysis showed that the metabolic flux had been redirected and Butyrate/Acetate ratio was enhanced in the second stage fermentation. Simulation of the second-stage fermentation condition indicated that acetate and butyrate generated in the first-stage fermentation could significantly enhance the hydrogen production from NDSCB by 51\% and 28\%, respectively. More interestingly, the stimulatory effect of butyrate was influenced by substrate. The present work provided a comprehensive insight of metabolite on biohydrogen production and an environment-friendly process for lignocellulosic biohydrogen production.
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were isolated from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through the combination of bio-refinery, sulfur-free, and totally chlorine free (TCF) chemo-mechanical pretreatments, with a focus on the optimal design of ozone bleaching parameters based on a response surface methodology (RSM). For this purpose, the most effective parameters in ozone bleaching (temperature, time, and pulp consistency) were set between 40 and 85 A degrees C, 60 and 360 min, and 1-5 wt\%, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Kappa number, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to chemically and morphologically characterize the SCB fibers. The size distribution and morphology of CNFs were also evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HPLC analysis revealed that percentage of cellulose increased from 41.5 to 91.39\% after chemical pretreatments. FTIR and Kappa number analyses also confirmed the successful isolation of cellulose fibers from the SCB fibers after chemical pretreatments. Furthermore, DLS results showed that the hydrodynamic diameter of the isolated cellulose fibers reduced to 268 nm by dint of ultrasonication. Additionally, TEM images confirmed the isolation of CNFs: the average diameter of cellulose fibers decreased to about 28 nm after mechanical steps and the yield of fibrillation was found to be around 99\%. According to the obtained results, the applied chemo-mechanical treatment appears to be promising for green and facile isolation of CNFs.
The present work includes the processing and characterization of nano-based natural reinforcement for polymer composite materials. Sugarcane bagasse has been collected and the fibers were extracted using manual striping process. Undesirable materials present in the extracted fibers were removed by 1\% NaOH-based chemical treatment. The macrofibers were reduced to nano scale by using high-energy ball milling process. Nanoparticles from bagasse fibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The degree of crystallinity of nano bagasse is 55.2\% and it was reported by using XRD. A FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of cellulose functional groups in nano bagasse. The nano bagasse dimensions and morphology were investigated using SEM. The average length and diameter of the nano bagasse is 51.2 and 46.1nm, respectively. Thermal stability of the nano bagasse was revealed by TGA analysis. The chemical composition of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose contents was also investigated.
Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and lipids were produced from sugarcane molasses via coupled fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum and oleaginous yeasts. ABE fermentation of sugarcane molasses with varying sugar concentrations (50-100 g/L) was investigated, and the wastewaters were analyzed and classified into two types based on their carbon source content and structure. Then, four oleaginous yeasts were cultured on the two types of ABE fermentation wastewaters respectively, and their lipid productions, removals of COD and ammonia were investigated and evaluated. It was found that via coupling with lipid-producing fermentation process, the ABE fermentation wastewaters rich in organic acids could be effectively treated, the added value of the products obtained could be increased, meanwhile, the sugar load and treatment efficiency of the whole system could be improved. Specifically, ABE fermentation by C. acetobutylicum CH012 could be carried out normally on 50-80 g/ L of total sugars. The maximum solvents production, which was 19.640 g/L (5.580 g/L acetone, 13.159 g/L butanol and 0.901 g/L ethanol) with a corresponding yield of 0.335 g/g, was obtained at 70 g/L sugars. Wastewater (from the ABE fermentations performed at 50-60 g/L sugars) containing low concentrations (<3 g/ L) of sugars and taking organic acids as dominant carbon source was defined as Type-1, while wastewater (from the ABE fermentations performed at 70-80 g/L sugars) containing high concentrations (10-20 g/L) of sugars and taking sugars as dominant carbon source was defined as Type-2. Trichosporon dermatis could performed well on both Type-1 and Type-2 wastewaters in terms of lipids production and removals of COD and ammonia. Lipomyces starkeyi did not adapt to Type-1 wastewater, but when culturing on Type-2 wastewater, it achieved the highest lipid production of 2.37 g/L with COD and ammonia nitrogen removal rate of 64.62 \% and 57.09 \% respectively.
Adipic acid is an important precursor for manufacturing Nylon-66, and various efficient renewable routes for adipic acid from lignocellulosic biomass are being explored. To effectively valorize biomass into adipic acid, a novel aqueous solution NaOH/ChCl:TH/water (6:24:160, wt/wt/wt) was firstly applied to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB) at a room temperature (25 C) for a short pretreatment time (1 min) for improving its saccharification efficiency. A deep eutectic solvent ChCl:TH was synthesized by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) and thiourea (TH). The cellulose structure changes of SCB were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and LSCM. Composition analysis and reducing sugar yield were used to evaluate pretreatment efficiency. Hydrolysis for 72 h, the yields of reducing sugars and glucose from 40 g/L NaOH/ChCl:TH-SCB with complexed cellulases were obtained at 90.2 \% and 94.1 \%, respectively. Finally, the obtained SCB-hydrolysate was used for adipic acid production by E. coli MG1655 K12. Glucose in SCB-hydrolysate was consumed within 72 h, with a productivity of 0.39 g adipic acid/g glucose, accounting for 72.2 \% of the theoretical yield. Further discovery, xylose in SCBhydrolysate was also consumed for adipic acid fermentation, which contributed to an increase in adipic acid production. In view of transcriptome data, most of the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were most significantly up-regulated, which was conductive to improve the yield of adipic acid using biomass-hydrolysate as carbon source. Therefore, the NaOH/ChCl:TH-SCB hydrolysates were a better carbon source for adipic acid fermentation compared to commercial glucose. Obviously, this established rapid room temperature pretreatment with NaOH/ChCl:TH was proven to be effective for enhancing saccharification efficiency of SCB, and the hydrolysates had excellent adipic acid fermentability.
A promising strategy for the fabrication of hierarchically porous carbon materials (HPCMs) using sugarcane bagasse as the scaffold was developed for the application of supercapacitors with enhanced electrochemical performance. HPCMs were fabricated by evaporation-induced self-assembly using resol polymer and triblock copolymer F127 as the carbon precursor and structural directing agent, respectively. The HPCMs show a 2-dimensional hexagonally ordered structure with pore size distribution centered at 3.4nm. After activation with carbon dioxide at 850 degrees C for 12h to remove residual carbons and/or impurities, the specific surface area increases to 1638 m(2) g(-1) with micropore surface area of 1058 m(2) g(-1), which can facilitate the fast electrolyte and electron transport. The CO2-activated HPCM electrodes exhibit excellent specific capacitances of 144-232 F g(-1) at the scan rates of 10-50 mV s(-1), and the specific capacitance can be up to 8.8-14.2 mu F cm(-2). In addition, the activated HPCMs show a good cycling stability, low IR drop, and the energy and power densities are in the range 12.3-26.1 Wh kg(-1) and 1.05-4.91 kW kg(-1), respectively. Results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate a costeffective and environmentally benign method for synthesis of bagasse-based HPCMs, which can potentially apply to supercapacitor with enhanced electrochemical performance and improved energy density. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,
The need for affordable and sustainable alternative construction materials to cement in developing countries cannot be underemphasized. Compressed Earth Bricks have gained acceptability as an affordable and sustainable construction material. There is however a need to boost its bearing capacity. Previous research show that Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a soil stabilizer has yielded positive results. However, there is limited research on its effect on the mechanical property of Compressed Earth Brick. This current research investigated the effect of adding 3\%, 5\%, 8\% and 10\% Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on the compressive strength of compressed earth brick. The result showed improvement in its compressive strength by 65\% with the addition of 10\% Sugarcane Bagasse Ash.
The main objective of this work was to investigate three packing materials (polyurethane foam, sugar-cane bagasse, and coconut fibre) for biofiltration of a gaseous mixture containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Mixed cultures were obtained from two sources, aerated submerged biofilters and activated sludge, and were utilised as inoculums. Biofilters reached 100\% removal efficiency after two clays of operation. The empty bed residence time was 495 for each of the biofilters. The reactors were operated simultaneously, and the inlet concentrations of H2S varied between 184 and 644 ppmv during the long-term continuous operation of the biofilters (100 clays). Average removal efficiencies remained above 99.3\%, taking into consideration the entire period of operation. Average elimination capacities reached by the biofilters packed with polyurethane foam, coconut fibre, and sugarcane bagasse were in the range of 17.8-66.6; 18.9-68.8, and 18.7-72.9g m(-3) h(-1), respectively. Finally, we concluded that the packing materials tested in this work are appropriate for the long-term biofiltration of hydrogen sulphide. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Due to strong reducibility, zero-valent-iron materials were often stored in methanol, ethanol, or other anaerobic environment to prevent its oxidation, which brought great inconvenience in practical phosphate-containing wastewater treatment. Here, a dry and stable adsorbent, nanoscale zero-valent-iron-loaded sugarcane bagasse (nZVI/SCB) composite was prepared by liquid phase reduction, and phosphate sorption performance and stability of the composite were investigated. Results showed that phosphate sorption on nZVI/SCB was a fast process and the maximum sorption amount was 205.2 mg g(-1). Coexisting of both cation and anion, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+, could promote the sorption of phosphate on nZVI/SCB. Stability results showed that adsorption capacity of the composites almost kept constant even after stored for 450 days. Zeta potential and XPS analysis illustrated that the phosphate sorption mechanism was dominated by electrostatic sorption and formation of inner spherical complex. In the practical wastewater treatment, 98.6\% of phosphate could be removed at the dosage of 1.6 g L-1. Therefore, the developed material nZVI/SCB with excellent stability and high sorption capacity has a great prospect for eliminating phosphate from water.
The culture medium was optimized based on the MRS medium by single factor tests and response surface technology. Specifically, the recipe was as follows: molasses of 80 g/L, soybean peptone of 10 g/L, yeast powder of 15 g/L, corn juice of 70 mL/L, sodium citrate of 8.5 g/L. The culture conditions were also optimized as initial pH of 6.9, temperature of 37 degrees C, and inoculation quantity of 2\%. The combination of neutralization with intermittent feeding was applied for the fermentation. Moreover, a dynamic model was proposed for the cell growth of Lactobacillus casei LT-L614, through fitting reducing sugar amount and fermentation time. The feeding time interval was optimized according to the logistic model. It resulted in an optimal viable count of 9 x 12 x 10(11) cfu/mL, which was increased by two orders for magnitude compared to that without optimization.
A large amount of industrial wastewater containing pollutants including toxic dyes needs to be processed prior to its discharge into the environment. Biological materials such as sugarcane bagasse (SB) have been reported for their role as adsorbents to remove the dyes from water. In this study, the residue SB after fermentation was utilized for the dye removal. A combined pretreatment of NaOH and methyltrioctylammonium chloride was given to SB for lignin removal, and the pretreated SB was utilized for cellulase production from Bacillus aestuarii UE25. The strain produced 118 IU mL(-1) of endoglucanse and 70 IU mL(-1) of beta-glucosidase. Scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectra showed lignin and cellulose removal in fermented SB. This residue was utilized for the adsorption of an azo dye, congo red (CR). The thermodynamic, isotherm and kinetics studies for the adsorption of CR revealed distinct adsorption features of SB. Untreated SB followed Langmuir isotherm, whereas pretreated SB and fermented SB obeyed the Freundlich isotherm model. The pseudo-second-order model fitted well for the studied adsorbents. The results of thermodynamic studies revealed spontaneous adsorption with negative standard free energy values. Untreated SB showed a 90.36\% removal tendency at 303.15 K temperature, whereas the adsorbents comprised of pretreated and fermented SB removed about 98.35\% and 97.70\%, respectively. The study provided a strategy to utilize SB for cellulase production and its use as an adsorbent for toxic dyes removal.
Oily-biological sludge (OBS) generated from petroleum refineries has high toxicity. Therefore, it needs an appropriate disposal method to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. The anaerobic co-digestion process is an effective method that manages and converts organic waste to energy. For effective anaerobic digestion, a co-substrate would be required to provide a suitable environment for anaerobic bacteria. In oily-biological sludge, the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and volatile solids (VS) content are very low. Therefore, it needs to be digested with organic waste that has a high C/N ratio and high VS content. This study investigates the use of sugarcane bagasse (SB) as an effective co-substrate due to its high C/N ratio and high VS content to improve the anaerobic co-digestion process with oily-biological sludge. The sugarcane bagasse also helps to delay the toxicity effect of the methane bacteria. Batch anaerobic co-digestion of oily-biological sludge was conducted with sugarcane bagasse as a co-substrate in twelve reactors with two-liter capacity, each under mesophilic conditions. The interaction effect of a C/N ratio of 20-30 and a VS co-substrate/VS inoculum ratio of 0.06-0.18 on the methane yield (mL CH4/g VSremoved) was investigated. Before the anaerobic digestion, thermochemical pre-treatment of the inoculum and co-substrate was conducted using sodium hydroxide to balance their acidic nature and provide a suitable pH environment for methane bacteria. Design and optimization for the mixing ratios were carried out by central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The highest predicted methane yield was found to be 63.52 mL CH4/g VSremoved, under optimum conditions (C/N ratio of 30 and co-substrate/inoculum ratio of 0.18).
The gradual increase in construction activities worldwide utilizing significant amount of natural resources resulting in to scarcity of available resources. Alternative materials have been searched by different investigations which can fully or partially replace the naturally available materials in the construction industry. This paper deals with the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) along with the elemental map of the concrete mixes for the microstructure observations and elemental compositions. It also aims to focus on the study of strength (St) and durability (Db) of concrete prepared by replacing a part of cement and sand, respectively by sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBa) and stone dust (SD). However, the study is limited to the concrete prepared with 10\% optimum replacement of cement by SCBa with variable percentage (10\%, 20\%, 30\%, 40\% and 50\%) replacement of sand by stone dust. The tests on hardened concrete, which include compressive strength (Cs) and split tensile strength (Ts), were performed, and the results are presented. Durability study includes sulphate resistance test (SRt) in which the specimens were exposed to the respective chemical conditioning for 90 days and 180 days and the percentage loss in Cs with standard concrete were compared.
To produce cellulose regenerated fibres with high mechanical properties at low cost, sugarcane bagasse was chosen as a cheap raw material. In this study, bagasse was dissolved in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) 0.9 hydrate, and fibres were prepared by the dry jet-wet spinning method by using dilute water/NMMO mixture as a coagulant, as is done in the production of commercial lyocell fibre. The effects of other coagulants, including water, methanol, isopropanol and ethanol, on the physical properties of the fibres were also investigated. Among these coagulants, fibres produced in ethanol and water/NMMO mixture exhibited the superior tensile strength and initial modulus although had some NMMO trapped in fibre matrix. After removal of NMMO by a simple heat treatment, much improvement in the fibre structure and mechanical properties was observed. The cross-sectional morphology and surface of these two fibres reveal the occurrence of fibrillation due to their high degree of crystallinity and overall high molecular orientation. The bagasse regenerated fibres produced in this study had a tensile strength of approximately 530 MPa and Young's modulus of approximately 33 GPa, which are comparable to those of commercial lyocell fibre.
Lignin plays an important functional and structural role in plants, but also contributes to the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to hydrolysis. This study addresses the influence of lignin in hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse from conventional bred lines (UFV260 and UFV204) that were selected from 432 field-grown clones. In addition to higher sugar production, bagasse clone UFV204 had a small, but statistically significant, lower insoluble lignin content compared with clone UFV260 (15.5\% vs, 16.6\%) and also exhibited a significantly higher cellulose conversion to glucose (81.3\% vs. 63.3\%) at a cellulase loading of 5 (filter paper unit) FPU/g of glucan or 3 FPU/g total solids for liquid hot water pretreated bagasse (200 degrees C, 10 min). The enzyme loading was further decreased by 50\% to 2.5 FPU/g glucan and resulted in a similar glucan conversion (88.5\%) for clone UFV204 when the bagasse was preincubated with bovine serum albumin at pH 4.8 and nonproductive binding of cellulase components was blocked. Comparison of Langmuir adsorption isotherms and differential adsorption of the three major cellulolytic enzyme components endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase help to explain differences due to lignin content.
The purpose of the present study was the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from the sugarcane bagasse and evaluation of its prebiotic function in a synbiotic pomegranate juice. The XOS production was done in two steps: optimization of alkaline hydrogen peroxide extraction of xylan followed by the enzyme hydrolysis method by the response surface methodology based on the central composite design (CCD). The structural properties of the extracted xylan were also evaluated by HPLC and FT-IR analyses. The mixed xylooligosaccharides for protecting the prebiotic function of Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 in a developed synbiotic pomegranate juice was evaluated. The optimized extraction conditions for xylan via the response surface methodology (RSM) were 5.63 \% H2O2, 12.91 \% NaOH, and 17.51 h and corresponding to relative yield of xylan at the tune of 95.84 \%. The minimum concentration of xylose (3.034 mg/ml) and maximum yield of XOS (5.52 mg/ml) through RSM were achieved at the enzyme dose of 85 U/g, substrate concentration of 3\%, and reaction time of 10 h. The generated XOS could increase the viability of the probiotics during 30 days of storage at 4 degrees C. The prebiotic production of XOS from xylan of bagasse via enzymatic hydrolysis is preferred for the pharmaceutical and food industry applications owing to food safety and consumer awareness. Enzymatic production of XOS could be a suitable solution for the protection of probiotic bacteria in the low acidic environment of pomegranate and other acidic juices or non-dairy synbiotic beverages.
Bagasse activated carbon (BAC) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse to remove fluoride from a high concentration, 10-50 mg/L, synthetic fluoride-containing water. The role of pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time in defluoridation were assessed. Results showed that BAC reduced the fluoride concentration from 50 to 9.8 mg/L at 26 degrees C, while the concentration of 10 mg/L was reduced to 0.8 mg/L which is within the safe fluoride concentration limit of 1.5 mg/L specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies were performed to analyze the nature of the fluoride adsorption process over BAC.
The State of Hawaii is interested in converting the large volume of agricultural residues, principally sugarcane bagasse, that is generated in the state into transportation fuels. One of the technologies that is currently being evaluated is steam explosion as a pretreatment for conversion of the bagasse into ethanol. In order to identify the optimum conditions of the steam explosion cycle, a range of operating temperatures (188-243 degrees C) and residence times (0.5-44 min) were used to pretreat bagasse in a 101 batch reactor. The analytical results were also used to evaluate the ``reaction ordinate{''
Immobilized Clostridium butyricum TISTR 1032 on sugarcane bagasse improved hydrogen production rate (HPR) approximately 1.2 times in comparison to free cells. The optimum conditions for hydrogen production by immobilized C. butyricum were initial pH 6.5 and initial sucrose concentration of 25 g COD/L. The maximum HPR and hydrogen yield (HY) of 3.11 L H-2/L substrate{''
Biomass and coal have different physicochemical properties and thermal behavior. During the co-combustion of coal-biomass mixtures, their thermal behavior varies according to the percentage of each fuel in the mixture. Thereby, this research aims to characterize the thermal behavior of mixtures of coal, sugarcane bagasse, and biomass sorghum bagasse as biomass in simulated combustion (O-2/N-2) and oxy-fuel combustion (O-2/CO2) environments. Experiments have been performed in duplicate on a thermogravimetric analyzer at heating rate of 10 degrees C/min. A uniform granulometry was considered for all materials (63 mu m) in order to ensure a homogeneous mixture. Four biomass percentages in the mixture (10, 25, 50 and 75\%) have been studied. Based on thermogravimetric (TG) and thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses, parameters such as combustion index, synergism, and activation energy have been determined, as well as the combustion environment influence on these parameters. The results indicate that, although sugarcane bagasse has the lowest activation energy, the thermal behavior of both types of biomass is similar. Thus, biomass sorghum bagasse can be used as an alternative biomass to supply the power required during sugarcane off-season. For both mixtures, optimal results were obtained at 25\% of biomass. By analyzing the environment influence on combustion behavior, the results indicate that when N-2 is replaced with CO2, it is observed an increase in reaction reactivity, a higher oxidation rate of materials and an improvement in evaluated parameters. (C) 2018 Energy Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a residual product of sugar processing, containing mainly lignocellulose. The biodegradation of cellulose is an economical approach to recycling SCB. To obtain an effective microbial community and study the SCB biodegradation process, a SCB-degrading mesophilic microbial community, EMSD13, growing at 50 degrees C was isolated. More than 77\% of alkali pretreated SCB was degraded and over 83\% Of the Cellulose it contained Was utilized by the EMSD13 community within 6 days. To understand the biodegradation procedure of EMSD13, extracellular and SCB-absorbable cellulases were analyzed. The peak activity (42 mU/mL) of the extracellular cellulase in the supernatant Occurred on the 3rd day of incubation. About 73.6 mg of substrate-bound proteins with a cellulase activity of 61.1 mU/mg were recovered from residual SCB by eluting with 3 M guanidine hydrochloride. Also, 15.9 mg of proteins with 28.6 mU/mg of cellulase activity were obtained from residual SCB by eluting with 6 M urea. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that cellulases in both elutes were similar, but most differed from those in the supernatant. This is the first report on substrate-bound cellulases from a microbial community. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated with liquid hot water (LHW) and aqueous ammonia (AA), with the objective of investigating the influence of hemicellulose and lignin removal on the enzymatic digestibility and sugar recovery. The experimental results show that LHW and aqueous ammonia have a good performance in terms of hemicellulose dissolution and lignin removal respectively. The biggest xylan recovery of 74.3 \% was obtained for LHW pretreatment at 160 A degrees C, 5 \% w/v for 20 min with the xylan dissolution of 83.1 \%. And the biggest lignin removal of 84.0 \% was obtained for aqueous ammonia pretreatment at 160 A degrees C, 10 \% w/v for 60 min. Moreover, the aperture and surface area of the sample were enlarged by the liquid hot water, which improves the accessibility of the substrate to the enzyme. The lignin removal caused by aqueous ammonia pretreatment can reduce the absorption of enzyme. In addition, the correlation between the compositional change and the enzymatic digestibility indicates that the removal of hemicellulose was more effective than lignin for destruction of the hemicellulose-lignin-cellulose structure.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the oxygen percentage, heating rate, and total gas flow variables in the pyrolysis process of sugarcane straw through thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The experimental conditions of oxygen percentage, heating rate, and total gas flow were optimized using the design of experiments and canonical analysis. The investigated conditions show that to optimize the whole pyrolysis process, the best values for carrying out the process are oxygen concentrations and heating rates around the central level of 10\%, and 298 K/min, respectively, where the total gas flow, within the studied constrains, was not statistically significant for the pyrolysis process, according to the regression equations. This condition resulted in approximate values of required heat and percent residual residue of 181.74 kJ/kg and 9.89\%, respectively. In addition, the percentage of remaining residue decreases as the heating rate decreases and the percentage of oxygen in the gas mixture increases. The optimum oxygen percentage obtained was also validated by carrying out an autothermal fast pyrolysis in a pilot plant scale.
Large quantities of organic by-products are generated by the sugarcane industry during sugar extraction process. These by-products may be used as soil amendments to improve soil quality, as nutrient leaching is common in mineral soils of Florida in USA due to their sandy texture and frequent rain events. A soil column study was designed to evaluate the effects of bagasse application at 85 t ha(-1) of fresh bagasse, 170 t ha(-1) of fresh bagasse, and 170 t ha(-1) of fresh bagasse + nitrogen (N) on the leaching potential of carbon (C), N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Bagasse was incorporated within the topsoil (0-15 cm) in outdoor soil columns exposed to natural conditions, with periodical irrigation during the experiment. After approximately 57 weeks, the distributions of C, N, P, and K were evaluated at three soil depths (i.e., 0-15, 15-30, and 30-53 cm) within the soil columns. Total organic C (TOC), N, and P in leachates decreased significantly from the soils amended with bagasse compared with the control with no bagasse and no N. Based on K content changes in the columns, bagasse could also be utilized as a potential source of K for plants. Overall, application of bagasse as a soil amendment might be an effective way to sustainably reutilize organic by-products while reducing concerns regarding major nutrients entering groundwater resources. The results of this study could assist in developing nutrient management plans of using sugarcane bagasse as a potential soil amendment in mineral soils.
Concrete is one of the important material being used in construction industry. Rapid reduction of natural resources, huge amount of energy consumption, and environmental degradation involved in the production of cement has motivated researchers to investigate the suitable alternatives to partially or fully replace the cement. The research performed over the last two decades concerning the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as a cement replacement to produce structural concrete is summarized in this paper. Firstly, general information about SCBA production, effect of burning temperature on the SCBA structure, physical and chemical properties of SCBA and reaction mechanism of SCBA are briefly discussed. Then, the influence of SCBA on the fresh state properties is presented and finally, the hardened state characteristics i.e. strength and rate of strength gain, modulus of elasticity, chloride ion penetration and aggressive environment effect on SCBA concrete are presented. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, an efficient aqueous ammonia with glycerol (AAWG) method to improve the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was developed. Response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the AAWG parameters to achieve the maximum total fermentable sugar concentration (TFSC) and total fermentable sugar yield (TFSY). Under optimal AAWG conditions, 13.59 g/L TFSC (9.25\% ammonia, 1.86 h, 180 degrees C) and 0.4449 g/g TFSY (9.51\% ammonia, 1.78 h, 180 degrees C) were achieved, with delignification of 77.81\% and 70.91\%, respectively. Compared to pretreatment with glycerol or aqueous ammonia, the AAWG method significantly enhanced the enzymatic efficiency of SCB. The ammonia was recovered from the pretreatment liquid by distillation, and about one-third of the ammonia was retained. The overall results indicate that AAWG is effectively used as a pretreatment method for recovering ammonia, which would largely contribute to the economic benefits of biomass biorefinery.
The present study deals with the production of cellulosic ethanol from bagasse using the synthesized TiO2 coupled nanocellulose (NC-TiO2) as catalyst. Aspergillus nidulans AJSUO4 cellulase was used for the hydrolysis of bagasse. NC-TiO2 at various concentrations was added to bagasse in order to enhance the yield of reducing sugars. Complex interaction between cellulase, bagasse, NC-TiO2 and the reaction environment is thoroughly studied. A mathematical model was developed to describe the hydrolysis reaction. Ethanol production from enzymatically hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse catalyzed with NC-TiO2 was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 20602. The glucose release rates and ethanol concentrations were determined. Ethanol produced was found to be strongly dependent on pretreatment given, hydrolysis and fermentation conditions. The study confirmed the promising accessibility of NC-TiO2, for enhanced glucose production rates and improved ethanol yield. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fixed bed column was used to remove Pb2+ from aqueous solution. To determine the optimal condition for Pb2+ separation, Ca2+ was chosen as the model interfering ion, and effects of Ca2+ and Pb2+ initial concentration ratio (C-0(Ca) : C-0(Pb)) on the adsorption of Pb2+ were investigated. Results showed that adsorption amount ratio of Ca2+ and Pb2+ (q(e)(Ca) : q(e)(Pb)) had a good linear relationship with C-0(Ca) : C-0(Pb). Mass ratio of Pb2+ absorbed on the modified SCB was higher than 95\% at C-0(Ca) : C-0(Pb) < 1.95, illustrating that Pb2+ could be selectively removed from aqueous solution. To verify that, simulated waste water containing co-ions of K+, Na+, Cd2+ and Ca2+ was treated, and results showed that the equilibrium amount of Pb2+, K+, Na+, Cd2+ and Ca2+ adsorbed was 134.14, 0.083, 0.058, 1.28, and 1.28mg g(-1), respectively, demonstrating that the modified SCB could be used to remove Pb2+ from aqueous solution in the investigated range.
Brazil has a well established ethanol production program based on sugarcane. Sugarcane bagasse and straw are the main by-products that may be used as reinforcement in natural fiber composites. Current work evaluated the influence of fiber insertion within a polypropylene (PP) matrix by tensile, TGA and DSC measurements. Thus, the mechanical properties, weight loss, degradation, melting and crystallization temperatures, heat of melting and crystallization and percentage of crystallinity were attained. Fiber insertion in the matrix improved the tensile modulus and changed the thermal stability of composites (intermediary between neat fibers and PP). The incorporation of natural fibers in PP promoted also apparent T(c) and Delta H(c) increases. As a Conclusion, the fibers added to polypropylene increased the nucleating ability, accelerating the crystallization process, improving the mechanical properties and consequently the fiber/matrix interaction.
Lignocellulosic residues of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), corn husk (CHW) and rice husk (RHW) were evaluated as renewable and low cost bioadsorbents of the methylene blue dye. Residues were treated with a 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH solution to remove part of the polymeric component of the fibers and to intensify the dye adsorption. They were characterized by chemical composition, SEM, ATR-FTIR, BET, XRD and pHzpc. The adsorbents were evaluated using the 23 full Box-Behnken design with the variables pH, dye concentration and adsorbent dosage, obtaining descriptive mathematical models for adsorption percentage and also the response surfaces. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were the main constituents of the materials analyzed, totalizing 81 to 91 g 100 g(-1), whose lignocellulosic groups were verified by ATR-FTIR. The wastes presented high percentage of adsorption: 95.7 +/- 1.9 \% for SCB, 98.5 +/- 1.2 \% for CHW and 95.4 +/- 0.8 \% for RHW at the central point of the experimental design. Therefore, alkali treatment provided an interesting alternative to produce efficient bioadsorbents from agroindustrial wastes.
Vinasse is a by-product resulting from the ethanol production process. It is generated in huge volumes which are destined to fertirrigation, although has high polluting potential. Otherwise, microalgae-guided sequestration is seen as one of the more promising and sustainable solutions to mitigate CO2. Another advantage of microalgae production systems is their potential to utilize wastes, including sewage, leachates, and gas emissions. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of microalgae for vinasse preliminary treatment in terms of the remotion of nutrients (phosphorus and ammoniacal nitrogen) and organic matter. Moreover, the resultant microalgae biomass amount was characterized for bioproducts generation, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids content, and antioxidant, bioactive substances with high potential for both commercial and industrial use. The media cultivation supplemented with 20\% or 30\% of vinasse resulted in 3.16 g L-1 of biomass, 30\% of carbohydrate and 20\% of lipids and 3.05 g L-1 biomass, 24\% of carbohydrate and 51\% of lipids, respectively, in 96 h. Both treatments also resulted in a significant reduction of nutrients and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The obtained results indicate the increasing of vinasse in media cultivation can modulate the microalgae metabolism. Furthermore, is the first time that the microalgae Coelastrella sp., utilized in this work, is reported in Brazil and has its potential evaluated for the treatment of vinasse with concomitant generation of bioproducts.
The potential of using corn steep liquor powder (CSLP), peanut meal (PM), soybean meal (SM), cotton meal (CM) and urea as the substitute of yeast extract (YE) as the nitrogen source was investigated for producing succinic acid (SA). Actinobacillus succinogenes GXAS137 was used as the fermenting bacterium and sugarcane molasses was used as the main substrate. None of these materials were able to produce SA as high as YE did. The CSLP could still be considered as a feasible and inexpensive alternate for YE as the yield of SA produced using CSLP was second only to the yield of SA obtained by YE. The use of CSLP-PM mixed formulation (CSLP to PM ratio=26) as nitrogen source produced SA up to 592gl(-1) with a productivity of 12gl(-1)h(-1). A batch fermentation using a stirred bioreactor produced up to 607gl(-1) of SA at the same formulation. Fed-batch fermentation that minimized the substrate inhibition produced 647gl(-1) SA. These results suggest that sugarcane molasses supplemented with a mixture of CSLP and PM as the nitrogen source could be used to produce SA more economically using A.succinogenes. Significance and Impact of the StudySuccinic acid (SA) is commonly used as a platform chemical to produce a number of high value derivatives. Yeast extract (YE) is used as a nitrogen source to produce SA. The high cost of YE is currently the limiting factor for industrial production of SA. This study reports the use of a mixture of corn steep liquor powder (CSLP) and peanut meal (PM) as an inexpensive nitrogen source to substitute YE. The results showed that this CSLP-PM mixed formulation can be used as an effective and economic nitrogen source for the production of SA.
Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) were prepared homogeneously in a 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) ionic liquid system from sugarcane bagasse (SB). The reaction temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of butyric (propionic) anhydride/anhydroglucose units in the cellulose affect the butyryl (B) or propionyl (P) content of CAB or CAP samples. The C-13 NMR data revealed the distribution of the substituents of CAB and CAP. The thermal stability of sugar cane bagasse cellulose was found by thermogravimetric analysis to have decreased after chemical modification. After reaction, the ionic liquid was effectively recycled and reused. This study provides a new way for high-value-added utilization of SB and realizing the objective of turning waste into wealth.
Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is often conceived considering independent, stand-alone production plants; in the Brazilian scenario, where part of the potential feedstock (sugarcane bagasse) for second generation ethanol production is already available at conventional first generation production plants, an integrated first and second generation production process seems to be the most obvious option. In this study stand-alone second generation ethanol production from surplus sugarcane bagasse and trash is compared with conventional first generation ethanol production from sugarcane and with integrated first and second generation; simulations were developed to represent the different technological scenarios, which provided data for economic and environmental analysis. Results show that the integrated first and second generation ethanol production process from sugarcane leads to better economic results when compared with the stand-alone plant, especially when advanced hydrolysis technologies and pentoses fermentation are included. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Industrial wastewater treatment, by combined processes, has recently been seen as a novel and economically attractive strategy. The use of Pleurotus sajor-caju, followed by electrochemical oxidation (EO) for sugarcane vinasse degradation was investigated. Vinasse degradation treatment with P. sajor-caju yielded efficient color removal (97\%), turbidity (99\%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (50.6\%), and total organic carbon (TOC) (57.3\%). Ligninolytic enzyme production was seen, and the highest lactase activity were obtained after 12th day of fermentation (varying between 341-400 UI L-1) and for peroxidase manganese the highest activity was seen between the 9th and 12th day of fermentation (varying between 1400-1494 UI L-1). Concomitantly, the mycelial biomass presented a high concentration (13.63 g L-1) on the 15th day of growth. In optimized conditions, the EO using as anode Ti/(RuO2)(0.7)(IrO2)(0.1)(Sb2O3)(0.2) further degraded vinasse, reaching a final color removal of 100\%, COD of 66\% and TOC of 61\%. This additional procedure allowed the elimination of vinasse toxicity reaching 0\% lethality for Lactuca sativa and Raphidocelis subcapitata.
In this paper, cellulose triacetate (CTA) was produced from sugarcane bagasse and used as matrices for controlled release of paracetamol. Symmetric and asymmetric membranes were obtained by formulations of CTA/dichloromethane/drug and CTA/dichloromethane/water/drug, respectively, and they were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Different morphologies of membranes were observed by SEM, and the incorporation of paracetamol was confirmed by lowering of the glass transition temperature (T-g) in the DSC curves. This indicates the existence of interactions between the matrix and the drug. The evaluation of drug release was based on the electrochemical monitoring of paracetamol through its oxidation at a glassy carbon electrode surface using square-wave voltammetry (SWV), which provides fast, precise and accurate in situ measurements. The studies showed a content release of 27\% and 45\% by the symmetric and asymmetric membranes, respectively, during 8h.
Cellulosic waste as a major type of agricultural waste can be acid deconstructed as a carbon source for fermentation application. However, various fermented inhibitors, such as formic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, are also produced during processing. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SB) was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid, and atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) was used to remove the toxic inhibitors. The detoxified SB hydrolysate was used as alternative nutrients for bacterial cellulose (BC) production. Results showed that degradation rates of formic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and furfural respectively reached 25.2\%, 78.6\%, and 100\% with optimized ACP conditions (argon ACP at 200 W for 25 min). In BC production, the ACP-treated SB hydrolysate group (PT) exhibited high BC production (1.68 g/L) but was lower than that from the ACP-untreated SB hydrolysate group (PUT) (1.88 g/L), which suggests that ACP detoxification might also cause some crucial nutrients loss of the SB hydrolysate, leading to a decrease in BC production. The material properties of BC produced from detoxified based medium are also evaluated. These findings have important implications for the broader domain of ACP detoxification for cellulosic acid hydrolysates applied to BC production.
In previous works, methylcellulose (MC) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse cellulose in heterogeneous medium using dimethyl sulfate (DMS) as etherification agent. MC was produced in a range of degrees of substitution (DS) from 0.70 to 1.40 and the materials showed low water solubility. In this work methylcellulose was prepared with 5 h (MC5h) of reaction with reagent substitution at each hour. MC5h showed a DS of 1.89 +/- 0.04. An aqueous viscous suspension was produced with MC5h for application as viscosity enhancing admixture of cimentitious adhesive mortars. It was observed a 40.37\% increase on the consistency index (CI) and a 27.70\% increase on the Potential Tensile Adhesion Strength. Such characteristics show the potential of this material for the utilization in situations that require good workability, improve viscosity and adhesive properties such as for tile setting in civil engineering. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vinasse is a major byproduct of the sugarcane Would industry, recycled in the fields. However, there is evidence that the application of vinasse with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers in sugarcane enhances the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Therefore, strategies are needed to decrease the environmental impacts caused by both inputs. We carried out three sugarcane field experiments by applying N fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) with types of vinasses (concentrated-CV and standard-V) in different combinations (vinasses with N fertilizer and vinasses one month before or after mineral N fertilization). The gases nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) were measured in one experiment fertilized in the beginning (fall/winter dry season) and two experiments fertilized in the end (spring rainy season) of the harvest season. Sugarcane fields were sinks rather than sources of CH4, while total carbon emitted as CO2 was similar between seasons and treatments. The effect of mineral fertilization and vinasses (CV and V) on N2O emissions was highly dependent on soil moisture (rain events). The N2O-N fertilizer emission factor (EF) varied from 007\% to 0.51\%, whereas the average EF of V and CV were 0.66\% and 0.34\%, respectively. On average across the three experiments, the combination of vinasse (CV or V) with N fertilizer increased the N2O emissions 29-fold compared to that of N fertilizer alone. For CV + N, the EF was 0.94\% of the applied N and 0.23\% of the ammonium nitrate-N, and for V + N (El 047\%), increased emissions were observed in two out of three experiments. The strategy of anticipating or postponing vinasse application by one month with respect to mineral N reduced the N2O emissions by 51\% for CV, but not for V. Therefore, to avoid boosting N2O emissions, we suggest applying vinasses (CV and V) before or after mineral N fertilization. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study aimed to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as exclusive roughage in lactating buffaloes on digestibility, milk production and composition, and microbial protein. In vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD) and organic matter digestion (IVOMD) for SCB as a replacement for barley straw (BS) of the control ration have been determined. In vivo experiment, 55 lactating buffaloes were randomly assigned into five groups. First group was fed the control ration (60\% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 40\% BS), second group was fed 60\% CFM and 30\% BS + 10\% SCB, third group was fed 60\% CFM and 20\% BS + 20\% SCB, fourth group was fed 60\% CFM and 10\% BS + 30\% SCB and fifth group was fed 60\% CFM and 40\% SCB. Results indicated that IVDMD\% and IVOMD\% degradability were increased with the inclusion SCB in rations compared with the control. Full replacement of BS by SCB 40\% significantly (p < 0.05) increased nutrients digestibility coefficient with improving ruminal basic parameters. Buffaloes fed SCB40 had higher milk component yields, 4\% fat corrected milk and plasma proteins, and lower plasma creatinine and cholesterol than control buffaloes (p < 0.05). Finally, the inclusion of SCB up to 40\% in lactating buffaloes rations favorably affected rumen fermentation characteristics (in vitro) and improved nutrients digestibility and milk production (in vivo).
Sugarcane straw is a lignocellulosic residue accumulated during the harvest of sugarcane and is a potential feedstock for second generation biofuel. This work covers the optimization of pretreatment step in the ethanol production using a complete factorial design (2(3)), where the analyzed factors were temperature, acid concentration and time in the Dilute Acid pretreatment. Desirability function was applied in this stage to maximize sugar yields and minimize inhibitor concentrations, resulting in overall sugars yield similar to 60\% and furfural concentration of 0.5 g/L. An enzymatic hydrolysis stage was done to increase sugar release. The fermentation stage was studied through three different configurations, such as Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF), Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) and Presaccharification and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (PSSF). The most promising alternative turned out to be PSSF due its higher ethanol concentration, with a value of 14.8 g/100 g dry weight (DW) biomass, equivalent to 187 L/tonne DW using C6-sugars. The economic analysis revealed that the integration between enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation in the ethanol production affected the total capital cost. The cost of raw materials (sugarcane straw and enzymes) had the most significant impact on the total production cost and accounted between 35.66 and 25.88\% of the total cost of the ethanol plant from sugarcane straw. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane agriculture contributes to the greenhouse effect by the polluting action of residue disposal, given that most sugarcane bagasse (SB) is burned. Because it is a low-cost fiber and ecofriendly material, SB can be an alternative to the construction of permeable friction course (PFC) pavement layers. Due to SB-specific properties, its effects on PFC mixtures are unknown. This study aims to evaluate for the first time the feasibility of incorporating SB fibers in a PFC mixture. For this purpose, a PFC mixture that included SB fibers (PFC-SB) was compared to a control PFC mixture fabricated using synthetic cellulose fibers (PFC-CEL), which are currently the most used fibers for fabricating these mixtures. The results suggest that the SB fibers can be successfully added to PFC mixtures to control binder draindown without compromising their volumetric properties. Additionally, the PFC-SB mixture presented an increase in stiffness and resistance to both cracking and raveling compared to the PFC-CEL. However, the mix design should be optimized to ensure proper mixture permeability. These findings suggest that the incorporation of SB fibers in PFC mixtures can be further explored, which encourages additional research.
Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (initial acetic acid concentration =3.5 g/L), was used as a fermentation medium for conversion of xylose into xylitol by the yeast Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. Acetic acid (2.0 g/L) was added to the medium at different times of fermentation, with the aim of evaluating its effects on the bioconversion process. The addition of acetic acid to the medium after 12 h of fermentation resulted in the strongest inhibition of the yeast metabolism. In this case, the xylose consumption and cell growth were, respectively, 23.22 and 11.24\% lower than when acid was added to the medium at the beginning of fermentation. As a consequence of the inhibitory effect, lower values of the xylitol yield (0.39 g/g) and productivity (0.22 g/L.h) were observed, corresponding to a reduction of 36 and 48\%, respectively, in relation to the values obtained with the addition of acetic acid after other fermentation times. The results obtained allowed to conclude that, under the experimental conditions employed in this work, the inhibitory effect of acetic acid on the xylose-xylitol bioconversion depends on the fermentation time when this acid was added, and not only on its concentration in the medium.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) at different conditions of temperature (80 degrees C to 150 degrees C) and solid loading (4 to 10\%) at two times (20 and 60 min). The pretreatment conditions were optimized using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and desirability function having in mind the principles of green engineering. The pretreatments resulted in modifications of morphological and structural characteristics of biomass, also resulting in partial hemicellulose reduction. The founded optimal condition of pretreatment under the criterion of maximized sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis and minimized total sugar loss in pretreatment was 140 degrees C and 6\% w/w of solid loading with 20 min of process. Also, a kinetic model was obtained verifying its validity with experimental values. It showed a lower activation energy of cellulose modification and hemicellulose conversion in comparison with the literature. One of the major findings was the strong correlation between glucose conversion and the degree of polymerization.
In this research work, synthesis of sugarcane bagasse/zinc aluminium biocomposite and apple peel/zinc aluminium biocomposite and their application for removal of Reactive Red-241 and Acid Orange-7, respectively, was studied using various parameters. At pH 2 the sorption was the highest for both dyes. The trend showed that the dye sorption declined by decreasing the biocomposite dose and enhanced by increasing the dye concentration and temperature. Equilibrium was achieved at 60 minutes for Reactive Red-241 onto sugarcane bagasse/zinc aluminium biocomposite and 90 minutes for Acid Orange-7 onto apple peel/zinc aluminium biocomposite. The research data was good fitted to pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. FT-IR analysis was used to confirm the biosorption of the selected dyes at the surface of biosorbent through various binding sites. Surface morphology modification of both biocomposites before and after biosorption was inspected through SEM. Crystallinity of biocomposite was examined through XRD analysis. It was implied that sugarcane bagasse/zinc aluminium biocomposite and apple peel/zinc aluminium biocomposite are good adsorbents for dyes elimination from aqueous solutions.
This study deals with production of lipase in solid state fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae from sugarcane bagasse. A tray bioreactor was designed for the extracellular enzyme production. Daily, lipase production was evaluated at several incubation temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of temperature and humidity of the cabinet, depth of solid bed, particle size, initial moisture content and supplementary substrate (olive oil) as carbon source was investigated. The obtained results showed that bioreactor temperature of 45 degrees C, humidity of 80\%, solid bed depth of 0.5 cm, particle size in the range of 0.3351 mm, substrate initial moisture content of 80\% for the top tray and 70\% for the middle tray and supplementary substrate of 8\% (v/w) olive oil led to maximum lipase production. Under optimum fermentation conditions after 72-h incubation, maximum lipase activities for the top, middle and bottom trays were 215.16, 199.36 and 52.64 U gds-1, respectively.
Candida guilliermondii cells, immobilized in Ca-alginate beads, were used for batch xylitol production from concentrated sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate. Maximum xylitol concentration (20.6 g/L), volumetric productivity (0.43 g/L . h), and yield (0.47 g/g) obtained after 48 h of fermentation were higher than similar immobilized-cell systems but lower than free-cell cultivation systems. Substrates, products, and biomass concentrations were used in material balances to study the ways in which the different carbon sources were utilized by the yeast cells under microaerobic conditions. The fraction of xylose consumed to produce xylitol reached a maximum value (0.70) after glucose and oxygen depletion while alternative metabolic routes were favored by sub-optimal conditions. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The aim of the study was to compare sugarcane molasses powders obtained by conventional high temperature spray drying (inlet/outlet air temperature: 180 \& DEG;C/80 \& DEG;C) and low temperature dehumidified air-assisted spray drying (80 \& DEG;C/50 \& DEG;C) in terms of drying yield and physical properties. The addition of NUTRIOSE as a carrier was from 0\% to 40\% (w/w, solids). It was possible to obtain 100\% high quality powders without the use of a drying carrier with high process efficiency (up to 93\%-with using dehumidified air) by using both methods. Low temperature spray drying positively translated into increased drying yield, lower hygroscopicity and improved flowability of powders. Moreover, the powders obtained by low temperature method were brighter with small, less diversified particle sizes of spherical shapes.Practical ApplicationsMolasses is a by-product of sugar production. Molasses have diverse applications as cheap food-grade sweeteners as well as an economically feasible intermediate materials for production of some innovative food additives. Transforming sugarcane molasses from viscous, inconvenient liquid into free-flowing powder, seems to be important by taking in consideration handling, transportation and the final application. Free-carrier molasses powders fit well with the sustainability and clean label trends. Low-temperature spray drying with dehumidified air is an innovation which allows to obtain higher quality powders.
The activated sludges and the sugarcane distillery wastewater (vinasse) are two different types of liquid wastes generated throughout the domestic wastewater treatment and sugarcane molasses fermentation and distillation respectively. In Reunion Island, sludge is currently discarded in landfills. Regarding the vinasse, a part of the production is treated by anaerobic digestion process. However, the remaining part is diluted then discharged into the sea 900 m of the coast. In this study, the mesophilic biochemical methane potential (BMP) test, with different inoculum to substrate (I/S) ratios, are presented in this paper as well as the methane production and kinetic results. The BMP is modelled by both the first order linear regression and the modified Gompertz model. In a future study, we will propose an alternative solution in order to treat both wastes simultaneously while producing energy with the co-digestion of the vinasse and the activated sludges in semi-industrial scale. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
With the increasing demand for oily sewage treatment, the lignocellulosic biomass-based membrane has aroused great attention due to its renewability and efficient performance for oil-water separation. However, the application of lignocellulosic biomass generally needs complex fractionation to use one of the components for materials preparation, causing extra energy cost and potential environmental pollution. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was directly esterified with different functional groups to improve its solubility and hydrophobicity to enable electrospun into nanofiber membrane for oil-water separation. The obtained nanofiber exhibited high porosity, leading to an excellent oil adsorption capacity of 1455 wt\% for pump oil. Notably, the SCB benzyl ester-based membrane shows outstanding oil/water mixture separation performance (separation efficiency of 99.54\% and purity of 99.9\% for n-hexane/water mixture) and oil/water emulsion separation performance (rejection of 99.6\% with the separation flux of 419.8 L.m(-2) h(-1) with the force of gravity). Furthermore, the decent structural stability of SCB based membrane allowed recycling for multiple time, therefore endow the SCB ester-based nanofiber with great potential on the commercial oil-water separation.
Organosolv lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse (BG-lignin) and commercial grade lignin (Comm-OS) were use as starting materials in this study. From our previous work, aromatic furan (2,3-dihydrobenzofurn) was mainly produced from fast pyrolysis of BG-lignin and Comm-OS at 400-600 degrees C while alkyl phenol and phenol are more favorable at 700 degrees C. However, more thermal fragmentation was simultaneously redundant which results in low aromatic selectivity. In this work, aromatic production from lignin with molecular sieve ZSM-5 catalysts was studied using Py-GCMS instrument with biomass to catalyst ratio (B:C) of 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10. Aromatic furan and monolignol (H-unit, G-unit, and S-unit) were transform to hydrocarbon species with addition of ZSM-5 catalyst according to elimination of side chain by demethoxylation, dehydroxylation, and dealkylation reactions. Maximum aromatic production was found at B:C of 1:10 for both Comm-OS and BG-lignin of 87.31\% and 88.22\%, respectively, while aliphatic hydrocarbon was more abundant for BG-lignin of 43.21\% (1:5). Moreover, ZSM-5 exhibit instinctive performance on MAHs and PAHs production especially at B:C of 1:5 and 1:10. Nevertheless, polymerization between MAHs results in PAHs also observed for both Comm-OS and BG-lignin. From the result, transformation of aromatic furan could be limited by introduction of molecular sieve ZSM-5 which enhance the oxygen elimination from phenol derivative and favorable for aromatic and BTX production. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This study aimed at optimizing the net energy recovery from hydrogen and methane production through anaerobic digestion of the hemicellulose hydrolysate (HH) obtained by desirable conditions (DC) of autohydrolysis pretreatment (AH) of sugarcane bagasse (SB). Anaerobic digestion was carried out in a two-stage (acidogenic-methanogenic) batch system where the acidogenic phase worked as a hydrolysis and biodetoxification step. This allowed the utilization of more severe AH pretreatment conditions, i.e. T = 178.6 degrees C and t = 55 min (DC3) and T = 182.9 degrees C and t = 40.71 min (DC4). Such severe conditions resulted in higher extraction of hemicelluloses from SB (DC1 = 68.07\%, DC2 = 48.99\%, DC3 = 77.40\% and DC4 = 73.90\%), which consequently improved the net energy balance of the proposed process. The estimated energy from the combustion of both biogases (H-2 and CH4) accumulated during the two-stage anaerobic digestion of HH generated by DC4 condition was capable of producing a net energy of 3.15 MJ.kg SBdry-1 weight. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Asbestos fiber can be substituted by cellulose fiber extracted from the sugarcane bagasse. The cellulose fibers can be extracted by using a heated water bath and subsequent treatment with sodium hydroxide. This work aims to evaluate the effect of cellulose fiber addition on the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced mortar composites. A 2(2) factorial design with a central point was used to evaluate the effect of fiber content and fiber length on the mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that the composites increased the flexural strength. The most expressive result was the modulus of elasticity because of the good cellulose fiber/cement interface.
Lignocellulosic biomass is an important source of energy and it has been extensively studied in the production of second generation ethanol. For this purpose, the complex lignocellulosic matrix must be deconstructed by thermal or chemical pretreatment, followed by cellulose depolymerization using cellulolytic enzymes to release simple fermentable sugars. This process still has several techno-economical drawbacks, such as the cost of enzymes. Aiming to reduce the cost of theses enzymes, their production have been studied by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using low-cost agroindustrial residues as carbon source to the microbial growth. In this context, this work aimed at studying the operational conditions (temperature and moisture content) for the production of cellulases from the fungi Penicillium sp., Rhizomucor sp. and Trichoderma koningii INCQS 40331 (CFAM 422), utilizing natural sugarcane bagasse (NSB) and pretreated by acid-alkaline solution (AAB) and hydrogen peroxide (HPB) as substrates. The study was performed by using three-level factorial design (3(2)) with central points. The results showed that the more suitable fungus for cellulases production was the Trichoderma koningii (8.2 IU/g(substrate)), followed by Penicillum sp (1.7 IU/g(substrate)). Moreover, the best results were obtained using NSB for all fungi. Statistical analyses showed that the temperature has a greater effect on the production of cellulases by the evaluated fungi.
A study on the feasibility of preparing cellulose from sugarcane bagasse, by means of chemical procedures including acid hydrolysis and alkaline treatment was conducted. The extracted purified cellulose was further used to prepare a cost-effective additive via alkalization and etherification for Coal-water slurry (CWS). The degree of substitute (DS) and intrinsic viscosity of the prepared sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC1) were determined and its structure was also characterized by means of FT-IR and TGA, with another sample of SCMC2 produced from microcrystalline cellulose and a commercial SCMC3 as references. Results showed SCMC1 had a DS of 0.857 which was 32.7\% and 44.7\% higher than SCMC2 and SCMC3, respectively. The higher intrinsic viscosity of SCMC1 indicated it had a higher molecular mass. The SCMC samples were used as additives to prepare CWS of which the rheological behavior and static stability were measured to evaluate their applied performances. The data showed that CWS with SCMC1 had a lower apparent viscosity and higher static stability than others, which was due to the higher DS and higher molecular mass of SCMC1. For SCMC1 could provide stronger electrostatic repulsive forces and steric repulsive forces between the coal particles via adsorption.
At the optimum level of severity, the aqueous extraction of sugarcane bagasse, an abundant agricultural residue, gave, depending on the degree of comminution, 60\% to 89\% yield of xylose, most of it in the farm of a water soluble xylan. A process for producing xylose-rich syrups was conceived and tested, consisting of aqueous extraction, acid hydrolysis of the concentrated aqueous extract, centrifugal clarification of the hydrolysate, and recovery of the acid by continuous ion exclusion. The cost estimate indicates operating costs on the order of \$0.12 to \$0.15/kg xylose, in the form of xylose-rich molasses. (C) 1995 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of native starch lacks efficiency because starch is mostly confined in semi-crystalline granules. To address the challenges associated with gelatinization and render native cassava starch (CS) amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis (enzyme cocktail from Aspergillus awamori and Trichoderma reesei), dryextrusion pretreatment of CS mixed with sugarcane bagasse (SB) was studied. Results showed that among the CS:SB mass ratios studied (1:1; 1:0.5 and 1:0.25), extruded CS:SB (1:0.25) gave the highest 3-hour glucose yield (71.5\%) after enzymatic hydrolysis. Extrusion reduced CS:SB (1:0.25) crystallinity by 78\% and increased the intensity of all major FTIR absorption bands by 67-202\%. The optimum 3-hour glucose yield from extruded CS: SB (1:0.25) hydrolysis was 74.1\%, which was 330\% higher than from untreated CS. The water absorption and solubility indices of the treated biomass increased by 145\% and 12,640\%, respectively under the optimum conditions, aiding the hydrolysis process. The dry extrudates were easy to manipulate and store.
The present study examines the use of residual sugar from sugarcane bagasse for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a class of biodegradable microbial polymers. To achieve this, 26 bacterial isolates were screened for PHA production. From the strains isolated, ART\_MKT2E was found to produce PHA and was selected to discover its capability to use a bagasse-based medium (BGM). To date, the lignocellulosic component of bagasse has been used as a substrate by treating bagasse with acids. This study demonstrates the use of residual sugar from bagasse as a substrate for PHA production. The concentration of bagasse filtrate was found to be optimum at 60\%, along with yeast extract and additional salts (pH 7.0 +/- 0.5). The maximum PHA production (w/w) was 55\%. These results indicate the successful use of non-lignocellulosic BGM. The remaining lignocellulosic component of bagasse could be fed as a substrate for another production process, promoting a sustainable, biobased economy. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Sugarcane today plays a major role in the worldwide economy, and Brazil is the leading producer of sugar and alcohol, which are important international commodities. The production process generates bagasse as a waste, which is used as fuel to stoke boilers that produce steam for electricity cogeneration. The final product of this burning is residual sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), which is normally used as fertilizer in sugarcane plantations. Ash stands out among agroindustrial wastes because it results from energy generating processes. Many types of ash do not have hydraulic or pozzolanic reactivity, but can be used in civil construction as inert materials. The present study used ash collected from four sugar mills in the region of Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil, which is one of the world's largest producers of sugarcane. The ash samples were subjected to chemical characterization, sieve analysis, determination of specific gravity, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and solubilization and leaching tests. Mortars and concretes with SBA as sand replacement were produced and tests were carried out: compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus. The results indicated that the SBA samples presented physical properties similar to those of natural sand. Several heavy metals were found in the SBA samples, indicating the need to restrict its use as a fertilizer. The mortars produced with SBA in place of sand showed better mechanical results than the reference samples. SBA can be used as a partial substitute of sand in concretes made with cement slag-modified Portland cement. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has become attractive for obtaining ethanol. Therefore, optimizing its conditions and revealing the main influencing factors are essential for an effective design. In this sense, this study evaluated the influence of cellulose conversion on the Langmuir isotherm parameters in cellulase adsorption on sugarcane bagasse pretreated by hydrothermal and organosolv methods. The adsorption isotherm assays were performed with commercial cellulase from Trichoderma reesei in Erlenmeyer flasks stirred at 150 rpm and 50 \& DEG;C. Isotherms were determined for enzymatic hydrolysis substrate samples of hydrothermal bagasse (HB) and organosolv bagasse (OB) at 0, 1, 6, and 18 h, respectively. The Langmuir model represented well the experimental data for the cellulose-cellulase system. The study of cellulase adsorption on HB and OB demonstrated that the maximum adsorption capacity (E-max) decreased during the reaction. From 0 to 18 h of hydrolysis, the value of E-max decreased from 37 \& PLUSMN; 3 to 23 \& PLUSMN; 2 mg cellulase/g HB and from 29 \& PLUSMN; 1 to 25 \& PLUSMN; 2 mg cellulase/g OB. Therefore, the adsorption of cellulase on a substrate varied during hydrolysis and its representation was expressed by an empirical equation related to the cellulose conversion and the Langmuir parameters.
This work describes the physical and compressive properties of cement composites reinforced with short bagasse fibres to promote the recycling of sugarcane residues. Stearic acid and castor oil reagents are used as fibre modifiers leading to a hydrophobic character. A 32 factorial Design of Experiment (DoE) is used to evaluate the fibre amount and treatment factors statistically. A reference mortar is made to compare the results. Treated fibre composites achieve higher mechanical properties and lower physical properties. The low amount of fibres leads to superior responses, except for apparent density. A DoE optimisation shows that cementitious composites with 2 wt\% of stearic acid-treated fibres achieve optimal mechanical and physical properties. Mechanical responses increase by up to 22.25\%, while physical responses reduce by up to 20.46\% in relation to the reference mortar. Short fibres treated with stearic acid can improve the physical and mechanical properties of mortars for secondary applications in civil construction.
Pyrolysis is a promising technique for the recovery of useful gas, tar, and solid products from biomass waste. However, the low tar yields obtained from lignocellulosic biomass are a significant drawback. To enhance tar yields, sugarcane bagasse, which is the most abundant agricultural waste in Fiji, was pretreated at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure using various sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentrations. Here, the ether bonds of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were partially hydrolyzed. The pretreated samples were then pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C, and it was confirmed that H2SO4-pretreatment disrupted the bagasse cell structure, with the thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry results confirming that decomposition occurred at lower temperatures after pretreatment. In addition, tar yields were significantly enhanced from 5.6 wt\% to 13.4 wt\% for the untreated and 3 M H2SO4-pretreated samples respectively. The main components detected in this tar product were levoglucosan, and cellulose-and hemicellulose-derived products, whose proportions were increased following pretreatment. Thus, our work demonstrates that dilute acid pretreatment enhances tar production from sugarcane bagasse due to the production of shorter chain components via the partial hydrolysis of ether bonds. (C) 2018 Energy Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biobutanol produced by acetone-biobutanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process has been revisited in the light of its use as ``drop in{''
The fungus Pleurotus ostreatus NRRL-2366 degraded 56.7\% and 45.9\% of untreated and chemically pretreated (delignified) sugarcane bagasse, respectively, during 14-day incubation in a submerged fermentation process. The biodegradation percentages of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 33.0\%, 72.5\% and 14.5\%, respectively. An increment of 22.6\% of crude protein content in the residual fermented material was observed. Chemical composition of the end-product and its amino acids profile were reported.
The potential use of carbonaceous sugarcane bagasse as carrier media of Bacillus subtilis in amending microstructure and corrosion inhibition of reinforced concrete is explored in this study. The chlorides migration inside the concrete, electrochemical performance of embedded steel along with healing and densification in microstructure were assessed. There was a 53.78\% reduction in the depth of migrated chlorides due to the densification of concrete matrix by spherical to rhombohedral calcite precipitation in voids. Besides, bio-immobilized formulation offered 97.5\% corrosion inhibition efficiency compared to the control samples when exposed to 5\% NaCl-based electrolyte for 12.5 months. Therefore, the integrated bacterial spores and pyrolytic bagasse biochar could be employed in concrete to improve the microstructure, corrosion inhibition, and to add environmental benefits.
Brazilian bioenergy production based on sugarcane is globally known as a sustainable energy matrix. In order to supply the growing demand for biofuels, the sugarcane area expanded by 46\% in the last decade in Brazil. In addition, the industry's interest in using sugarcane straw as raw material for bioenergy production has recently increased. Thus, understanding the straw decomposition dynamics in these new frontiers is imperative to support decision-making that will define a sustainable straw removal rate. A field experiment was conducted in three sites under a climate and soil gradient (from central to south) within the sugarcane-expansion region (i.e. Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul and Parana states) to evaluate the straw decomposition. The amounts of 3, 6 and 12 Mg ha(-1) of straw (dry mass, DM) were left on the soil surface after harvesting, representing the straw removal rates of about 75, 50 and 0\% respectively. We quantified DM loss, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and biochemical composition of the straw throughout a crop cycle (300 days). In addition, visual changes in the decomposing straw were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy. An exponential model was efficiently fitted to data of DM loss, describing the pattern of straw decomposition over time. The DM, C losses and cellulose and hemicellulose contents of straw changed over time among sites, reflecting the local edaphoclimatic conditions favourable for decomposition. The C: N ratio decreased from 106 : 1 to 65 : 1 for the lowest straw amount and 41 : 1 for the highest straw amount, and were correlated with the lowest (65\%) and highest (76\%) DM loss respectively. After the crop cycle, sugarcane straw changed visually, possible due to loss of biochemical compounds. In conclusion, lower straw removal induced an increase in the straw decomposition rate (higher DM loss over time), which could boost positive agronomic impacts such as increased C stock and improved soil quality.
In this study, a sugarcane bagasse cellulose bundle crystal is converted to a cellulose few-layer two-dimensional (2D) crystal by a specially designed technique scheme, which consists of (1 -> 4)-beta-D-glucan chains bound to each other by hydrogen bonds in a plane. A graphene few-layer 2D crystal is fabricated from the cellulose 2D crystal by pyrolysis reaction. The fabricated graphene 2D crystal is further analysed and characterised using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy, and Raman, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopies. A very clear 2D crystal pattern of graphene is observed in the HRTEM image of the carbon product prepared from the cellulose 2D crystal. As a control, in a parallel experiment, multi-layer graphene (or graphite) is obtained from the cellulose bundle crystal. The following possible mechanism is proposed. During carbonization of the cellulose 2D crystal, the glucose units (C6H10O5)(n) lose oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the form of water, and the six carbon units (C-6)(n) reorganise, forming the graphene 2D crystal at the structural basis of the 2D crystal of cellulose. The findings from this study provide an economical and environmentally friendly approach to the fabrication of graphene and extend the applications of sustainable biomass cellulose. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulosic biomasses are promising sources for the obtaining of clean energy through their bioconversion into ethanol. Their sacchariflcation involves a multi-enzymatic system. Here, we evaluated the hydrolysis of a mixture of sugarcane bagasse varieties (SCB), Energy cane fiber (EC), and sugarcane bagasse from the SP80-3280 variety, all in natura, using fungal enzymatic extracts obtained from Mycothermus thermophilus and Trichoderma reesei RP698 cultures supplemented with various agroindustrial residues. The enzymatic extracts from both fungi, when grown in a corn cob and corn straw, led to the highest sugarcane hydrolysis. For M. thermophilus, the reducing sugars released (mg/mL) were 1.21 +/- 0.12, 1.25 +/- 0.14, and 0.98 +/- 0.05 for SCB, EC and SP80-3280, respectively; for T. reesei, the reducing sugars were 0.84 +/- 0.08, 0.89 +/- 0.06 and 0.68 +/- 0.03 for SCB, SP80-3280, and EC, respectively. The cocktail obtained from the co-cultivation of these fungi in corn straw at 35 degrees C showed the best hydrolysis results, the release of sugars (mg/mL) was 1.31 +/- 0.06 (SCB), 2.18 +/- 0.08 (EC) and 1.67 +/- 0.09 (SP80-3280). Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed changes in the fiber structures after enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, these fungi were shown to be promising for an enzymatic cocktail design and sugarcane biomass sacchariflcation. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Portland cement production is an energy-intensive process, and more sustainable substitutes are needed, e.g., alkali-activated binders originated from industrial wastes. Thus, this paper analyzes the combination of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and hydrated eggshell lime (HEL) as precursors for an alkali-activated binary system, a combination, to our best knowledge, not studied in past research. The mechanical and microstructural behavior of the SCBA-HEL alkali-activated pastes has been discussed through unconfined strength tests, and x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive detector (EDS) microstructural analysis. In addition, an analysis of variance was applied to investigate the impact of a three-factor combination, i.e., SCBA/HEL ratio, NaOH concentration, and water/binder ratio (W/B), on the paste's compressive strength. The highest compressive strength is associated with 80\% of SCBA and 20\% of HEL (ratio equals 4), 1 M molarity, and W/B relation of 0.8 (2.61\% of Na2O). AC-(N)-A-S-H gel is observed in the form of an amorphous hump through the XRD pattern. SEM images show that the material synthesized from alkali-activation has a cementing effect, with a structure less dense and more porous than that of conventional cementing materials. The EDS display areas are rich in Ca, Si, Na, and Al. The bands found for the alkali-activated paste are consistent with vibrations characteristic of C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels. (c) 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
BackgroundDue to the intact structure of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment was a prerequisite to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis by disrupting the recalcitrant lignocellulose and increasing the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme. In this study, an alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with various loadings of H2O2 (1.25-6.25wt\%) at temperatures of 60-160 degrees C was proposed to degrade hemicellulose/lignin and improve the enzymatic digestibility.ResultsIt was found that increasing H2O2 loadings during pretreatment lead to the enhancement of substrate digestibility, whereas the alkali (only NaOH)-pretreated solid generated higher glucose yield than that pretreated under AHP pretreatment with lower loading of H2O2. This enhancement of enzymatic digestibility was due to the degradation of hemicellulose and lignin. Furthermore, Tween 80 was added to promote enzymatic digestibility, however, the increased yields were different with various substrates and hydrolysis time. The highest glucose yield of 77.6\% was obtained after pretreatment at 160 degrees C for 60min with 6.25\% H2O2 and the addition of Tween 80, representing 89.1\% of glucose in pretreated substrate.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the AHP pretreatment could greatly enhance the enzymatic saccharification. The addition of Tween 80 played remarkable performances in promoting the glucose yield during enzymatic hydrolysis by stabilizing and protecting the enzyme activity. This study provided an economical feasible and gradual process for the generation of glucose, which will be subsequently converted to bioethanol and bio-chemicals.
Economical bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass essentially demands production of fermentable sugars in the concentrated form before their valorization. The present study aimed towards hydrolysis of alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse at high solid loading and its successive valorization to L (+) lactic acid (LA). Two strategies were evaluated, wherein pretreatment, 12.5\% substrate loading, Cellic CTec2 enzyme complex and thermophilic Bacillus coagulans NCIM 5648 were common to the processes. In Process A, when Cellic CTec2 was dosed at 30 FPU g(-1) dry biomass, it hydrolyzed 75.8 +/- 1.7\% cellulose and 88.6 +/- 2.1\% xylan in 24 h. However, when its loading was changed to 25 mg protein g(-1) glucan in Process B, Cellic CTec2 hydrolyzed 72.3 +/- 0.3\% and 68 +/- 0.8\% cellulose and xylan respectively. Valorization of glucose-rich filtrates obtained from Process A and B using two different media resulted in 50.4 +/- 1.2 g L-1 and 51.24 +/- 1.31 g L-1 of LA production from 54.7 to 62.7 g L-1 of glucose respectively. Attaining 1.75-2.4 g L-1 h(-1) LA productivity with two scenarios of separate hydrolysis and fermentation is highly encouraging. It opens newer avenues for bio-based LA production using a greener approach. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biochars derived from abundant natural biomasses have a very close and practical application for environmental pollution remediation. In this research, one innovative application of biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse was conducted for sonocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Surface morphologies of the biochar pyrolized at 600 degrees C (BC600) demonstrate that the biochar mainly consists of thin flakes with a size ranged from 10 mu m to 50 mu m. Although the surface area of BC600 is very limited, its sonocatalytic performance outperformed those bagasse biochars pyrolized at other temperatures. The degradation process was well fitted by pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (K-app) of the sonocatalytic process was 1.77 times that of the sum of K-app values of both ultrasonication and catalyst adsorption, indicating a significant synergetic effect. Increasing catalyst dosage and ultrasonic power enhanced the degradation efficiency apparently. The highest sonocatalytic degradation efficiency was observed at pH 5.0. Oxidation mechanism was explored through quenching tests by iso-propanol and KBr. It indicates that, during the sonocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using bagasse biochar, a free radical chain reaction was proved to occur predominately in the interfacial region while to a lesser extent in bulk solution.
Vinasse is a by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry with high toxicity and crop fertilization capacity. The bioconversion of vinasse to high-value products could represent an opportunity to reduce operating costs and environmental footprints. In this study, exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and fungal biomass were produced by different species of the genus Pleurotus (Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB 020, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus ostreatoroseus, Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus sp. CCB 068, and Pleurotus spleurotus) in submerged culture supplemented with different vinasse medium formulations. The highest yield of EPSs (about 7 g/L) was observed in the P. florida strain and the highest biomass in Pleurotus sp. CCB 068 with 28.8 g/L, after 14 days of fermentation. Results revealed that 100\% vinasse is a suitable medium to achieve increased protein-rich biomass, exopolysaccharide content and minerals accumulation in the fungal biomass. Sugars predominant in the exopolysaccharide matrix were glucose, galactose, and mannose. Furthermore, the treatment of vinasse with Pleurotus provided efficient removal of color (98.8\%) and turbidity (99\%). The biomass following vinasse treatment can then be utilized for animal feed and human food supplementation, thus adding economic value to vinasse production.
To determine the possibility of using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste as reinforcing filler in the thermoplastic polymer matrix, SCB-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared. The PP and SCB composites were prepared by the extrusion of PP resin with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt \% of SCB filler in a corotating twin screw extruder. The extruded strands were cut into pellets and injection molded to make test specimens. These specimens were tested for physicomechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, Izod, and Charpy impact strengths, density, water absorption, and thermal characteristics, namely, heat deflection temperature (HDT), melt flow index, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the flexural strength increased from 23.66 to 26.84 MPa, Izod impact strength increased from 10.499 to 13.23 Kg cm/cm, Charpy impact strength increased from 10.096 to 13.98 Kg cm/cm, and HDT increased from 45.5 to 66.5 degrees C, with increase in filler loading from 5 to 20\% in the PP matrix. However, the tensile strength and elongation decreased from 32.22 to 27.21 MPa and 164.4 to 11.20\% respectively. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of green solvents for the partial delignification of milled sugarcane bagasse (1 mm particle size) and for the enhancement of its susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis was demonstrated. The experiments were carried out for 2 h using 40 g of supercritical carbon dioxide combined with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 15.8 g of ethanol. The effects of temperature (110-180 degrees C), pressure (195-250 bar) and IL-to-bagasse mass ratio (0:1-1:1) were investigated through a factorial design in which the response variables were the extent of delignification and both anhydroglucose and anhydroxylose contents in the pretreated materials. The highest delignification degree (41\%) led to the best substrate for hydrolysis, giving a 70.7 wt\% glucose yield after 12 h using 5 wt\% and Cellic CTec2 (R) (Novozymes) at 10 mg g(-1) total solids. Hence, excellent substrates for hydrolysis were produced with a minimal IL requirement, which could be recovered by ethanol washing for its downstream processing and reuse. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Steam explosion at 180, 190 and 200 degrees C for 15 min was applied to sugarcane straw in an industrial sugar/ethanol reactor (2.5 m(3)). The pretreated straw was delignificated by sodium hydroxide and hydrolyzed with cellulases, or submitted directly to enzymatic hydrolysis after the pretreatment. The pretreatments led to remarkable hemicellulose solubilization, with the maximum (92.7\%) for pretreatment performed at 200 degrees C. Alkaline treatment of the pretreated materials led to lignin solubilization of 86.7\% at 180 degrees C, and only to 81.3\% in the material pretreated at 200 degrees C. All pretreatment conditions led to high hydrolysis conversion of cellulose, with the maximum (80.0\%) achieved at 200 degrees C. Delignification increase the enzymatic conversion (from 58.8\% in the cellulignin to 85.1\% in the delignificated pulp) of the material pretreated at 180 degrees C, but for the material pretreated at 190 degrees C, the improvement was less remarkable, while for the pretreated at 200 degrees C the hydrolysis conversion decreased after the alkaline treatment. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present Net-House Photobioreactor (NHPBR), which has a final capacity of 500 liters, was developed for the purpose of cultivating the Chlorella vulgaris by employing vinasse waste as a source of organic carbon and certain minerals in an effort to lower the cost of production. The growth unit consisted of one reservoir tank carrying 4 Plexi-glass ponds. For each plate, growth and biochemical composition were routinely evaluated to assess the precipitation and growth. Our data revealed no differences in the biomass and chemical constituents in the running algal slurry. However, differences were observed in the precipitated algal biomass for each plate, with the reservoir (CR) and the lower plate (P1) forming the greatest precipitation in terms of dry weight and mat thickness, respectively. The biochemical composition of the harvested biomass was 51.0\% crude protein, 13.4\% total carbohydrates, 12.1\% lipids, and 7.2\% ash.
Blending of the enzyme extracts produced by different fungi can result in favorable synergetic enhancement of the enzyme blend with regards to the main cellulase activities, as well as the inclusion of accessory enzymes that may not be as abundant in enzyme extracts produced by predominantly cellulase producing fungi. The Chrysoporthe cubensis:Penicillium pinophilum 50:50 (v/v) blend produced herein presented good synergy, especially for FPase and endoglucanase activities which were 76\% and 48\% greater than theoretical, respectively. This enzyme blend was applied to sugarcane bagasse previously submitted to a simple alkali pretreatment. Glucan hydrolysis efficiency reached an excess of 60\% and xylan conversion exceeded 90\%. Increasing the hydrolysis temperature from 45 to 50 degrees C also resulted in a 16-20\% increase in conversion of both glucan and xylan fractions. The blended enzyme extract obtained therefore showed great potential for application in the lignocellulose hydrolysis process. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hemicellulose and lignin act as physical barriers impeding the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by cellulases. To develop a process which could simultaneously remove most hemicellulose and lignin in biomass, in this study, oxygen-assisted ethanol organosolv pretreatment (O-2-EOP) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was carried out. The effects of temperature, time, oxygen pressure and ethanol concentration on the pH of the hydrolysate, the solubilization and the chemical composition of SCB were investigated. Compared with autocatalytic EOP and acid-catalyzed EOP, O-2-EOP could remove most xylan and lignin from SCB at much milder conditions. At optimized conditions (40/60 ethanol/water (v/v), 1.5 MPa O-2, 160 A degrees C and 80 min), 82.9\% xylan and 83.3\% lignin were removed. Glucan content in the residue reached 86.3\%, much higher than results obtained by autocatalytic EOP and acid-catalyzed EOP. In subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (1\% solid loading, 4.96 mg protein/g cellulose, 72 h), O-2-EOP pretreated SCB produced 3.97 and 1.90 times more glucose than untreated material and N-2-EOP pretreated SCB, respectively. O-2-EOP also produced abundant organic acids, total amounts of formic acid and acetic acid in the hemicellulose hydrolysate reached 5.42 g/L. In conclusion, O-2-assisted EOP was an effective process for the production of pulp with high cellulose purity and good accessibility to cellulases.
Sugarcane straw is a source of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which affect soil temperature and moisture and therefore soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fertilized fields. The use of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) with N fertilizers is an option to reduce N2O production; however, sugarcane straw may interfere with the efficiency of a NI to reduce these losses. We conducted two laboratory studies over nearly 100 days to evaluate the following: (i) the implications of sugarcane straw removal and N fertilization under different temperatures on N2O emissions and (ii) the efficiency of a NI to reduce N2O emissions as determined by straw rates. In the first experiment, the treatments were as follows: N (0 and 100 kg ha(-1)), straw (0 and 8 Mg ha(-1)), and soil temperature (20 and 30 degrees C); in experiment 2, we included another straw rate (16 Mg ha(-1)) and NI dicyandiamide (DCD) (10 kg ha(-1)). Straw increased N2O emissions from N fertilizer by 37-fold and 3-fold in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The N2O emissions were 62\% higher at 20 degrees C than at 30 degrees C, whereas the opposite was observed for CO2 emissions. There was a synergistic effect of straw, which increased the dissolved organic C by more than 50\% in the topsoil layer and was positively correlated with N2O emissions. The NI strongly reduced N2O emissions (> 63\%) regardless of the straw rate, with no effect on soil respiration. The use of NI is an important strategy to mitigate N2O emissions from N fertilization in sugarcane fields where harvest residues are preserved.
This paper presents the potential of biogas from anaerobic digestion of vinasse and its impact in different con-texts. The use of vinasse biogas (VBG) for power generation is evaluated and the potential of this energy source is compared with fossil oil power plants in terms of energy, costs and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in Brazil, suggesting a program where the most expensive oil power plants are replaced by biogas plants with benefits in all aspects. Secondly, the use of vinasse biomethane (VBM) to replace natural gas (NG) in the state of Sao Paulo is examined, presenting an incentive program that could make this alternative fuel feasible even in smaller scale plants with minimal impact on NG costs in this state, while providing considerable emission reduction. The impact of VBG considering the increase in ethanol production over the next ten years is also evaluated, showing that substantial additional energy can be obtained and larger amounts of fossil fuels can be replaced. By crossing vinasse biogas potential with selected fossil fuels demand, the article brings insights to help the transition to a low-carbon society in a novel approach. The conclusions are that VBG and VBM can provide great benefits, such as USD 1 billion/year cost reductions and 6.7 million tons CO2e/year emissions avoided by replacing fossil oil by biogas in power generation in Brazil and 3.2 million tons CO2e/year avoided with biomethane replacing natural gas in the state of Sao Paulo, which, with specific programs and policies, could be achieved.
Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world in which hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) are heavily used. Sugarcane harvesting is changing from the manual system with previous straw burning to the mechanized system without straw burning. The lack of burning results in soil organic carbon accumulation mainly in clayey soils, which should affect herbicides availability and fate. Therefore, we evaluated sorption of these herbicides in soil samples with and without straw burning. Both herbicides presented low apparent sorption coefficients (mean K-d,K-app= 0.6 and 2.4 L kg(-1) for hexazinone and tebuthiuron, respectively), suggesting that they may leach to groundwater. Moreover, their sorption correlated primarily with soil organic carbon (SOC), but iron oxide contents extracted with ammonium oxalate (Fe2O3AOX) also affected it (K-d,K-app = -0.228 + 0.0397 SOC + 0.117 Fe2O3AOX for hexazinone and K-d,K-app = -1.407 + 0.201 SOC + 0.348 Fe2O3AOX for tebuthiuron). Soil organic carbon accumulation due to straw maintenance in the field positively affected sorption of both herbicides, but its effects were not enough to classify them as ``non-leachers.{''
This study investigates whether a biorefinery, annexed to an existing sugar mill and co-producing succinic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and electricity from sugarcane bagasse and trash lignocelluloses, will be a viable investment opportunity for existing sugarcane mills. Four scenarios were simulated in Aspen Plus (R) and were included in the economic analysis. Scenario A involved the production of PHB and electricity; Scenario B the production of PHB, succinic acid, and electricity; Scenario C the production of succinic acid and electricity; and Scenario D involved the production of electricity only. The most favorable configuration was found for Scenario B where PHB was produced from 25\% of the fermentable glucose stream, and succinic acid from the hemicellulose hydrolysate together with 75\% of the glucose, resulting in an internal rate of return (IRR) of 24.1\% with a net present value of US\$477.2 million. Alternatively, Scenario D could be selected if low capital (130.1 million US\$) and operational costs (US\$13.2 million) are desired, although weak returns (IRR 10.3\% and net present value of US\$6.08 million) were observed for an electricity price of 0.08 US\$ kWh(-1). (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Agricultural residues as sugarcane straw and bagasse are burned in boilers for generation of energy in sugar and alcohol industries. However, excess of those by-products could be used to obtain products with higher value. Pulping process generates cellulosic pulps and lignin. The lignin could be oxidized and applied in effluent treatments for heavy metal removal. Oxidized lignin presents very strong chelating properties. Lignins from sugarcane straw and bagasse were obtained by ethanol-water pulping. Oxidation of lignins was carried out using acetic acid and Co/Mn/Br catalytical system at 50, 80, and 115 degrees C for 5 h. Kinetics of the reaction was accomplished by measuring the UV-visible region. Activation energy was calculated for lignins from sugarcane straw and bagasse (34.2 and 23.4 kJ mol(-1), respectively). The first value indicates higher cross-linked formation. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy data of samples collected during oxidation are very similar. Principal component analysis applied to spectra shows only slight structure modifications in lignins after oxidation reaction.
A new carboxylate-functionalized sugarcane bagasse (SMA) was prepared via a solvent-free procedure involving esterification of sugarcane bagasse with Meldrum's acid. The optimized conditions provided SMA with a percent weight gain of 86.0\% and 4.69 +/- 0.20 mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups. SMA was characterized by FTIR, TGA, elemental analysis and SEM. Kinetic experiments showed that the amount of crystal violet adsorbed increased with increasing temperature and equilibrium was reached at 12 h. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. The Arrhenius and Eyring models were used to obtain the activation energy and changes in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of activation for the adsorption process. The calculated activation energy (14.14 kJ/mol) suggested physical adsorption of CV onto SMA. The equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir and Sips isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacity was 692.1 mg/g at 45 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters such as changes in free energy, enthalpy and entropy were also determined. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A major challenge of the 21st century will be to generate transportation fuels using feedstocks such as lignocellulosic waste materials as a substitute for existing fossil and nuclear fuels. The advantages of lignocellulosics as a feedstock material are that they are abundant, sustainable and carbon-neutral. To improve the economics of producing liquid transportation fuels from lignocellulosic biomass, the development of value-added products from lignin, a major component of lignocellulosics, is necessary. Lignins produced from black liquor through the fractionation of sugarcane bagasse with soda and organic solvents have been characterised by physical, chemical and thermal means. The soda lignin fractions have different physico-chemical and thermal properties from one another. Some of these properties have been compared to bagasse lignin extracted with aqueous ethanol. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Biosorption of azo dyes (RO-16, RB-120 \& RB-19) from the aqueous solutions was investigated using the activated sugarcane bagasse charcoal adsorbent. The characteristics of the prepared adsorbent were analyzed by SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, TG \& DT analysis, and the BET surface area of the sugarcane bagasse adsorbent was examined by N2 adsorption and desorption techniques. Batch adsorption studies were performed to determine the optimum pH, azo dye concentration, sugarcane dose \& temperature, and both Langmuir \& Freundlich isotherm studies fit well with the adsorption process. Packed bed column adsorption studies confirmed the earlier breakthrough of the adsorption process, and the column adsorption studies fitted with Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, BDST and Adams-Bohart models. The desorption studies were conducted by adding various concentrations of sulfuric acid, and regeneration of spent azo dyes was done by different cycles.
Ozone was generated using dielectric barrier discharges at atmospheric pressure to treat sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production. It was shown that interaction of ozone molecules with the pretreatment reactor wall (stainless steel) needs to be considered during bagasse oxidation in order to evaluate the pretreatment efficiency. The decomposition coefficients for ozone on both materials were determined to be (3.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-8) for stainless steel and (2.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(-7) for bagasse. The results have indicated that ozone decomposition has occurred more efficiently on the biomass material.
Minimizing the cement amount used to produce concrete significantly reduces non-renewable raw materials, primarily clays and limestone or chalk, used in cement production. Equally reduced is the large amount of energy used in clinker production and CO2 emission released to the atmosphere during the calcination of limestone, which results in global warming. On the other hand, large amounts of industrial and agricultural waste with little alternative use are produced in large quantities worldwide. Both strength and durability have been observed to increase significantly when these materials are combined in concrete in modest amounts, which allows them to be used in structural members. This research investigates the effect of high-volume sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) replacement of Portland cement from 10\%-50\% in concrete production. It was observed that structural grade concretes with 28-day cube crushing strengths of more than 25 MPa could be obtained, with strength increasing with age to more than 30 MPa at 180 days. In addition, good heat insulation, stability at high temperatures up to 600 degrees C, and reduced density were observed as added advantages.
Using low-cost agro-industrial wastes and by-products derived from lignocellulosic biomass for adsorption is considered to be an affordable and sustainable way to tackle the burning issue of cationic pollution in the water bodies, while its relatively low adsorption capability limits its large-scale application. In this study, a green, rapid, simple, and cheap method was developed by using ozone to improve the adsorption abilities of sugarcane bagasse (SB). The relationship between the chemical compositions and functional groups of SB after ozone modification and its adsorption abilities was studied. Results showed that ozone modification under very low ozone consumption (similar to 1.5 wt\%) could efficiently increase the pore volume, surface area, and carboxyl groups, change the chemical compositions of SB, and does not significantly change its morphology, thereby ensuring the good adsorption performance of SB and easy recycling from the water bodies. The maximum adsorption rate and equilibrium adsorption capacity of SB for positively charged methylene blue (MB) were increased about 33.3\% and 11.3\% than the original SB (MB concentration =100 mg/L, SB concentration =5 g/L, initial solution pH= 6, temperature= 30 degrees C). Besides, ozone-modified SB maintained its high adsorption capability even at a high NaCl concentration of 0.6 M and high pH of 9. For cationic polymer with high charge densities, the adsorption capacity of milled SB increased about 125.4\%.
The replacement of expensive components in microbial growth media with pretreated lignocellulosic waste component to increase the product spectrum and add value to the bioproducts has been encouraged to achieve sustainable and feasible utilization of waste biomass as per the biorefinery approach. This study demonstrates an integrated biorefinery approach towards utilization of sugarcane bagasse and biomass of Mucor circinelloides ZSKP. A maximum reducing sugar recovery of 80.67 g/l was achieved after combining pretreatment with saccharification. A low temperature, glycerol, and ammonium phosphate pretreatment method was established, where glycerol pretreatment conditions were reduced from 250 to 150 degrees C and from 120 to 45 min. The ammonium phosphate-containing hydrolysate yielded 12.89 g/l of fungal biomass after fermentation to add to 20.8 g lignin from the delignification step. The biomass production was further improved to 17.69 g/l after supplementation with corn steep solids and mineral salts. The fermentation process also yielded 2.36 g/l chitosan and 4.9 g/l of lipids after extraction from the oleaginous fungus. The lignin infused glycerol plasticized chitosan biocomposite plastic had a 100\% improvement in thermogravimetric properties with almost 50\% more energy needed to increase the temperature of the material when compared to glycerol only plasticized biocomposite. The fungal chitosan showed antimicrobial properties and was effective as a preservative spray for fresh tomatoes and apples extending their shelf life to at least 14 and 18 days, respectively. This study therefore demonstrated that a novel two-step pretreatment process could be environmentally beneficial and yielded multiple products for biotechnological applications.
Background: beta-Glucosidase is claimed as a key enzyme in cellulose hydrolysis. The cellulosic fibers are usually entrapped with hemicelluloses containing xylose. So there is ongoing interest in searching for glucose-and xylose-stimulated beta-glucosidases to increase the efficiency of hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Results: A thermostable beta-glucosidase gene (Bglp) was cloned from Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis E13(T) and characterized. Optimal enzyme activity was observed at 60 degrees C and pH 7.0. Bglp was relatively stable at 60 degrees C with a 10-h half-life. The kinetic parameters V-max and K-m for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) were 771 +/- 39 mu mol/min/mg and 0.29 +/- 0.01 mM, respectively. The activity of Bglp is dramatically stimulated by glucose or xylose at concentrations up to 1.4 M. After Bglp was added to Celluclast (R) 1.5 L, the conversion of sugarcane bagasse was 48.4 +/- 0.8\%, which was much higher than of Celluclast (R) 1.5 L alone. Furthermore, Bglp showed obvious advantages in the hydrolysis when initial concentrations of glucose and xylose are high. Conclusions: The supplementation of BglP significantly enhanced the glucose yield from sugarcane bagasse, especially in the presence of high concentrations of glucose or xylose. Bglp should be a promising candidate for industrial applications.
The effect of several carbon sources on the production of mycelial-bound beta-glucosidase by Humicola grisea var. thermoidea in submerged fermentation was investigated. Maximum production occurred when cellulose was present in the culture medium, but higher specific activities were achieved with cellobiose or sugarcane bagasse. Xylose or glucose (1\%) in the reaction medium stimulated beta-glucosidase activity by about 2-fold in crude extracts from mycelia grown in sugarcane bagasse. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, showing a single band in PAGE and SDS-PAGE. The beta-glucosidase had a carbohydrate content of 43\% and showed apparent molecular masses of 57 and 60 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The purified enzyme was thermostable up to 60 min in water at 55 degrees C and showed half-lives of 7 and 14 min when incubated in the absence or presence of 50 mM glucose, respectively, at 60 degrees C. The enzyme hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, lactose, and cellobiose. The best synthetic and natural substrates were p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside and cellobiose, respectively. Purified enzyme activity was stimulated up to 2-fold by glucose or xylose at concentrations from 25 to 200 mM. The addition of purified or crude beta-glucosidase to a reaction medium containing Trichoderma reesei cellulases increased the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse by about 50\%. These findings suggest that H. grisea var. thermoidea beta-glucosidase has a potential for biotechnological applications in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials.
This study evaluated the remobilization, mineralization, and metabolism of herbicide-bound residues in soils amended with various types of sugarcane waste. Soil with bound residues of three herbicides and fresh soil samples were added to the biometric flasks, followed by the addition of vinasse, filter cake, or sugarcane straw in order to reactivate the microbial activity. In sandy loam soil, higher mineralization was observed where filter cake was added, and the maximum mineralized percentage was 7.7, 46.7, and 8.1\% of diuron-, hexazinone-, and metribuzin-bound residues, respectively. Conversely, this soil presented a greater percentage of re-extractable hexazinone and metribuzin residues when vinasse was added. Among the examined herbicides, a higher percentage of bound metribuzin residues remained in the soil (57.5-75.6\%). It was possible to identify both metabolites and parent compounds in the re-extracted residues, implying either species could bind to the soil. Therefore, this study has shown that bound residues of three herbicides and their metabolites can become bioavailable, and mineralized or returned to the soil solution, which could adversely affect subsequent crops or non-target organisms. Hence, the remobilization of bound residues must be taken into account when assessing the environmental risk of herbicides in soils in registration processes.
In this work, results of the biosorption of Cr6+ and Ni2+ by sugarcane bagasse in two up-flow fixed-bed columns in series have been presented. The experimental data were adjusted for several kinetic models that describe the breakthrough curve obtained for a single column and for two columns in series. The Dose-Response model is the one that better adjusts the experimental data for the studied metals with a high correlation coefficient. Although with a single column, it is possible to reduce the metal concentrations under the requirements of Cuban normative, the use of two columns in series guarantees concentration nearly to 0 for two metals. So, the percentage removal with two columns in series were 98.2 and 92.8\% for Cr6+ and Ni2+, respectively.
To decrease alkaline dosage and increase the enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse (SB), dilute mixed alkali salts soaking (0.5\% K2CO3, 0.068\% K2SO3) in an autoclave at 100-125 degrees C for 10-60 min was attempted to pretreat SB. The increased pretreatment severity at elevated temperatures resulted in the increase of delignification and enzymatic saccharification. It was found the optimum pretreatment temperature and pretreatment time were 120 degrees C for 40 min. Furthermore, FTTR, XRD and SEM characterized the porosity, morphology, and crystallinity changes of the pretreated SB samples. After the enzymatic in situ saccharification of 50 g/L SB in dilute K2CO3/K2SO3 (0.35\% K2CO3, 0.048\% K2SO3) media for 72 h, the reducing sugars and glucose could be obtained at 32.94 and 20.18 g/L, respectively. Finally, the SB-hydrolysates containing 20 g/L glucose were used for ethanol fermentation in the presence of dilute alkali salts. After 48 h, the ethanol yield was 0.394 g ethanol/g glucose, which represents 77.25\% of the theoretical yield. In conclusion, an effective process about the biomass pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification and ethanol fermentation was successfully demonstrated in ``one-pot{''
Vinasse is a toxic pollutant if it is poured into the ecosystem indiscriminately; despite this, it integrates components that make it valuable in nutrients and water. However, its use has been questioned due to the costs involved in its purification. This systematic review focuses on the valorization of vinasse from the studies performed for its post-industrial use. Trends in vinasse management and bioproduct development were analyzed. The PRISMA statement was used as a formal guide for collecting and analyzing 131 studies from 2018 to 2022. We determined that biological processes are the most used to obtain the benefits of vinasse, obtaining up to three post-industrial bioproducts. While it is true that there is a predominant trend of studies focused on the generation of biofuels, it must be noted that the beginning of the sucro-alcohol chain was the agricultural field. In this sense, we determine that 14\% of the studies treat vinasse for agricultural reuse purposes, so, under Circular Economy principles, the reincorporation of vinasse into the agricultural field to take advantage of its goodness in nutrients and minerals as a sustainable and eco-efficient alternative should be a research trend that accelerates the consumption of vinasse generated in alcohol distilleries.
Thermogravimetric and mass spectrometric (TG-MS) experiments were carried out using textile dyeing sludge (TDS), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and their blends with different ratios. (Co-)combustion kinetic parameters of each sample were calculate by using TG-derivative curves. CO2, NOx, NH3 and SO2 emissions were also quantified. The addition of SB to TDS lowered SO2 but enhanced NOx, NH3 and CO2 emissions. Calculated activation energies (E) of the pure TDS and SB, and their blend (TB64) according to the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were on average in the range of 185.6-253.9 kJ.mol(-1), 152.9-235.9 kJ.mol(-1) and 111.1-161.8 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Based on the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, E estimates of the pure TDS and SB, and the blend ranged from 183.1 to 251.0 kJ.mol(-1), 152.1 to 237.2 kJ.mol(-1) and 108.2 to 160.1 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Our results indicated that the blend E was affected by the interactions between TDS and SB. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work we have attempted to use biomass as energy source which is abundantly available throughout the world. The work is focused on pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in a laboratory-scale pyrolyzer in the presence and absence of copper oxide (CuO). The bio-oil obtained was characterized using GC-MS. The bio-oil collected in the presence of catalyst was found rich in hydrocarbons (C-8 to C-54) as compared to (C-1 to C-21) in the absence of catalyst. This indicates that the catalyst induced the formation of more components due to high selectivity for certain hydrocarbons. Thermal analysis showed four stage weight loss profile from 20 to 600 degrees C, which is ascribed to water evaporation, decomposition of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. Activation energy (Ea) values were determined using Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW), Coats Redfern (CR) and Kissinger methods. From catalyzed reaction the Ea values for hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin decomposition were found lower i.e., (OFW average 69.22, 109.45and 121.23 kJ/mol), (CR average 85.91, 146.87 and 152.42 kJ/mol) and (Kissinger 83.14, 99.76 and 116.39 kJ/mol) as compared to un-catalyzed reaction i.e., (OFW average 71.12, 121.17 and 126.44 kJ/mol), (CR average 127.41, 166.27 and 169.10 kJ/mol) and (Kissinger 99.77, 133.02 and 232.79 kJ/mol) respectively. The results demonstrated that the catalyst not only lowered the activation energy for the degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, but also enhanced the quality of oil formed. The crude oil obtained, if upgraded properly, will reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and would facilitate safe transportation and industrial use.
Stomoxys calcitrans is known for its painful sting that causes stress in animals and also by transmitting several diseases, and attack man. Due to the outbreaks in sugarcane fields in Brazil, where the vinasse is used in fertigation of the sugarcane fields, this study was conducted, aiming to verify if the vinasse would improve posture and development of the immature stages of this insect. For this, eggs were deposited into diet of larval growth of Bailey (control), and also in diets with replacement of 5, 10, 20 and 30\% of this water volume per vinasse. Part of the results was submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tuket test, and the other, was assessed by Chi-square. The eggs viability was of 66\%, 64\%, 69\%, 80\% e 20\%, the larvae was of 96.4\%, 96., 9\%, 95.1\%, 99.3\% e 97.2\% and the pupae was of 90.2\%, 94.7\%, 93.5\%, 91.5\% and 86.1\%, respectively to the control, 5, 10, 20, e 30\%. The weight of the third stage larvae was 16.4; 16.9; 19.7; 15.8 and 18mg, and pupae was of 12.9; 13.9; 17.4; 14.5 e 21.9mg. The larval period was of 10.38, 11.81, 10.00, 10.86, 9.5 days, and the pupal was of 6.57, 6.19, 7.05, 7.00 and 6.00 days, respectively. The viability of the immature stages was higher in diet with replacement of vinasse. Some of vinasse concentrations used in diets affected the biology of immature stages of S. calcitrans.
Modification of cellulose fibers is a promissory alternative for the production of new composite materials, but the high hydrophilicity of cellulose limits its use as a reinforcing agent in the making of olefin-based composites. The aim of this research was to develop reinforcing agents based on cellulose fibers modified by insertion of end-alkyl groups from pyrolytic bio-oil (PBO). For that, PBO of sugarcane bagasse was obtained and characterized by several techniques including gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Later, the surface of cellulose fibers was activated using methylene-bis-isocyanate and modified using acetic acid, formic acid, and PBO. Results show that the modification of cellulose surface is possible by the use of PBO at low temperature obtaining results like to those obtained when organic acids are used.
This work presents a techno-economic analysis of the production of isopropanol, butanol, and ethanol (IBE) from sugarcane bagasse using clostridia and compares IBE with cellulosic ethanol for the minimum selling price (MSP) and sustainability aspects. The MSPs of the fuels are similar (15 USD/GJ) provided that glucose and xylose are effectively utilized in both processes, and the IBE process is equipped with a genetically-modified Clostridium species with enhanced IBE yield and a highly productive continuous bioreactor with integrated product recovery. Notably, these technologies can reduce the size (from 23 x 3785-m(3) to 3 x 3027-m(3) fermentation tanks) and the wastewater footprint (from 50 to 10 m(3)/m(3) IBE) of the IBE plant. Furthermore, given that the production of either fuel results in a similar increase in the value created by the sugarcane biorefinery and its energy efficiency, the alcohol mixture produced by clostridia is a promising alternative to the less energy-dense ethanol fuel.
The present work aims to determine a suitable yield-productivity balance in bioethanol production from hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane straw via pre-saccharification (PS) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). PS experiments were carried out evaluating effects of enzymatic dosage, biomass loading, and PS time. The performance of the whole process (PSSSF) was evaluated based on overall ethanol yield and productivity considering a simultaneous optimization (desirability function) of both variables. The multi-criteria optimization enabled to reach 5.7\% w/w ethanol concentration yielding 290 L of ethanol per ton of pretreated sugarcane straw within 45 h of total processing time. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis was performed under optimized conditions (14.5 FPU/g(cellulose), 19.3\% w/v biomass loading and 33 h PS time). This process was integrated into a first-generation plant. Although the economic evaluation exhibited a negative performance, a sensitivity analysis indicated that a decrease of 23.3\% in operational expenditure would be enough to achieve feasibility.
Background: Citric acid is produced in insignificant quantities in Iran. Despite its great range of utilizations, and from another aspect, high level of production of sugarcane bagasse, the related problems arising from maintenance of this acid require thinking of a measure in the direction of its optimal usage and production. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to obtain effectual variables in producing citric acid from sugarcane bagasse through Solid State Fermentation (SSF) method using Aspergillus niger mold and to optimize its mass production by employing Taguchi method. Materials and Methods: The effective parameters such as spore inoculation level, methanol percentage, solvent type, spore age, humidity percentage, initial pH of substrate, fermentation period and temperature, initial sugar percentage, autoclaving duration, nitrogen source and etc. were studied for producing citric acid from sugarcane bagasse with respect to Tagouchi method. Results: By considering the findings obtained from the tests, the highest production rate of citric acid g/kg out of untreated sugarcane bagasse is 75.45 based on the consumed sugar and a yield of 15.1 g/kg of sugarcane was achieved per day. Application of sodium hydroxide and acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse increased the production of citric acid in such a fashion that the production rates were 97.81 g/kg and 87.32 g/kg of sugarcane bagasse, respectively, compared to sodium hydroxide and acid untreated sugarcane bagasse. Conclusions: The obtained findings in the present study indicated that sugarcane bagasse is an ideal substrate in producing citric acid and the aforementioned process could be considered as a beneficial and cost-effective method in citric acid production.
The effects of different doses of rock phosphate (RP), sucrose, and (NH4)(2)SO4 on the solubilization of RP from Araxa and Catalo (Brazil) by Aspergillus niger, Penicillium canescens, Eupenicillium ludwigii, and Penicillium islandicum were evaluated in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system with sugarcane bagasse. The factors evaluated were combined following a 2(3) + 1 factorial design to determine their optimum concentrations. The fitted response surfaces showed that higher doses of RP promoted higher phosphorus (P) solubilization. The addition of sucrose did not have effects on P solubilization in most treatments due to the presence of soluble sugars in the bagasse. Except for A. niger, all the fungi required high (NH4)(2)SO4 doses to achieve the highest level of P solubilization. Inversely, addition of (NH4)(2)SO4 was inhibitory to P solubilization by A. niger. Among the fungi tested, A. niger stood out, showing the highest solubilization capacity and for not requiring sucrose or (NH4)(2)SO4 supplementation. An additional experiment with A. niger showed that the content of soluble P can be increased by adding higher RP doses in the medium. However, P yield decreases with increasing RP doses. In this experiment, the maximal P yield (approximately 60 \%) was achieved with the lower RP dose (3 g L-1). Our results show that SSF can be used to obtain a low cost biofertilizer rich in P combining RP, sugarcane bagasse, and A. niger. Moreover, sugarcane bagasse is a suitable substrate for SSF aiming at RP solubilization, since this residue can supply the C and N necessary for the metabolism of A. niger within a range that favors RP solubilization.
The 2,4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide used against broad leave herbs and it is carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature, which need to be remediated to avoid negative impact on the living organisms. In view of promising adsorption efficiency of composite materials, the present investigation is focused on the preparation of polypyrrole (PPY) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) based composites. The composites were characterized for surface properties and thermal stability. The prepared composite was utilized for the sequestration of 2,4-D from aqueous solution in column mode as function of bed height, flow rate and 2,4-D concentration. Thomas model was applied to the rate of adsorption at different 2,4-D concentrations, flow rates and bed heights to predict the breakthrough curves. The BDST (bed depth service time) model was also applied to predict the breakthrough curves as function of bed heights. The biosorption capacities of SB and PPY/SB were 6.1 and 8.63 (mg/g), respectively. The results indicated that sugarcane bagasse composite with PPY is efficient adsorbent for the remediation of 2,4-D and could have potential for the removal of herbicides from effluents. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Polymer composites reinforced with natural fiber that were obtained as industrial wastes, are of particular interest due to both the environmental benefits and economical advantages. In the present work sugarcane bagasse fibers, obtained as a waste from sugar and ethanol production, were incorporated in an amount of 25wt\% into a polypropylene matrix. These fibers were previously alkali treated with NaOH to improve their adherence to the composite matrix. Thermal analyses were conducted in both types of composites, with untreated fibers and with alkali treated fiber. The result indicated that the alkali treatment improves the compatibility between the bagasse fiber and the polypropylene matrix, which then provides more thermal resistance.
This study aims to perform a regression analysis which leads to the optimization on the operating conditions of ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (rEMIM]oAc) pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse (SCE). The structural changes on SCB during pretreatment were also examined. The effects of temperature, time and solid loading on reducing sugar (RS) yield obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SCB were investigated by applying Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (R5M). Results from CCD were modeled into a second order polynomial equation and the model shows a good correlation between predicted and experimental values. The optimized condition for {[
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is the major waste produced by the agricultural industries. Nowadays there is a huge demand of fine aggregate in the construction and disposing the agricultural and industrial wastes are very much difficult. The fine aggregate can be partially replaced with SCBA because of the presence of Aluminium ions and Silica ions and it can be effectively used in the concrete. It is calcinated at 600 degrees C for 2 days to increase its silica content and utilized for replacing the fine aggregate partially in M50 grade of concrete. Five concrete mixes (including one control mix) with SCBA as replaced material for fine aggregate, is cast with replacement percentage of 0\% to 20\% in step of 5\%. The concrete specimens are cured for 28 days. From the experimental study, the mechanical strength is higher in 15\% replacement of fine aggregate with SCBA among the other replacement levels. Hence the optimum percentage for replacing the fine aggregate with SCBA is found to be 15\%. For this optimum percentage, durability tests viz. Sorptivity, Porosity, Bulk density, Water absorption, Acid Resistance and Corrosion resistance are carried out and found that 15\% replacement of fine aggregate with SCBA is performing better. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Direct disposal of vinasse, a by-product of molasses fermentation plants, threatens environmental health. This study investigated the usage of vinasse as a nutrient source for the heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of novel Micractinium sp. ME05. The 500-mL flask experiments resulted in higher biomass productivities under mixotrophic conditions (0.16 +/- 0.01 g L-1 day(1)) than the heterotrophic conditions (0.13 +/- 0.01 g L-1 day(1)). A 1.7-fold increase in biomass productivity was achieved by scaling up from 500-mL flasks (0.16 +/- 0.01 g L-1 day(1)) to 2-L flasks (0.27 +/- 0.019 g L-1 day(1)). The 5-L bioreactor experiments resulted in a biomass productivity of 0.32 +/- 0.2 g L-1 day(1) and lipid productivity of 3.4 +/- 0.20 g L-1 day(-1). This study demonstrated that Micractinium sp. ME05 can be cultivated with vinasse to produce large amounts of biomass. The FAME profile of mixotrophic Micractinium sp. ME05 cells was promising for further biodiesel production. This study highlights the feasibility of industrial by-product-vinasse as the nutrient source for biomass and lipid productions using the novel Micractinium sp. ME05 cells.
This study evaluated innovative approaches for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. More specifically, assays were performed to evaluate the supplementation of the commercial cellulolytic cocktail Cellic(R) CTec2 (CC2) with LPMO (GcLPMO9B), H2O2, or cello-oligosaccharide dehydrogenase (CelDH) FgCelDH7C in order to boost the LPMO action and improve the saccharification efficiency of biomass into monosaccharides. The enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using sugarcane bagasse pretreated by hydrodynamic cavitation-assisted oxidative process, 10\% (w/w) solid loading, and 30 FPU CC2/g dry biomass. The results were compared in terms of sugars release and revealed an important influence of the supplementations at the initial 6 h of hydrolysis. While the addition of CelDH led to a steady increase in glucose production to reach 101.1 mg of glucose/g DM, accounting for the highest value achieved after 72 h of hydrolysis, boosting the LPMOs activity by the supplementation of pure LPMOs or the LPMO co-substrate H2O2 were also effective to improve the cellulose conversion, increasing the initial reaction rate of the hydrolysis. These results revealed that LPMOs play an important role on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and boosting their action can help to improve the reaction rate and increase the hydrolysis yield. LPMOs-CelDH oxidative pairs represent a novel potent combination for use in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass. Finally, the strategies presented in this study are promising approaches for application in lignocellulosic biorefineries, especially using sugarcane bagasse as a feedstock.
The production of fuels and other industrial products from renewable sources has intensified the search for new substrates or for the expansion of the use of substrates already in use, as well as the search for microorganisms with different metabolic capacities. In the present work, we isolated and tested a yeast from the soil of sugarcane irrigated with vinasse, that is, with high mineral content and acidic pH. The strain of Meyerozyma caribbica URM 8365 was able to ferment glucose, but the use of xylose occurred when some oxygenation was provided. However, some fermentation of xylose to ethanol in oxygen limitation also occurs if glucose was present. This strain was able to produce ethanol from molasses substrate with 76\% efficiency, showing its tolerance to possible inhibitors. High ethanol production efficiencies were also observed in acidic hydrolysates of each bagasse, sorghum, and cactus pear biomass. Mixtures of these substrates were tested and the best composition was found for the use of excess plant biomass in supplementation of primary substrates. It was also possible to verify the production of xylitol from xylose when the acetic acid concentration is reduced. Finally, the proposed metabolic model allowed calculating how much of the xylose carbon can be directed to the production of ethanol and/or xylitol in the presence of glucose. With this, it is possible to design an industrial plant that combines the production of ethanol and/or xylitol using combinations of primary substrates with hydrolysates of their biomass.
Sodium hydroxide pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse under vacuum conditions was established and evaluated in this study. Compared to pretreatment under conventional moderate pressure conditions, only half of the total phenolic compounds and less than half of the formic acid were produced under vacuum conditions, while the yield of total fermentable sugar was significantly increased by 31.38\%. The pretreatment parameters: NaOH concentration, pretreatment time, and pretreatment temperature, were optimized using response surface methodology based on the response values of the total fermentable sugar yield (TFSY) and the total fermentable sugar concentration (TFSC), respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the TFSY of 0.5146 g/g and the TFSC of 17.37 g/L were achieved, respectively. By adjusting the ratio of cellulases to xylanase, the TFSY reached a maximum of 0.5213 g/g when the ratio was 1: 1, while the maximum TFSC of 17.71 g/L was achieved when the ratio was 1:4. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bioethanol production from lignocellulose biomass offers a solution to current environmental challenges caused by fossil fuel energy resources, while satisfying the biorefinery concept. In this study, two-stage fractionation (autohydrolysis (All) followed by glycerol organosolv delignification (GOD)) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was studied as a function of temperature, time, glycerol content and liquid-to-solid (LSR) ratio using experimental designs. The effect of three different All pretreatment severities on delignification extents (DE) of the solid fractions were also evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the changes in the surface of SCB pretreated by AIL Energy balances of four fractionation conditions were estimated, and the use of pure and crude glycerol in GOD was evaluated based on DE and lignin contents. A DE of similar to 64\% was obtained at 210.3 degrees C, 40 min, LSR of 6.5 (v/w) and 80\% (v/v) pure glycerol for GOD of SCB pretreated by AH at 175.8 degrees C, 49 min and LSR of 5.3 (v/w), which resulted in an energetic profitability (EP) of 141.48 MJ/kg(SCB). The use of crude glycerol at 80\% (v/v) under the same process conditions optimized for pure glycerol also proved to be feasible (DE of similar to 64\% and EP of 142.67 MJ/kg(SCB)), widening the possibilities for its direct use in GOD of SCB pretreated by All in a 2G bioethanol integrated plant.
Alkali-activated slag material (AAS) is widely accepted as an alternative binder that can be used in place of Portland cement. The present study is aimed to assess fresh and hardened AAS pastes modified with sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA)-a combustion byproduct of sugarcane bagasse ash in sugar cane industries and to investigate effects of alkali-activated dosage (sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) on properties of the slag/SBA-based system (slag/SBA mass ratio = 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/ 40). Testing results on fresh paste indicate that loss of workability occurs when increasing either activator concentrations (M-s = SiO2/Na2O and n = \%Na2O/binder) or SBA content. Moreover, increase in n and M-s-values leads to considerably shorten the setting time. For hardened pastes, when increasing Na2O percentage (n) from 6 to 8\%, the compressive strength increases by 16\% and 29\% for specimens without and with 40\% SBA, respectively; higher M-s performs a gradual increase in strength for specimens modified with up to 20\% SBA. In addition, raising both n and M-s results in improving the sulfate attack resistance and lowering water absorption. It can be said that mix proportion of the alkali-activated slag-SBA mixtures could be achieved with balance of the fresh behavior, strength, and durability. Based on this aspect, alkali-activated mixtures containing 20\% SBA (80/20) would be recommended.
The drawback of conventional Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is an occurrence of excessive binder drain down due to the designation of SMA that has gap-graded bituminous mixtures. Stabilizing additive such as fibre in SMA mixtures can prevent excessive binder drain down. In order to prevent excessive binder drain down, sugarcane bagasse fibre was utilized in this study. The utilization of this fibre can also reduce the excessive volume of agricultural solid waste. Application of Marshall Mix Design method by using 50 blows compaction standard to produce the SMA mixture was used in this study. Range of bitumen content from 5 percent to 7 percent (at an increment of 0.5 percent) and about 0.3 percent sugarcane bagasse fibre by total weight of SMA mixtures is added to determine Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC). The finding of OBC is 5.98 percent which resulted to 0.02 percent of binder drainage. Rut depth obtained for SMA Mix without fibre was higher (1.945 mm) compared with SMA Mix with sugarcane bagasse fibre (1.635 mm). Dynamic modulus value for sugarcane bagasse fibre mix was higher at 25 degrees C at all load frequencies. This could be due to the fact that the natural fibre could withstand higher temperatures. In conclusion, the idea of using sugarcane bagasse as fibre in SMA Mix can be considered and commercialized for road construction industry thus will provide durable and quality pavement. In addition, the use of natural fibre has environmental significance and is a cost-effective solution.
Batch fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate by the yeast Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 was performed using controlled pH values (3.5, 5.5, 7.5). The maximum values of xylitol volumetric productivity (Q(p)=0.76 g/l h) and xylose volumetric consumption (Q(s)=1.19 g/l h) were attained at pH 5.5. At pH 3.5 and 7.5 the Q(p) value decreased by 66 and 72\%, respectively. Independently of the pH value, Y-x/s decreased with the increase in Y-p/s suggesting that the xylitol bioconversion improves when the cellular growth is limited. At the highest pH value (7.5), the maximum specific xylitol production value was the lowest (q(pmax)=0.085 g/l h.), indicating that the xylose metabolism of the yeast was diverted from xylitol formation to cell growth.
Effect of initial concentration ratio C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb)) on separation of Pb2+ from Mg2+ by the modified sugarcane bagasse was carried out under batch and column conditions. For comparison, the adsorption performance of the modified SCB (sugarcane bagasse) for Pb2+ in one component system was studied under the two conditions. Amount of Pb2+ and Mg2+ adsorbed on the column in the binary system was calculated through the elution curves. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of Pb2+ (q(e)(Pb)) decreased while that of Mg2+ (q(e)(Mg)) increases with the increase of C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb), and good linear relationships between C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) and q(e)(Mg)/q(e)(Pb) were obtained under both conditions. According to the linear equations, mass ratio of metal ions adsorbed on the modified SCB was calculated. It was observed that mass ratio was higher than 95\% for Pb2+ at C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) < 0.022 while for Mg2+ at C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) > 10.01 under batch condition. Under the column condition, high mass ratio (>95\%) for Pb2+ and Mg2+ was obtained at C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) < 1.24 and C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) > 585.5, respectively. The above results showed that modified SCB could be used to separate Pb2+ and Mg2+ when C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) < 1.24 (Pb2+ adsorbed selectively) or C-0(Mg):C-0(Pb) > 10.01 (Mg2+ adsorbed selectively). These findings would provide theoretical guidance for separation of metal ions. (C) 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This study describes, in detail, the chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse with phthalic anhydride to produce a carboxylate-functionalized sugarcane bagasse (SPA). The optimized modification conditions yielded SPA with a percent weight gain of 77.08\% and an amount of carboxylic acid groups of 4.76 mmol/g. The SPA was characterized by PZC, FTIR, elemental analysis, TGA, and SEM-EDX. An SPA adsorbent was used to remove Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ from aqueous solution in mono- and multicomponent systems in batch mode. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption rate constants assumed the following order: k(2,Co)(2+) > k(2,Ni)(2+) > k(2,cu)(2+). Four mono- and multicomponent isotherm models were used to model the adsorption data. Monocomponent data were well described by the Langmuir model, whereas bicomponent data were well described by the modified extended Langmuir and P-Factor models. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q(max,mono)) for the Langmuir model were 0.561, 0.935, and 0.932 mmol/g for Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+, respectively. Adsorption in bicomponent systems revealed that Cu2+ suppressed the adsorption of Co2+ and Ni2+, whereas Ni2+ suppressed the adsorption of Co2+. Desorption studies revealed that the SPA adsorbent could be fully desorbed with a 1 mol/L HNO3 solution. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Vinasse is the main waste of the productive activity of fermentative processes for ethanol and cachaca production due to the large volume generated, but little is known about the composition of vinasse from alembic cachaca. The present study evaluated the influence of the sugarcane variety (RB867515, RB966928 and RB855453) and management (conventional and organic) on the mineral composition of vinasse from alembic cachaca in a randomized block design with four parcels. Vinasse samples were evaluated for pH and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc and carbon/ntrogen ratio. There was a significant effect of management only on three elements of the vinasse composition, C, K and Mg. Regarding the variety, there was a significant effect only on Ca and Mg concentrations in the varieties RB867515 and RB855453. The sugarcane variety and management had little influence on the composition of vinasse from alembic cachaca. The average concentration of macro-and micronutrients of the vinasse samples indicates that it can be used in fertigation due to the rich composition in macro-and micronutrients when compared to the cachaca or ethanol vinasse compositions reported in literature, especially N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe and Cu.
Purpose: To better understand the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) degradation process and obtain thermostable cellulase from terrestrial hot spring. Methods: Molecular community structure of the newly selected thermophilic bacterial consortium XM70 was determined using the method of the full-length 16S rRNA library-based analysis. The thermostable CMCase was purified with ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Results: Sequence-based identification of species belonging to the genera, Geobacillus, Desulfotomaculum, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Paenibacillus and Enterobacter were identified. The maximal activities of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), filter paper cellulase and beta-glucosidase of the consortium XM70 were obtained after incubation at 60 degrees C and pH 6.0 (4 days), 80 degrees C and pH 7.0 (2 days) and 70 degrees C and pH 8.0 (4 days), respectively. The yield of reducing sugars in the culture broth achieved 0.11 g.g(-1) dry SCB. An extracellular CMCase from consortium XM70 (XM70-CMCase) was purified 7.9-fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 65.41 \% and its molecular mass was about 31.0 kDa. Maximum CMCase activity of the purified XM70-CMCase was 3.77 U/mg at 70 degrees C and pH 7.0. CMCase activity maintained about its maximal value of 70 \% after incubation at 80 degrees C for 60 min. Conclusion: Due to its high temperature stability, the purified XM70-CMCase may be useful for industrial application such as biofuel, animal feed industry, paper industry and clarification of fruit juices.
This study focuses on the biochar formation and torrefaction performance of sugarcane bagasse, and they are predicted using the bilinear interpolation (BLI), inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation, and regression analysis. It is found that the biomass torrefied at 275 degrees C for 60 min or at 300 degrees C for 30 min or longer is appropriate to produce biochar as alternative fuel to coal with low carbon footprint, but the energy yield from the torrefaction at 300 degrees C is too low. From the biochar yield, enhancement factor of HHV, and energy yield, the results suggest that the three methods are all feasible for predicting the performance, especially for the enhancement factor. The power parameter of unity in the IDW method provides the best predictions and the error is below 5\%. The second order in regression analysis gives a more reasonable approach than the first order, and is recommended for the predictions.
One way to improve the energy and environmental efficiency of an ethanol production process is through product diversification, as well as the use of agricultural residues via thermochemical routes such as fast pyrolysis. Thus, this study assesses the integration of fast pyrolysis of sugarcane straw into the conventional ethanol production process. The fast pyrolysis process was modelled and simulated in the Aspen Plus (R) software, using the Lumped Reaction kinetic model. The heat integration procedure was performed using the Pinch analysis, utilising the simulation results and assuming different percentages of straw recovery from the field (25\%, 50\%, and 75\%). The straw pyrolysis model was validated with experimental data from other authors of the literature. The assumed configuration presented itself as self-sufficient in energy terms. Among several evaluated cases, those where heat integration was applied showed a significant increase in surplus electricity (Case IV 30.6\%, Case VI 34.8\%, and Case VIII 46.4\%) in comparison to the Base Case (Case I). Thus, heat integration promotes a rise in energy efficiency, as well as product diversification in ethanol production plants. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The adsorption of methylene blue dye onto acid-treated sugarcane bagasse (ASB) was investigated in batch system. The characterization of ASB was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The different factors namely adsorbent dosage, solution pH, initial composition of dye solution and temperature on specific dye uptake were examined using ASB in order to evaluate equilibrium kinetic parameters. The suitable variables (dosage = 5 g dm(-3); initial pH = 6) for the maximum specific uptake of dye onto ASB. The maximum adsorption capacity of 45.4 mg g(-1) was obtained at 25 degrees C using ASB. In order to evaluate decay rate and concentration independent mass transfer parameters namely diffusivity and mass transfer co-efficient for adsorption of methylene blue on ASB, the film pore mass transfer model was considered. In this study, external mass transfer co-efficient and pore diffusivity are ranging between 10(-6) and 10(-12) m(2) s(-1), respectively. The rate limiting step for the adsorption of MB on ASB was known to be internal pore diffusion owing to the higher value of Biot number.
This study investigates the effect of silica on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and softwood (SW) cellulose. Cellulose was extracted from raw SCB and SW chips using a three-step process, namely thermal pre-treatment, alkaline treatment and bleaching treatment. Alkali treated cellulose was then subjected to silica surface modification using the solvent exchange method. The effect of silica modification on SCB and SW cellulos was investigated using X-ray diffractions analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and optical microscope (OPM) techniques. Both the FTIR and XRD results confirm successful extraction of cellulose from both raw fibers and addition of silane functional groups in the cellulose surface. XRD patterns of all samples revealed typical spectra for natural fibers corresponding to crystalline peaks of cellulose and undissolved amorphous hemicellulose respectively. SCB and SW showed similar increasing patterns of crystallinity with nanosilica surface modification. The surface morphology results showed that both SCB and SW cellulose modified with silica were swollen and displayed small particles agglomerating on the surface of the fibers. The solvent exchange method proved to be a successful method for modifying SCB and SW cellulose with nanosilica. It also proved to be cost-efficient and time-efficient.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a potential feedstock for butanol production. However, biological production of butanol from SB is less economically viable. In this study, evaluation of eight pretreatments on SB showed that alkali pretreatment efficiently removed lignin from SB while retaining the intact native structure of the released microfibrils. In total, 99\% of cellulose and 100\% of hemicellulose in alkali-pretreated SB were hydrolysed by enzymes from Thermoascus aurantiacus. The hydrolysate was used to produce butanol in a fed-batch fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum. At 60 h, 14.17 and 21.11 g L (1) of butanol and acet one-butanol-ethanol (ABE) were produced from 68.89 g L (1) of total sugars, respectively, yielding 0.22 and 0.33 g g (1) of sugars. The maximum yield of butanol and ABE reached 15.4 g and 22.9 g per 100 g raw SB, respectively. This established process may have potential application for butanol production from SB. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated by the sequential Fenton oxidation and sulfomethylation pretreatment (FSP) for reducing the lignin inhibition in enzymatic saccharification. The FSP showed the delignification of 67.76\% and the glucan retention in pretreated solid of 97.81\%. Compared with sulfomethylation pretreated SCB (SP-SCB), the lignin surface coverage and surface hydrophobicity of FSP-SCB decreased by 1.84 and 4.84 times, respectively, led to enzymatic accessibility increased by 20\%. Using the cellulase loading of 20 FPU/g glucan, the 72 h yields of glucose and xylose were 76.24\% and 64.83\%, respectively, which was 1.3-2.0 times higher than that of sulfomethylation treated SCB alone. Fenton oxidative reaction as a pre-step will help sulfomethyl group to easily and more introduce on aromatic ring, thereby accelerating the delignification.
Mechanical harvesting leaves in its wake a considerable amount of straw in the field, which can be effectively utilized to improve the soil condition and sugarcane yield. However, there is no specific information as to the quantity of straw mulch required to achieve such effects and as to whether it can be used in other sectors for bioelectricity and ethanol production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of removing different amounts of straw from the field and its impact on the yield and industrial quality of sugarcane ratoons. The experiment was carried out on Rhodic soil where six treatments were evaluated including 0 \%, 25 \% (5 Mg ha(-1)), 50 \% (10 Mg ha(-1)), 75 \%(15 Mg ha(-1)), 100 \% (20 Mg ha(-1)) straw on the soil surface and burned sugarcane (where 100 \% of the straw was burned). The influence on yield and industrial quality was calculated using total soluble solids, Pol (Apparent sucrose content), apparent purity, total sugars, reducing sugars and fiber. Shifting the harvesting system from bumed cane to growing under straw mulch improved crop yield as well as favoring sugar contents during water deficit conditions. The straw left on the soil did not affect industrial quality in any way during the trials; however, under drought conditions, treatments with 50 and 75 \% of straw resulted in a 76 \% higher yield compared to burned sugarcane, and 29 \% more than the 0 \%, 25 \% to 100 \% treatments of straw mulch thus favoring higher sugar production. The removal of 50 \% of the straw caused no damage to the sugarcane crop.
Water- and alkali-soluble hemicelluloses isolated from dewaxed sugarcane bagasse were sub-fractionated on DEAE-cellulose-52 chromatography and obtained six hemicellulosic sub-fractions by eluting with water, 0.1 M and 0.3 M NaG aqueous solution, respectively. Sugar composition and molecular weight analysis revealed that the lower molecular weight (14,180-43,590 g mol(-1)) and more branches of hemicelluloses could be extracted by the hot water, which are rich in glucose, galactose, and xylose, while the higher molecular weight (75,430-138,170 g mol(-1)) and more linear hemicelluloses were able to be dissolved into 1\% NaCH aqueous solution, which are rich in xylose, principally resulting from L-arabino-(4-O-methyl-glucurono)-D-Xylans. In addition, it was found that with increasing the concentration of NaCl (aqueous), the hemicellulosic sub-fractions with both higher arabinose to xylose ratio and higher molecular weight were eluted. Based on the FT-IR, sugar composition and H-1 and C-13 NMR comparative studies, the alkali-soluble hemicellulosic sub-fractions had a classical structure, with a backbone of beta-(1 -> 4)-linked xylosyl residue substituted with arabinose at C-2 and/or C-3 of main chain, whereas the difference may occur in the distribution of branches along the xylan backbone. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bioethanol production using lignocellulosic materials (the second-generation technology) was consist of pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. This research optimize the SSF incubation time using cellulose enzyme and Saccharomyces cerevisiae combination for sugarcane bagasse. The bagasse was pre-treated by delignification with NaOH. The SSF was conducted by Sacharomyches cereviceae, cellulose enzymes (Trichoderma reesei) and nutrients combination during 3 d, 5 d and 7 d as incubation time variables. The optimum result was 0.748 5 \% of ethanol concentration or dry weight conversion by 11.810 5 g . L-1 which obtained after 5 d incubation time based on ethanol conversion, microbiology test and sugar reduction concentration. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The mechanism of As(V) removal from aqueous solutions by means of hydrated ferric oxide (HFO)-treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB-HFO) (Saccharum officinarum L.) was investigated. Effects of different parameters, such as pH value, initial arsenic concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and ionic strength, on the As(V) adsorption were studied. The adsorption capacity of SCB-HFO for As(V) was found to be 22.1 mg/g under optimum conditions of pH 4, contact time 3 h and temperature 22 degrees C. Initial As(V) concentration influenced the removal efficiency of SCB-HFO. The desorption of As(V) from the adsorbent was 17\% when using 30\% HCl and 85\% with 1 M NaOH solution. FTIR analyses evidenced two potential binding sites associated with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups which are responsible for As(V) removal. Adsorption, surface precipitation, ion exchange and complexation can be suggested as mechanisms for the As(V) removal from the solution phase onto the surface of SCB-HFO. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The study on the characteristics of geopolymer concrete (GPC) is of ultimate significance to instill assurance in builders and engineers. Abundant available literatures point towards the utilization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as source material in the production of GPC with little on other materials. India produces nearly 350 MMT of sugarcane for the production of sugar, which lies second only to Brazil in the annual production, the disposal of the bagasse creates an environmental issue needs to be effectively utilized. Hence, this work was intended to investigate the effect of utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a source material in the production of geopolymer mixes. The fresh (consistency, setting time, soundness and flow), hardened (density, compressive strength, expansion and pH) and microstructural properties (X-ray diffraction) of the tested mixes were asessed. The results infer that 20 \% replacement level of GGBFS with SCBA produces superior compressive strength and all other results were within the permissible limits even at 40 \% replacement level.
Studies on ion movement in soil profiles associated to the application of vinasse are scarce. The objective of this study is to assess the quantity of inorganic and organic ions in the profile of the soil under sugarcane. The study was realized in a commercial sugarcane cultivar in the municipality of Ponta Pora, MS, Brazil in the harvest year of 2010/2011. The soil in the experimental area was classified as Haplorthox clay. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four repetitions, two depths, and four harvest periods, after application of a 350 m(3) h(-1) vinasse dosage. Twenty-four soil solution extractors were installed at a distance of 4 x 4 m from each other in the areas under vinasse treatment. Vinasse was chemically characterized by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method. The extracted solution samples were determined for ionic chromatography. Elevated concentrations of lactic, butyric, citric, tartaric, succinic, formic, and acetic acids were found up to 1 m of depth up to 29 days after application. After 63 days, no traces of those anions were found in the soil. There was a rise in nitrate and a decline in the content of chloride and sulfate.
A fermentation process using Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in a fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) was developed for butyric acid production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate. SCB was first treated with dilute acid and then hydrolyzed with cellulases. The hydrolysate containing glucose and xylose was used as carbon source for the fermentation without detoxification. The bacterium was able to grow at a specific growth rate of similar to 0.06 h(-1) in media containing 15-20\% (w/v) SCB in serum bottles. In batch cultures in the FBB, both glucose and xylose in the SCB hydrolysate were simultaneously converted to butyrate with a high yield (0.45-0.54 g/g sugar) and productivity (0.48-0.60 g/L h). A final butyrate concentration of 20.9 g/L was obtained in a fed-batch culture, with an overall productivity of 0.51 g/L h and butyrate yield of 0.48 g/g sugar consumed. This work demonstrated the feasibility of using SCB as a low-cost feedstock to produce butyric acid. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), the eco-friendly solubilizing agents for processing of lignocellulosic feedstock, facilitate effective delignification and enhanced carbohydrates accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes for proficient bioconversion. Furthermore, the efficacy of these solvents may be increased by combinative application of microwave irradiation. In the present report, a novel and intensified strategy were developed for sugarcane bagasse (SCB) biomass pretreatment by using combined application of microwave irradiation and IL (1-butyl-3 methylimidazolium chloride, {[
Steam explosion of sugarcane bagasse was carried out in the absence (autocatalysis) and presence of dilute phosphoric (H3PO4) and dilute sulfuric (H2SO4) as exogenous acid catalysts. Seven experiments were designed to operate at the same combined severity factor (CSF) of 0.76 +/- 0.02: three autocatalytic steam explosion (steam exploded bagasse, SEB), three with dilute H2SO4 (SEB/SA) and one with dilute H3PO4 (SEB/PA) that was used as reference. Steam treatment at the same CSF produced substrates with similar chemical compositions, rheological behaviors and glucose yields by enzymatic hydrolysis at 15\% total solids (TS) using Cellic CTec3, except for two SEB/SA experiments that were carried out at lower temperatures and shorter times. SEB were the best substrates because they required the lowest power consumption for hydrolysis at 15\% TS compared to SEB/SA and SEB/PA. Carbohydrates, aliphatic acids, furans and aromatic compounds were also characterized in pretreatment water-solubles by GC-MS and these varied considerably regardless of their equivalence in pretreatment CSF.
There is ongoing interest in the alcohol industry to significantly reduce and/or add value to the liquid residue, vinasse, produced after the distillation and rectification of ethanol from sugar cane. Vinasse contains potassium, glycerol, and a protein component that can cause environmental issues if improperly disposed of. Currently, some industries have optimized their processes to reduce waste, and a significant proportion of vinasse is being considered for use as an additive in other industrial processes. In the manufacture of cement and asphalt, vinasse has been used in the mixtures at low concentrations, albeit with some physical and mechanical problems. This work is the first molecular approximation of the components of the sugar cane vinasse in an industrial context, and it provides atomic details of complex molecular events. In the current study, the major components of sugar cane vinasse, alone or complexed on the surface of calcium carbonate, were modeled and simulated using molecular dynamics. The results showed that the protein component, represented by the mannoprotein Mp1p, has a high affinity for forming hydrogen bonds with potassium and glycerol in the vinasse. Additionally, it provides atomic stability to the calcium carbonate surface, preserving the calcite crystalline structure in the same way potassium ions interact with the carbonate group through ion-dipole interactions to improve the cohesion of the modeled surface. On the contrary, when the glycerol molecule interacts with calcium carbonate using more than two hydrogen bonds, it triggers the breakdown of the crystalline structure of calcite expanding the ionic pair.
Pretreatment is one of the most important steps in the production of bioethanol from renewable feedstocks like lignocellulosic biomass, however, existing pretreatment approaches have some,limitadons. In this context, two different acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) i.e. alkylsulfonic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@AS) and butylcarboxylic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@BCOOH) were synthesized and evaluated for their efficacy at different concentration in the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. It was observed that both of these acid-functionalized MNPs showed concentration-dependent promising catalytic activity as compared to conventional acid pretreatment. Both Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@AS and Fe(3)O(4)MNPs@Si@BCOOH at 500 mg/g of bagasse showed the maximum amount of sugar (xylose) liberated i.e. 18.83 g/L and 18.67 g/L, respectively which are comparatively higher than the normal acid pretreatment (15.40 g/L) and untreated sample (0.28 g/L). Further, both the acid-functionalized MNPs used were recovered by applying magnetic field and reused for next two subsequent cycles of pretreatment. Therefore, such nanotechnology-based approaches can be used as a rapid and eco-friendly alternative method for the pretreatment of a variety of lignocellulosic materials. Moreover, the reuse of the same MNPs for more than one cycle of pretreatment can also help to reduce the cost involved in the process. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The impact performance of chopped bagasse-EVA matrix composites is evaluated and compared with the behavior of bagasse filled PP and PE matrix composites and wood-based materials. The volume fraction and size of the chopped bagasse used as filler was varied. The experimental results show that the incorporation of bagasse strongly reduces the deformation capacity of EVA polymer. The reduction of the deformation capacity of the composites was also inferred by solid-state NMR relaxation analysis. The impact strength was independent of the bagasse size, but varied with the volume fraction. As a function of the volume fraction it was shown that the mechanical performance of bagasse-EVA composites could be tailored to reproduce the behavior of wood-based particle boards. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study aimed to develop eco-friendly alkali-activated mixtures utilizing blast furnace slag (BFS) and unground sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). One-part mixtures comprising BFS, SBA, and sodium metasilicate as dry materials were compared to conventional mixtures. Mortars and pastes were prepared with SBA replacement ratios up to 70\%. At 3-days compressive strength, an increase for mixtures with 10\% and 30\% SBA was observed. The techniques of XRD, TG, FTIR and SEM were used to identify chemical and morphological changes caused by SBA incorporation. Utilizing raw SBA eliminated processes, saved power consumption and made employing this waste feasible.
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been introduced into industrial cocktails used for biomass saccharification due to their capacity to boost enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant cellulose. The genome of the thermotolerant ascomycete Aspergillus fumigatus encodes 7 genes for LPMOs that belong to auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9). Here, we cloned, successfully expressed and performed biochemical evaluation of two CBM-less A. fumigatus LPMOs (AfAA9A and AfAA9B). A high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis demonstrated that AfAA9A and AfAA9B are able to oxide cellulose at C1 and C1/C4 positions, respectively. Synergic effects of LPMOs (separately and in combination) with cellulases were investigated. Supplementation of Celluclast 1.5 L with a low concentration of AfAA9B improved in 20 \% the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion (SEB), while AfAA9A did not improvethe saccharification. Analysis of the hydrolyzed biomass by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed the LPMOs are promoting lignin oxidation in the lignocellulosic material. This study complements the available results concerning the utilization of LPMOs in the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Sugarcane ethanol has been proposed to be one of the best options to substitute fossil fuels. However, despite its benefits, ethanol production generates large amounts of residues, especially vinasse, a liquid residue that may result in environmental problems, such as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The aim of this study was to quantify the CH4 and N2O emissions during vinasse transportation by open channel in a sugarcane Mill in Brazil. Additionally, we estimated the contribution of vinasse emission to total sugarcane ethanol emissions. We set up six points to collect gas samples and quantify the emissions of CH4 and N2O along the main vinasse transportation channel. The emissions of CH4 accounted for over 98\% of the total emissions, while the N2O fluxes represented, on average, less than 2\%. We estimated an emission factor of 1.43 kg CO2 eq m(-3) of transported vinasse. Improvements in vinasse storage and transportation methods, either by coating the open channels or by use of coated tanks and pipes should significantly reduce GHG emissions. The reduction of GHG emissions in ethanol production can make a significant contribution toward a cleaner production of biofuels. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Burnt clay brick is the commonly used construction material across the world. In most of countries including Pakistan, brick manufacturing is ignorant of modern day improvements and innovations. Utilization of waste materials in manufacturing of clay bricks is not only helpful in disposal of wastes safely but also imparts useful properties to the burnt clay bricks. In this study, the use of waste materials (rice husk ash and bagasse ash) for brick production has been attempted. Clay bricks were prepared incorporating 5\% by clay weight of rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) to investigate the mechanical and durability properties. It was observed compressive strength and modulus of rupture decreased with incorporation of RHA and SBA in burnt clay brick. However, compressive strength and modulus of rupture satisfied the requirements of building bricks according to Pakistan building code and ASTM standard guidelines. Furthermore, clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA can be potentially used in the production of lighter bricks. Lighter weight of bricks can result in reduction of structural loads and helpful in achieving economy. Test results confirmed the use of clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA as moderate weather resistive bricks. Moreover, resistance against efflorescence was improved after incorporating RHA and SBA. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and found that burnt clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA were more porous than burnt clay bricks. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the addition of RHA and SBA is not only helpful in controlling environmental pollution but also results into a more sustainable and economical construction. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) can be obtained from sugarcane straw hydrolyzed liquor (SSHL) after pre-treatment by deacetylation followed by hydrothermal process. The fractionation of low molecular weight XOS (LMW XOS) such as xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3) from high molecular weight XOS (HMW XOS) such as xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5), and xylohexaose (X6) is a challenge to be overcome in SSHL for either biotechnological applications or functional foods applications with prebiotic potential. In this study, we proposed and investigated the nanofiltration (NF) membranes technology configured as a serial process for XOS fractionation from SSHL to isolate LMW XOS. In our findings, the first membrane selected was NP030 (polyethersulfone material with MWCO of 500-600 Da) and the second one was TS40 (polypiperazine material with MWCO of 200-300 Da). Then, the selected membranes were operationally optimized for pressure, temperature, and pH: target in NP030 was for increasing the HMW XOS rejection with its best conditions under 40 bar, 20 degrees C, and pH 4.6, while targets in TS40 were for increasing the LMW XOS rejection and decreasing the xylose (X1) rejection with its best conditions under 20 bar, 50 degrees C, and pH 4.6. Finally, the operation of diafiltration (DF) was investigated and it was found that 1-time DF in each membrane could improve the performance indices for LMW XOS in the serial membrane-based process, achieving final values of 3.7 g/L of concentration, 20.9\% purity, and 46.0\% yield. This study brought great contribution to XOS fractionation using NF membranes technology, mainly due to the protocol of investigating DF influence.
The objective of this review is to provide a deep overview of liquid biofuels produced from sugarcane bagasse and to address the economic challenges of an ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol blend in commercial processes. The chemistry of sugarcane bagasse is presented. Pretreatment technologies such as physical, chemical pretreatment, biological, and combination pretreatments used in the fermentation process are also provided and summarised. Different types of anaerobic bacteria Clostridia (yeast) are discussed to identify the ingredient best suited for sugarcane bagasse, which can assist the industry in commercializing ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol biofuel from biomass sugarcane. The use of an acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture and ethanol blend in internal combustion engines is also discussed. The literature then supports the proposal of the best operating conditions for fermentation to enhance ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol plant efficiency in the sugar waste industry and its application in internal combustion engines.
Two continuous anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) were operated under thermophilic (55 degrees C) temperature for 150 days to investigate the effect of dark H-2 fermentation of diluted and raw sugarcane vinasse on H-2 production using mixed seed sludge. Although effective H-2 production (52.8\% of H-2; 0.80 L H-2 h(-1) L-1; 0.79 mmol gCOD(added)(-1) was observed using an elevated substrate concentration (30,000 mg COD L-1), the optimal operational conditions were found for the AFBR(1) (10,000 mg COD L-1) fed with diluted sugarcane vinasse (HRT 6 h; OLR 40 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)), achieving a H-2 yield of 2.86 mmol H-2 g CODadded-1. H-2 production was inhibited by elevated volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations (butyric and acetic acids = 3.7 and 3.0 g L-1, respectively) in the raw feedstock. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses revealed changes in the bacterial population of the expanded clay biofilm as a function of the substrate concentration. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Corn stover and sugarcane bagasse are the most widely available agriculture processing biomass and could serve as feedstocks for production of biofuel. In this study, three different technologies are combined to develop a more efficient conversion process for each of these feedstocks. The three technologies are diluted alkaline deacetylation process, combined thermochemical and mechanical shear pretreatment, and fermentation using a combined inoculum of two commercial Saccharomyces yeast strains. The two yeast strains used were a non-GMO and GMO strain engineered for xylose fermentation. The final ethanol concentrations obtained were 35.7 g/L from deacetylated corn stover and 32.9 g/L from sugarcane bagasse. Blending the two yeast reduced residual xylose content from 1.24 g/L to 0.48 g/L and increased ethanol production by 6.5\% compared to solely using the C5/C6 yeast. The optimized yeast blend also lowered the amount of C5/C6 yeast required for inoculation by 80\%.
Sugarcane bagasse and straw, two major agro-industrial byproducts generated by the sugarcane industry, contain significant amounts of carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed and then converted into ethanol or other valuable compounds. However, access to them is limited by the presence of lignin, a recalcitrant polymer that protects cell-wall polysaccharides from enzymatic hydrolysis. This work demonstrates the ability of an enzymatic pretreatment, based on the lactase from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole as mediator, to remove and/or modify lignin in sugarcane bagasse and straw residues, improving their subsequent saccharification. Up to 27\% and 31\% decreases of relative lignin content in ground sugarcane bagasse and straw, respectively, were achieved by the lactase-mediator pretreatment followed by alkaline peroxide extraction. Moreover, the lignin removal directly correlated with improvements in enzymatic saccharification, increasing glucose releases by around 39\% and 46\% for bagasse and straw, respectively, compared with those of the corresponding controls. Lignin depolymerization and degradation were made evident in the 2D-NMR spectra by a significant reduction in the number of aliphatic side chains involved in the main beta-O-4' and beta-5' interunit linkages, together with a remarkable removal of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) lignin units as well as the associated p-coumarates and ferulates, with respect to polysaccharides.
Although sulfomethylation (SM) and carboxymethylation (CM) have been used in the pretreatments of lignocelluloses, their effects on lignin structure of biomass and the interaction between lignin and cellulase remain unclear. In this work, alkaline pretreatment firstly removed 52.5\% of lignin in sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The sequential SM and CM further increased the delignification capacities by 43.1\% and 34.3\%, respectively. Results of nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and adsorption experiments show that the unites of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid in residual lignin in alkaline-pretreated SCB (AP-SCB) were dissociated, and the -SO3- and carboxyl groups were introduced into the residual lignin in AP-SCB by SM and CM. The structural modification of residual lignin by SM and CM decreased the adsorption capacity of cellulase toward residual lignin in AP-SCB by 25.6\% and 21.7\%, resulting in the increase of glucose yield of AP-SCB from 52.2\% to 83.8\% and 73.6\%, respectively. This work provides an efficient strategy to enhance sugars yields of alkaline-pretreated SCB through the mitigated nonproductive adsorption of residual lignin by SM and CM.
Where sugarcane is harvested without burning, a thick layer of straw remains on the soil. This crop residue modifies the agroecosystem and requires a reformulation of the crop management. Urea is the most common nitrogen source for sugarcane but, when applied on top of the crop residue, NH3-N loss rates are high. This work was carried out under field conditions in the sugarcane production region of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on an Arenic Kanhaplodult, using the third rattoon of the variety SP 80-1842, harvested mechanically without previous burning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen sources applied over sugarcane trash by the determination of NH3-N losses by volatilization, crop yield and quality. The nitrogen rate was 100 kg ha(-1). The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks with five replications and five treatments: T0- control, T1- urea, T2- uran, T3- urea + ammonium sulfate, T4- liquid residue enriched with N. Static semi-open NH3 collectors were used to evaluate losses by ammonia volatilization. The results showed that NH3-N losses were higher in T1 and T3 (36 and 35 \%, respectively), and lower in T2 and T4 (15 and 9 \%, respectively). Sugarcane yields were affected by the nitrogen fertilization as well as by volatilization losses.
Herein, fabrication of a novel eco-friendly and effective biosorbent (SCB-GO-PAA) nanocomposite were investigated by modification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as lignocellulosic biomass with graphene oxide (GO) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) using homogenizer as a new technique to prepare (SCB-GO-PAA) nanocomposite. The fabricated materials were characterized using SEM, FTIR, TGA, and XRD, and were tested to adsorb methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. Adsorption parameters were studied to investigate the optimum conditions that achieve the higher adsorption capacity. The adsorption processes were carried out according to Langmuir isothermal model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model with maximum sorption capacity of MB-dye by SCB, SCB-GO, and SCB-GO-PAA nanocomposite of 143.56, 265.85, and 543.28 mgg(-1), respectively. The results revealed that the fabricated biosorbents are promising materials with considerable adsorption capacity comparing to other novel adsorbents. Also, this eco-friendly and effective bioadsorbent can be utilized on large scale to remove MB-dye from various types of wastewater.
New technologies for producing ethanol from sugarcane bagasse and other raw materials have been developed as an answer for the world claim for renewable energy. Second generation ethanol is an alternative to increase the production of the renewable fuel ethanol in Brazil. In this context, in this work energy integration of sugarcane biorefineries was performed, using Pinch analysis. Biorefineries consist in processes for first and second generation (1G/2G) ethanol and bioelectricity production, using hydrothermal, dilute acid and steam explosion pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse. For each process with a different pre-treatment, two different options were considered, to know, to include or not pentoses fermentation step. For the six evaluated scenarios the application of energy integration demonstrated a reduction in energy consumption of more than 50\% when compared to the corresponding cases without any energy integration and of more than 30\% when compared to processes with project integration, as commonly found in Brazilian industrial plants. Besides the economical advantage, due to the decrease in costs of hot and cold utilities, energy integrated processes allow increase the amount of bagasse that can be diverted for production of second generation ethanol. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, sugarcane molasses (SCM) was pre-treated in a low-cost fermentation medium to produce probiotic biomass of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (LPPF19) with the combination of dilution, centrifugation, and acid hydrolysis (5 molar sulfuric acid, 60 degrees C/2 h). Microtox analysis, inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to measure the effects of SCM pretreatment on the fermentation process. The results showed that the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose was 98\%, which represented an increase of 44.4\% in the initial glucose content (fermentation-limiting sugar), and harmful heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead, were reduced by 50.3, 60.0, and 64.3\%, respectively. After pretreatment, with the supplementation of only yeast extract and salts (Na, K, Mg, and Mn), a biomass of 9.58 log CFU/mL was achieved, approximately ten times higher than that for the control medium used (MRS/DeMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe). The cost reduction achieved compared to this commercial medium was 68.7\% in the laboratory and 78.9\% on an industrial scale. This work demonstrated that SCM could be used in a cheaper and more effective alternative fermentation to produce LPPF19.
The hydrolysis of hydrothermally treated sugarcane bagasse at dry matter (DM) content of 5\%, 15\%, and 20\% using a laboratory-made blend of Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 and Aspergillus awamori (TrAa) supernatants was compared with that of commercial enzymes: Celluclast-Novozym 188 (Cell 88), Cellic CTec2 (CT2), and CT2 blended with HTec2 (CTH2). Although the glucose yields (80-86\%) achieved with all the enzymes were similar at 5\% DM, CTH2 and CT2 performed better than Cell 88 and TrAa at 20\% DM, with yields of 72\%, 69\%, 45\%, and 57\%, respectively. Noticeably, TrAa promoted faster liquefaction in the early stages of hydrolysis. The superior CT2's performance at high DM contents might be associated with its improved resistance to end-product inhibition, as this preparation was the least affected in experiments containing initial exogenous glucose. However, the performance of all the enzymes decreased in the presence of exogenous glucose in comparison to experiments without exogenous glucose. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, a co-production of two high value-added products, glucose and xylooligosaccharides (XOS), was investigated by utilizing sugarcane bagasse (SB) within a multi-product bio-refinery framework optimized by Box-Behnken design-based response surface methodology. The developed process resulted in a maximum cellulose conversion of xylan-removed SB, 98.69 +/- 1.30\%, and a maximum extracted SB xylan conversion into XOS (xylobiose and xylotriose) of 57.36 +/- 0.79\% that was the highest SB xylan conversion reported in the literature, employing cellulase from Penicillium oxalicum EU2106 and recombinant endo-beta-1,4-xylanase in Pichia pastoris. Consequently, a mass balance analysis showed that the maximum yields of glucose and XOS were 34.43 +/- 0.32 g and 5.96 +/- 0.09 g per 100 g raw SB. Overall, this described process may be a preferred option for the comprehensive utilization of SB. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bagasse is the left over obtained from sugar production plants. After improving the quality with NaOH and white fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, it can be used as roughage source for ruminant animal. However, use at different levels in TMR diet is expected to produce different responses. Therefore, the objective this study is to find the suitable level of fermented sugarcane bagasse (FSB) as an ingredient in TMR with 14\% dietary protein content on dairy cow performance, blood metabolite and ruminal fermentation. In CRD experiment, nine crossbred Holstein lactating multiparous cows (avg. b. wt. 405 +/- 45 kg) were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments comprising of 3 levels of FSB in TMR diet viz., 10, 20 and 30\%. The result showed that inclusion of FSB at different levels in TMR diet had no effect on DMI and milk production. However, FSB at 20\% in TMR had improved the milk composition. Increasing the level of FSB in TMR diet was effect to increase blood glucose, while blood urea nitrogen has the highest in 1.5 hours after feeding FSB at 10\% in TMR diet. Level of FSB in TMR diet had no effect on ruminal fermentation as evidenced in every hour of determination, except 4.5 hours after feeding while FSB at 10\% in TMR diet had highest TVFA concentration in the rumen. Therefore, the study suggests that FSB at the level of 20-30\% in TMR diet for optimum performance, blood metabolite and ruminal fermentation.
Liquid hot water pretreatment, as an initial step in an alternative use of lignocellulosic biomass to produce fermentable sugar, was performed in this study. The effect of pretreatment temperature range from 160 to 200 degrees C on the hemicellulose degradation (the yields of glucose and xylose, as well as inhibitors) and cellulose enzymatic digestibility were evaluated. The results indicated that the maximum xylose yields (combined 2.23 g xylose and 13.20 g xylo-oligosaccharides per 100g raw material) in prehydrolysate liquid were obtained at 180 degrees C. The untreated and pretreated solid residues were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that liquid hot water pretreatment removed a large number of hemicellulose and resulted in enriched cellulose and lignin content in the pretreated residues. Due to the effective removal of hemicellulose, the maximum glucose yield in enzyme hydrolyzate reached 37.27 g per 100 g raw material (after the pretreatment temperature of 200 degrees C), representing 90.13\% of glucose in the sugarcane bagasse.
Time-course expression profiles of one xylanase and eight cellulase encoding genes, as well as of two transcription factor encoding genes of Humicola grisea var. thermoidea were established in different culture media pHs and carbon sources (glucose and sugarcane bagasse). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed a remarkable and parallel increase in mRNA accumulation for cbh1.1, cbh1.2, egl1, egl2, egl3, bgl4 and xyn1 at alkaline pH and with sugarcane bagasse employed as the sole carbon source. Glucose utilization led to a higher creA mRNA accumulation compared to the other genes. A distinct pattern was observed for egl4, whose mRNA preferably accumulated in acidic conditions. The transcriptional profile data combined with the analysis of the in vitro binding of PacC and CreA transcription factors to the promoters support the CreA-mediated carbon repression and the PacC-related pH regulation of H. grisea cellulase and xylanase encoding genes. Moreover, EMSA analyses suggest a role for CreA on pacC transcriptional regulation. These data will be useful to H. grisea hydrolytic enzymes production improvement, as well as to the design of optimized promoters aiming industrial heterologous proteins production. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Extensive presence of imidacloprid (IMI) in the worldwide water which has caused the potential risk to human health. An efficient and novel adsorbent of potassium hydroxide (KOH) activated magnetic (iron/zinc, Fe/Zn) sugarcane bagasse biochar (KOH + Fe/Zn-BBC) was first time synthesized in this study to adsorptive removal of IMI from water. Its maximum adsorption capacity was 313 mg g(-1) at 298 K. Characterization, kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic and environmental factors analysis suggested that both chemisorption and physisorption were involved in IMI adsorption process, which was a spontaneous, endothermic and randomly increasing process. Particularly, pore filling, pi-pi conjugation and oxygen-containing functional groups complexation were the main mechanisms. Intraparticle diffusion was considered as the main rate-limiting step due to its dominant microporous structure. The magnetic sensitivity of KOH + Fe/Zn-BBC enabled it to be easily separated from the solution, which was also beneficial for its reuse. Ultrasound cavitation and ethanol extraction co-processing could effectively regenerate the used adsorbent and maintain its efficient adsorption capacity. Additionally, KOH + Fe/Zn-BBC exhibited a stable adsorption performance and great environmental safety in a wide pH range. Therefore, this study suggests that KOH + Fe/Zn-BBC is an efficient, green and sustainable adsorbent for neonicotinoids removal. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vinasse, an effluent generated during sugar and alcohol production, has great potential for soil and water pollution; however, it can be treated, used in biomass production and reused in sugarcane plantations. Thus, this work uses different types of biodigested vinasse to produce more biomass. The effect is the removal of ammonia nitrogen quickly and the end of the exponential growth phase of microalgae at different levels from the sixth day of cultivation. Among the concentrations used, the use of 50\% biodigested vinasse showed the highest biomass concentration (255 mg L-1) after 10 days of growth, coinciding with the end of ammoniacal nitrogen availability and stabilization of effluent color removal. The addition of biodigested vinasse also provides an increase in Chlorophyll a (5.33 mg L-1) and b (4.66 mg L-1) levels, obtained on the sixth day with 40\% of vinasse, as well as protein (40.50\%) with 50\% effluent. Therefore, with the obtained results we noticed the variation of the biomass composition according to the vinasse concentration and increase of the pigment concentration in the presence of the effluent with higher nutrient concentration. Thus, the higher concentration of vinasse was more productive of the cultivation ofChlorella vulgaris.
Mild alkaline treatment (1.5\% NaOH (w/v), solid:liquid ratio of 1:20, 60 degrees C, 6 h) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) produced an extract composed of hemicelluloses, lignin, phenolic monomers and acetic acid. The purification of this extract, usually considered a by-product in lignocellulosic biorefineries, is of major importance to give value to the whole mild alkaline fractionation process. Ultrafiltration was assessed to separate the components of the SCB alkaline extract which is a prerequisite for their further valorization. The permeate flux and the retention of the extract components were studied on seven membranes (polysulfone hollow fiber and ceramic tubular) with different molecular weight cut-offs, under various operating conditions. On all the membranes tested, oligomers of lignin and hemicelluloses were separated from salts, phenolic monomers and acetic acid. The 10 kDa polysulfone hollow fiber membrane presented the highest lignin and hemicelluloses retention, exceeding 85 and 90\%, respectively, regardless of shear rate and with a limited influence of transmembrane pressure. For salts, acetic acid and phenolic monomers, retention levels of about 0-10\% were recorded for this membrane. At 2.8 bar and at 20 degrees C, the permeate flux reached 16 L/h/m(2) and the critical flux was not reached.
BACKGROUND: The efficient production of a fermentable hydrolyzate is an immensely important requirement in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock in bioethanol production processes. The identification of the optimal enzyme loading is of particular importance to maximize the amount of glucose produced from lignocellulosic materials while maintaining low costs. This requirement can only be achieved by incorporating reliable methodologies to properly address the optimization problem. RESULTS: In this work, a data-driven technique based on artificial neural networks and design of experiments have been integrated in order to identify the optimal enzyme combination. The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was used as a case study. This technique was used to build up a model of the combined effects of cellulase (FPU/L) and beta-glucosidase (CBU/L) loads on glucose yield (\%) after enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal glucose yield, above 99\%, was achieved with cellulase and beta-glucosidase concentrations in the ranges of 460.0 to 580.0 FPU L-1 (15.3-19.3 FPU g(-1) bagasse) and 750.0 to 1140.0 CBU L-1 (2-38 CBU g(-1) bagasse), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamic model developed can be used not only to the prediction of glucose concentration profiles for different enzymatic loadings, but also to obtain the optimum enzymes loading that leads to high glucose yield. It can promote both a successful hydrolysis process control and a more effective employment of enzymes. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Previously, it has been suggested that melanoidin-like products (MLP) from sugarcane molasses may accelerate copper phytoextraction. In this study, we evaluated the facilitatory effect of MLP on phytoextraction in a medium including cadmium or lead, the concentrations of which were adjusted around the regulation values of the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act in Japan. Three Brassica species were tested based on their fast growth, high biomass productivity, and high heavy metal absorption. Both biomass and lead uptake in the nutrient medium with 1 mM lead nitrate were significantly increased by the addition of MLP, and almost all of the lead was accumulated in the root tissue. Therefore, MLP were able both to detoxify lead ions and to improve their bioavailability in Brassica species. In contrast, only these species with MLP or citric acid survived in the nutrient medium with 1 mM cadmium sulfate. The phytoextraction of cadmium using these species was therefore impractical under the Act.
To enhance both the overall efficiency of the sugarcane industry and the decolorization rate during the clarification process, a composite material of porous carbon and hydroxyapatite was synthesized using bagasse. The investigation focused on examining the adsorption characteristics of this composite on colorants present in sugarcane juice and remelt sugar syrup under various conditions. The results indicated that at a pH level of 7, with adsorbent dosages of 3.75 mg/mL and 7.50 mg/mL, and adsorption times of 120 and 180 min, the decolorization rates for sucrose juice and remelt sugar syrup were achieved 93.19\% and 92.41\%, respectively. Moreover, regeneration trials revealed the reusability of the adsorbent across several cycles, indicating its practicality for long-term applications. Therefore, the synthesized composite material-comprised of bagasse-derived biochar and hydroxyapatite-represents an environmentally responsible and efficient adsorbent with considerable potential for colorant removal in both sugar juice and remelt syrup.
Recently, agriculture residue such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fiber have been attracting attention to a researcher as a high potential reinforcement material for composite material in building sector. Agriculture biomass are biodegradable, sustainable, low cost and lightweight materials for composite industries. In this paper, OPEFB and SCB fiber used as filler in different ratio to fabricate hybrid composites by hand lay-up technique while maintaining total fibre loading 50 wt\%. Tensile test using UTM INSTRON machine, water absorption, thickness swelling, density, void content and micrographs of hybrid composites and pure were determined. This research found that hybridization of OPEFB/SCB fiber composites indicates better performance and properties comparing with pure fiber composites. Obtained results showed that 7OPEFB:3SCB hybrid composites display highest tensile strength and modulus, 5.56 MPa and 661.MPa, respectively with less porous and voids area compared to pure composites. While 3OPEFB:7SCB hybrid composites show lower water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 h analysis. This research addresses agriculture residue seen as an alternative green product material to apply in wall as a thermal insulation and heat retention, which are important in buildings and construction sector for the purpose of energy saving. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The use of agro-industrial and urban organic waste to produce energy seems to be one of the most attractive options for the future of energy supply. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for treating organic waste and producing biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, that can be used for electrical and thermal energy generation or as fuel. However, it is still necessary to improve the technology associated with its production, adapting it to an efficient, safe, and competitive scale. Various methodologies are used to support the decision on process parameters and operating conditions to find the most effective and sustainable ones. In this study, an exergy analysis was performed to determine the exergetic efficiency and exergy destruction in the biogas process produced from the anaerobic digestion of vinasse. The analysis was performed through mass, energy, and exergy balances using literature data and computer simulation and considering the use of a continuous stirred tank reactor. The results show that the exergy destroyed in the CSTR biodigester was 1338.9 kW, accounting for 57.2\% of the overall exergy destruction in the process. The heat exchanger showed the highest exergy efficiency (99.95\%), with only 5.77 kW of exergy being destroyed. The authors suggest for future works that it would be interesting to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) and exergoeconomic analysis to evaluate the environmental and economic impacts associated with biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse.
A method to estimate thermal and kinetic parameters of sugarcane bagasse and cotton stalks subject to thermal runaway is presented using the standard and modified ASTM E2021 hot surface ignition test apparatus. These parameters include thermal conductivity (k), activation energy (E), and coupled term (QA). Experimental tests are used to determine the minimum hot surface temperature for dust ignition, ignition temperature of the dust itself, and ignition times. Four different dust layer thicknesses: 6.4 mm, 12.7 mm, 19.1 mm, and 25.4 mm, are tested for each material and their E and (QA) values are calculated by a widely known multiple test method. The average value of estimated k is 0.08 W/m. K and 0.068 W/m. K for sugarcane bagasse and cotton stalks, respectively. For sugarcane bagasse, the activation energy ranges from 178.7 kJ/mol to 181.3 kJ/mol and the corresponding value of (QA) is 3.5 x 10(6) for this range. For cotton stalks, the activation energy ranges from 147 kJ/mol to 149.8 kJ/mol and the corresponding value of (QA) is 10 x 10(5) for this range. Results also showed that as the dust layer thickness increases, the minimum hot plate ignition temperature (T-min) decreases and the ignition time (t(ign)) increases. Different photographs for ignition of dusts are presented and discussed. Gas emissions during ignition are measured and discussed.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pretreated with alkali assisted hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was investigated for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process for bioethanol production in interconnected column reactors using immobilized Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL-Y7124. Initially, HC was employed for the evaluation of the reagent used in alkaline pretreatment. Alkalis (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, Ca(OH)(2)) and NaOH recycled black liquor (successive batches) were used and their pretreatment effectiveness was assessed considering the solid composition and its enzymatic digestibility. In SSF process using NaOH-HC pretreatment SCB, 62.33\% of total carbohydrate fractions were hydrolyzed and 17.26 g/L of ethanol production (0.48 g of ethanol/g of glucose and xylose consumed) was achieved. This proposed scheme of HC-assisted NaOH pretreatment together with our interconnected column reactors showed to be an interesting new approach for biorefineries. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost biosorbent and activated carbon (AC) were used to remove Mn(II). The effects of three parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage (C-a) and initial metal concentration (C-o) on the adsorption of Mn(II) were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design. The maximum experimental Mn(II) removal efficiencies of 63\% and 97\% for SCB and AC, respectively, were obtained. Additionally, a chemical treatment by hydrochloric acid (HCl) was performed on SCB, and it was observed that chemical treatment of SCB had a significant effect on the adsorption, as the maximum removal increased up to 99\%. (C) 2014 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, are crucial players in the production of enzymatic cocktails for biomass hydrolysis or the bioconversion of plant biomass into products with industrial relevance. The biotechnology industry can exploit lignocellulosic biomass for the production of high-value chemicals. The generation of biotechnological products from lignocellulosic feedstock presents several bottlenecks, including low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, high cost of enzymes, and limitations on microbe metabolic performance. Genetic engineering offers a route for developing improved microbial strains for biotechnological applications in high-value product biosynthesis. Sugarcane bagasse, for example, is an agro-industrial waste that is abundantly produced in sugar and first-generation processing plants. Here, we review the potential conversion of its feed-stock into relevant industrial products via microbial production and discuss the advances that have been made in improving strains for biotechnological applications.
Currently, wastewater processing through anaerobic digestion can generate not only biofuels such as bio-hydrogen and methane, but also value-added soluble-phase intermediates (e.g. carboxylic acids), which have numerous applications. This study investigates the potential of using sugarcane vinasse, the main byproduct from ethanol production, as substrate in dark fermentation to recover soluble metabolites through the biorefinery approach. The impacts of temperature (30-60 degrees C) and initial pH (5.0-10.0) were initially assessed in batch tests using microbial consortia obtained from the natural fermentation of vinasse. The yield (401 mg-CODorganic acids g(-1)CODt(initial)) and productivity (653 mg-CODorganic acids L-1 d(-1)) of organic acids were maximized at alkaline/ mesophilic (pH = 8.8-10.0; 40 degrees C) conditions. Acetic-type fermentation prevailed at 30-40 degrees C, whilst butyrate was the primary metabolite at a higher temperature (60 degrees C). Further chain elongation-based experiments were conducted by adding ethanol and lactate as exogenous carbon sources in vinasse fermentation, also using vinasse-derived microbial consortia as the inoculum. Lactate was added as both chemical reactant and fermented cassava flour wastewater (fCFW). Ethanol addition was irrelevant to the acidogenic activity. Conversely, lactate addition directly increased the production of propionic, butyric, (iso)valeric, and caproic acids, with a pre-dominance of butyrate. Chain elongation was particularly favored when adding fCFW with pH adjusted to 7.0, boosting the generation of caproic acid from lactate and butyrate and (iso)valeric acid from acetate and propionate. These results highlight the potential for producing organic acids from vinasse as an alternative to gaseous fuels, expanding the suitability of dark fermentation targeting bioresource recovery from sugarcane.
Plant biomass (PB) is an important source of sugars useful for biofuel production, whose degradation efficiency depends on synergistic and dynamic interactions of different enzymes. Here, using a metatranscriptomics-based approach, we explored the expression of PB-degrading enzymes in a five-species synthetic bacterial consortium during cultivation on sugarcane bagasse as a unique carbon source. By analyzing the temporal expression dynamics of a selection of enzymes we revealed the functional role of each consortium member and disentangled the potential interactions between them. Based on normalized expression values and the taxonomic affiliation of all the transcripts within thirty carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) families, we observed a successional profile. For instance, endo-glucanases/-xylanases (e.g., GH8, GH10, and GH16) were significantly expressed at 12 h, whereas exo-glucanases (e.g., GH6 and GH48) and alpha-arabinosidases/beta-xylosidases (e.g., GH43) were highly expressed at 48 h. Indeed, a significant peak of extracellular beta-xylosidase activity was observed at this stage. Moreover, we observed a higher expression of several CAZy families at 12-48 h, suggesting easy access to the main plant polysaccharides. Based on this evidence, we predicted that the highest level of collaboration between strains takes place at the initial stages of growth. Here, Paenibacillus, Brevundimonas, and Chryseobacterium were the most important contributors, whereas Stenotrophomonas was highly active at the end of the culture (96-192 h) without contributing to a large extent to the expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Our results contribute to the understanding of enzymatic and ecological mechanisms within PB-degrading microbial consortia, yielding new perspectives to improve the PB saccharification processes.
Development of technologies for biobutanol production by fermentation has resulted in higher final butanol concentrations, less fermentation by-products and higher volumetric productivities during fermentation, together with less energy intensive separation and purification techniques. These new technology developments have the potential to provide a production process for butanol from sugarcane molasses that is economically viable in comparison to the petrochemical pathway for butanol production. This objective was investigated by developing process models to compare three different possible process designs for biobutanol production from sugarcane molasses. The first two process routes incorporate well established industrial technologies: Process Route 1 consisted of batch fermentation and steam stripping distillation, while in Process Route 2, some of the distillation columns were replaced with a liquid-liquid extraction column. Some of the best production strains in these process routes, which include Clostridium Acetobutylicum PCSIR-10 and Clostridium Beijerinckii BA101, can produce total solvent concentrations up to 24 g/L. Process Route 3 incorporated fed-batch fermentation and gas-stripping with CO2, an unproven technology on industrial scale. Process modeling in ASPEN PLUS (R) and economic analyses in ASPEN Icarus (R) were performed to determine the economic feasibility of these biobutanol production process designs. Process Route 3 proved to be the only profitable design in current economic conditions in South Africa. Improved fermentation strains currently available are not sufficient to attain a profitable process design without implementation of advanced processing techniques. Gas stripping is shown to be the single most effective process step of those evaluated in this study, which can be employed on an industrial scale to improve process economics of biobutanol production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of different acid hydrolysis conditions were studied relative to the chemical transformations of lignin in eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse, and sugarcane straw, and on the transformations of multiple polysaccharides in eucalyptus. The acid hydrolysis using 12 mol/L sulfuric acid followed by acid hydrolysis using approximately 0.41 mol/L sulfuric acid was used as the reference for the lignin and sugar analysis. During acid hydrolysis, the relative amount of lignin increased with longer reaction times and/or greater acid concentrations for all biomasses. The overestimation of lignin in harsher acidic conditions resulted from the summation of lignocellulosic-derivatives (pseudo- lignin) together with lignin itself. Lignin reactions (dissolution/deposition) for bagasse and straw occurred in a greater extent than for eucalyptus, considering similar conditions of acid hydrolysis. The sugar transformation during acid hydrolysis was also investigated for eucalyptus. The sugar content quantified in eucalyptus decreased as the acid concentration and/or reaction time in the second hydrolysis increased. Glucose, galactose, and mannose were more resistant to harsher acidic conditions than xylose and arabinose. However, the most severe conditions (121 degrees C, 90 min, and 6.15 mol/L H2SO4) caused complete sugar degradation.
Pilot-scale pretreatments, namely steam explosion (SE) and diluted sulfuric acid (SA), of sugarcane bagasse followed by alkaline delignification (SED and SAD) were explored. Most of the pentosan (97\% and 93\%), and the lignin content were solubilized during pretreatment and delignification process for SE and SA, respectively. SE demanded 50\% more NaOH in the delignification step than SA, due to ion exchange nature of cellulignin. SE is more advantageous than SAD due to better unpacking of the fibers, allowing a higher cellulose conversion (90\%) in relation to SAD pulps (79\%). Cellulose conversion has a direct dependence with cellulose, hemicellulose and residual lignin. A composition factor (H{*
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a major waste of sugar industry, provides a huge potential for cellulosic ethanol production. Efficient pretreatment method is essential to promote its bioconversion. In this study, a novel and cost-effective pretreatment ``Densifying Lignocellulosic biomass with Chemicals followed by Autoclave (DLCA){''
This study presents the sustainable applications of recycling agricultural waste. The cellulose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was extracted to prepare the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) used as the starting material for synthesizing CMC-based hydrogel for the selective adsorption of Cu(II) ions in contaminated solution. Hydrogel fabrication was performed under microwave-assisted irradiation, which helps to improve reaction efficiency and significantly reduces reaction time compared with using a conventional hotplate. The hydrogel of 25\% CMC blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a cross-linking agent showed the property of selective adsorption for Cu(II) ions from the solution with an adsorption capacity of 2.3 mg/g (92.4\% removal) under ambient temperature with pH 5.0. The adsorbed Cu(II) ions were effectively desorbed from the hydrogel by either 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M EDTA. Thus, the prepared hydrogel could potentially be applied in the removal of Cu(II) ions from contaminated water, with promising potential for reuse after the regeneration process. Sugarcane bagasse was used as a starting material for the synthesis of hydrogel, which has selective adsorption property to Cu(II) ions. In addition, microwave-assisted irradiation, technology that is able to save time and energy, was exploited for the polymer synthesis. Therefore, this study presents the sustainable applications of recycling agricultural waste for the purpose of water treatment. (c) 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: S157-S165, 2019
In the process of liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment, there are numbers of pellets formed on the lignocellulosic surface. The characteristics and effect of pellets on the enzymatic hydrolysis of LHW-treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were investigated. After SCB was treated with LHW at 180 degrees C, the pellets deposited on the surface of solid residues were extracted gently with 1\% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. They were composed of 81.0\% lignin, 7.0\% glucan, and 3.2\% xylan. The LHW pretreatment solution (PS) was sprayed to the filter paper, and the pellets were observed on its surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data showed that lignin was also the main component of the PS pellets. The effect of the pellets on enzymatic hydrolysis was chiefly attributed to the steric hindrance, not the cellulase adsorption. The structural characteristics of LHW-treated SCB might play a more important role in influencing the enzymatic hydrolysis than the pellets. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Several types of lignocellulosic raw materials including wheat straw, sisal bagasse and sugarcane bagasse have different contents of cellulosic components. In our studies, aimed at isolating cellulose-degrading actinobacteria from Brazilian soils, a promising strain was selected and identified as Streptomyces sp. SLBA-08. This strain was tested for cellulase production under submerged fermentation in a mineral medium using different carbon sources (sisal bagasse, sugarcane bagasse and straw), as well as ammonium sulphate in different concentrations as nitrogen source. The results showed that medium containing 2.4\% (w/v) sisal bagasse and 0.3\% (w/v) ammonium sulphate resulted in the highest production of carboxymethylcellulase (1.11 U mL(-1)), after 48 hours. The pH and temperature profile showed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 50 degrees C. As for thermostability, carboxymethylcellulases were tolerant at 50 degrees C, retaining 70\% of the maximal activity even after 2h of incubation. The results obtained indicate that Streptomyces sp. SLBA-08 was capable of producing CMCase using lignocellulosic residues, especially sisal bagasse.
Sugarcane bagasse ash sand (SBAS) has been studied as a potential additive for reinforcement structures, but long-term (more than a week) studies on its use in test specimens have not been conducted considering the durability of these concretes. Additionally, there has been no assessment of electrochemical corrosion in cor-rosive media, such as chloride solutions. In this study, we conducted a physical and electrochemical investigation of SBAS, which partially replaces fine sand in a mortar configuration. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open circuit potential monitoring techniques were used to evaluate the reinforcements in Ca(OH)2 (curing environment) and NaCl 3.5\% (aggressive environment), and SEM-EDS was used to analyze the reinforcement surface. During the curing process, SBAS concrete formed a passivation film after a longer time (7-14 days) than the reference (REF) (7 days), and the passive film showed higher resistance values than the REF sample. After 191 days in the chloride medium, REF and SBAS samples presented similar corrosion resistance. Therefore, SBAS-reinforced concrete could be a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional concrete for structural applications.
Four kinds of non-wood biomass were studied as raw material for high purity cellulose production. Cajuput (Melaleuca Leucadendron) twigs, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunch and rice (Oryza sativa) straw were treated by NaOH 1 \% at boiling temperature and atmospheric pressure for 2 h. The surface structure of these materials and chemical modification of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin during the treatment were analyzed. The result showed that the highest cellulose increasing was from 29.6 to 62.7\% for rice straw. Meanwhile, the highest and the lowest cellulose content after treatment were 69.7\% for sugarcane bagasse and 48.0\% for cajuput, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showed that the smoother surface for all biomass after pretreatment.
In present study, H3PO4-activated sugarcane bagasse carbon-based composite with Al(OH)3, was prepared and characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. The adsorptive decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and methyl violet (MV) contaminated water employing sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse carbon/Al(OH)3 \{SBC/Al(OH)3\
Bioethanol production from sugarcane is discussed as an alternative energy source to reduce dependencies of regional economies on fossil fuels. Even though bioethanol production from sugarcane is considered to be a beneficial and cost-effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy, it is still a matter of controversy due to insufficient information on the total GHG balance of this system. Aside from the necessity to account for the impact of land use change (LUC), soil N2O emissions during sugarcane production and emissions of GHG due to preharvest burning may significantly impact the GHG balance. Based on a thorough literature review, we show that direct N2O emissions from sugarcane fields due to nitrogen (N) fertilization result in an emission factor of 3.87 +/- 1.16\% which is much higher than suggested by IPCC (1\%). N2O emissions from N fertilization accounted for 40\% of the total GHG emissions from ethanol-sugarcane production, with an additional 17\% from trash burning. If LUC-related GHG emissions are considered, the total GHG balance turns negative mainly due to vegetation carbon losses. Our study also shows that major gaps in knowledge still exist about GHG sources related to agricultural management during sugarcane production, e. g. effects of irrigation, vinasse and filter cake application. Therefore, more studies are needed to assess if bioethanol from sugarcane is a viable option to reduce energy-related GHG emissions.
Understanding the interaction mechanisms between xylan and xylan-degrading enzymes is beneficial to the efficient hydrolysis of xylan. Xylan from sugarcane bagasse (SB) was extracted and characterized. The effects of heat treatment and removal of side chains of SB xylan on the hydrolytic efficiency and synergistic action of endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (HoXyn1 1A and AnXyn10C), beta-xylosidases (AnXln3D), and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (AnAxh62A) were investigated. Results indicated that heat treatment of xylan can improve the hydrolytic efficiency of xylan-degrading enzymes, and it is essential for the efficient hydrolysis of xylan by HoXyn1 1A. The removal of arabinofuranosyl side chains of xylan by AnAxh62A before enzymatic hydrolysis reduced the hydrolytic efficiency of HoXyn1 1A and AnXyn10C on xylan. AnXyn10C was more efficient than HoXyn1 1A in hydrolysis of xylan, whereas HoXyn1 1A showed better synergistic action than AnXyn10C with AnAxh62A and AnXln3D in the hydrolysis of xylan. This study provides new insights on the enzymatic hydrolysis of SB into monosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This present research aims to synthesize and investigate the adsorption potential of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) impregnated with iron oxide (Fe3O4) for dye removal. The surface morphology and functional groups of the newly developed adsorbent (ISCB) were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The effects of the operating parameters, including initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial pH of the dye solution on the adsorption efficiency were investigated to identify an optimal condition. The characterization of SEM-EDX and FTIR analyses shows that ISCB has a porous structure and carbon-containing functional groups. The adsorption result revealed that ISCB removed 93.7\% of dye, 88.8\% of color and had a dye adsorption capacity of 7.2 mg/g within 6 h of contact time using 0.7 g/L of ISCB at pH 8.4. The result obtained fitted well for Langmuir isotherms, and adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In conclusion, this study proved that ISCB has the potential to be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent to remove dyes from wastewater.
This work describes improvements in the enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane straw. The experiments were performed in batch and fed-batch operation modes (50 mL and 3 L working volumes) with final solid loadings of 10, 20, and 30\% (w/v) and enzyme dosage of 10 FPU/g(substrate). The fed-batch assays showed the most promising results in terms of glucose production and cellulose-to-glucose conversion. In the experiments using a 3 L working volume, analysis of cellulose-to-glucose conversion, power consumption, and apparent viscosity showed that the best assays were those with smoother feed delivery (substrate plus enzyme) throughout the enzymatic hydrolysis. This strategy resulted in 108.8 g/L of glucose and cellulose-to-glucose conversion of 59.7\%, corresponding to a final theoretical ethanol content of 55.6 g/L. The power consumption per unit volume and the apparent viscosity were less than 5 kW/m(3) and 35 mPa s, respectively, throughout the hydrolysis. Thus, a more concentrated liquor and a less powerful motor to deliver power during the hydrolysis process were obtained in fed-batch strategy reducing the process energy costs.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) is a supplementary material widely used around the world for improving mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Main aim of this study was to examine the potential of SBA for controlling alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete incorporating reactive aggregates. SBA and reactive aggregates were acquired from local industry and quarry. Mortar bar specimens were cast to investigate various dosages of SBA (i.e., 10, 20, 30, and 40\% by cement weight) for mitigating the alkali-silica reactivity expansion as per ASTM C1260. Petrography analysis of aggregates revealed the presence of deleterious minerals, which are prone to ASR. Strength activity index and thermal analysis results confirmed the pozzolanic activity of SBA. Mortar bar results showed 20 and 40\% decrease in ASR expansion for specimens incorporating 10 and 40\% of SBA by cement weight, respectively. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy analysis showed no sign of cracks due to ASR for specimens incorporating SBA. The improved behavior of specimens with SBA addition was due to alkali absorption and dilution process leading to low CaO/SiO2 ratio, confirmed through energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy. Therefore, it can be envisioned that full-scale implementation of SBA addition in concrete mixtures could mitigate land filling of this by-product and lead toward the development of eco-friendly and sustainable technique for controlling the ASR associated damages in concrete structures.
This article evaluates the use of bagasse flour - a waste generated by sugarcane refinery-as a filler in the PVC matrix. The aim of the study is to develop a value-added product from the sugar mills. For this purpose, bagasse powder was obtained after grinding the dried waste from sugar mills having particle sizes of 100-150 mu m and < 50 mu m. In order to evaluate the effect of filler content and alkali treatment of bagasse, several PVC formulations were obtained by dry-mixing PVC compound with filler of varying particle size. The compounds were obtained by blending on a hot roll mill followed by compression molding. The test specimens were punched out from the sheets and the effect of filler content, particle size, and alkali treatment of bagasse powder on the properties of PVC were evaluated. Tensile strength, percent elongation at break, and impact strength of composites decreased whereas stiffness, modulus, and hardness of the composites increased with increasing amount of filler. The particle size had a large effect on the properties of composites, and the filler having particle size < 50 mu m gave better properties as compared to filler with particle size of 100-150 mu m. Some improvement in properties was observed when treated bagasse powder was used as filler. An increase of similar to 48\% in tensile modulus, similar to 10\% in thermal stability, and 14\% in impact strength was observed as compared to neat PVC at a filler loading of 30 phr. Morphological characterization was done using a scanning electron microscopy. A uniform dispersion of filler was observed.
This study aims to propose a biorefinery pretreatment technology for the bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse (SB) into biofuels and N-fertilizers. Performance of diluted acid (DA), aqueous ammonia (AA), oxidate ammonolysis (OA) and the combined DA with AA or OA were compared in SB pretreatment by enzymatic hydrolysis, structural characterization and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Results indicated that DA-OA pretreatment improves the digestibility of SB by sufficiently hydrolyzing hemicellulose into fermentable monosaccharides and oxidating lignin into soluble N-fertilizer with high nitrogen content (11.25\%) and low C/N ratio (3.39). The enzymatic hydrolysates from DA-OA pretreated SB mainly composed of glucose was more suitable for the production of ABE solvents than the enzymatic hydrolysates from OA pretreated SB containing high ratio of xylose. The fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates from DA-OA pretreated SB produced 12.12 g/L ABE in 120 h. These results suggested that SB could be utilized efficient, economic, and environmental by DA-OA pretreatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work investigated the application of a thermophilic (55 degrees C) anaerobic reactor with immobilized biomass, mechanically stirred and operated in sequential batch and fed batch (AnSBBR) for environmental compliance and methane production by co-digesting cheese whey (W) and sugarcane vinasse (V). The assays were performed in four steps. In the first step the composition of 75\%W:25\%V (on a COD basis) was determined to be the most adequate for the anaerobic process. In the second step the applied volumetric organic load (AVOL) was increased and in the third step the feed strategy was modified achieving best results at AVOL of 25 gCOD.m(-3).d(-1), in which the removed organic matter efficiency was 72\%, the molar productivity was 278 molCH(4).m(-3).d(-1) and methane yield was 15.3 mmolCH(4).gCOD(-1). In the fourth step the temperature was modified to 50 degrees C and 45 degrees C, achieving worse results. From the kinetic model adjusted to experimental data it was identified that the acetoclastic route was predominant in methane generation. The estimated energy recovered by co-digesting cheese whey and sugarcane vinasse using industrial information was 2.2 x 10(4) MW h per month, equivalent (in Brazil) to the electricity consumption of about 135 x 10(3) inhabitants or monthly savings of US\$ 1,653,000 replacing the diesel oil consumed in the industry.
In this study, Lysinibacillus sp. RGS was evaluated to synthesize polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from a broad range of pure carbon sources and residual sugars of chemically pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysates. Effects of supplementation of nutrients and various experimental variables to enhance PHB accumulation were investigated. Results of optimized parameters were identified as 48 h, 37 degrees C, pH 7; inoculums concentration (2.5\% v/ v) and shaking condition (100 rpm). Growth kinetics and bioprocess parameters of Lysinibacillus sp. using SCB hydrolysates with corn steep liquor (2\%) accounted for the maximum cell growth (8.65 g/L) and PHA accumulation (61.5\%) with PHB titer of (5.31 g/L) under optimal conditions. The produced biopolymer was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the results revealed the obtained to be PHB. Thus Lysinibaciluus sp. exhibits high potential in industrial scale manufacture of PHB using SCB as an inexpensive substrate.
This study aimed to assess the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) on the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse to produce fermentable sugars. A central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the influence of temperature (40 to 60 degrees C), pressure (100 to 300 bar), and reaction time (60 to 180 min) on enzymatic hydrolysis using 2\% (w v(-1)) sugarcane bagasse and a commercial cellulase. After supercritical treatment, samples were kept at 50 degrees C for 24 h to complete the hydrolysis reaction. SC-CO2 treatment at 200 bar and 50 degrees C for 120 min increased the release of fermentable sugars by 32.49\% compared with the control (without SC-CO2). The condition (50 degrees C, 200 bar, 120 min) that provided the highest concentration of reducing sugars (2.340 g L-1) resulted in a hydrolysis yield of 32.4\%. SC-CO2 treatment is a sustainable strategy to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and to intensify the release of fermentable sugars.
For the generation of heat and electricity thermochemical conversion of feedstock is the most efficient clean, and environmentally friendly conversion process. In Pakistan, biomass and coal conversion through thermochemical conversion processes has got weighty consideration nowadays. As Pakistan is rich in biomass and coal resources. The producer gas produced from carbon-containing materials contains mainly CO, CO2, H-2 and CH4. A numerical model of entrained flow gasifier is established to simulate coal, biomass blends through entrained flow gasifier. However, locally available coal deposits contain higher amounts of moisture and ash. Due to high moisture and ash content in coal results in lower reactivity along with the difficulty in handling of ash produced during gasification. In this research work, biomass and coal were co-gasified in entrained flow gasifier. The challenges arising because of the varying thermo-physical properties of both feedstocks such as volatile fraction, density and ash are taken into consideration in order to produce engine quality syngas. The feeding rate inside the concentric tube entrained flow gasifier was maintained at 82 kg/hr. Dry Pakistani coal and sugarcane bagasse were used as a feedstock for gasification. In this study varying mixing schemes were adopted in order to achieve the best performance during the cogasification process. The optimum blending ratio was found at a blending ratio of 35:65 on a weight basis. At the optimum blending ratio, the CGE and CCE was 87\% and 99.8\%, respectively.
In the present study, the ozonation of sugarcane bagasse (SB) at different operational conditions (pH, time, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR)) was evaluated with the aim of generating a soluble liquid fraction (SLF) suitable for biogas production (CH4 and H-2) via anaerobic digestion and a solid fraction prone to enzymatic hydrolysis and 2G ethanol production. The SLFs obtained were characterized for sugars, total organic carbon (TOC), soluble lignin, furans and other components identified by GC/MS. The results showed that it was possible to solubilize 45.2\% of lignin, 48.3\% of hemicelluloses and 40.7\% of cellulose with the use of ozone (8 mg min(-1)) at pH 11 for 15 min, employing a LSR of 13.3 mL g(-1). The best results of biochemical methane potential (BMP) and biochemical hydrogen potential (BHP) were 2.6 Nm(3) of CH4 and 0.18 Nm(3) of 112 per kg of TOC, respectively. An energy balance for the best pretreatment conditions indicates that the combustion of such biogas led to an energy surplus of 0.1 MJ kg(-1) SB for methane and to an energy deficit of 0.191 MJ kg(-1) SB for hydrogen. Potentially inhibitory compounds for anaerobic digestion such as oxalic acid, butanal, xylitol, furanone, benzaldehyde, Derythrotetrofuranose, n-erythro-pentofuranose and 2,5-furandione were identified in the hydrolysates, which negatively affected the anaerobic digestion and the energy balance. Nevertheless, the energy generated from the hydrolysates (as biogas) and from the ozonized solid fraction (as 2G ethanol) offsets the ozonation energy input and led to positive energy balance.
We studied the effect of drying temperature of sugarcane bagasse (SB) on sorption of reactive blue 5G (RB5G) dye to test whether SB is a suitable biosorbent for industrial dye removal. First we assessed a set of SB characteristics that could influence the sorption capacity of dried biomass. Kinetic drying of the SB biomass was measured at different drying temperatures, ranging from 30 A degrees C to 80 A degrees C. We used a static gravimetric method to perform equilibrium moisture sorption experiments at drying temperatures of 35-65 A degrees C. In addition, we measured activation energy and net isosteric heat of sorption. SB biomass was characterized as a heterogeneous low-porous and hygroscopic material, with a series of functional groups on its surface. A Lewis thin-layer model best represented the kinetic drying data. In addition, moisture diffusion into the SB biomass was characterized by a rate-controlling step in the drying process. Equilibrium moisture sorption data showed the expected effects of temperature controlling the sorption capacity and a multilayer sorption process. A sigmoidal sorption isotherm data was best represented by a BET model. A high energy demand is required for moisture removal from biomass as suggested by the measured isosteric heat of moisture sorption. Drying temperature did not influence the RB5G adsorption capacity of bagasse, therefore any drying temperature in the range of 30 A degrees C to 80 A degrees C could be used to make this material feasible as an industrial adsorbent.
Lignocellulose is resistant to degradation and requires pretreatment before hydrolytic enzymes can release fermentable sugars. Sulfuric acid has been widely used for biomass pretreatment, but high amount of degra-dation products usually occurred when using this method. To enhance accessibility to cellulose, we studied the performances of several dilute organic acid pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. The results revealed that pretreatment with maleic acid yields the highest xylose and glucose release among other organic acids. The effects of concentration, duration of heating and heating temperature were further studied. Dilute maleic acid 1 \% (w/w) pretreatment at 180 degrees C was the key to its viability as a substitute for sulfuric acid. Moreover, maleic acid did not seem to highly promote the formation of either furfural or 5-HMF in the liquid hydrolysate after pretreatment.
This paper evaluates life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in production and use of molasses-based ethanol (EtOH) in Nepal. The total life cycle emissions of EtOH is estimated at 432.5 kgCO(2eq) m(-3) ethanol (i.e. 20.4 gCO(2eq) MJ(-1)). Avoided emissions are 76.6\% when conventional gasoline is replaced by molasses derived ethanol. A sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the impact of variations in material and energy flows, and allocation ratios in the GHG balances. Market prices of sugar and molasses, amount of nitrogen-fertilizers used in sugarcane production, and sugarcane yield per hectare turn out to be important parameters for the GHG balances estimation. Sales of the surplus electricity derived from bagasse could reduce emissions by replacing electricity produced in diesel power plants. Scenario analysis on two wastewater processes for treatment of effluents obtained from ethanol conversion has also been carried out. If wastewater generated from ethanol conversion unit is treated in pond stabilization (PS) treatment process, GHG emissions alarmingly increase to a level of 4032 kgCO(2eq) m(-3) ethanol. Results also show that the anaerobic digestion process (ADP) and biogas recovery without leakages can significantly avoid GHG emissions, and improve the overall emissions balance of EtOH in Nepal. At a 10\% biogas leakage, life cycle emissions is 1038 kgCO(2eq) m(-3) ethanol which corresponds to 44\% avoided emissions compared to gasoline. On the other hand, total emissions surpass the level of its counterpart (i.e. gasoline) when the leakage of biogas exceeds 23.4\%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hierarchically macro- and mesoporous carbon materials (HPCs) were prepared from environmentally friendly phloroglucinol/glyoxylic acid precursors with soft-template F127 using sugarcane bagasse as scaffold via self-assembly surface coating. The sugarcane bagasse scaffold provided macroporosity. Effects of carbon precursor/template ratio as well as slight modification using air treatment on the physicochemical properties of the carbon monoliths were systematically studied and samples were fully characterized. The resulting monoliths prepared using our method exhibited a stable monolithic feature with a hierarchically porous structure and BET surface areas as high as similar to 500-645 m(2)/g, total pore volume 0.2-0.4 cm(2)/g, mesoporosity contribution as large as 50-60\% volume, and mesopore sizes of similar to 5 nm. Carbon materials prepared without F127 showed BET surface area and total pore volumes comparable to those of the HPCs but they exhibit much lower degree of mesoporosity (<20\% volume). Regardless of the similar chemical properties of all samples, the difference in pore texture largely influenced the adsorption performance of dyes. The selected HPC sample showed the best performance in adsorption of methylene blue dye (MB) with the maximum capacity of similar to 100 mg/g, outperforming or being comparable to the monolithic adsorbents reported in literature. Moreover, the monolith shape could be well retained even after complete adsorption. The MB adsorption capacity of the adsorbents is perfectly linearly correlated with the mesoporosity, stressing the importance of mesopores in dye adsorption. The combination of environmentally friendly carbon precursors and sugarcane bagasse as starting materials can efficiently lead to novel monolith carbon adsorbents avoiding the use of toxic chemicals.
The antioxidant activity of sugarcane molasses ethanol extract (ME) and its fraction (ME-RBF) was evaluated using ABTS, ORAC 6.0 and CAA assays and ME-RBF demonstrated 26-fold, 12-fold and 2-fold higher values, respectively than ME. Likewise, total polyphenol and flavonoid concentration in ME-RBF are more than 10-fold higher than ME, that suggested antioxidant activity is correlated with polyphenol composition. Quantitative analysis of 13 polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, homoorientin, orientin, vitexin, swertisin, diosmin, apigenin, tricin and diosmetin) was carried out by LCMS. MS/MS analysis allowed the tentative identification of seven apigenin-C-glycosides, three methoxyluteolin-C-glycosides and three tricin-O-glycosides some of which have not been reported in sugarcane before to the best of our knowledge. The results demonstrated that sugarcane molasses can be used as potential source of polyphenols that can be beneficial to health.
Biomass, integral to life, is one of the main energy sources that modern technologies could widely develop, overcoming inefficient and pollutant uses. The sugarcane bagasse is one of the more abundant biomass. Moreover, the fluctuating sugar and energy prices force the sugarcane companies to implement improved power plants. Thanks to a multiyear collaboration between University of Rome and University of Piura and Chiclayo, this paper investigates, starting from the real data of an old sugarcane plant, the energy efficiency of the plant. Furthermore, it explores possible improvements as higher temperature and pressure Rankine cycles and innovative configurations based on gasifier plus hot gas conditioning and gas turbine or molten carbonate fuel cells. Even if the process of sugar extraction from sugarcane and the relative Rankine cycles power plants are well documented in literature, this paper shows that innovative power plant configurations can increase the bagasse-based cogeneration potential. Sugarcane companies can become electricity producers, having convenience in the use of sugarcane leaves and trash (when it is feasible). The worldwide implementation of advanced power plants, answering to a market competition, will improve significantly the renewable electricity produced, reducing CO2 emissions, and increasing economic and social benefits. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fibers were used as reinforcing filler for recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) to form eco-friendly composite. The SCB surface was chemically modified to improve the compatibility with rHDPE matrix. The SCB fibers were alkali modified using 10\% sodium hydroxide (SCBm) and acetylated using acetic anhydride (SCBac). The chemically modified SCB fibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The composites were prepared by mixing of rHDPE with 15 phr (parts per hundred parts rHDPE) of different SCB samples. Neat rHDPE and its composites with SCB were irradiated by gamma radiation dose of 50-250 kGy. The Effect of gamma radiation on the water up-take, mechanical properties and the thermal stability of (rHDPE) and its composites was studied. The effect of gamma radiation on the compatibility between rHDPE and SCB was also investigated. The results showed that the combination between the chemical modification of fibers and the irradiation of polymer composites were more effective in compatibility improvement than chemical modification alone. The irradiated (at 100 kGy) composite containing of SCBac gave the best mechanical properties, lowest water up-take and the highest thermal stability.
Bioconversion of hemicellulosic hydrolysates into ethanol with the desired yields plays a pivotal role for the overall success of biorefineries. This paper aims to evaluate the ethanol production potential of four native strains of Scheffersomyces shehatae (syn. Candida shehatae) viz. S. shehatae BR6-2AI, CG8-8BY, PT1-1BASP and BR6-2AY, isolated from Brazilian forests. These strains were grown in commercial D-xylose-supplemented synthetic medium and sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate. S. shehatae BR6-2AY showed maximum ethanol production {[
Sugarcane bagasse as raw material were treated on chemical delignification with NaOH and used for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). SSF was incubated during 5 days by adding Sacharomyches cereviceae, cellulose enzymes (Trichoderma reesei) and nutrients. The variable of this research was the cellulose enzyme variation of 10-60 fpu with 10 fpu on intervals. Optimal results were obtained on 60 fpu which producing ethanol content of 1.3544\% or dry weight conversion of 21.3724 g/L with potential prediction shaped on logarithmic equation. In the advanced prediction can be obtained approximate optimal value of enzyme contents on 96.6802 fpu. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Indonesia EBTKE Conex 2013
In this study, the performance of a proposed treatment system consisting of an anaerobic process (acidification, methane fermentation) and an aerobic process (trickling filter) was evaluated for treating high concentrations of molasses-based wastewater (43120 gCOD/L) by a continuous flow experiment. An anaerobic up-flow staged sludge bed (USSB) reactor, equipped with multiple gas solid separators, was used as the main treatment/methane recovery process. The USSB showed good efficiency of both COD removal (8087\%) and methane recovery (7080\%) at an organic loading rate of 1143 kgCOD/m3 day. As the influent COD concentration was increased, the organic loading rate for stable operation of the USSB was reduced due to cation inhibition. However, the COD removal efficiency of the whole treatment system (including the aerobic post-treatment process) was 96\% even at an influent COD concentration of 120 gCOD/L. Use of the treated wastewater as a fertilizer and/or irrigation-water for sugarcane was evaluated by a field cultivation test. Both growth of sugarcane and emission of greenhouse gases from the field soil were measured. A relatively high methane flux (352gCH4/m2 h) was observed when the treated wastewater from day 0 was used. By day 3, however, this value was reduced to the same level as the control. In addition, growth of sugarcane was satisfactory when the treated wastewater was used. The treated wastewater was found to be useful for cultivation of sugarcane in terms of both a low risk of greenhouse gas emission from the field soil and effectiveness for growth of sugarcane.
The herbicide metribuzin is recommended for weed control of sugarcane crops. However, the behavior of this herbicide on the straw left on the soil surface of mechanically-harvested sugarcane areas is not very known. This work aimed to evaluate the dynamics of the herbicide metribuzin applied on different amounts of sugarcane straw under different rainfall periods and intensities after application. Three assays were carried out to evaluate the performance of metribuzin applied on sugarcane straw: in assay 1, herbicide interception was assessed by 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha(-1) of straw; in assay 2, herbicide leaching through 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha-1 of straw was evaluated under rain simulation equivalent to 2.5 up to 100 mm rain, one day after application (DAA); and in assay 3, the effect of the time intervals between herbicide application and the first rain on herbicide leaching (0, 1, 7, 14, and 28 days) on the straw (10 t ha-1) was evaluated under the same rainfall amounts simulated in the second study. The results obtained in assays 1 and 2 were adjusted by the Mitscherlich model. The herbicide was quantified by HPLC. The amount of metribuzin passing through the different amounts of straw with simulation of 100 mm of accumulated rain is differentiated, being higher than 5 t ha-1 and lower than higher amounts up to 20 t ha(-1). The mean simulation of rainfall between 20 and 30 mm is sufficient to promote a transposition of metribuzin higher than 99\%. Metribuzin is retained when applied on sugarcane straw, lasting for periods up to 28 DAA without rain.
Although the area of biomass pretreatment has been improved in the last decades, there are challenges regarding the process scale up, the development of continuous processes and the formation of biomass conversion inhibitors. An option to circumvent these shortcomings would be the use of extrusion for biomass pretreatment. This study evaluated the pretreatment of sugarcane biomass in a twin-screw extruder by taking into consideration the use of additives such as water, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and Tween (R) 80, the selected additive load, the process temperature, rotating speed, number of passes and screw design. Results showed that using a biomass:glycerol ratio of 1:0.75 for bagasse and 1:0.53 for straw the pretreatment efficiency, measured by the biomass hydrolysis yields, was increased after multiple extrusion passes and, more importantly, the insertion of a reverse element in the screw configuration, resulting in a straw hydrolysis yield of 68.2\%. These results indicate clearly the potential of extrusion for sugarcane biomass pretreatment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources has been studied as a strategy to mitigate the environmental impacts of energy production. These concerns have encouraged the use of alternative sources of cost-competitive and sustainable biofuels, such as lignocellulosic biomass, for second-generation ethanol production. As the enzymes required for biomass hydrolysis are costly, the development of less expensive enzyme mixtures for the hydrolysis of sugarcane biomass is important. The efficient conversion of biomass to fermentable sugars requires a critical pretreatment step to increase enzyme accessibility to the substrates during hydrolysis. Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently emerged as interesting solvents for biomass pretreatment. Extensive research has been conducted, showing that IL pretreatment can increase fermentable sugar productivity and biomass hydrolysis yields in comparison with conventional pretreatments, such as dilute sulfuric acid (DSA). The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the chemical composition of a sugarcane biomass mixture composed of straw and bagasse in a 1:1 (w/w) ratio after pretreatment with the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
This study presents a comparison in terms of both environmental effect/energy efficiency of different designs of the process for sugarcane/sugar beet molasses-based bioethanol. In the present work, two scenarios were designed/compared, including the production of sugarcane-based (Scenario 1) and sugar beet molasses bioethanol (Scenario 2) in Khuzestan Province as an agricultural hub of Iran. Furthermore, an improved process, including a biogas production line from the residual vinasse from the distillation of molasses for bioethanol obtaining is presented, both from sugarcane (scenario 3) and sugar beet (scenario 4), and life cycle assessment (LCA) method was employed for determination of environmental impacts. The results, in terms of net energy value (NEV), i.e. the difference between the energy content of ethanol and the energy used in its production and distribution, were very similar as 11.03 MJ and 11.15 MJ, respectively. Nevertheless, the results of the environmental impact analysis indicated that bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses had a higher impact compared to the sugar beet in terms of global warming potential, fossil, and metal depletion, particulate matter formation, human toxicity, and climate change ecosystems. Furthermore, the addition of the biogas production plant from the residual vinasse (scenarios 3 and 4) resulted in a considerable reduction of all studied environmental impacts (i.e., climate change, human toxicity, ozone depletion, photochemical oxidant formation, terrestrial acidification, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, ionizing radiation, fossil depletion, and global warming). As an example, by applying scenarios 3 and 4, the global warming potential for sugarcane and sugar beet was reduced by 61.2\% and 83\%, and the climate change decreased by 61\% and 81\% for bioethanol production from sugarcane and sugar beet, respectively.
The application of naturally abundant resources as alternative raw materials has been intensively studied because it is more economical and is also able to reduce solid waste generated by various industries. In this study, SiO2 was successfully extracted from sugarcane bagasse ash and pumice stone by using a low-temperature alkaline extraction method and acid precipitation process with high purity levels (98.4\% and 96.3\%, respectively). The extracted SiO2 was used as a catalyst support for Ag2O, where the two components were integrated with the impregnation method. The resulting catalysts were characterized to understand their structural features, as well as to see the catalytic performance. All samples of catalysts succeeded to reduce 4-nitrophenol, with differences in their reaction rates. The sample of Ag2O/SiO2, in which SiO2 was extracted from pumice stone, shows higher catalytic activity than that of sugarcane bagasse ash. From the analysis in this study, it is found that the aforementioned phenomenon is closely related to the structural properties of both Ag2O and SiO2 as the catalyst and its support.
In Latin America, the energy potential from sugarcane straw, such as tops, secondary stalk, and leaves, has been debated, but the literature associated with organic crops and its implementation for energy purposes is limited. Sugarcane straw is either left in the field for soil recovery or used for animal feed. This paper presents an analysis of using organic sugarcane straw for energy generation. We have characterized the physicochemical properties of this organic sugarcane straw, including caloric value, moisture, carbon, and ash content, and have explored the environmental benefits of using biomass to replace coal as an energy source. The study showed that it is possible to achieve the replacement of coal using 16\% of the residual biomass, with the benefit of generating lower CO2 emissions compared to coal combustion. Additionally, emissions derived from transporting the biomass from the field to the farm are 68\% lower than those involved in transporting coal. The residual biomass from the organic crop showed similar properties relative to bagasse. The use of organic sugarcane straw biomass will result in the reduction of energy costs and will generate green energy with lower emission of CO2.
The effectiveness of phosphoric acid to release xylose from sugar-cane bagasse hemicellulose was assessed through a 23 full factorial design. The maximum xylose concentration in the hydrolysate (17.1 g dm(-3)) was attained when the bagasse was treated at 160degreesC for 60 min, using 70 mg of phosphoric acid per gram of dry-bagasse. Hydrolysis carried out with sulfuric acid, under optimum conditions previously determined, provided a hydrolysate with a similar xylose concentration (17.2g dm(-3)). After vacuum concentration, these hydrolysates were detoxified and used for xylitol production with the yeast Candida guilliermondii. Two different detoxification strategies, which consisted of adjusting the pH of the hydrolysates to 5.5 with either calcium oxide or ammonium hydroxide, both followed by active charcoal adsorption, were tested. The best xylitol productions (18.1 and 19.2 g dm(-3)) were observed when calcium oxide was used to adjust the pH of both the phosphoric and the sulfuric acid hydrolysates, respectively. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is a solid agroindustrial residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers for energy cogeneration. The study objective of this review article is to systematically evaluate the use of sugar-cane bagasse ash as a pozzolanic component of a new sustainable waste application for soil stabilization in order to reduce the negative environmental impact of construction. The study method used was based on a specific analysis in the collection of the articles belonging to the time stratum from 2017 to 2021; where they are distributed as follows: 05 article from EBSCO, 48 from Scopus, 2 from SciELO and 25 from ScienceDi-rect. In conclusion, according to the critical study of the results found, we sustain that the use of the soil stabi-lization method successfully improves clay soil.
Exploration of eco-friendly energy resources substituting conventional fossil fuels is the real challenge globally. Prospectively, current investigation accentuates the fermentative conversion of low-cost lignocellulosic biomass waste, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into bioethanol and biohydrogen exploiting thermophilic cellulolytic bacteriumClostridium thermocellumDSMZ 1313. Initially, the optimization of some key fermentation factors for bioethanol and biohydrogen productions was done in 150 ml serum bottles employing Taguchi orthogonal array L27 (3 13) experimental design. Results elucidated that the most suitable factors for ethanologenesis were 70 g/L cellulose, 10 g/L corn-steep liquor (CSL), 15 mg/L ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 center dot 6H(2)O), 1 g/L magnesium chloride (MgCl2 center dot 6H(2)O), pH 7, and 5 days incubation whereas for hydrogen fermentation were 60 g/L cellulose, 30 g/L CSL, 5 mg/L FeSO4 center dot 6H(2)O, 2 g/L MgCl2 center dot 6H(2)O, pH 7, and 3 days incubation. Quantitatively, 7.422 g/L ethanol and 56.891/50 ml hydrogen were produced from cellulose while 6.352 g/L ethanol and 51.685/50 ml hydrogen with H2SO4-pretreated SCB (substituted with cellulose). Scaled-up suspended-cell fermentations in bench-scale stirred-tank bioreactor resulted in 11.77\% increased ethanol yield (0.239 g ethanol/g of glucose) and twofold higher hydrogen volumes (106.88 ml hydrogen/g of glucose). The employment of SCB directly as substrate for biofuels production has appeared sustainable to meet the high global energy demands.
This research focuses on the viability of removing basic dye methylene blue (MB) from water solutions by the application of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), an economic natural biosorbent. Batch experiments were conducted based on solution pH, contact period, initial adsorbate dye concentration, biosorbent amount, and temperature as independent variables by employing a central composite design approach of response surface methodology (RSM). With the use of RSM, the optimization of the MB biosorption process was carried out for maximum MB removal. The biosorption equilibrium of the dye solution was achieved after a contact time of 90 min and explained by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The biosorption data is employed for the kinetic modeling, from pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Thermodynamic parameters (Enthalpy change Delta H, entropy change Delta S, and Gibbs free energy Delta G) were studied, which showed that biosorption is natural and endothermic in nature by reducing color randomness at the liquid and solid interface. Biosorbent characterization explained in this analysis is performed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy before and after MB biosorption. Characteristic tests and separation factor proved that SCB was able to be used as an option to commercial biosorbents for the aqueous solution and removal of MB from wastewater. (c) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
This work presents technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel biorefinery producing succinic acid (SA) from sugarcane bagasse. The process consists of acid pretreatment, fermentation, followed by downstream separation and purification. Experimental data for pretreatment and fermentation are adapted for a plant processing 4 t/h of dry bagasse, producing 405 kg/h of succinic acid with the same quantity of acetic acid as a side product. Downstream separation is simulated in ASPEN PLUS. The facility is assumed to be annexed to and heat-integrated with an existing sugar mill in India. LCA is performed considering cradle-to-gate scope with 1 kg of SA as the functional unit. The TEA results show that although the process is currently not economically feasible, expected improvements in fermentation yields will make it cost-competitive. For the expected yield, the product cost of SA is INR 121/kg (\$1.61/kg), and the selling price of succinic acid should be INR 178/kg (\$2.37/kg) for a payback period of 4 years. Pretreatment and fermentation are the biggest contributors to the product cost. The life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are 1.39 kg of CO2 equiv/kg succinic acid with electricity as the major contributor. Process improvement opportunities are identified to reduce the costs, as well as life cycle impacts.
The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption of cadmium (Cd) from aqueous solutions using the cellulose nanofibers (CNF) obtained from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The impact of operational parameters including pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial cadmium concentration were investigated according to the one-factor-at-a-time method. The results showed that the Cd removal (\%) increased in the pH range of 3-5 and remained steady up to pH 6. The maximum adsorption efficiency (99.9\%) was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L, pH = 5, Cd concentration of 5 mg/L, and equilibrium time of 70 min. In addition, Cd removal followed the Freundlich isotherm (R-2 = 0.991 at 303 degrees K) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R-2 = 0.997). All Delta G degrees values were negative and the positive values of enthalpy change (Delta H degrees = 66.76 kJ/mol), and entropy change (Delta S degrees = 0.238 kJ/mol) showed that the adsorption process of Cd(II) was endothermic and spontaneous. With regards to the reliability and efficiency of CNF, this adsorbent is recommended for the removal of heavy metals such as Cd from an aqueous environment.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of sugarcane bagasse, as exclusive roughage, on nutrient intake and digestibility, feeding behavior, microbial protein synthesis, and dairy performance of crossbred cows. Ten lactating Girolando breed cows (600 +/- 34.3 kg body weight) were assigned to a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. The control diet, based on spineless cactus, sugarcane bagasse, and concentrate, was formulated to meet the average production of 20 kg of milk per day, with 3.5\% fat. The evaluated levels of sugarcane bagasse were: 30, 38, 46, and 54\% dry matter bases. The intake and digestibility of dry matter decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse levels. Rumination time was higher in cows fed 54\% sugarcane bagasse. The inclusion levels had no effect on non-esterified fatty acid contents or on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, but beta-hydroxybuty rate concentrations showed a quadratic pattern to the bagasse levels. Higher yields of 3.5\% fat-corrected milk were obtained with cows fed 30\% sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse inclusion in the diet of crossbred dairy cows decreases their performance; however, the bagasse can be used as exclusive roughage when associated with 70\% concentrate.
The aim of this study was to valorize the hemicellulose-rich liquid fraction (liquor) arising from hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through its utilization as an unconventional, soluble carbon source for the production of hemicellulases, namely xylanases and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (ABFases), by Aspergillus niger DCFS11. Through the use of factorial design, pretreatment conditions producing liquors optimized for either early- or late-phase enzyme production were identified. Subsequent deep characterization of liquor components using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was performed to identify compounds likely responsible for hemicellulase induction. SCB liquors arising from various pretreatment configurations induced up to 2- and 8.6-fold higher xylanase and ABFase production, respectively, by A. niger DCFS11 than raw SCB substrate owing to the strong inducing potential of arabinosylated xylooligosaccharides and free arabinose solubilized during pretreatment. Notably, unlike the severe pretreatment conditions required for maximum cellulose saccharification and ethanol yields during biomass conversion, low severity and low biomass loading are required if enzyme production from liquor is desired at early-phase growth with no additional detoxification steps. This suggests that for effective application in biorefineries, separate or multi-step processes would be required to optimize both hemicellulase production by A. niger DCFS11 and cellulose digestion. This work demonstrates the potential of hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates as a tool to increase the production of enzymes by filamentous fungi.
This study investigated methane production in an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) by co-digesting sugarcane vinasse and cheese whey. The assessment was based on the influence of feed strategy, interaction between cycle time and influent concentration, applied volumetric organic load (OLRA), and temperature over system stability and performance. The system showed flexibility with regard to the feed strategy, but the reduction of cycle time and influent concentration, at the same OLRA, resulted in lower methane productivity. Increasing organic load, up to the value of 15.27 gCOD L-1 day(-1), favored the process, increasing methane yield and productivity. Temperature reduction from 30 to 25 degrees C resulted in worse performance, although increasing it to 35 degrees C provided similar results to 30 degrees C. The best results were achieved at an OLRA of 15.27 gCOD L-1 day(-1), cycle time of 8 h, fed-batch operation, and temperature of 30 degrees C. The system achieved soluble COD removal efficiency of 89\%, methane productivity of 208.5 molCH(4) m(-3) day(-1) and yield of 15.76 mmolCH(4) gCOD(-1). The kinetic model fit indicated methanogenesis preference for the hydrogenotrophic route. At the industrial scale estimative, considering a scenario with a sugarcane ethanol plant with ethanol production of 150,896 m(3) year(-1), it was estimated energy production of 25,544 MWh month(-1).
Xylose-rich liquid effluents generated by the acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for production of dissolving pulp were converted to xylitol, a highly valued chemical specialty, via catalytic hydrogenation over Ru/C. From the eco-efficiency standpoint, this initiative emerges as an attractive way to promote a chemical valorisation of bagasse dissolving pulp wastewaters. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most suitable approach for the management of vinasse in sugarcane distilleries because both environmental adequacy and bioenergy recovery could be achieved through biogas production. Because the literature lacks data on the implementation and operation of full-scale AD plants for enhanced energy recovery from vinasse, this study presents different designs for AD plants applied to vinasse in large-scale distilleries, considering both single- and two-phase schemes and different alkalizing strategies. Investment and operating costs and biogas and electricity production costs were obtained for each case. The results indicate that phase separation is economically feasible when scaling up AD plants in biorefineries. Despite the higher capital and operating costs in such schemes, the estimated biogas and electricity production costs reached equivalent or lower values compared with those of single-phase AD layouts, depending on the alkalizing strategy used. With respect to the alkalizing strategy, the best results were associated with sodium hydroxide dosing and/or effluent recirculation, with electricity costs reaching values 1.8- to 2.3-fold lower than grid electricity. In contrast, the competitive use of sodium bicarbonate in AD plants for treating vinasse requires further dosing optimization. (C) 2017 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is the main solid waste of sugar extraction industry. However, there are less eco-friendly treatment methods for this kind of waste material. Most of them have been burned and this is a challenge for effective utilization of sugarcane. Herein, Zn/Co-ZIF nanoparticles are loaded onto the aerogel obtained from bagasse cellulose by doping method to form pomegranate-like structure products, i.e., Zn/Co-ZIF@GEL. By simulating the pomegranate-biomimetic structure, the leaching of cobalt ions is suppressed and enhanced its catalytic activity. Also, Zn/Co-ZIF@GEL behaves outstanding peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation reactivity to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) with achieving 100\% removal rate in 30 min with enhanced water stability. The outer wrapping of nanoparticles by aerogel exhibits excellent reusability and the removal rate remains above 92\% after 4 cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verifies the electron transfer between the heterostructures of Zn and Co could ensure the catalyst continues to complete the redox cycle with synergistic effect. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) further investigates the non-radical singlet oxygen is the predominant degradation pathway of RhB. This work provides a new strategy for improved bagasse derivate ZIF catalytic application.
Colloidal gas aphron (CGA) based fluid has become very popular in drilling in the last two decades, as it reduces formation damages significantly. In this study, sugarcane molasses (Mls) was used for the first time as a polymer in CGA-based to investigate its ability to improve the role of aphronized fluid as a drilling fluid. The results showed that increasing the concentration of Mls to 12\% (v/v) in CGA-based fluid reduces the drainage rate and increases half-life to 10.6 min, resulting in enhanced stability of the aphronized fluid. Also, because of increasing Mls concentration from 1\% to 12\% (v/v), the yield and the initial gas hold-up decrease to 74\% and 299.4 mL, respectively, indicating that the presence of Mls allows less air into the aphron system. Although the rheological properties were improved in this study, the gel strength did not change considerably. Furthermore, the results showed that by increasing the concentration of Mls, the average size of the bubbles decreases, and the particle-size distribution becomes more uniform. Finally, the API filtration test revealed that the higher the Mls concentration in the aphronized fluid, the lower the fluid loss, and at the Mls concentration of 12\% (v/v), the fluid loss was estimated at 19.54 mL. A natural polysaccharide with high molecular weight, Mls can be used as a polymer in CGAbased fluid and, thus, improve its performance. \& COPY; 2021 Southwest Petroleum University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The massecuite from a cane sugar factory consisting of mother liquor and sugar crystals, is influenced mainly by the pH, the purity and the time of mixing. The separation of massecuite after mixing gives a reddish-brown sugar and molasses. The time of mixing depends on the massecuite's purity and varies from mixer to mixer. The pH varies very little during mixing- The purity of the massecuite and the molasses are respectively 63.2 and 38.4 \%. The control of the mother liquor purity determines the appropriate mixing time.
Butanol production by the sugarchemistry route (fermentation of sugarcane juice) was evaluated considering different arrangements for its process integration in sugarcane biorefineries: first and second generation butanol production using acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation with wild and genetically modified microorganisms. The whole production chain was investigated, from the agricultural stage, through transportation of sugarcane and vinasse, to the industrial process and butanol final use when applicable. Life cycle inventories and mass and energy balances for the industrial stage were taken from computer process simulation obtained from the literature. Butanol production from bagasse and straw pentoses using genetically modified microorganism presents the best environmental performance among the investigated technological scenarios. Comparison with the oil-based production route and use as liquid fuel for vehicles evidenced environmental advantages for bio-based butanol in terms of global environmental impacts, such as abiotic depletion, global warming and ozone layer depletion potentials. Additionally, the introduction of butanol and the by-product acetone to the product portfolio of biorefineries led to increased revenues in comparison to base scenarios, which can ultimately help to mitigate environmental impacts of the biorefinery in monetary terms. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fifty-five bacterial strains isolated from soil were screened for efficient poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) biosynthesis from xylose. Three strains were also evaluated for the utilization of bagasse hydrolysate after different detoxification steps. The results showed that activated charcoal treatment is pivotal to the production of a hydrolysate easy to assimilate. Burkholderia cepacia IPT 048 and B. sacchari IPT 101 were selected for bioreactor studies, in which higher polymer contents and yields from the carbon source were observed with bagasse hydrolysate, compared with the use of analytical grade carbon sources. Polymer contents and yields, respectively, reached 62\% and 0.39 1 g g(-1) with strain IPT 101 and 53\% and 0.29 g g(-1) with strain IPT 048. A higher polymer content and yield from the carbon source was observed under P limitation, compared with N limitation, for strain IPT 101. IPT 048 showed similar performances in the presence of either growth-limiting nutrient. In high-cell-density cultures using xylose plus glucose under P limitation, both strains reached about 60 g l(-1) dry biomass, containing 60\% P3HB. Polymer productivity and yield from this carbon source reached 0.47 g l(-1) h(-1) and 0.22 g g(-1), respectively.
Crop residue decomposition is an essential process that affects soil properties and ecosystem services related to nutrient recycling, soil organic matter, and aggregation. Therefore, understanding crop residue decomposition is recommended to evaluate soil changes and define a more sustainable sugarcane straw removal management for bioenergy production. The straw chemical composition may be an efficient indicator to investigate this complex process. Thus, we conducted a field study to assess the sugarcane straw composition changes over 1 year using DRIFT spectroscopy technique. The experimental design consisted of a split-plot and randomized block design, and straw removal rates provided the main plot factor with time of sampling as the split-plot factor. Three sugarcane straw removal rates were evaluated: no removal (\~{
Geopolymers are considered a suitable alternative to portland cement due to their appropriate mechanical properties, the capacity of by-product/waste consumption, and significant contribution to reducing environmental pollution. This study aims to assess the impact of geopolymers based on sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) with glass powder (GP) and silica fume (SF) on the mechanical and microstructure properties of poor-graded sandy soils. The geopolymer specimens were prepared with different alkali-activators (NaOH and KOH) and cured for 7, 28, and 91 days to evaluate the effect of activator type and curing period on geopolymerization. The mechanical properties were determined by performing unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, while scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate microstructure properties. The results revealed that increasing the SCBA content in the mix significantly improved the UCS and geopolymer gel formation. Also, GP and SF addition improved the UCS of SCBA-based geopolymer specimens. Moreover, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results illustrate that SCBA-based geopolymer has good environmental performance. Thus, this study has the potential to develop a new eco-friendly geopolymer by using large-volume discarded SCBA and GP for soil stabilization.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is anticipated to emerge as a potential threat to waste management in India on account of cheap surplus energy options and lower incentives through its co-generation. Through biotechnological intervention, the efficient utilization of SCB is seen as an opportunity. The present study aimed towards expeditious production of concentrated glucose-rich hydrolysate from SCB. Alkali pretreated biomass was chosen for hydrolysis with a new generation cellulase cocktail, Cellic CTec2 dosed at 25 mg g-1 glucan content. A two-step (9\% + 9\%) substrate feeding strategy was adopted with a gap of an hour, and saccharification was terminated in three different ways. Irrespective of the methods employed for termination, similar to 84.5\% cellulose was hydrolyzed releasing >= 100 g L-1 glucose from 18\% biomass. Direct use of glucose-rich filtrates yielded 69.2 +/- 2.5 g L-1 of L (+) lactic acid using thermophilic Bacillus coagulans NCIM 5648. The best-attained glucose and lactic acid productivities during separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) in the present study were 5.27 and 2.88 g L-1 h(-1), respectively. A green and sustainable process is demonstrated for the production of industrially relevant sugars from SCB at high productivity and its valorization to bio-based lactic acid. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 was cultured to produce cellulase and biomass using as substrates untreated bagasse (non-alkali-treated bagasse washed with distilled water), and bagasse alkali-treated at room temperature and at 100 degrees C, washed with water at pH 2. Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) was used as a control substrate. When untreated bagasse and bagasse alkali-treated at room temperature were used, appreciable cellulase activity was found (0.085 and 0.090 IU/ml, respectively), but activity was lower than when Avicel was used (0.163 IU/ml). Enzyme yields were 16, 19 and 22 IU/g cellulose consumed, respectively. Cellulase activity was not detected when bagasse alkali-treated at 100 degrees C was used. The biomass yield was about 30\% lower when bagasse was used as a substrate than when Avicel was used. The yield was higher wizen bagasse was alkali-treated than when untreated bagasse was used although the difference was small. The biomass yield was 0.78 g biomass per g cellulose consumed for alkali-treated bagasse at room temperature versus 0.50 g/g for bagasse alkali-treated at 100 degrees C, 0.57 g/g for untreated bagasse and 0.67 g/g for Avicel. It was concluded that untreated bagasse is as good a substrate for cellulase and biomass production as bagasse alkali-treated at room temperature. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate using immobilized Scheffersomyces shehatae on magnetic biosupports in a fluidized bed bioreactor assisted by magnetic field has been studied. Fermentations were carried out in two experimental setups operating in a magnetically stabilized bed mode with transversal and axial magnetic field lines at 8 and 12kA/m, respectively. The best results were attained when experiments were carried out using a fermenter assisted by axial field whose ethanol/substrate yield and ethanol productivity were 0.15 +/- 0.8E-3g/g and 0.055 +/- 0.3E-3g/gh. These values were 12 and 34\%, respectively, higher than those observed in fermentations with transversal field lines (Tukey's test, p<0.05). Thus, these results are attractive and can be considered as a technological advance in the bioethanol production from biomass using this unconventional fermentation technology.
Lignin constitutes up to one-third of the material found in plant cell walls and is considered the second most abundant natural polymer in the world. Despite unique characteristics of lignin, it is mostly used for low-value commercial applications. In this study, lignin obtained after alkaline treatment of steam exploded sugarcane bagasse was submitted to an acidification process. The soluble fractions produced at different pH values were comprehensively characterized and in vitro antioxidant capacity against reactive oxygen (ROO center dot and H2O2) and nitrogen (ONOO-) species was evaluated. The soluble fraction obtained at pH 2 exhibited the highest scavenging capacities against all species tested (10.2 +/- 0.7 mmol Trolox equivalent g(-1) for ROO center dot, IC30= 14.9 mu g mL(-1) for H2O2 and IC50-2.3 mu g mL(-1) for ONOO-) and the lowest polydispersity value (1.2) compared to others fractions. According to the SAXS data, the soluble fractions obtained at pH 4 and pH 2 consisted of small nanometer-sized discs and low molecular weight polyphenolic clusters, while soluble fractions obtained at high pH predominated wide lignin nanoparticles and larger aggregates. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, well-known as efficient antioxidants, which were identified in all soluble fractions. Collectively, our results provided further demonstration that acidification treatment is a promising strategy to upgrade heterogeneous lignin-enriched stream from sugarcane bagasse, such as preparations with homogeneous compositions and high antioxidant activity. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The pyrolysis kinetics of sugarcane bagasse in nitrogen flow was studied by thermogravimetric analysis from room temperature to 1173 K at different heating rates (1.5, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 K/min). As there are three distinct devolatilization peaks in the DTG curve, each peak was associated to thermal decomposition of an individual biomass subcomponent (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). The kinetic model adopted was a consecutive reactions model. The kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis process, such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor, were calculated by least squares non-linear method and Scilab are used as the simulation tool. The simulated results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and the parameters found are similar to reported by the literature.
The energy recovery from biomass and it's utilisation as fuels and chemicals has been gaining interest in recent years. The production of syngas from sugarcane pyrolysis and gasification is investigated. Pyrolysis studies of sugarcane bagasse are performed using thermogravimetry (TG) at different heating rates (10, 20, 40, 100, 250 K/min). A mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with TG is used to detect the evolved gases. The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on char yield and evolved gases are examined. The resultant char Is gasified in steam ambience under isothermal and non -isothermal conditions. The results are shown that sugarcane pyrolysis, char-gasification and gas release (H-2, H2O, CO, CO2 and hydrocarbons) processes are influenced by the heating rate. Char gasification kinetics are estimated using volumetric, grain and random pore models under isothermal conditions. Similarly, sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis and gasification kinetics under non-isothermal conditions in steam and air ambience is estimated using Friedman, KAS (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) and FWO (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) methods for all the mass conversion levels. The activation energy of steam gasification is more than twice when compared to air gasification (partial oxidation) process while using FWO and KAS methods Altogether, these results contribute to better understanding of the sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis and gasification features for gasifier process modeling.
Sugarcane leaves and trash burning during harvesting, and vinasse management, are major challenges of the Thai sugarcane industry. Identification of the appropriate valorization pathways for both the biomass waste streams using the sugarcane biorefinery concept is necessary. This study aims to assess the environmental sustainability of five CE models, including (1) sugarcane trash for electricity, (2) sugarcane trash to biochar, (3) sugarcane trash as a soil conditioner, (4) vinasse as a bio-fertilizer, and (5) vinasse for power generation. Life cycle assessment has been conducted using the ReCiPE midpoint impact assessment method. The results revealed that all waste utilization scenarios can help reduce the environmental impacts compared to the base case. The utilization of sugarcane leaves and trash for electricity generation brings about the lowest environmental impacts due to the environmental credits from the substitution of Thai grid electricity. The utilization of sugarcane leaves can reduce impacts on climate change, terrestrial acidification, and ozone formation by about 20-104\%, 43-61\%, and 12-54\%. Recycling vinasse as bio-fertilizer and for biogas production for electricity generation can reduce climate change impact by about 28-29\%. There is a significant improvement of the avoidance of pre-harvesting burning of sugarcane in the Thai sugar industry, which has led to the big potential of sugarcane leaves biomass utilization. Recommendations to enhance the efficiency of using sugarcane leaves and vinasse are discussed. The integrated waste circulation scenarios on cane leaves and vinasses in the sugar-electricity-ethanol biorefinery shows advancement in the bio-circular-green economy (BCG) aspects for enhancing the environmental sustainability of the Thai sugarcane industry.
Supplementary cementitious materials are commonly used in concrete due to their superior performance such as higher strength and low heat of hydration when compared to ordinary Portland concrete. In addition to pozzolanic benefits, utilization of these materials leads to durable and sustainable concrete. Although several pozzolanic materials are available including industrial by-products for use in concrete, their utilization is considerably restricted due to inadequate performance evaluation in concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product from the sugar industries that is directly disposed as a waste material which leads to significant environmental degradation. Pozzolanic characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash have been evidently reported in the previous research studies. However, durability of bagasse ash blended concrete and its service life prediction are not reported in the existing literature. In the study, sugarcane bagasse ash was processed based on appropriate characterization scheme and bagasse ash blended cements were produced. Permeability of bagasse ash blended concrete was investigated and compared with Portland cement concrete and fly ash blended concrete. Moreover, influence of cover depth on service life of concrete structure was investigated. Results of accelerated durability test were correlated with the parameters influencing the long term performance of the concrete. The service life of bagasse ash concrete structures was found to be higher than the ordinary concrete structure in the same exposure conditions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A detailed techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel bio-refinery that produces xylitol from sugarcane bagasse are provided. The proposed process includes dilute acid pretreatment in pressurized conditions followed by fermentation (upstream section). The fermentation broth is then sent for separation and purification to the downstream section. Calculations are performed for a plant with 4 t/h of dry bagasse throughput. With a fermentation yield of 0.54 g xylitol per g of xylose, the plant produced 437.4 kg/h of xylitol. Upstream data are adapted from experimental studies, while ASPEN PLUS (R) flowsheet simulation is used to obtain data for the downstream section. The xylitol production facility is assumed to be annexed to an existing sugar mill in India. The total utility requirement in the process is reduced using heat integration strategies. Cradle-to-gate scope is considered for the LCA and 1 kg of xylitol is taken as the functional unit. The product cost of xylitol is calculated to be 230 INR/kg (US\$3.17/kg). For a 4 year payback period, the selling price of xylitol must be 450 INR/kg (US\$6.2/kg). The fermentation and pretreatment sections are the major components of the product cost. The LCA results show that the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are 2.759 kg CO2 eq. per kg xylitol. The electricity requirement within the plant is identified as the major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and reduction of fermentation duration is identified as a key factor. The results identify opportunities to improve the process from an economic as well as an environmental standpoint. (C) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
Sugarcane bagasse, a complex substrate, when differentiated into four fractions of particle sizes (<1 mm, 1-3 mm, 3-5 mm, 5-10 mm) with a view to enhancing its nutritive value as animal feed rather than production of fungal protein for human consumption, showed a varying pattern of degradation by white-rot fungi and varying in vitro rumen digestions. The fractions of bagasse were assessed for their bioconversion efficiencies in terms of disappearance of lignin and change in digestibility using Pleurotus sp. P7, Agrocybe aegarita A1, Pleurotus eryngii Pleurotus sp. P1 and Kuehneromyces mutabilis. The P. eryngii improved the digestibility of all the bagasse fractions. The mechanical separation of a substrate can be of significance when it is utilized as a material to be fermented by white-rot fungi to produce enriched animal feed.
A carbon hydrochar material (BG-230) has successfully been prepared by conversion of sugarcane bagasse through low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 230 degrees C. BG-230 was subsequently subjected to further thermal treatment at 400 degrees C for 1 hour under air (BG-230/400). Both resulting materials were characterized using specific surface area analysis (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (C, H, N, O) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results showed that BG-230 possesses a higher number of acidic-oxygen functionalities than BG-230/400, indicating that the thermal treatment at 400 degrees C under air removed those functionalities. The adsorption properties were evaluated by the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of MB was found to be higher for BG-230 (similar to 100 mg g(-1)) than that for BG-230/400 (similar to 25 mg g(-1)). The investigation into the adsorption performance of both prepared adsorbents suggests that the oxygen functional groups on the prepared carbon materials are responsible for the adsorption mechanism.
The characterization and manipulation of solid residues according to their types can enable different ways of efficient and specialized applications in the development of products. In particular, the sugarcane bagasse ash, a solid agro-industrial residue resulting from the burning of the bagasse in boilers for energy cogeneration, attracts attention due to its high availability. This study aims to systematically characterize the bottom, fly and mixed ashes, submitted to low-cost processings, in order to do a better directioning of their applicabilities in civil construction products. The processings of the ashes consist basically in stages of sieving and reburning at 600 degrees C. The results showed that the chemical and physical properties of the bottom and mixed ashes are similar between them and are especially recommended for applications in replacement of fine aggregates in civil construction products. The fly ash sample, without reburning and with amorphous structural organization, satisfies prerequisites for evaluations of pozzolanic applications in partial replacement of cementitious materials. {[
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil cover with sugarcane residue on weed emergence of four weeds from the genus Brachiaria. The study was conducted in an area whose soil was classified as Red Nitosol. Seven different amounts of sugarcane residue (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 ton ha(-1)) were used as soil cover. The residue of variety SP832847 was used upon four weed species: Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha, B. ruziziensis, and, B. humidicola. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The weeds were sown 1 cm deep and covered by the residue. The seeding rate in use was 1,200 plants m(-2). The study was comprised of two phases: the first phase was an evaluation of plant emergence (more than 1 cm for shoots) at 9, 12, 19, 34 and 43 days after sowing (DAS), and in the second phase, plant emergence was evaluated after removal of the straw residue at 89, 130, 175, 196, 217 and 234 DAS. The amount of sugarcane residue used as soil cover influenced the emergence pattern of Brachiaria spp. Minor germination was noticed after residue removal. Amounts greater than 9 ton ha(-1) decreased the total number of seedlings in all species, except for B. ruziziensis, whose emergence decreased at 12 ton ha(-1).
Brazil stands out as the largest producer of crystal sugar in the world, exporting much of its production to the soft drinks industry. However, the chemical composition of sugar may contain numerous compounds that promote the formation of acid beverage flocs (ABF), reducing product acceptance. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of ABF using different analytical techniques. We could observe the ABF are formed by several chemical classes. Regarding the histochemical analysis, we observed the presence of cellular sugarcane tissues, which are not fully removed in sugarcane processing. Mineral compounds, such as silicon, were found in great amounts by the Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive system (SEM/EDS) analysis. The mass spectrometry, high resolution mass by Q-ToF analysis and MALDI-MS allowed identification of compounds, such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, triacontanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and n-octacosanoic acid, in the ABF composition. These compounds are widely found in vegetable tissues, confirming that the ABF are formed by tiny particles of plant cells of sugar cane. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sequential treatment of dewaxed sugarcane bagasse with H2O and 1 and 3\% NaOH at a solid to liquid ratio of 1:25 (g mL(-1)) at 50 degrees C for 3 h yielded 74.9\% of the original hemicelluloses. Each of the hemicellulosic fractions was successively subfractionated by graded precipitation at ethanol concentrations of 15, 30, and 60\% (v/v). Chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and structures of eight precipitated hemicellulosic fractions were elucidated by a combination of sugar analysis, nitrobenzene oxidation of bound lignin, molecular determination, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic spectroscopies, and thermal analysis. The results showed that the sequential treatments and graded precipitations were very effective on the fractionation of hemicelluloses from bagasse. Comparison of these hemicelluloses indicated that the smaller sized and more branched hemicelluloses were extracted by the hot water treatment; they are rich in glucose, probably originating from alpha-glucan and pectic polysaccharides. The larger molecular size and more linear hemicelluloses were dissolved by the alkali treatment; they are rich in xylose, principally resulting from L-arabino-(4-O-methylglucurono)-D-xylans. In addition, noticeable differences in the chemical composition and molecular weights were observed among the graded hemicellulosic subfractions from the water-soluble and alkali-soluble hemicelluloses. The Ara/Xyl ratio increased with the increment of ethanol concentration from 15 to 60\%, and the arabinoxylans with higher Ara/Xyl ratios had higher molecular weights. There were no significant differences in the structural features of the precipitated hemicellulosic subfractions, which are mainly constituted of L-arabino-(4-O-methyl-D-glucurono)xylan, whereas the difference may occur in the distribution of branches along the xylan backbone.
A new carboxylated-functionalized sugarcane bagasse (STA) was prepared through the esterification of sugarcane bagasse with trimellitic anhydride. The optimized synthesis conditions yield STA with a percent weight gain of 73.9\% and the number of carboxylic acid groups accounted for 3.78 mmol/g. STA was characterized by FUR, elemental analysis, TGA, PZC, and SEM. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption rate constant showed the following order: k(2,Ni)(2+) > k(2,cu)(2+) > k(2,co)(2+). Four mono- and multi-component isotherm models were used to model the adsorption systems. Monocomponent experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Sips models; whereas, multicomponent data were fitted to modified extended Langmuir and P-factor models. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q(max,mono)) obtained from the Langmuir model were 1.140, 1.197, and 1.563 mmol/g for Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+, respectively. The competitive studies demonstrated that the multicomponent adsorption capacity (Q(max,multi)) was smaller than Q(max,mono) as a result of the interaction between the metal ions. Desorption studies showed that all metal ions could be fully desorbed from STA. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Inorganic salt treatment is a novel, high-yield, and environmentally friendly approach for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides from Sugarcane bagasse with degree of polymerization of 2-5. A xylo-oligosaccharides yield of 53.79\% was obtained with 0.1 M MgCl2 treatment at 180 degrees C/10 min, and 41.89\% with 0.1 M FeCl2 treatment at 140 degrees C/30 min. The xylo-oligosaccharides yield from the co-catalysis of 0.05 M FeCl2 + 0.05 M MgCl2 reached 54.68\% (29.34\% xylobiose and 20.94\% xylotriose) at 140 degrees C/30 min. The co-catalysis not only effectively improved the xylobiose and xylotriose contents but also increased the total yield of xylo-oligosaccharides under mild reaction conditions. Additionally, the glucose yield observed from the solid residue after inorganic salt treatment was 71.62\% by enzymatic hydrolysis. Mg2+ and Fe2+ are essential for good human health without separation from the system, therefore, the inorganic salt treatment can be potentially applied in the co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose.
This study is devoted to the analysis of impact damage in composite samples by applying techniques of IR and Terahertz imaging. The samples made of high-density homogeneous particleboards of sugarcane bagasse and castor oil polyurethane resin were subjected to impacts with the energy from 5 to 30J. The impact damage defects were evaluated by applying one- and two-sided thermal non-destructive testing. Both the apparent thermal effusivity and diffusivity were determined to analyse their relationship to impact energy. In the above-mentioned range of impact energies, the thermal effusivity varied from 5 to 18\%, while the variations in thermal diffusivity were from 4 to 24\%. The algorithm of dynamic thermal tomography was used to demonstrate that predominant subsurface cracking occurred at depths up to 1 mm. In addition, the defect areas were tested by applying the Terahertz technique, whose results qualitatively matched the IR thermographic ones to show that the damaged areas were larger than they appeared visually. However, both inspection techniques have revealed no significant dependence of analysed parameters on impact energy. This is believed to prove that non-uniform composite structure is the decisive factor in producing structural defects under impacting.
Spectrophotometrically, the oxidation of sugarcane molasses using the sucrose unit (SCM) by a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion at a constant ionic strength of 1.0 mol dm(-3) was studied. As the alkali content rose, the rates of reaction were observed to rise, suggesting that the reaction was base-catalyzed in nature. The structure of the 1:1 intermediate complex proves the obedience of {[
A two-stage submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (2-SAnMBR) was designed for the treatment of sugarcane vinasse. For start-up, the flow rate was reduced whenever VFA levels reached critical levels in the methanogenic reactor. After acclimation, the system was operated under a continuous flow. Separation of the stages was observed during the entire period of operation. VFA, COD and DOC levels of raw effluent, acidified effluent and permeate averaged 2141, 3525 and 61 mg VFA L-1 (as acetic acid), 15727, 11512 and 488 mg COD L-1, and, 3544, 3533 and 178 mg DOC L-1, respectively. Overall COD and DOC removal efficiencies of 96.9 +/- 0.7\% and 95.0 +/- 1.1\%, respectively, were reached. Methane content of the biogas from the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors ranged 0.1-4.6\% and 60.1-70.1\%, respectively. Removable fouling strongly affected filtration performance and cake layer formation accounted for most of filtration resistance. Membrane resistance was related to presence of protein-like substances and carbohydrates. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Background: Hydrogen is regarded as an attractive future energy carrier for its high energy content and zero CO2 emission. Currently, the majority of hydrogen is generated from fossil fuels. However, from an environmental perspective, sustainable hydrogen production from low-cost lignocellulosic biomass should be considered. Thermophilic hydrogen production is attractive, since it can potentially convert a variety of biomass-based substrates into hydrogen at high yields. Results: Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was used as the substrate for hydrogen production by Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27/Delta ldh. The key parameters of acid hydrolysis were studied through the response surface methodology. The hydrogen production was maximized under the conditions of 2.3\% of H2SO4 for 114.2 min at 115 degrees C. Using these conditions, a best hydrogen yield of 1.86 mol H-2/mol total sugar and a hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 0.52 L/L h were obtained from 2 L SCB hydrolysates in a 5-L fermentor, showing a superior performance to the results reported in the literature. Additionally, no obvious carbon catabolite repression (CCR) was observed during the fermentation using the multi-sugars as substrates. Conclusions: Considering these advantages and theimpressive HPR, the potential of hydrogen production using T. aotearoense SCUT27/Delta ldh is intriguing. Thermophilic, anaerobic fermentation using SCB hydrolysates as the medium by this strain would be a practical and eco-friendly process.
In Malaysia, the majority of household electricity (45\%) is consumed by air conditioning. Such high energy consumption is mainly caused by inefficient insulating materials with poor thermal performance. Hence, the selection of a thermal wall insulator with low thermal conductivity is vital to reduce the energy consumption. Utilizing agro waste based thermal insulation materials has become an efficient and economical method for energy efficient building. In this review, the standards required for an efficient thermal insulator have been addressed. Moreover, thermal, acoustic, physical and mechanical performance of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFB) and sugarcane bagasse fiber and their composites are described in detail. Optimal fiber loading and different surface modifications were reported to enhance the thermal performance, acoustic, physical and mechanical performance of composites. From the observations, it has been concluded that agro waste based OPEFB and bagasse fibers can act as an efficient thermal insulator, which will significantly reduce the excess utilization of energy and thus the costs. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical activation of sugarcane bagasse was carried out to produce adsorbents for gold recovery from aqueous solutions. The impregnation ratio with the activating agents (H3PO4 and ZnCl2) and the temperature of activation were of the most determining factors on the adsorbents' properties. Under the optimal production conditions, H3PO4 and ZnCl2 led to the adsorbents with the surface areas of 970 and 1300 m(2)/g, and the maximum monolayer gold adsorption capacities of 324 and 291 mg Au/g adsorbent, respectively. The recovery of gold from the bagasse-based adsorbents was performed by the incineration method efficiently. Considering the low cost and availability of bagasse as the primary material, the method was economically affordable.
The use of agro-residue in resource-limited regions can be a smart way for civil construction to reduce costs, reduce emissions of pollutant gases and, at the same time, contribute to the reduction of natural resource extraction. This research focused on an easy and worldwide accessible classification of sugarcane residue as materials for civil construction. The residues were collected from a sugar mill and categorized in bagasse fiber (BF), sand (BS), and ash (BA). The physical and mechanical properties of the BF and the chemical composition of the BA were studied. Afterward, mortar specimens were prepared to obtain the flexural strength. Finally, an environmental assessment was made. This study revealed that the residues of sugarcane in Okinawa are viable to use as material in civil construction since the flexural strength of the mortar added with residues increased when compared with the control mortar, even with the presence of reducing sugars. In addition, with the use of sugarcane residues in mortar, it was possible to decrease the CO2 emissions, reducing around 8\% the environmental load.
Aiming to decrease the cost of enzymes used to hydrolyze biomass, the liquid stream from the hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment of sugarcane bagasse was used in the growth medium of Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1. Statistical experimental design was used to determine the HCW 1 temperature and residence time for maximum hemicellulose-derived sugar recovery to the liquid stream. The HCW reactor was fed with 10 \% (w/v) bagasse, and the treatment was performed under agitation using an initial pressure of 20 bar (N-2) at 170 degrees C for 40 min. The HCW liquid stream (23.70 +/- 0.30 g/L xylan) was diluted and used as the culture medium carbon source for fungal enzyme production. In growth medium containing 5 g/L xylan at initial pH 5.0, the fungus produced 46 U/mL of xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), 3.3 U/mL of beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), 0.24 U/mL of beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), and 0.6 U/mL of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) in the supernatant. The use of a residual hemicellulosic stream would decrease the cost of enzyme production and by extension favors the economics of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Mostly disposed without treatment, fly and biomass ashes have been a challenge that threatens the environment. To use them as geoenvironmental materials for thermal insulating purposes, a fundamental studying of thermal property of the pure ashes is crucial. In this study, thermal conductivities of fly (class C and F) and biomass ashes (sugarcane bagasse and wood) are studied at dry, saturated, and partial saturated conditions under different effective stresses. Moreover, silica sand and kaolinite are used for comparison. The results show that thermal conductivity dramatically increases with effective stress in dry condition, but less increases in saturated condition. Providing partial-saturated conditions, a substantial increase of thermal conductivity is observed with the degree of saturation, which shows a good consistency with an empirical fitting model using thermal conductivities of minerals of dry and saturated materials. Fly ash class C is cemented by reacting with water that causes thermal conductivity to increase by reason of increased particle contact area. Finally, general thermal conductivities of fly and biomass ashes are much lower than both silica sand and kaolinite, which can be considered as insulating materials in geotechnical engineering. (C) 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
The calorific potential of refuse-derived fuels (RDFs) was investigated with different coals, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse. Carbon-sulfur analysis, gross calorific value (kJ/kg), and proximate analysis (\%) were carried out. Total carbon of coal samples was found to be in the range from 62.65 to 79.19\%, while RDF samples were ranged from 40.21 to 57.34\% which were almost similar to rice husk (49.13\%) and sugarcane bagasse (46.13\%). Comparison of the total sulfur content of the coal (Duki) (10.52\%) was very high as compared to RDF samples ranged from 0.17 to 0.46\% and almost similar to rice husk (0.34\%) and sugarcane bagasse (0.187\%), while other coal samples ranged from 2.1 to 4.5\%. The gross calorific value of the coal (Duki) (6,163 kJ/kg) was higher to other coal samples ranged from 4,935 to 4,972 kJ/kg, while found to be almost double to rise husk (3,518 kJ/kg), sugarcane bagasse (3,285 kJ/kg), and RDF samples (3,125-4,689 kJ/kg). The moisture content, volatile matter, and ash content were found higher in RDF 1 (42.14\%), RFD 2 (66.55\%), and coal (stone) (33.14\%), respectively. Appropriate gross calorific value and very low sulfur content of the RDFs, especially RDF 2, appeared adequate to be used as a fuel with a lesser pollution potential and as an alternative fuel in mega cement industry of Pakistan.
Plant materials represent a strategic energy source because they can give rise to sustainable biofuels through the fermentation of their carbohydrates. A clear example of a plant-derived biofuel resource is the sugar cane bagasse exhibiting 60-80\% of fermentable sugars in its composition. However, the current methods of plant bioconversion employ severe and harmful chemical/physical pretreatments raising biofuel cost production and environmental degradation. Replacing these methods with co-cultivated enzymatic cocktails is an alternative. Here we propose a pretreatment for sugarcane bagasse using a multi-enzymatic cocktail from the co-cultivation of four Aspergillus nidulans recombinant strains. The co-cultivation resulted in the simultaneous production of GH51 arabinofuranosidase (AbfA), GH11 endo-1,4-xylanase (XInA), GH43 endo-1,5-arabinanase (AbnA) and GH12 xyloglucan specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (XegA). This core set of recombinant enzymes was more efficient than the alternative alkaline method in maintaining the cellulose integrity and exposing this cellulose to the following saccharification process. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis revealed residual byproducts on the alkali pretreated biomass, which were not found in the enzymatic pretreatment. Therefore, the enzymatic pretreatment was residue-free and seemed to be more efficient than the applied alkaline method, which makes it suitable for bioethanol production.
The ubiquitous nature of lignocellulosic biomass on planet earth and its economic viability attracted a great deal of attention from researchers and becomes foremost feedstock for biofuel production particularly bioethanol. However, due to complexity in structure, its pretreatment is essentially required prior to actual use. In the present study, a promising approach has been proposed through the development of acid-functionalized magnetic nanocatalysts. Two different acid-functionalized magnetic nanocatalysts i.e. alkylsulfonic acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-MNPs-Si-AS) and butylcarboxylic acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-MNPs-Si-BCOOH) were developed and their efficacy was studied in the pretreatment of sugarcane straw at varying concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg/g of straw). The enhanced concentration dependent production of sugar (xylose) was reported in case of both the nanocatalysts. The maximum 17.06 g/L for Fe3O4-MNPs-Si-AS and 15.40 g/L for Fe3O4-MNPs-Si-BCOOH sugar was reported at 500 mg which is comparatively higher than normal acid (H2SO4) (14.63 g/L) and non-treated (0.24 g/L) sugarcane straw. Further, both the nanocatalysts were recovered by applying an external magnetic field and reused for the next two subsequent cycles of pretreatment. It was observed that with every reuse of nanocatalysts the concentration of sugar production was reduced. Moreover, generation of very less amount of toxic inhibitors was reported in the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate obtained in the present study. Considering these facts, it is believed that such nanocatalysts can be used as an effective, eco-friendly and economically viable alternative to the conventional pretreatment agents like mineral acids.
This study focused on the evaluation of mixotrophic and heterotrophic production of phycocyanin by A. microscopica, analysis of kinetic parameters, the effect of freezing and thawing on phycocyanin yield, and nutrient removal during heterotrophic growth. During mixotrophic growth, maximum phycocyanin yield (1.50mg(phycocyanin)g(biomass)(-1)) was obtained after 12h, while the heterotrophic cultivation yielded 1.39mg(phycocyanin)g(biomass)(-1). The mixotrophic cultivation of A. microscopica showed maximum specific growth rate of 0.025h(-1), against 0.010h(-1) for the photoautotrophic cultivation, and 0.08h(-1) in heterotrophic conditions. The mixotrophic cultivation had a specific rate of phycocyanin production of 9.86mg(phycocyanin)mg(biomass)(-1)h(-1), while the photoautotrophic had 2.81mg(phycocyanin)mg(biomass)(-1)h(-1), and the heterotrophic, 49.18mg(phycocyanin)mg(biomass)(-1)h(-1). Carbon and nitrogen contents present in sugarcane vinasse were decreased in 16.69 and 15.97\%, respectively, after 6h of heterotrophic growth. Thus, it was shown that the mixotrophic production of phycocyanin by Aphanothece microscopica Nageli in BG11 medium supplemented with vinasse is feasible.
Second-generation technology (2G) is currently the industrial route that is being developed with the potential to meet the demand for biofuels and bioproducts. The technology studied in the present work is based on the non-food processing of sugarcane straw, which is unlike the bagasse processing route (a lignocellulosic residue) that is commonly used in boilers for steam and electricity generation. In the last years, cellulosic ethanol plants worldwide include the utilisation of corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, wood waste and plant residues. Therefore, a communication based on industrial aspects using sugarcane straw is important in order to expand the knowledge regarding this promising technology. The main objective of this work included listing the results obtained in a cellulosic-ethanol production industry using sugarcane straw, located in the Northeast region of Brazil and taking into account the efficiency of pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes and comparing these results with data found in the literature regarding studies with similar efficiency. It was possible to observe that the production of ethanol from sugarcane straw at an industrial scale achieved a productivity of 200 l of ethanol per tonne of biomass, exhibiting 90, 70 and 85\% of pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency, respectively.
The use of sugarcane straw as bioenergy feedstock has been encouraged in recent years due to its potential to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate straw removal causes soil damages, impairing crop development and productivity. Experiments in three sugarcane growing locations (Quata-SP, Chapadao do Ceu-GO, and Quirinopolis-GO) were conducted over 2 years to evaluate soil water dynamics, soil temperature, and sugarcane yield under diverse edaphoclimatic conditions. Straw removal of 0\%, 50\%, and 100\% was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Dielectric water potential sensors were used to record soil water potential (psi, kPa) and soil temperature (degrees C) every 6 h at a 0.15-m depth. Sugarcane yields were measured annually using an instrumented truck equipped with load cells. In general, the complete and partial straw removals were detrimental to water storage and therefore to plant available water causing an increase in soil temperature during sprouting and tillering phases, which are extremely important periods for a good crop establishment and, consequently, for yield increase. For the experimental sites presenting high fertility, greater water holding capacity, high sugarcane yield potential, and considering an extended water deficit in early stages of crop development, the complete straw removal resulted in yield losses of up to 16 and 40 Mg ha(-1), respectively. For the experimental site presenting low sugarcane yield potential, even with low water deficit at the beginning of crop seasons, straw removal had no significant influence on sugarcane yield in the short term, since straw did not produce enough improvements to soil in order to enable benefits for water retention.
Sugarcane bagasse was chemically treated to generate different bagasse samples with varying quantities of lignin and hemicelluoses, keeping the cellulose fraction intact in all cases. These bagasse samples were evaluated for the production of cellulase and xylanase enzymes by Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1171 and Trichoderma viride NCIM 1051 in the production medium. Higher xylanase and beta-glucosidase activities were detected in the medium with all bagasse samples as compared to the values obtained with pure cellulose powder 123 (CP-123). Amongst all bagasse samples, sample IV (kappa number 22.9) gave the highest yields of xylanase (130 IU/ml) and beta-glucosidase activities (2.3 IU/ml) in case of P. janthinellum. There was no increase in cellulase (FPase and CMCase) activities in both strains irrespective of the bagasse sample compared to the values obtained in presence of CP-123. The productivities of all the enzymes except CMCase in medium containing bagasse sample IV are higher as compared to pure CP-123. The productivity of Fpase is slightly lower when T viride NCIM 1051 is grown in a medium containing BS-IV. More studies have to be carried out to generate bagasse samples, which can be used as substrates to produce high levels of cellulases and hemicellulases in proper proportion. This may in turn reduce the cost of enzyme production leading to efficient use of lignocellulosic materials to produce value-added products. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sustainability of cement concrete is always a subject of concern and hence, less polluting concrete alternatives are being explored. Geopolymer concrete can be an alternative, which may be partly or fully cement-free. However, there exists a huge gap in the knowledge of quantification for ecological advancements that can be achieved. This study reports on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of five different geopolymer concrete mixes made up of ternary blends of sugarcane bagasse ash, blast furnace slag and fly ash. The results coupled with 28-day mechanical test results were compared with traditional cement concrete of similar grade. Correlation analysis was carried out among the obtained results to determine Pearson's coefficient and Spearman's rho factor. The aspect of cost and embodied energy was also studied simultaneously. The analyses showed that conventional concrete is more harmful in all ecological impact categories as compared to other alternative concretes except majorly Ozone layer depletion, Carcinogens and Mineral extraction. The sugarcane bagasse ash-based geopolymer concrete mixtures were also found to be cost and embodied energy-effective as compared to traditional concrete.
Despite their growing popularity in the construction industry, cement-based materials containing blast-furnace slag may be subject to various deteriorative processes including corrosion susceptibility owing to the reduced alkalinity of the cementitious matrix. Sugarcane bagasse ash sand (SBAS), the main agroindustrial waste in sugar and ethanol production, has the potential to enhance concrete durability. This study aims to evaluate the effect of SBAS as a fine aggregate on the corrosion of reinforced slag cement concrete. Mixes with different proportions were analysed in terms of mechanical characteristics, chloride penetration, electrolytic conductivity of pore solution, corrosion potential (by open circuit potential), and corrosion rate (by polarisation curves and Tafel plot technique), as well as the analysis of the corroded steel bars (by scanning electron microscopy technique). This paper argues the efficiency of SBAS in retarding corrosion up to an optimal content of approximately 30\%. SBAS can refine micropores and act as an alkaline activator of slag cements, leading to increased compressive strength, reduced chloride penetration depth, and delayed corrosion initiation. Above 30\%, the corrosion rate increases, which could be owing to the modified microstructure and higher electrolytic conductivity of SBAS-concrete pore solutions, that control the susceptibility of chloride attack on the steel bars. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bio-oil produced by biomass pyrolysis has been widely concerned because of its clean and sustainable advan-tages. In this work, the co-pyrolysis characteristics and product yield of sugarcane bagasse (BA) and Chlorella vulgaris (CV) under different CuO additions were studied using microwave oven. Then the components of bio-oil were identified by GC-MS. The results showed that co-pyrolysis optimized the pyrolysis characteristics and improved the yield and quality of bio-oil. B8C2 (BA/CV=8:2) group was the optimal mixing ratio with the maximum bio-oil yield and best pyrolysis characteristics. CuO promoted the bio-oil production of B8C2, and 50\% CuO improved the pyrolysis characteristics most effectively. Besides, the co-pyrolysis of BA and CV played an obvious denitrification effect, promoted the formation of long-chain fatty acids, N-heterocycles, phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and increased the higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil. CuO increased the contents of phenol and furans, and decreased acid value and sulfur content of bio-oil, thus making it more accessible for processing and utilisation at a later stage.
Due to the recent climatic and economic developments in the Middle East, the region has become on the verge of water poverty. It has become imperative to reconsider the policy of water spending and rationalization of consumption and to consider recycling all types of water, thus in this study, two identical stages of the RBCs system were used to treat wastewater after its primary treatment at Zenin wastewater treatment plant in Giza, Egypt. Different materials were used in the treatment process such as geotextile, (in two different forms), circular discs and discs in the form of gear, with 15 discs per RBC stage, a steel cylinder, in addition to a plastic bottle with holes with sugarcane straw inside. The rotation speeds were varied between 5, 8 and 10 RPM, with 40\% submergence for the geotextile discs of the normal circular shape and for the rest of the materials a rotation speed of 5 RPM were used, where it was found later that it gave the best results. The hydraulic retention time ranged between one, two, and three up to seven days. It was found that the best results obtained at HRT of 3 days. Results showed that the removal rates of BOD, COD and TSS were almost 82\%, 86.7\% and 81.5\% at 5RPM for normal circular discs shape respectively, while for gear shaped discs removal rates were almost 83.7\%, 91\% and 81.3\% respectively. For sugarcane straw plastic bottle, BOD, COD and TSS removal rates were almost 64.86\%, 69.49 and 68.18\% at 5RPM respectively, noting that sugarcane straws removal rates were the lowest among the rest of materials. Removal rates were almost 86.9\%, 94.4 and 82.14\% for BOD, COD and TSS respectively at 5RPM for steel cylinder. Steel cylinder showed the highest removal rates among all other materials.
This study focuses on combined usage of agro and industrial wastes in developing environment-friendly concrete. Fresh and hardened characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) made of blended cement with sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA, an agro-waste generated during sugar manufacture), granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) and Ordinary Portland cement were examined through an experimental program. Three SCC mix groups (BA10, BA20, and BA30) corresponded with three cement replacing levels of SBA (10\%, 20\%, and 30\%) were developed. For each group, four mixtures associated with four replacement ratios of cement by slag were further employed (0\%, 10\%, 20\%, and 30\%). Totally, 12 mixtures incorporating SBA and BFS blended-cement and one reference mix were developed for experiment. Fresh properties of the proposed SCC were evaluated through measurement of the density, slump, slump-flow, V-funnel test, T500 slump, Box-test, and setting time. In addition, testing of compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, sulfate attack, water absorption as well as electrical resistivity were conducted for hardened concrete. The testing results indicated that replacing either SBA and/or BFS to OPC in mixtures led to lesser flowability. Compressive strength of sample made of 30\% SBA and 30\% BFS substituting to OPC were comparable to that of control after 91 days. Moreover, both of SBA and BFS strongly enhanced sulfate attack resistance; and almost SCC samples had a negligible corrosion rate after 28-day ages. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In order to examine the potential for coproduct generation, we have characterised chemical compounds released by a range of alkaline and acidic aqueous pretreatments as well as the effect of these pretreatments on the saccharification ability of the lignocellulosic material. Comparative experiments were performed using three biomass types chosen for their potential as second-generation biofuel feedstocks: maize stover, miscanthus and sugarcane bagasse. The release of lignin from the feedstock correlated with the residual biomass saccharification potential, which was consistently higher after alkaline pretreament for all three feedstock types. Alkaline pretreatment released more complex mixtures of pentose and hexose sugars into the pretreatment liquor than did acid pretreatment. In addition, complex mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic compounds were released into pretreatment liquors under alkaline conditions, in a temperature-dependent manner, but far less so under acidic conditions. We show that the three feedstocks characterised interact with the pretreatment conditions in a specific manner to generate different ranges of products, highlighting the need to tailor pretreatments to both the starting feedstock and desired outcomes.
Purpose Sugarcane vinasse is generated in large amounts and can be utilized to improve soil attributes, especially in areas degraded by burns. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of sugarcane vinasse on physico-chemical attributes of a Cambisol managed via annual burns. Methods Soil samples were collected from an annually burned area under pasture and used in an experiment in pots to evaluate the effects of dosages of vinasse (0, 18.8, 37.5, 56.3, 75.0, 112.5, and 150.0 m(3) ha(-1)) on water-dispersible clay, pH(H2O), organic matter, K+, Ca2+ + Mg2+, and K+/(Ca2+ + Mg2+). Results The results showed that vinasse application reduces water-dispersible clay, does not alter pH H20 , and increases organic matter, K+, Ca2+ + Mg2+, and K+/(Ca2+ + Mg2+). The water-dispersible clay was reduced by the formation of bonds with organic matter, which overlapped the repulsive forces intensified by the increment of K+/(Ca2+ + Mg2+). The estimated vinasse dosage that provided the minimum water-dispersible clay (69 g kg(-1)) was 110 m(3) ha(-1). Conclusions Vinasse can be applied to improve the physico-chemical attributes of soils degraded by annual burns.
Black liquor (BL) remains a critical problem during alkaline pretreatment. To solve this issue, a novel pretreatment strategy termed vacuum-assisted black liquor-recycling pretreatment, was established to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Firstly, SCB was pretreated with 2\% NaOH at 121 degrees C for 1 h under vacuum conditions. The produced BL was used for subsequent pretreatments after pH recovery with NaOH. The pretreated SCBs were subject to enzymatic hydrolysis and separate hydrolyzation and fermentation (SHF) without washing to neutral pH. BL was recycled on seven occasions. The results indicated that glucose yields did not significantly differ between pretreatment with NaOH and recovered BL. The enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation resulted in maximum 0.35 g/g of glucose yield and 116.5 g/kg of ethanol yield respectively. Compared with conventional pretreatment with NaOH, the VABLR method showed high conversion rates of cellulose into monosaccharaides, whilst preserving -20\% and -46\% of alkali and water usage, respectively.
Sustainable cements are an important alternative to reduce the environmental impact of the cement industry by lowering the clinker-to-cement ratio with supplementary cementitious materials. In this respect, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of partial clinker replacement by sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and limestone filler (LF) on the mechanical and durability performance of mortars. Four blended Portland cements were produced with binary and ternary mixes of clinker, SCBA, and LF. An ordinary cement was also produced for comparison purposes. All five cements were characterized and applied in mortars in order to assess compressive strength and water absorption. Next, 28-day specimens were immersed in a sulfuric acid solution for 56 days to investigate deterioration using mass loss, length variation, water absorption, and compressive strength tests. In general, the combination of SCBA and LF produced more sustainable cements with suitable properties, as SCBA improved the mechanical behavior, while LF improved the durability performance of mortars. In this context, ternary mixes with 14\% SCBA and 14\% LF are indicated for mechanical uses, while 7\% SCBA and 14\% LF are recommended for durability purposes, as both maintained the respective properties of the reference cement.
Bioethanol produced from LB (lignocellulosic biomass) is a renewable option to decrease fossil fuel demand. LB is considered the future feedstock for bioethanol production because of its low cost and availability. The production of bioethanol from LB involves different steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and bioethanol recovery. Some pretreatments such as SE (steam explosion), LHW (liquid hot water), ammonia fiber explosion and acid hydrolysis treatment have been used frequently to remove lignin and to improve the saccharification of cell wall carbohydrates. In this work via exergy analysis biomass pretreatment methods to prepare LB for bioethanol production using two typical chemical compositions of sugarcane bagasse are evaluated. Four case studies for the following pretreatment technologies (A) SE, (B) Organosolv, (C) LHW and (D) SE LHW are studied. Although high exergy values are obtained in all cases of this study (A) 93.2\%, (B) 85.4\%, (C) 94.1\%, and (D) 95.1\%, the values of destroyed exergy rate found for the cases analyzed using the raw material 2 are high compared to the input bagasse exergy rate, (A) 7.2\%, (B) 24.8\%, (C) 6.0\%, and (D) 5.5\%, highlighting the relevance of such processes in the overall exergy efficiency of second-generation bioethanol production routes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, the enzymatic saccharification of alkaline pretreated sugarcane bagasse (PSB) and the production of second generation bioethanol (2G) were investigated. The effects of percentage of dry substrate (3 and 10\% w/v) and time of hydrolysis (24 and 72 h) were evaluated in order to obtain maximum contents of total reducing sugar (TRS), glucose and xylose. The monosaccharide concentrations were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and TRS by the 3.5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The saccharification of PSB with the Cellic Ctec3 promoted an efficient release of sugars. Among the four evaluated conditions, the hydrolysis HD (10\% PSB and 72h) was the most efficient with the highest production of sugars (g/L): TRS (73.96), glucose (31.78) and xylose (10.85). The alcoholic fermentation of hydrolysate HD produced the maximum concentration of 16.15 g/L of ethanol, with volumetric productivity (Q(P)) of 0.69 g/Lh and yield of ethanol as a function of the substrate (Y-P/S) of 0.48 g(ethanol)/g(sugar). S. cerevisiae was capable of fermenting 99.96\% of glucose from hydrolysate HD. The results indicated that the increase of the substrate load and time in the enzymatic hydrolysis can be favorable alternatives to improve the sugar yields and, consequently, the bioethanol production.
Assessment of Pozzolonic activity of certain industrial waste is important due to an increasing need of cementitious material. This study was undertaken to widen the scope of using pozzolanic waste like fly ash and bagasse ash as a supplement to cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) is a solid waste obtained from the cogeneration combustion boilers in sugar industry and fly ash (FA) is a waste product generated during coal combustion in thermal power plants. The present study is an attempt to determine the pozzolanic activity of BA and FA. Physical properties such as particle size, surface area and specific gravity of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Sugarcane bagasse ash and fly ash were determined using HORIBA zeta analyzer, BET surface area analyzer and Standard Le-chatelier flask respectively. The chemical composition of OPC, BA and FA was obtained using X-ray florescence (XRF) and the mineralogical analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Frattini test was conducted to determine hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration and calcium ion concentration (Ca+2) which is represented through solubility curve. Strength activity index (SAL) was based on the compressive strength test performed on mortar cube specimen which were cast by partial replacement of cement with bagasse ash and fly ash at 10, 20 and 30 percent by weight. The SAL for both BA and FA blended cement mortar was determined after 3, 7, and 28 days of curing and the results compared. The physical and chemical properties of FA and BA meet the requirements as a Pozzolonic material, based on the mineralogical analysis and strength activity index, blending OPC with 20 percent FA or 10 percent BA is beneficial. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Herein, a natural deep eutectic solvent (DES) is developed to deconstruct the recalcitrant structure of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for further 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) production. The properties, structure of the DES, and the influence of pretreatment and reaction conditions on SCB are studied. The findings reveal that carboxylic acid DES pretreatment results in a substantial decrease of hemicelluloses and lignin. At the same time, carboxylic acid DES systems significantly improve the yield of 5-HMF at 110 degrees C. Under the optimum conditions (choline chloride (ChCl)-lactic acid (8.33 wt\% H2O), SCB/DES (1:10/wt:wt), temperature 110 degrees C, and time 4 h), the 5-HMF yield obtained from SCB is 56.68 mol\% (1.62 mg mL(-1)). This 5-HMF yield is significantly higher by 25.88, 16.43, and 9.87-folds compared to the 5-HMF yield from the SCB treated with ChCl-urea, ChCl-glycerin, and ChCl-ethylene glycol, respectively, under the same reaction conditions. In addition, component analysis and structural characteristics suggest that the content of lignin in the SCB decreases significantly, and the cellulose and hemicellulose are partially hydrolyzed after being treated with the DES composed of ChCl and carboxylic acids. Overall, this work shows that SCB pretreatment with a carboxylic acid DES is promising for low-cost biorefineries to achieve effective biomass fractionation and conversion.
The mushroom Flammulina velutipes and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor were cultivated separately on sugarcane bagasse for 40 days. Trametes versicolor produced laccase and manganese-peroxidase activities, showing a simultaneous degradation of lignin and holocellulose. However, only phenoloxidase activity was found with Flammulina velutipes. A preferential degradation of lignin was detected in F. velutipes, which exhibited a greater reduction in the ratio of weight loss to lignin loss than T. versicolor. A decrease in the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio observed with both fungi indicated the preferential degradation of non-condensed (syringyl-type) lignin units. An increase in the relative abundance of aromatic carboxylic acids suggested that the oxidative transformation of lignin unit side-chains was occurring. This was more noticeable with Flammulina velutipes than with T. versicolor.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agroindustrial residue generated in large amounts in Brazil. This biomass can be used for the production of cellulases, aiming at their use in second-generation processes for bioethanol production. Therefore, this work reports the ability of a fungal strain, Trichoderma harzianum IOC-4038, to produce cellulases on a novel material, xylan free and cellulose rich, generated from sugarcane bagasse, named partially delignified cellulignin. The extract produced by T. harzianum under submerged conditions reached 745, 97, and 559 U L-1 of beta-glucosidase, FPase, and endoglucanase activities, respectively. The partial characterization of this enzyme complex indicated, using a dual analysis, that the optimal pH values for the biocatalysis ranged from 4.9 to 5.2 and optimal temperatures were between 47 and 54 A degrees C, depending on the activity studied. Thermal stability analyses revealed no significant decrease in activity at 37 A degrees C during 23 h of incubation. When compared to model strains, Aspergillus niger ATCC-16404 and Trichoderma reesei RutC30, T. harzianum fermentation was faster and its extract showed a better balanced enzyme complex, with adequate characteristics for its application in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is increasingly considered as a potential source for bioenergy or bulk chemicals pro-duction. However, efficient pretreatment techniques need to be developed to make full use of its potential. A central composite design was employed to evaluate the effect of temperature (146.4-213.6 C), NaOH con-centration (0.7-2.3 M) and treatment time (3.2-36.8 min) on the hydrothermal pretreatment of SCB. Glucose was the abundant fermentable sugar released in the hydrolysate (4.0 g/L) and its concentration was significantly (p-value < 0.05) affected by temperature and NaOH concentration. Sugars released in the hydrolysate and the remaining cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the pretreated fiber were anaerobically co-digested in batch thermophilic assays (55 C). Propionate, one of the most promising platform chemicals, was the main metabolite produced (0.5 g/L) and its concentration was significantly affected by temperature and NaOH concentration. Both NaOH concentration and pretreatment duration significantly affected methane composition in the biogas (p-value < 0.05 and 0,10 respectively). Defluviitoga, and Methanothermobacter genera were favored in response to alkaline hydrothermal pretreatment at the central point conditions (180 C, 1.5 M NaOH, 20 min).
Decarbonization of energy by using renewable sources is a global need to tackle climate change. Herein, we report on the techno-environmental analysis of the use of sugarcane press-mud, a residual biomass, as feedstock to produce power in a fuel cell by using hydrogen (H-2) as energy vector. Technical analysis was performed by using experimental and Aspen plus simulation results whereas environmental analysis was assessed through life cycle assessment. Raw bioethanol was used as H-2 source, which was purified by three different technologies, i.e., flash, mash, and rectification columns. Mash column was selected as the suitable process to purify bioethanol for producing H-2 and power, mainly ascribed to the reduction of bioethanol impurities that increases H-2 yield, reduces energy demand, and mitigates the environmental impact in terms of global warming potential and acidification potential. This technology presented an energy efficiency of 56 \%, a renewability factor of 1.24 and a carbon footprint of 1.21 kg CO2 kWh(-1). Additionally, the use of residual biomass showed environmental benefits in comparison with the use of first-generation bioethanol from sugarcane molasses. Therefore, using sugarcane press-mud as power source in rural areas can diversify the energy sources to move towards a decarbonized economy. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Many parts of globe are confronted with salinization of inland agricultural land and inland saline aquaculture (ISA) pave the way for sustainable production using these resources. Recently, biochar has shown its potential for remediating array of problem related to agriculture; however, studies related to use of biochar in aquaculture is still scarce. Keeping this in prelude, the present study aimed at elucidating the effects of biochar (9 t/ha) amended sediment on overall growth performance and physiological responses on Litopenaeus vannamei reared in inland saline water. A 49-day experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) and activated sugarcane bagasse biochar (A-SBB) on water and sediment quality along with growth and health status of L. vannamei. The results of water quality parameters showed a significant increase in K+ and Mg++ with reduction in ammonia-N value in biochar treatments groups. Among the sediment properties, there was a substantially higher water holding capacity, soil organic carbon, pH, and cation exchange capacity in biochar-added treatments in comparison to control. Growth parameters showed a significant increase in weight gain percent, SGR, PER with reduced FCR in biochar-treated groups. Furthermore, the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and amylase), metabolic enzymes (AST, ALT in hepatopancreas), and oxidative stress enzymes (SOD in gills and hepatopancreas; CAT in gills) were significantly higher in biochar-amended treatment groups. The results of the present study revealed biochar-amended sediment has potential to improve vital water and sediment parameters, physiological profiles and growth of L. vannamei juveniles reared in inland saline water; however, future research is needed to demonstrate under usual farming condition.
Biomass ashes can be used in cementitious materials as cement or sand substitution. Nevertheless, ashes resulted from the combustion of biomass in generation plants present drawbacks that can reduce their potential use if they are not previously treated. In this research, industrial sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) was mechanically activated by grinding and its effects evaluated when used as mineral admixture in cementitious materials. Four different substitution rates (0\%, 10\%, 20\% and 30\%) where used to investigate the influence of the amount of ashes replaced on the dura-bility and mechanical performance of mortars and identify the optimal substitution rate. To get a thorough comprehension, results were also compared to mortars containing untreated ashes. The combination of a performance-based testing campaign (compressive and flexural strength, open porosity, apparent density, water capillary absorption, surface electrical resistivity, rapid chloride migration coefficient) and a set of analytical techniques (XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TGA-DTA) enabled to characterise the mechanical and durability properties of mortars and identify the mechanisms behind the results. The research concluded that, at 28 days, the incorporation of ground SCBA enhances the compressive strength of mortars up to 62\%, decreases the porosity of samples by 35\%, highly improves the resistance to the diffusion of chlorides by 10 times and improve the interfacial transition zone by narrowing and closing the gap between aggregates and pastes.
The use of low-cost adsorbent derived from agricultural waste has been investigated for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. This research reports the feasibility of using solid pineapple waste (SPW), sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and activated carbon (AC) derived from palm kernel for the removal of Cd(II) under different experimental conditions. Batch experiments were carried out at various pH (3-12), adsorbent dosage (0.01-2 g) and contact time (15-150 min). The maximum Cd(II) removal was shown by SPW (90\%) followed by SCB (55\%) and AC (30\%) at pH 7 with a contact time of 120 min, adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g and at 1.0 ppm of the initial concentration of Cd(II) solution. The kinetics study shows that the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order-model. The experimental data was analysed by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. It was found that the Langmuir model appears to well fit the isotherm. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir for SPW, SBC and AC were 0.3332 mg/g, 0.1865 mg/g and 0.1576 mg/g respectively. The order of Cd(II) removal by the adsorbents was SPW>SCB>AC. Thus, SPW may be an alternative adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ions form aqueous solution. The characterization of the SPW, SCB and AC were also carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Single Point Surface Area Analyzer (BET).
Cement-based composites (CBCs) are the widely used construction materials, and cement is their main ingredient. The production of cement consumes a considerable amount of energy, releases a substantial quantity of CO2 to the environment, and causes depletion of natural resources. Thus, utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in CBCs in place of cement might be a sustainable approach. In this review, two approaches have been adopted, namely, scientometric analysis and a thorough manual review of the use of SBA in CBCs. A scientometric analysis can deal with huge bibliometric data without complications. This study retrieved journal articles and review articles on SBA utilization in CBCs available at the Scopus database from 2007 to 2021 and performed a scientometric analysis using a suitable software tool. The aim of the scientometric analysis was to ascertain the current state of research and to identify relevant publication fields, sources with the most publications, the most frequently used keywords, the most cited articles and authors, and the countries that have made the greatest contribution to the field of SBA utilization in CBCs. Additionally, the influence of SBA on the fresh and hardened properties as well as durability properties of CBCs are comprehensively discussed. It was found that the top publication source is construction and building materials with 36 publications, the author with most publications is Bahurudeen A with 14 articles, and the country having the highest contribution in the relevant field is India with 110 publications. Furthermore, the addition of SBA in CBCs as cement replacement was found to be beneficial in terms of sustainability aspects and performance of composites. This study also highlighted the limitations associated with SBA utilization in CBCs and reported recommendations for future studies.
The present study demonstrates an effective alkaline protocol for the extraction of quality hemicellulose using NaOH and NH4OH combination from sugarcane bagasse for the production of xylooligosaacharides (XOs). For achieving maximum recovery of hemicellulose, the statistical optimization technique was adapted, while considering alkali concentration and temperature, as important process parameters, for all of the alkaline tested protocols like individual or mixed alkalis. The comparative study exposed that mixed alkalis promoted higher recovery of hemicellulose (68\% wt xylose), which is relatively higher (up to 1.3-times) than the individual alkali protocols, such that it contained predominantly the xylose (xyl/ara ratio was 3.94) in the form of xylan. In perception, the synergistic action of different alkalis (weak and strong bases) have strongly influenced the selective cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate linkages, thereby enabling the higher release of hemicellulose under the modest reaction conditions (10\% alkali conc. and 120 degrees C). Moreover, the analytical characterization witnessed that it is composed of majorly xylose with less or no undesired residual biomass constituents, including lignin. Upon evaluating the resultant hemicelluloses for XOs production via acidic hydrolysis, the hemicellulose obtained through the mixed alkalis protocol exhibited exceptional, resulting in similar to 13\% wt XOs yield with a high degree of polymerization (2-4 units); it is relatively similar to 2.8-times higher than the result of other hemicelluloses. In addition, the formation of gaseous ammonia during the reaction of the mixed alkalis could potentially contribute to the reduction of overall processing cost through recovery and reuse strategy during the large-scale XOs production. {[
This work was aimed to evaluate the effect of the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, by hydrothermal pretreatment, carried out at four different temperatures, namely 180, 185, 190 and 195 degrees C, for 10 min in a 20-L reactor, and alkaline delignification with 1.0 \% (w/v) NaOH, at 100 degrees C for 1 h, on the enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. For the material pretreated under the most severe conditions (1.0 \% (w/v) NaOH, 100 degrees C, 1 h and 195 degrees C, 10 min), 95.8 \% of the hemicellulosic fraction and 80.9 \% of lignin were solubilised upon pretreatment and delignification respectively. The enzymatic conversion of the material obtained under those conditions reached 89.2 \% of the initial cellulose, whereas it was 69.2 \% for the pretreated but non-delignified material and only 6.0 \% for raw bagasse. Models describing the effect of hemicellulose and lignin content on the enzymatic hydrolysis were developed. The statistical analysis of the results emphasized the significance of removal of the hemicellulose and lignin for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
Edible mushrooms are renowned for their nutritional and medicinal properties and are thus of considerable commercial importance. Mushroom production depends on the chemical composition of the basic substrates and additional supplements employed in the compost as well as on the method of composting. In order to minimise the cost of mushroom production, considerable interest has been shown in the use of agro-industrial residues in the preparation of alternative compost mixtures. However, the interaction of the natural microbiota present in agricultural residues during the composting process greatly influences the subsequent colonisation by the mushroom. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify the microbiota present in a sugar cane bagasse and coast-cross straw compost prepared for the production of Agaricus brasilienses. Composting lasted for 14 days, during which time the substrates and additives were mixed every 2 days, and this was followed by a two-step steam pasteurisation (55-65 degrees C; 15 h each step). Bacteria, (mainly Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp. and members of the Enterobacteriaceae) were the predominant micro-organisms present throughout the composting process with an average population density of 3 x 10(8) CFU/g. Actinomycetes, and especially members of the genus Streptomyces, were well represented with a population density of 2-3 x 10(8) CFU/g. The filamentous fungi, however, exhibited much lower population densities and were less diverse than the other micro-organisms, although Aspergillus fumigatus was present during the whole composting process and after pasteurisation.
Researchers are developing new techniques for clean fuel production due to environmental problems such as global warming. In this respect, bioethanol is considered among the most important renewable fuels. This study aims to investigate the energy cycle and estimate the potential environmental effects of ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse in Iran. To this end, ethanol's life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted based on the ``cradle to gate{''
The objective of this work was to identify fungi isolates from sugarcane bagasse and decayed wood, and to evaluate their cellulolytic activity on sugarcane bagasse. Five isolates were evaluated, as compared to Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and T. reesei RUT C30. The cellulolytic activity was estimated through the hydrolytic capacity of the enzymatic extract of fungi grown on sugarcane bagasse over filter paper (total cellulolytic activity) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (endoglucanase activity). The isolates were identified by molecular analysis of 26S rDNA region. Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Acremonium/Penicillium and Trichoderma genera were identified. Although T. reesei QM9414 showed the highest total cellulolytic activity, some isolates showed higher endoglucanase activities. Biodiversity found in habitats such as sugarcane bagasse can provide strains of cellulolytic fungi with great biotechnological potential.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agricultural waste that can be transformed by incineration into a cement replacement material for various cementing purposes. This study investigated the role of finely ground bagasse ash (GBA) in producing engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. The main focus of this study was to develop a green ECC with higher strength capabilities (compressive, tensile, and flexural) and greater tensile ductility. To develop this composite, GBA was added into ECC mixes at different proportions, i.e., 10, 20, and 30\%. The proportions of PVA fibers and the water-to-binder ratio were kept constant. The results revealed that the ECC mix containing 10\% GBA exhibited higher compressive strength compared to that of a control and the other ECC mixes. The tensile and flexural strengths of the ECCs exhibited patterns almost similar to that of compressive strength. Moreover, the deflection in the control mix was higher compared to that of the GBA-ECC mixes at an initial curing age. The ECC mix containing 10\% GBA exhibited better ductile behavior among all the ECC mixes used in this study.
Background: In an effort to find economical, carbon-neutral transportation fuels, biomass feedstock compositional analysis methods are used to monitor, compare, and improve biofuel conversion processes. These methods are empirical, and the analytical variability seen in the feedstock compositional data propagates into variability in the conversion yields, component balances, mass balances, and ultimately the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). We report the average composition and standard deviations of 119 individually extracted National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bagasse {[
Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB), as a potential biosorbent to selective removal of Cu2+ from high calcium-containing wastewater, was prepared and characterised. Adsorption performances of the modified SCB toward Cu2+ were investigated, and effects of Ca2+ under different initial concentration on Cu2+ adsorption were carried out under both batch and dynamic conditions. Results showed that adsorption isotherm of Cu2+ on modified SCB fitted Sip isotherm model well, and the optimum pH range for Cu2+ adsorption was from 4.0 to 6.0. Dynamic adsorption of Cu2+ on the modified SCB fixed-bed column showed a typical S shape breakthrough curve, which could be predicted well by Bohart-Adams model. Competitive adsorption results in the binary system showed that molar ratio of Cu2+ and Ca2+ adsorbed on the modified SCB was 36.0:1, 15.0:1, 10.7:1, 7.8:1, 6.6:1 and 4.7:1 at of initial concentration ratio of these two metal ions 1:25 1:50 and 1:100 under batch condition, while that was 110:1, 41.7:1, 32.5:1, 27.0:1, 20.9:1 and 16:1 under dynamic condition. Operating at dynamic condition was better than batch condition for Cu2+ selective removal by the modified SCB. Wastewater treatment results showed that the TEPA modified SCB fixed-bed column could recycle Cu2+ from high calcium-containing aqueous solution, and it had great potential in practical application.
Sewage sludge and bagasse were used as raw materials to produce cheap and efficient adsorbent with great adsorption capacity of Pb2+. By pyrolysis at 800 degrees C for 0.5 h, the largest surface area (806.57 m(2)/g) of the adsorbent was obtained, enriched with organic functional groups. The optimal conditions for production of the adsorbent and adsorption of Pb2+ were investigated. The results of adsorb-ability fitted the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model well. The highest Pb2+ (at pH = 4.0) adsorption capacity was achieved by treating with 60\% (v/v) HNO3. This is a promising approach for metal removal from wastewater, as well as recycling sewage sludge and bagasse to ease their disposal pressure. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The adsorption of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution by sugarcane bagasse (SCB), an agro-industrial residue, was investigated in a batch experimental setup. A two level four factor (24) full factorial central composite design (CCD) with the help of Design Expert Version 7.1.6 (Stat-Ease, USA) was used for adsorption process optimization and evaluation of interaction effects of different operating parameters: agitation speed (80-180 rpm), initial solution pH (4.0-8.0), initial dye concentration (100-200 mg L-1), and adsorbent dose (2-5 g L-1). A multiple coefficient of determination (R-2) value of 0.98, model F value of 266.36 and its low P-value (<0.0001) along with lower value of coefficient of variation (2.70\%) indicated the fitness of the response surface quadratic model developed during the present study. Numerical optimization applying desirability function was used to identify the optimum conditions for maximum removal of CV. The optimum conditions were found to be agitation speed 165 rpm, initial solution pH = 8.0, initial dye concentration 200 mg L-1 and adsorbent dose 2.0 g L-1. A confirmatory experiment was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the optimization procedure and maximum CV removal of 93.21\% was achieved under the optimized conditions.
Glycerol production from alcoholic fermentation of glucose, a by-product of cane sugar molasses, and wheat-milling residues (akalona) was studied. Experiments were run for the three different substrates under the same operating conditions. The highest glycerol production was obtained from molasses (24.35\%), followed by glucose (22.92\%) after 48 h. Maximum glycerol production was obtained from akalona hydrolyzate (17.47\%) after 58 h. Stirring increased the glycerol production by about 18.5\%. The effect of calcium on glycerol production was studied. The time courses of the fermentation processes are presented.
Bagasse fiber which is abundantly available as waste after processing of sugarcane is used as reinforcement with an epoxy polymer in forming the natural fiber reinforced composites. The raw fibers were treated chemically to improve compatibility and adhesion with the epoxy polymer. Treated and untreated fibers were subjected to analysis such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to understand the structural changes and to determine thermal stability. The mechanical properties of fibers and the composites were evaluated by conducting tensile tests. The results reveal alkaline pretreated and KMnO4 treated fibers show improved mechanical and thermal properties.
Dye removal from textile industrial wastewater through conventional methods is a critical task over the last few decades. This article focuses on an efficient and economic biosorption technique used to study the elimination of methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. A mixture of dried rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran powder (DRSWP) in equal amounts was used to prepare a biosorbent to remove the methylene blue (MB) dye. This work discusses the impacts of different variables such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and biosorbent dose during the dye molecule elimination process and the optimal experimental conditions were also determined. As a result, the removal percentage of MB dye was found to be 96\%. The equilibrium data were studied by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The examined data suited well with the Langmuir model having a maximum biosorption capacity of 39.002 mg/g of DRSWP-biosorbent for MB. The pseudo-first-order kinetic equation effectively explained the kinetics of biosorption of MB using DRSWP. From the reported data, it could be proved that the biosorption of MB dye by DRSWP-biosorbent was not only cost effective but also eco-friendly. In this attempt, the concoction of dried rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran powder has been utilized as a biosorbent.
Earthen materials are the world's oldest and cheapest construction materials. Compacted soil stabilised blocks are unfired admixed soil blocks made up of soil plus stabilisers such as binders, fibres, or a combination of both. The manufacturing and usage of cement and cement blocks raises a number of environmental and economic challenges. As a result, researchers are attempting to develop an alternative to cement blocks, and various tests on unfired admixed soil blocks have been performed. This investigation undertakes use of agricultural waste (i.e., paddy straw fiber and sugarcane bagasse ash) and industrial waste (i.e., marble dust) in manufacturing unfired admixed soil blocks. The applicability of unfired soil blocks admixed with marble dust, paddy straw fiber, and bagasse ash were studied. The marble dust level ranged from 25\% to 35\%, the bagasse ash content ranged from 7.5\% to 12.5\%, and the content of paddy straw fibre ranged from 0.8\% to 1.2\% by soil dry weight. Various tests were conducted on 81 mix designs of the prepared unfired admixed soil blocks to determine the mechanical properties of the blocks, followed by modeling and optimization. The characterization of the materials using XRD and XRF and of the specimens using SEM and EDS were performed for the mineral constituents and microstructural analysis. The findings demonstrate that the suggested method is a superior alternative to burned bricks for improving the mechanical properties of unfired admixed soil blocks.
Industrialization and energy demand increase are highlighted as consequences of world population growth for decades. Thereby, aiming to contribute to sustainable processes capable of mitigating the effects resulting from this process, biofuels have been intensively researched, produced and used in recent years. Among the possibilities, dimethyl ether (DME) stands out with great prospects replacing liquefied petroleum gas and diesel due to its potential as clean fuel. This work aims to conjoin the production of DME, a biofuel with great prospects for technical performance, safety, and economy, with a favorable destination for vinasse, the most worrying residue of ethanol production, due to its high polluting potential and large production volume in several countries. A rigorous and robust simulation of direct synthesis of DME from vinasse-derived syngas is performed using Aspen Hysys and its supplements, evaluating the technical and economic aspects of its production in ethanol distilleries. Results of the proposed scenario point that the process is technically feasible, reaching a purity of 99.9\%, respecting the minimum required by standard norms. In addition, the designed process achieved yields of 1 kg of DME for each 1.6 kg of syngas. The simulated process presented a total capital cost of 47.1 millions of dollars, operating costs of 14.1 millions of dollars per year, and utilities cost of 11.2 millions of dollars per year. Considering energy cogeneration, an economy of 9.2\% was reached, resulting in a production cost of simulated stage of 98.36 US\$/tonne of DME and, considering a complete scenario, an accumulated cost of 233.48 US\$/tonne of DME. It demonstrates an economic competitiveness for the DME price and ensures a considerable profit margin for the process. Consequently, the investigated DME production scenario emerges as a promising diesel substitute in a realistic scenario. Graphical .
An alternative route for bio-ethanol production from sugarcane stalks (juice and bagasse) featuring a previously reported low temperature alkali pretreatment method was evaluated. Test-tube scale pretreatment-saccharification experiments were carried out to determine optimal LTA pretreatment conditions for sugarcane bagasse with regard to the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose. Free fermentable sugars and bagasse recovered from 2 kg of sugarcane stalks were jointly converted into ethanol via separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Results showed that 98\% of the cellulose present in the optimally pretreated bagasse was hydrolyzed into glucose after 72-h enzymatic saccharification using commercially available cellulase and beta-glucosidase preparations at relatively low enzyme loading. The fermentable sugars in the mixture of the sugar juice and the bagasse hydrolysate were readily converted into 193.5 mL of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae within 12 h, achieving 88\% of the theoretical yield from the sugars and cellulose. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethanol production from biomass-derived pentose sugar challenges the development of low cost technologies to produce 2G ethanol. Although some studies describe ethanol production from yeast, few reports describe its manufacturing from hemicelluloses sugars in stirred-tank fermenter under controlled conditions. Experimental assays were performed to evaluate the influence of aeration, agitation rate and initial pH on ethanol production using sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses hydrolysate by Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRLY-7124 and Scheffersomyces shehatae UFMG HM 52.2. Ethanol production from these two yeasts was favored by initial pH increase and agitation rate decrease. The maximum fermentative yield was attained by S. stipitis and S. shehatae yeasts at 100 RPM, initial pH 6.50 and under oxygen limited conditions (0.1 and 3.2 h(-1)). Yield, ethanol productivity and process efficiency in S. shehatae and S. stipitis were 0.42 and 0.16 g g(-1), 0.25 and 0.1 g L-1 h(-1) and 85 and 31\%, respectively. It showed that S. shehatae presented the best ethanol production performance. The current study is the first report describing the influence of these variables on hemicelluloses hydrolysates under controlled conditions. It highlights these xylose-fermenting yeasts potential to produce ethanol from biomass. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Green liquor (GL) combined with ethanol (GL-ethanol) was selected to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The results showed that the maximum lignin removal of 85.2\% was achieved at 160 degrees C and a GL loading of 1.5 mL/g-dry substrate. The glucose yield of pretreated SCB increased with increased pretreatment temperature, and the maximum glucose yield of 97.7\% was reached from SCB pretreated at 160 degrees C. Simons' stain (SS) showed that the glucose yield was affected by cellulose accessibility instead of lignin content when lignin removal was > 70\%. The cellulase adsorption isotherm fitted by the Langmuir model showed that the strength of interaction between the cellulase and substrate of GL-ethanol-100/1.5 (100 degrees C, 1.5 mL GL/g-dry substrate) was declining with increased pH. The adsorption was pH-dependent, and negatively controlled by the pH value. Electrostatic interactions can account for the pH-dependency of cellulase adsorption.
This work aimed to evaluate the applicability of Aeribacillus pallidus for the aerobic treatment of the concentrated beet vinasse with high chemical oxygen demand (COD 685 g.L-1) that is defined as an environmental pollutant. This bacterium is a polyextremophilic strain and grow aerobically up to 7.5\% vinasse at high temperature (50 degrees C). In the bioreactor and under controlled conditions, A. pallidus reduced the soluble COD content of 5\% vinasse up to 27\% during 48 h and utilized glucose and glycerol, completely. Furthermore, a reduction of manganese, copper, aluminum, and nickel concentrations was observed in the treated vinasse with A. pallidus. The obtained results make this strain as an appropriate alternative to be used for the aerobic bioprocessing of the vinasse.
In this work, pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was conducted in a semi batch reactor. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out to study the effect of temperature (350-650 degrees C), heating rate (10 and 50 degrees C/min), biomass particle size (<0.25 to 1.7 mm) and nitrogen flow rate (50-200 cm(3)/min) on the pyrolysis product yields. The maximum bio-oil yield of 45.23 wt\% was obtained at temperature of 500 degrees C, heating rate of 50 degrees C/min, particle size of 0.5 to 0.6 mm and nitrogen flow rate of 100 cm(3)/min. The characterization of pyrolysis products (bio-oil, bio-char) have been made through different instrumental methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Bio-oil is found to have H/C molar ratio of 1.27, empirical formula of CH1.27O0.30N0.004 and heating value of 27.75 MJ/kg. It is dark brownish color acidic liquid with complex mixture of chemical compounds including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, furfural, furan, phenols and some aromatics. The results show that the bio-oil can be potentially valuable as a renewable fuel after upgrading and can be used as a chemical feedstock. The properties of bio-char reveal that it can be used as solid fuels, as a cheap adsorbent, as feedstock for activated carbon production and for agricultural application. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Silica nanoparticles have been great attention as it being evaluated for used in abundant fields and applications. Due to this significance, this research was conducted to synthesis silica nanoparticles using local agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse. We executed extraction and precipitation process as it involved low cost, less toxic and low energy process compared to other methods. The Infrared (IR) spectra showed the vibration peak of Si-O-Si, which clearly be the evidence for the silica characteristics in the sample. In this research, amorphous silica nanoparticles with spherical morphology with an average size of 30 nm, and specific surface area of 111 m2/ g-1 have been successfully synthesized. The XRD patterns showed the amorphous nature of silica nanoparticles. As a comparison, the produced silica nanoparticles from sugarcane bagasse are compared with the respective nanoparticles synthesized using St.ber method.
Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by aqueous acetic acid (AA), with the addition of sulfuric acid (SA) as a catalyst under mild condition (<110 \& DEG;C), was investigated. A response surface methodology (central composite design) was employed to study the effects of temperature, AA concentration, time, and SA concentration, as well as their interactive effects, on several response variables. Kinetic modeling was further investigated for AA pretreatment using both Saeman's model and the Potential Degree of Reaction (PDR) model. It was found that Saeman's model showed a great deviation from the experimental results, while the PDR model fitted the experimental data very well, with determination coefficients of 0.95-0.99. However, poor enzymatic digestibility of the AA-pretreated substrates was observed, mainly due to the relatively low degree of delignification and acetylation of cellulose. Post-treatment of the pretreated cellulosic solid well improved the cellulose digestibly by further selectively removing 50-60\% of the residual linin and acetyl group. The enzymatic polysaccharide conversion increased from <30\% for AA-pretreatment to about 70\% for PAA post-treatment.
The enzymatic cocktail of cellulases is one of the most costly inputs affecting the economic viability of the biochemical route for biomass conversion into biofuels and other chemicals. Here, the influence of liquid hot water, dilute acid, alkali, and combined acid/alkali pretreatments on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) used for cellulase production was investigated by means of spectroscopic and imaging techniques. Chemical composition and structural characteristics, such as crystallinity (determined by X-ray diffraction), functional groups (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and microstructure (scanning electron microscopy), were used to correlate SCB pretreatments with enzymatic biosynthesis by a strain of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger under solid-state fermentation. The combined acid/alkali pretreatment resulted in a SCB with higher cellulose content (86.7 \%). However, the high crystallinity (74 \%) of the resulting biomass was detrimental to microbial uptake and enzyme production. SCB pretreated with liquid hot water yielded the highest filter paper cellulase (FPase), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), and xylanase activities (0.4, 14.9, and 26.1 U g(-1), respectively). The results showed that a suitable pretreatment for SCB to be used as a substrate for cellulase production should avoid severe conditions in order to preserve amorphous cellulose and to enhance the physical properties that assist microbial access.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion with different fat levels. Crude sugarcane bagasse fiber (CSF) was treated with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) to obtain alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber (ASF). The two types of sugarcane bagasse fiber (CSF and ASF) were incorporated at 2\% levels in pork meat emulsions prepared with 5\%, 10\% and 20\% fat levels. Alkaline-treatment markedly increased acid detergent fiber content (p=0.002), but significantly decreased protein, fat, ash and other carbohydrate contents. ASF exhibited significantly higher water-binding capacity, but lower oil-binding and emulsifying capacities than CSF. Meat emulsions formulated with 10\% fat and 2\% sugarcane bagasse fiber had equivalent cooking loss and textural properties to control meat emulsion (20\% fat without sugarcane bagasse fiber). The two types of sugarcane bagasse fiber had similar impacts on proximate composition, cooking yield and texture of meat emulsion at the same fat level, respectively (p>0.05). Our results confirm that sugarcane bagasse fiber could be a functional food ingredient for improving physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion, at 2\% addition level. Further, the altered functional properties of alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber had no impacts on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsions, regardless of fat level at 5\%, 10\% and 20\%.
Bagasse is an abundant agricultural byproduct. The use of bagasse has generated much interest due to its low cost, possibility of environmental protection and use of locally available renewable resources. In this paper, cellulose was dissolved in the ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) and regenerated in water. FT-IR and SEM were used to characterize the structure of the original and regenerated cellulose. It was found that the treatment of the original cellulose in the ionic liquid significantly degraded the cellulose and completely destroyed the cellulose crystals. Despite many studies of the chemical modification of cellulose published around the world in this area, only a few have been investigated about the regeneration of sugarcane bagasse. Theoretical basis was established for further research on the application of the regenerated cellulose in material science.
A novel hybrid composite was developed from natural fibers and the mechanical properties were investigated in this work. The palm sheath and sugarcane bagasse fibres were the natural fibers used and epoxy resin was the matrix. By using compression-molding machine, various samples were prepared by varying the weight proportions of fibers. The performance of fibers was investigated under untreated and NaOH treated conditions. The tensile properties, flexural properties, hardness, and impact properties were evaluated using ASTM standards. The best sample was determined based on the experimental results. The best sample had the tensile strength of 19.80 +/- 0.78 MPa, Young's Modulus of 0.953 +/- 0.076 GPa, flexural strength of 28.79 MPa, impact strength of 2 kJ/m(2), and the hardness value of 38.02 HD. The best sample was used to develop an automobile dashboard to justify its application.
The aim of this study was the application of an innovative dry chemo-mechanical pretreatment using different mechanical stresses to produce bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse (SB). The effect of different milling methods on physicochemical composition, enzymatic hydrolysis, bioethanol production and energy efficiency was also evaluated. SB was pretreated with NaOH and H3PO4 at high materials concentration (5 kg/L). Results indicate that vibratory milling (VBM) was more effective in the reduction of particles size and cellulose crystallinity compared to centrifugal (CM) and ball (BM) milling. NaOH pretreatment coupling to BM and VBM was preferred to enhance glucose yields and bioethanol production, while CM consumed less energy compared to BM and VBM. Moreover, the highest energy efficiency (eta = 0.116 kg(glucose)/kWh) was obtained with NaOH-CM. Therefore, the combination of dry NaOH and CM appears the most suitable and interesting pretreatment for the production of bioethanol from SB. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study proposes a method based on solid-phase extraction using a minicolumn with sugarcane bagasse for pre-concentration uranium in water samples. The first optimization step was used factorial design in two levels (2(5)) for the preliminary assessment of factors: elution flow, sample flow, pH, buffer concentration, and eluent concentration. From this design, it was found that all variables showed significant influence. In the second stage, using the Doehlert design with 5 variables, the optimal conditions were determined: pH 8.3, flow elution 5.5 mL min(-1), buffer concentration 0.045 mol L-1, sample flow 5.5 mL L-1, and eluent solution (ascorbic acid 0.6\% w/v in medium of hydrochloric acid at a final concentration of 0.06 mol L-1). The method was applied to the determination of uranium with a detection limit (LD) of 0.41 mu g L-1 and quantification (LOQ) of 1.40 mu g L-1, Relative standard deviation (RSD) 2.5 and 1.3\% uranium concentration of 20 and 60 mu g L-1, respectively. The factor of pre-concentration for the system is 46 for a sample volume of 50 mL. The accuracy was confirmed by the spike test. The procedure was applied for the determination of uranium in tap water, well water, and human consumption; the samples were collected in the municipalities of Caetite, Cruz das Almas, Itabuna, Aramari-BA, and seawater samples from Todos os Santos Bay. Uranium concentrations were found in the analyzed samples varying from 7.0 to 16.5 mu g L-1.
This study explores the effects of bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSWK) as a conventional reinforcing material in comparison with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as an emerging bionanomaterial on the bleached soda sugarcane bagasse (BSSB) paper furnish. Cationic polyacrylamide was selected as a retention aid along with the CNF addition to retain it on fiber surfaces during the papermaking process. The results showed that though the effects of CNF were similar to those of BSWK in the most of properties but there were some important differences which can industrially be noticeable. In one hand, both of cellulosic elements, when substituted for the BSSB at the 5 or 10 \% levels, gave increases in the paper strength, i.e. samples containing 10 \% CNF yielded similar tensile strength (53 N m/g) and a more consolidated structure (14 \% increment of the density) than those produced with 10 \% BSWK. CNF addition had opposite effects on the air-permeability of the resulting paper. Unlike BSKW, the addition of CNF had a strong favorable effect on tear strength, but it was markedly slowed the rate of drainage time when it was especially added at 10 \% level of the final furnish.
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was adopted to assist alkaline-hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). In the following condition: 0.29 M of NaOH, 0.78\% (v/v) of H2O2 , 9.95 min of process time and 3 bar of inlet pressure, 95.4\% of digestibility of cellulosic fraction was achieved. To take the best use of the pretreated biomass, the overall process was intensified by way of employing a packed bed flow-through column reactor and thus enabling to handle a high solid loading of 20\%, thereby leading to cellulose and hemicellulose conversions to 74.7\% and 75\%, respectively. In the fermentation step, a bubble column reactor was introduced to maximize ethanol production from the pretreated SCB by Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL-Y7124, resulting in 31.50 g/L of ethanol, 0.49 g/g of ethanol yield and 0.68 g/L.h of productivity. All this showed that our HC assisted NaOH-H2O2 pretreatment strategy along with the process intensification approach might offer an option for SCB-based biorefineries.
Magnetic carboxyl groups modified (MMS) and non-magnetic amine groups modified CAMS) sugarcane bagasse were prepared and mixed to remove cationic and anionic dye simultaneously from aqueous solution. For comparison, the adsorption performances of MMS, AMS and the mixed sorbent for basic magenta (cationic dye) and congo red (anionic dye) were investigated in the binary system. Zeta potential analysis showed that MMS was negatively charged and AMS was positively charged in the investigated pH range. The adsorption capacities of MMS for basic magenta and congo red were 1.24 and 0.04 mmol g(-1), while those of AMS were 0.04 and 1.55 mmol g(-1), respectively. Both of MMS and AMS had high adsorption capacity and affinity toward opposite-charged dye but low adsorption capacity and affinity toward similar-charged dye. Adsorption experiments in the binary system showed that only the mixed sorbent could remove the two dyes simultaneously from aqueous solution (removal efficiencies >90\%). The amounts of basic magenta and congo red absorbed on the mixed sorbent both increased linearly with the increase of their initial concentrations in the investigated range. The dye loaded mixed magnetic and non-magnetic sorbents could be separated by a magnet. MMS and AMS could be regenerated by using acid and alkaline eluents, respectively. After regeneration, the MMS and AMS could be mixed again and used repeatedly. The mixed sorbent had great potential in practical dye waste water treatment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Dilute acid and alkaline pretreatments are commonly used to fractionate lignocellulosic biomass for its conversion into biofuels and renewable materials. In the current work, we compare the structure and morphology of one and two-step alkaline and acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and differences in their enzymatic hydrolysis rates and yields. We used physical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction to shed light on physical and morphological changes introduced by the pretreatments in SCB. We also applied solid state NMR procedures which allowed us to separate xylan structural conformations inside pretreated plant biomass samples. Our results reveal that practically all xylan in two-step ``alkaline first `` (NaOH 1\% + H2SO4 1\%) pretreated samples adopts two-fold ribbon-like conformation, tightly associated with crystalline cellulose. On the contrary, a main part of xylan in the SCB samples after ``acid first `` (H2SO4 1\% + NaOH 1\%) combined pretreatment has a three-fold screw conformation characteristic of xylan bound to lignin. Modifications in the biomass composition, physical structure and xylan conformation introduced by the alternative pretreatments contribute to the observed differences in the enzymatic hydrolysis rates and yields. These results could be relevant for analysis and optimization of pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in general.
The objectives of this study was to assess the effect of the inoculation of sugarcane straw with an artificial microbial consortium (MC) on soil mineral N, soil organic matter (SOM), sugarcane straw decomposition, hydrolytic enzyme activities (beta-glucosidase, urease), oxidative enzyme activities (phenoloxidase, peroxidase), nutrient uptake and ratoon cane yield. The experiment consisted of two field experiments, i.e. the experiment I field was sandy soil, and the experiment II field was sandy loam soil in Khon Kaen Province. After planted cane harvest, there were three treatments, namely, burn (B), incorporation (I) and I+ MC treatments. Experiment II consisted of three treatments, namely, B, mulch (M) and M+ MC treatments. Sugarcane straw was applied at a rate of 6.25 tons ha(-1). The results revealed that sugarcane straw management by inoculation of microbial consortia had a higher soil mineral N content than that of other treatments, improved the straw decomposition, hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities, SOM accumulation (7.60, 20.58 g kg(-1) respectively), yield (49.47, 131.51 ton ha(-1) respectively), nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of ratoon cane. Thus, sugarcane straw management by inoculation of microbial consortia becomes a short-term N source and a potential application to enhance decomposition leading to increased ratoon cane yield.
The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of metal modified micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieves ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 on the production of valuable chemicals from the pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Metal (Cu, Mg, Ga, Ni, Pd, Ce, Co, Zn) modified ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 catalysts were prepared by two-step crystallization method and characterized by N-2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The product distribution and composition of liquid product were also analyzed. Results showed that Ni-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 catalysts yielded a higher amount of liquid. The chemical compounds of liquid products contained furans, aliphatics, organic acids, phenols, aromatics and esters. Among the Me-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 catalysts, Ce-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 promoted the production of furans. The production of the main furans was 44.04 area\%. Meanwhile, Pd-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 had the advantage of improving phenols production, followed by Ce-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15. The productions of main phenols were 45.13 area\% and 41.69 area\% obtained with Pd-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 and Ce-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15, respectively. Furthermore, Ce-ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 exhibited high selectivity for light phenols. The introduction of metal for ZSM-5/Al-SBA-15 had a positive effect on enhancing valuable chemical products, such as furans and phenols.
In Brazil vinasse, a main sugarcane distillery residue, stands out because every liter of alcohol generates 10-15 L of vinasse as waste. An alternative for the disposal of this waste is the fertirrigation of the sugarcane culture itself. However, the high amount released can saturate the soil and through leaching/percolation contaminate water resources. The aim of this study is verifying the toxic potential of vinasse in tilapias and effectiveness of the physicalchemical treatment of this waste with pH adjustment with lime (CaO). The comet assay and the micronucleus test were applied on animals exposed to dilutions of raw vinasse and vinasse adjusted to neutral pH. Bioassays with raw vinasse dilutions indicated a toxic and genotoxic potential; fish exposed to the highest concentration died less than 48 h after the exposure; the incidence of micronucleus was significantly higher when compared to negative control for all dilutions. For the comet assay, the scores of damage were statistically higher for all dilutions, with the exception of the 1\% dillution. However, in the bioassay with the chemically treated vinasse (neutral pH), most fish in the 10\% dilution survived and there was no significant difference when compared to the control. Damage scores in the comet assay were similar to the results of the untreated vinasse. The chemical treatment of vinasse with lime to neutralize the pH proved to be an effective alternative for the toxicity reduction of this residue, since it reduced the mortality of fish at higher concentrations and the incidence of damage to DNA.(c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study presents the ultrasound assisted pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using metal salt with hydrogen peroxide for bioethanol production. Among the different metal salts used, maximum holo-cellulose recovery and delignification were achieved with ultrasound assisted titanium dioxide (TiO2) pretreatment (DATE) system. At optimum conditions (1\% H2O2, 4 g SCB dosage, 60 min sonication time, 2:100 M ratio of metal salt and H2O2, 75 degrees C, 50\% ultrasound amplitude and 70\% ultrasound duty cycle), 94.98 +/- 1.11\% holocellulose recovery and 78.72 +/- 0.86\% delignification were observed. The pretreated SCB was subjected to dilute acid hydrolysis using 0.25\% H2SO4 and maximum xylose, glucose and arabinose concentration obtained were 10.94 +/- 0.35 g/L, 14.86 +/- 0.12 g/L and 2.52 +/- 0.27 g/L, respectively. The inhibitors production was found to be very less (0.93 0.11 g/L furfural and 0.76 +/- 0.62 g/L acetic acid) and the maximum theoretical yield of glucose and hemicellulose conversion attained were 85.8\% and 77\%, respectively. The fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and at the end of 72 h, 0.468 g bioethanol/g holocellulose was achieved. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of pretreated SCB was made and its morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compounds formed during the pretreatment were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study involves the production of hydrocarbons from lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse using Hy-drothermal Liquefaction (HTL) followed by Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). HTL of the lignin was studied under different solvents-methanol, ethanol and isopropanol in the presence of formic acid as an effective H-donor under varying lignin to solvent ratios (L:S = 1:15,1:30,1:40 g/mL), reaction temperatures (200 degrees C -320 degrees C), reaction times (15, 30, 45,60 min) and ZnCl2 catalyst concentrations (30, 40, 50, 60 wt\%). A maximum of 86\% lignin derived phenolics was obtained when ethanol was used as solvent at 250 degrees C under L:S = 1:30 at 30 min reaction time with 60 wt\% ZnCl2. The lignin-oil was upgraded by HDO process in the presence of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and a maximum hydrocarbon yield of 73.5\% was obtained with a HHV value of 48 MJ/kg. The hydrocarbons had excellent properties with a carbon range of C6-C12 with a purity of 51.2\%.
Sugarcane bagasse is a potential raw material for microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. Due to the limited sugar concentrations in bagasse hydrolysate, increasing carbon the concentration is necessary in order to improve lipid production. We aimed to increase carbon concentration by incorporating glycerol as a co-substrate into unconcentrated bagasse hydrolysate in the cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis TISTR 5159. Cultivation in hydrolysate without nitrogen supplementation (C/N = 42) resulted in 60.31\% lipid accumulation with 11.45 +/- 0.75 g/L biomass. Nitrogen source supplementation increased biomass to 26.29 +/- 2.05 g/L without losing lipid accumulation at a C/N of 25. Yeast extract improved lipid production in the hydrolysate due to high growth without altering the lipid content of the cells. Mixing glycerol up to 10\% v/v into the unconcentrated hydrolysate improved biomass and lipid production. A further increase in glycerol concentrations drastically decreased growth and lipid accumulation by the yeast. By maintaining C/N at 27 using yeast extract as the sole nitrogen source, hydrolysate mixed with 10\% v/v glycerol resulted in the highest lipid yield, at 19.57 +/- 0.53 g/L with 50.55\% lipid content, which was a 2.8-fold increase compared to using the hydrolysate alone. In addition, yeast extracts were superior for promoting growth and lipid production compared to inorganic nitrogen sources.
Massive development in the infrastructure sector has given an unforeseen rise in the demand for cement, and to accommodate this demand, the world expends 30 billion tonnes of cement concrete every year. In an effort to transform industrial wastes into a sustainable solution, researchers around the globe are providing several solutions for achieving carbon-neutral construction practices. Sugarcane bagasse ash is residual waste ash from sugar mills, rich in amorphous silica that can be accommodated as a pozzolanic material in concrete. A comprehensive review on the physical and chemical properties of sugarcane bagasse ash is presented in this study. The impact of different processing methods on sugarcane bagasse ash and its effect on the performance of concrete are deliberated. This review discusses the performance of concrete containing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) with its varying dosage and evaluates the properties of concrete in terms of fresh and hardened properties. Durability properties have been evaluated on the basis of permeability, chloride penetration, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, acid and sulfate attack. Centered on an explicit review, regulations for the succeeding investigations on the effective employment of bagasse ash are highlighted. The results from the study suggest improvement in the performance of concrete containing sugarcane bagasse; strength gain was noticed due to increased pozzolanic reactions, low heat of hydration, reduced permeability could be due to pore refinement bagasse ash blended concrete. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The ability of natural sugarcane bagasse in the removal of Basic Blue 3, Methylene Blue and Basic Yellow 11 in both single and binary system from aqueous solutions was studied. Important parameters such as influent concentration, flow rate and sorbent dosage were investigated. Results revealed that the breakthroughs were influent concentration, flow rate and bed height dependent. Increase in influent concentration and flow rate resulted in faster breakthrough while increase in column height yielded longer service time. The sorption data were applied to the Thomas, Belter and Chu, and bed-depth service time (BDST) model. Theoretical breakthrough curves generated using Chu model agreed closely with the experimental values for all the dye systems under studied. In the regeneration study, BB3 dye could be recovered almost quantitatively by eluting the column with 0.1 M HCl and the column could be used repeatedly for at least 3 cycles.
Sugarcane is one of the major agricultural crops cultivated in tropical climate regions of the world. Each tonne of raw cane production is associated with the generation of 130 kg dry weight of bagasse after juice extraction and 250 kg dry weight of cane leaf residue postharvest. The annual world production of sugarcane is similar to 1.6 billion tones, generating 279 MMT tones of biomass residues (bagasse and cane leaf matter) that would be available for cellulosic ethanol production. Here, we investigated the production of cellulosic ethanol from sugar cane bagasse and sugar cane leaf residue using an alkaline pretreatment: ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX). The AFEX pretreatment improved the accessibility of cellulose and hemicelluloses to enzymes during hydrolysis by breaking down the ester linkages and other lignin carbohydrate complex (LCC) bonds and the sugar produced by this process is found to be highly fermentable. The maximum glucan conversion of AFEX pretreated bagasse and cane leaf residue by cellulases was similar to 85\%. Supplementation with hemicellulases during enzymatic hydrolysis improved the xylan conversion up to 95-98\%. Xylanase supplementation also contributed to a marginal improvement in the glucan conversion. AFEX-treated cane leaf residue was found to have a greater enzymatic digestibility compared to AFEX-treated bagasse. Co-fermentation of glucose and xylose, produced from high solid loading (6\% glucan) hydrolysis of AFEX-treated bagasse and cane leaf residue, using the recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (424A LNH-ST) produced 34-36 g/L of ethanol with 92\% theoretical yield. These results demonstrate that AFEX pretreatment is a viable process for conversion of bagasse and cane leaf residue into cellulosic ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 107: 441-450. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB), a by-product from the sugar industry, is considered a promising feedstock for ethanol production, owing to its high cellulose content and its ready availability. In this study, chemically pretreated SB was mixed with dry spent yeast (DSY) at a mass ratio of 60:40 before being fermented under solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus niger TK1. The fermented solids at a concentration of 24 g/L (on a dry basis) was subsequently hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate, which was concentrated to contain 29.7 +/- 0.6 g/L of reducing sugar and 585.1 +/- 6.5 mg/L of free amino nitrogen. The concentrated hydrolysate was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5339, yielding 8.98 +/- 0.2 g/L of ethanol. An ethanol yield on reducing sugar was 0.46 g/g, which was 90.33\% of the theoretical yield. Based on the results, a bioconversion process consisting of SSF followed by hydrolysis of fermented solids and submerged ethanol fermentation is proposed. In this process, ethanol yield on SB-DSY mixed substrates was 0.08 g/g.
Sugarcane vinasse (SV) is the main by-product of bioethanol production. It is considered a potential pollutant due to its acidity index and the presence of organic components, suspended solids and heavy metals. High levels of SV production are undoubtedly a threat to the environment and the community in general. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main SV dispositions or treatments, in addition to their applications, by using bibliometric maps for metadata analysis. It was found that the studies related to SV were focused in (i) anaerobic digestion (AD), (ii) fertirrigation, (iii) coagulation/flocculation, (iv) algae, microalgae and fungi, and (v) biohydrogen production. Additionally, it was determined that the most effective treatment for SV was AD, reaching 90\% chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and energy recovery between 85 and 95\% as biogas. Finally, the challenges and opportunities facing Latin America with the growing production of SV were addressed, as well as a detailed review of its treatment and/or disposal, including optimal conditions for the production of value-added products.
Few studies have analyzed the utilization of raw sugarcane straw (SCS) for biogas generation. It is important to highlight that these studies only report the biomethane potential (BMP) of the SCS, several form of pretreatment obtained low yields of biomethane compared to the highest BMP obtained here. This study presents data on improving Total BMP from SCS (378.80 +/- 0.11 ml CH4/g VSR), in order to lower the severity of the LHW (Liquid Hot Water) pretreatment and to enhance the efficiency of the enzymatic or biological hydrolysis pretreatment, two-step was employed, as follows: (LHW, 120 degrees C, 1.5 bars, 31.25 gr SCS dry basis/L of reaction) with enzymatic hydrolysis (commercial cellulose ENMEX at 20\%) and biological hydrolysis (isolated lignocellulolytic bacteria 3.02 {*
Sugarcane is among the leading agricultural crop cultivated in tropical regions of the world. Industrial processing of sugarcane generates sugar; as well as various solid wastes (i.e. sugarcane bagasse, pressmud). Improvement of biotechnology in industrial level, offers opportunities for economic utilization of these solid residues. In the last few decades, sugarcane bagasse and pressmud have been explored in the theme of lignocellulosic bioconversion. The recalcitrance of biomass is a major drawback towards successful exploitation of lignocellulosic residues. Pretreatment by suitable/efficient processes can overcome this limitation. In this regards; physical, chemical and biological treatment systems are brought into our perspective. Chemical and physicochemical methods are capital-intensive but not environment-friendly, in contrast, method like biological treatment is eco-friendly but extremely slow. There are still major technological and economic challenges need to be addressed; e.g. bioprospecting, established more reliable genetically modified microorganisms, upgrade gene cloning and sequencing processes, yield improvement at large scale etc. Productions of value-added products from these solid wastes are discussed in such a way that pinpoints the most recent trends and the future directions. Biofuels, enzymes, organic acids and bio-sorbents production draw a clear sketch of the current and future bio-based products. Nano-biotechnology and genetic engineering could be future trends to improved processes and products. This review serves as a valuable reference material for a wide range of scientists and technologists in the relevant fields.
As a natural raw waste of agricultural origin, sugarcane bagasse has several potential future applications upon converting into promising products. Both alkaline-treated solution and cellulose pulp were used for preparation of antifungal silica-based nanoparticles (Si-NPs) beside glucose and production. Adopting the agar-disc diffusion technique, nanosilica successfully exhibited in vitro antifungal activity towards the pathogen Fusarium solani, inhibition zones of 0.4-0.9 mm dia. were measured. In a pot experiment, increasing levels of NPK fertilization regimes and Si- NPs were examined for protecting potatoes from the fungal attack. The highest rates of both amendments supported sufficient tuber yield and vegetative growth, plants heavily dressed hosted 9-25 tubers plant1 with fresh weights of 159.9-550.6 g plant-1. The pathogenicity of F. solani towards the vegetable plant significantly diminished in presence of NPK and Si-NPs. Tuber biomasses positively correlated with NPK doses (r, 0.918) and Si-NP rates (r, 1.00), except the low level of 25 \% that failed to promoted growth and yield even in presence of full NPK regime. A. niger succeeded to convert cellulose pulp into reducing sugars and beta. glucosidase. The enzyme production significantly optimized after 12 hr. incubation at 200 rpm particularly in culture medium amended with 3 \% corn speed liquor. Interestingly, adding 5 ml drop-wise distilled water to beta. glucosidase production medium seemed necessary to avoid the feedback inhibition of the enzyme.
Sugarcane bagasse was pre-treated by steam explosion at 205 and 215degreesC and hydrolysed with cellulolytic enzymes. The hydrolysates were subjected to enzymatic detoxification by treatment with the phenoloxidase laccase and to chemical detoxification by overliming. Approximately 80\% of the phenolic compounds were specifically removed by the laccase treatment. Overliming partially removed the phenolic compounds, but also other fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural. The hydrolysates were fermented with the recombinant xylose-utilising Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strain TMB 3001, a CEN.PK derivative with over-expressed xylulokinase activity and expressing the xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase of Pichia stipitis, and the S. cerevisiae strain ATCC 9658 1, isolated from a spent sulphite liquor fermentation plant. The fermentative performance of the lab strain in undetoxified hydrolysate was better than the performance of the industrial strain. An almost two-fold increase of the specific productivity of the strain TMB 3001 in the detoxified hydrolysates compared to the undetoxified hydrolysates was observed. The ethanol yield in the fermentation of the hydrolysate detoxified by overliming was 0.18 g/g dry bagasse, whereas it reached only 0.13 g/g dry bagasse in the undetoxified hydrolysate. Partial xylose utilisation with low xylitol formation was observed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Determining the biochemical methane potential (BMP) is an important step in the study of anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse before the implementation of a full scale bioreactor. However, the compositional analysis and the evaluation of different food-to-microorganism ratio to avoid underestimating the BMP of vinasse have not been extensively used in BMP assays. Consequently, the study of the literature revealed differences between vinasse BMPs where the food-microorganism ratio used was the standardized, probably because this factor does not reflect the impact of the vinasse compositional variability on its BMP. Thus, the present research aimed to optimize the food-microorganism ratio to maximize the BMP of a mixed origin vinasse and compare it with the literature. Through a multifactorial experimental design associated with the Response Surface Methodology, the BMP of the vinasse was maximized by increasing the food-to-microorganism ratio. The most significative factor in this study was the increase of vinasse concentration in the BMP test. A conversion efficiency to methane achieved was 95 +/- 2.55\% compared to the theoretical BMP, with a food-to-microorganism ratio between 1.34 and 1.42 gSCOD.g(-1) VSS. Therefore, the results of this investigation demonstrated that the BMP of vinasse can be maximized by optimizing the food-microorganism ratio. It is not recommended to standardize this parameter for sugarcane vinasse due to its high compositional variability. {[
Background: Trichoderma reesei is a saprophytic fungus implicated in the degradation of polysaccharides present in the cell wall of plants. T. reesei has been recognized as the most important industrial fungus that secretes and produces cellulase enzymes that are employed in the production of second generation bioethanol. A few of the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of biomass deconstruction by T. reesei; in particular, the effect of sugar transporters and induction of xylanases and cellulases expression are yet to be known.\& para;\& para;Results: In our study, we characterized a novel sugar transporter, which was previously identified by our group through in silico analysis of RNA-seq data. The novel T. reesei 69957-sugar transport system (Tr69957) is capable of transporting xylose, mannose, and cellobiose using a T. reesei 69957-sugar transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisloe. The deletion of Tr69957 in T. reesei affected the fungal growth and biomass accumulation, and the sugar uptake in the presence of mannose, cellobiose, and xylose. Molecular docking studies revealed that Tr69957 shows reduced protein-ligand binding energy for interactions towards disaccharides in comparison with monosaccharides. Furthermore, the deletion of Tr69957 affected the gene expression of cellobiohydrolases (cel 7a and cel6a), beta-glucosidases (cel3a and cell a), and xylanases (xyn 1 and xyn2) in the cultures of parental and mutant strains in the presence of cellobiose and sugarcane bagasse (SCB).\& para;\& para;Conclusion: The transporter Tr69957 of T. reesei can transport cellobiose, xylose, and mannose, and can affect the expression of a few genes encoding enzymes, such as cellulases and xylanases, in the presence of SCB. We showed for the first time that a filamentous fungus (T. reesei) contains a potential mannose transporter that may be involved in the degradation of cellulose.
There are many problems due to the cement industry around the world besides the air pollution by greenhouse gas emissions. The problem arises when a dense quantity of CO2 is emitted through the conversion of calcium carbonate lime (CaCO3) into calcium oxide lime (CaO), the main ingredient in cement. This transformation is made in an oven-dry by burning fossil fuels, in a process that releases more carbon dioxide. In this study, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and nano eggshell powder (NEP) are considered cementitious materials and were added to the cement at different percentages to reduce the cement contents in the concrete industry. Sixteen high -strength concrete (HSC) mixtures experimented with in this investigation contain SCBA and NEP other than the control mix. The SCBA and NEP were added to cement content by 5 \%, 10 \%, 15 \%, and 20 \% for SCBA, and 2.5 \%, 5 \%, and 7.5 \% for NEP. This study evaluates the fresh and hardened properties of HSC. Also, EDX and SEM analyses were conducted on the SCBA, NEP, and HSC concrete to analyze the microstructure. The experimental results exhibited that the setting time of HSC is delayed by increasing the SCBA ratio by 25 \% of the control mix. Adding NEP accelerates the HSC setting time compared with the control mix. The best mixture result includes 5 \% NEP with 15 \% SCBA, which exhibited a dense form, no pores, and no cracks, as analyzed in the microstructure.
The search for new alternatives in order to reuse residues is one way to minimize environmental impacts by promoting sustainable practices. This study analyzed the technical feasibility of briquettes production from urban pruning residue and sugarcane bagasse, turning them into a product with higher added value besides directing their use and reducing their improper disposal. Five treatments were studied from different ratios of the two residues: T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively made of 100\% of urban pruning; 50\% urban pruning and 50\% sugarcane bagasse; 25\% urban pruning and 75\% sugarcane bagasse; 10\% urban pruning and 90\% sugarcane bagasse; 100\% sugarcane bagasse. The materials were characterized physically, chemically and energetically. Briquettes were produced and evaluated for mechanical performance, with expansion tests, mechanical resistance and friability to verify the quality of the final product. The treatments 1 and 2 showed the best results, with lower friability and average values of mechanical resistance of 167.14 and 107.56 kgf, respectively. It is concluded that both residues (sugarcane bagasse and urban pruning) had potential for briquette production, as well as the mixture between both materials.
Conductivity, active sites, and structural stability significantly affect the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of non-noble metals catalysts (molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)). Therefore, this work proposed a cobalt (Co) doping strategy, to improve the catalytic activity of MoS2, and MoS2 cum sugarcane bagasse derived carbon conjugate (MoS2-SCBC). The designed Co-doped MoS2 (Co-MoS2) and Co-doped SCBC-MoS2 (Co-MoS2-SCBC) nanosheets can enhance the HER activity in the acid electrolyte. The results showed that Co atoms can replace Mo atoms during the doping process of MoS2 to form covalent doping for MoS2. As a carbon carrier, SCBC did not only enhance the electronic conductivity of MoS2 and stability of the mixed structure, but also they were conducive to the dispersion of MoS2, and the exposure of more edge active sites. In addition, Co-MoS2-0.67-SCBC-0.2 showed improved HER electrochemical activity, with overpotential of 62 mV and a lowest Tafel slope of 53.86 mV dec-1 at 10 mA cm-2. The Cdl value for Co-MoS2-0.67-SCBC-0.2 was about 93.36 mF cm-2. Co-MoS2-0.67-SCBC-0.2 also exhibited high stability under acidic conditions, maintained its activity in more than 2000 cyclic voltammetry scans, and had strong durability after 12 h of 10 mA cm-2 exposure. In conclusion, this work provides a Co atom doping strategy to combine biomass waste with inert MoS2 in producing low-cost and highly active non-noble metal electrocatalysts for HER.
Liquid hot water (LHW), an environmental-friendly physico-chemical treatment, was applied to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Tween80, a non-ionic surfactant, was used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB. It found that 0.125 mL Tween80 /g dry matter could make the maximum increase (33.2\%) of the glycan conversion of the LHW-pretreated SCB. A self-designed laboratory facility with a plate-and-frame impeller was applied to conduct batch hydrolysis, fed-batch hydrolysis, and the process of high-temperature (50 degrees C) fed-batch hydrolysis following low-temperature (30 degrees C) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) which was adopted to overcome the incompatible optimum temperature of saccharification and fermentation in the SSF process. After hydrolyzing LHW-pretreated SCB for 120 h with commercial cellulase, the total sugar concentration and glycan conversion obtained from fed-batch hydrolysis were 91.6 g/L and 68.3\%, respectively, which were 9.7 g/L and 7.3\% higher than those obtained from batch hydrolysis. With Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 fermenting under the non-sterile condition, the ethanol production and theoretical yield obtained from the process of SSF after fed-batch hydrolysis were 55.4 g/L and 88.3\% for 72h, respectively, which were 15.5 g/L and 24.7\% higher than those from separate fed-batch hydrolysis and fermentation. The result of this work was superior to the reported results obtained from the LHW-pretreated SCB.
Vinasse is a waste material from distillery industries, which causes major environmental problems around the world. Argentina alone produces about 4 billion liters of vinasse annually; consequently, diverse biological eco-friendly treatments are evaluated for their ability to reduce the detrimental effects. The present study reports on the degradation of a 50\% (v/v) local vinasse sample by an autochthonous fungus identified as Aspergillus sp. V1. The Bioprocess was conducted for 15 d at 30 degrees C after inoculation of spores at an end concentration of 1 x 10(6) CFU/mL. Effluent neutralization was detected after 6 d of treatment, with maximum COD and BOD removal after 12 d (49\% and 59\%, respectively). Effects of vinasse before and after treatment were predicted using Caco-2 cells and Triticwn aestivwn L. (wheat) seeds as toxicological indicators. Only 13\% viability was observed for Caco-2 cells exposed to untreated vinasse, but this percentage increased more than 3-fold for cells exposed to the treated effluent. While vinasse without treatment completely inhibited germination of seeds, exposure to treated effluent demonstrated a germination percentage of 60\%. The present study highlights the use of a dual-purpose biotechnological process that aimed at reducing the detrimental effects of vinasse, enhancing its quality for agricultural practices.
Separation of lignocellulose constituents and hydrolysis of the polysaccharides fraction to sugars are pre-requites in production of biofuels and chemicals. In this study, a sequential organosolv fractionation of sugarcane bagasse and saccharification of the cellulose-enriched pulp in hot compressed water using a coupled heterogenous acid promoter/catalyst was studied. Among the liquid and solid acids tested, H3PO4-Activated carbon showed a high performance on promoting selectivity and yield in fractionation related to its high BET surface area and acid site density. Fractionation in a ternary mixture of methyl isolbutylketone:methanol:water (16:68:16) at 180 degrees C for 60 min using 5\%w/w H3PO4-Activated carbon resulted in 88.9\% recovery of cellulose enriched in the solid, together with 84.6\% recovery of the hemicellulose as pentoses in the aqueous-alcohol fraction and 76.0\% lignin in the organic phase. With no separation of the solid acid, the cellulose fraction could be further hydrolyzed under hot compressed water conditions at 225 degrees C for 10 min, resulting in the maximal hexose yield of 58.3\% from the starting material. The catalyst retained >80\% activity after reusing in five consecutive batch cycles. The work demonstrates an efficient integrated fractionation/hydrolysis process with coupling use of the acid promoter/catalyst, with advantages on its high activity, selectivity and reusability. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Exiguobacterium sp. VSG-1 was isolated from the soil sample and characterized for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Production of these enzymes by the strain VSG-1 was carried out using steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and found to secrete cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, xylanase, and tannase. The growth and enzyme production were found to be optimum at pH 9.0 and 37 A degrees C. Upon steam explosion of SCB, the cellulose increased by 42 \%, whereas hemicelluloses and lignin decreased by 40 and 62 \%, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded SCB yielded 640 g/l of total sugars. Fermentation of sugars produced from pretreated SCB was carried out by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at pH 5.0 and 30 A degrees C. The alcohol produced was calculated and found to be 62.24 g/l corresponding to 78 \% of the theoretical yield of ethanol. Hence, the strain VSG-1 has an industrial importance for the production of fermentable sugars for biofuels.
Plackett-Burman design was applied to identify the most significant factors in the removal of Basic Blue 3 (BB3), Methylene Blue (MB) and Basic Yellow 11 (BY11) by natural sugarcane bagasse. The effect of operating parameters on dye uptake was studied in a batch system and a mathematical model showing the influence of each variable was obtained. The interaction between the factors and their optimum levels for maximum percentage uptake of BB3 and MB were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Both models were highly significant with correlation coefficients (R-2) of 0.9932 and 0.9944 for BB3 and MB, respectively in binary dye solution. For BB3, the optimum adsorption conditions were determined as initial pH 6.00, contact time 122.50 min, initial dye concentration 50 mg/L and sorbent dosage 0.09 g. Whereas for MB, the model predicted that an uptake greater than 90\% could be obtained when the initial dye concentration, contact time and sorbent dosage were set at 80.40 mg/L, 192.37 min and 0.17 g, respectively. The percentage uptake predicted by the model was in good agreement with the experimental values.
The sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, which is rich in xylose, can be used as culture medium for Candida guilliermondii in xylitol production. However, the hydrolysate obtained from bagasse by acid hydrolysis at 120 C for 20 min has by-products (acetic acid and furfural, among others), which are toxic to the yeast over certain concentrations. So, the hydrolysate must be pretreated before using in fermentation. The pretreatment variables considered were: adsorption time (15, 37.5, and 60 min), type of acid used (H2So4 and H3Po4), hydrolysate concentration (original, twofold, and fourfold concentrated), and active charcoal (0.5, 1.75 and 3.0\%). The suitability of the pretreatment was followed by measuring the xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XD) activity of yeast grown in each treated hydrolysate. The response surface methodology (2(4) full factorial design with a centered face) indicated that the hydrolysate might be concentrated fourfold and the pH adjusted to 7.0 with CaO, followed by reduction to 5.5 with H3PO4. After that it was treated with active charcoal (3.0\%) by 60 min. This pretreated hydrolysate attained the high XR/XD ratio of 4.5.
The present study focused on the application of response surface methodology to optimize the fabrication of activated carbon (AC) from sugarcane bagasse for adsorption of Cu2+ ion. The AC was synthesized via chemical activation with ZnCl2 as the activating agent. The central composite design based experiments were performed to assess the individual and interactive effect of influential parameters, including activation temperature, ZnCl2 impregnation ratio and activation time on the AC yield and removal of Cu2+ ion from the aqueous environment. The statistically significant, well-fitting quadratic regression models were successfully developed as confirmed by high F- and low P-values (<0.0001), high correlation coefficients and lack-of-fit tests. Accordingly, the optimum AC yield and removal efficiency of Cu2+ were predicted, respectively, as 48.8\% and 92.7\% which were approximate to the actual values. By applying the predicted optimal parameters, the AC shows a surprisingly high surface area of around 1,500 m(2)/g accompanied by large pore volume and narrow micropore size at low fabrication temperature.
The sugarcane industry generates vinasse waste that could have serious environmental effects if not properly disposed of. This study investigated the use of vinasses generated in the sugarcane industry in Arequipa, Peru, as a growth medium for the microalga Chlorella sp. and lipid production. The results demonstrate that the best culture conditions for this microalga in a 4-L photobioreactor included a pretreatment of crude vinasse and an inoculum size of 1.0 x 10(6) cells mL(-1). In these conditions, Chlorella sp. attained a growth rate of 1.19 day(-1), showing high efficiency in nutrient removal from this residue and attaining a lipid content of 11.5 mg L-1 when cultured with a vinasse concentration of 10\%. However, the highest lipid productivity (2.6 mg L-1 day(-1)) was recorded in cultures of 20\% vinasse. Overall, our results suggest that it is possible to integrate microalgae culture as a biological strategy to properly dispose of the vinasse generation of Arequipa's sugarcane industry; thus, modern technologies can be used for the purpose of valorizing this agro-industrial residue.
The architecture and construction industries play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly environmental ones. These industries currently contribute to high carbon emissions and high energy consumption, as common building materials are among the leading causes of environmental damage. The production of earthen materials, namely clay brick, requires a great deal of energy and emits carbon to the atmosphere in the kiln-firing process. Previous studies have used natural fibers, such as sugarcane bagasse fiber (SBF), and fermented vegetable extracts as reinforcements for use in unfired clay brick. This paper aims to investigate the effects of SBF and bio-enzymes as reinforcements on the compressive strength of unfired clay brick. The experiment produced four types of specimens, each one with the same composition ratios but containing different ingredients. A total of 120 brick samples measuring 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm were produced manually. They were cured for 28 days at a room temperature of 28 +/- 2 degrees C before their compressive strength was measured. The results showed that adding SBF to the samples increased their compressive strength. Moreover, adding both SBF and bio-enzymes led to the highest compressive strength measurements compared to the other specimens.
The MixAlco process, an example of consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), was utilized for anaerobic fermentation of 80\% lime-treated sugarcane bagasse/20\% chicken manure at 55 C by a mixed culture of marine microorganisms. NH(4)HCO(3) was recommended by this study to replace CaCO(3) buffer to neutralize the produced carboxylic acids. The resulting ammonium carboxylates can be converted to gasoline or mixed alcohol fuels by downstream processing. Four-stage countercurrent fermentations at various volatile solids loading rates (VSLR) and liquid residence times (LRT) showed the highest acid productivity (1.27 g/(L day)) and highest conversion (76\%) occurred at a total acid concentration of 24.4 and 31.3 g/L, respectively. The Continuum Particle Distribution Model (CPDM) predicted the experimental total acid concentrations and conversions within 9.05\% and 14.39\%, respectively. The CPDM ``map{''
Byproducts of soybean and cottonseed hulls, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse were evaluated as metal ion adsorbents in aqueous solutions. Adsorption capacities were determined by adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir model. Their adsorption capacities for Zn(II) were: soybean hulls > cottonseed hulls > rice straw > sugarcane bagasse. Capacities varied from 0.52 to 0.06 meq/g dry weight of byproduct, Rice straw and sugarcane bagasse were not evaluated further in this study because of their low adsorptive capacities (less than or equal to 0.12 meq/g). At a subsaturating concentration of metal ion (100 mg/L), soybean and cottonseed hulls adsorbed high levels (95.6-99.7\%) of Cr(III), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) or Zn(II). The ability of soybean and cottonseed hulls to sequester metal ions was further evaluated with three different samples of manufacturing wastewater. These wastewaters had environmentally unacceptable concentations of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II). Soybean and cottonseed hulls adsorbed similar amounts of these metal ions from each wastewater. The percentage of metal ion adsorbed ranged from 53.4 to 99.8\% depending on the particular wastewater and metal ion. Although not as effective as a commercial chelating resin in removing metals from wastewaters, soybean and cottonseed hulls could be useful adsorbents in metal removal applications, especially when the low cost and high availability of these materials are considered.
Many toxic compounds are produced and released in the hemicellulosic hydrolyzates during the acid pretreatment step, which are required for the disruption of the lignocelluloses matrix and sugars release. The conventional methods of detoxification i.e. overliming, activated charcoal, ion exchange or even membrane-based separations have the limitations in removal of these toxic inhibitors in fermentation process. Hence, it is imperative to explore biological methods to overcome the inhibitors by minimizing the filtration steps, sugar loss and chemical additions. In the present study we screened sixty-four strains of yeasts to select potential strains for detoxification of furfural, acetic acid, ferulic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) as carbon and energy source. Among these strains Pichia occidentalis M1, Y1'a, Y1'b and Y3' showed a significant decrease in the toxic compounds but we selected two best yeast strains i.e. P. occidentalis Y1'a and P. occidentalis M1 for the further experiments with an aim to remove the fermentation inhibitors. The yeasts P. occidentalis Y1'a and P. occidentalis M1 were grown aerobically in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate under submerged cultivation. For each yeast, a 2(2) full factorial design was performed considering the variables-pH (4.0 or 5.0) and agitation rate (100 or 300 rpm), and the percentage removal of HMF, furfural, acetic acid and phenols from hemicellulosic hydrolysates were responsive variables. After 96 h of biological treatment, P. occidentalis M1 and P. occidentalis Y1'a showed 42.89 and 46.04 \% cumulative removal of inhibitors, respectively.
Sugarcane bagasse is a vast lignocellulosic byproduct generated in the industry with similar to 50\% humidity (1 kg dry matter associated with 1 kg water). Although the presence of water brings deleterious consequences for combustion, storage and sugar extraction, the location of water in fresh bagasse remains unknown. In this work, we use synchrotron X-ray microto-mography for non-invasive 3D imaging of fresh bagasse particles, which allows the visualization of intraparticle water. The sclerified fiber cells in the sheaths surrounding xylem vessels are often found full of water. We suggest this can be juice preserved from the native stalks as many sclerified fibers seem to keep their structural integrity despite the mechanical action during sugarcane crushing. The microtomograms of fresh bagasse also shows mineral particles adhered to biomass surfaces, with adhesion presumably favored by the presence of water. In summary, this work unveils the location of water in fresh bagasse, solving an old mystery of sugarcane technology.
Plant-degrading enzymes can be produced by fungi on abundantly available low-cost plant biomass. However, enzymes sets after growth on complex substrates need to be better understood, especially with emphasis on differences between fungal species and the influence of inhibitory compounds in plant substrates, such as monosaccharides. In this study, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei were evaluated for the production of enzyme sets after growth on two ``second generation{''
Vinasse, which is the main residue of ethanol production, is a promising alternative for the generation of biogas, due to its high generation rate and limited application. The objective of the present work is to simulate and economically compare alternative processes for the production and treatment of biogas from the anaerobic digestion of vinasse. Different water, H2S and CO2 removal technologies were evaluated: condensation, membrane separation, washing, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), adsorptions with silica gel, activated carbon and metallic oxides, absorptions with triethylene glycol (TEG), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (III) (Fe/EDTA) and diethylamine (DEA). It was shown that an anaerobic lagoon is preferable over a set of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors due to the large processing scale, reducing the capital costs. Among the 12 evaluated routes, the best process alternative for biogas treatment was water removal through silica gel adsorption, followed by simultaneous H2S and CO2 absorption in a Fe/EDTA solution. In the best scenario, the entire biomethane production plant would require an investment of US\$ 3.6 million, resulting in an annual net profit of US\$ 1.99 million, with payback in the first year of operation.
This work presents the synthesis of acrylic acid by hybrid route from sugarcane molasses fermentation and later acid lactic dehydration. Lactic acid was produced by sugarcane molasses fermentation using the Lactobacillus plantarum CCT 5731 bacteria in bioreactor BioFlo 415 at 37 degrees C. After of 46.4 h of fermentation 50.6 g/L of lactic acid was obtained with productivity of 1.1 g/L.h which was subsequently concentred to 152 g/L and stored to dehydration stage. Both commercial lactic acid and lactic acid obtained through fermentation stage were dehydrated by catalysts supported on basic zeolite (NaY) in a tubular reactor at 300 degrees C and continuous flow of CO2 (30 mL/min). The largest selectivity (25.7 \%) for acrylic acid was obtained when the commercial lactic acid and KBr/NaY were used. When lactic acid obtained by fermentation a maximum acrylic acid selectivity of 16.7 \% was achieved using KI/NaY. All chemicals species were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Sugarcane bagasse cellulose mixed ester succinate phthalate (SBSPh) was synthesized by a novel one-pot reaction method. The effects of temperature, time and mole fraction of succinic anhydride (chi(SA)) on the responses weight gain (wg), number of carboxylic acid groups (n(T,COOH)), and adsorption capacity (q) of Co2+ and Ni2+ were evaluated by a 2(3) experimental design. The chemical structure of the material was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared, C-13 Multiple Cross-Polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy and H-1 NMR relaxometry. The best SBSPh synthesis condition (100 degrees C, 11 h, chi(SA) of 0.2) yielded a wg of 59.1\%, n(T,COOH) of 3.41 mmol g(-1), and values of q(co)(2+) and q(Ni)(2+) of 0.348 and 0.346 mmol g(-1), respectively. The Sips model fitted better the equilibrium data, and the maximum adsorption capacities (pH 5.75 and 25 degrees C) estimated by this model were 0.62 and 0.53 mmol g(-1) for Co2+ and Ni2+, respectively. The Delta H-adS degrees values estimated by isothermal titration calorimetry were 8.43 and 7.79 kJ mol(-1) for Co2+ and Ni2+, respectively. Desorption and re adsorption efficiencies were evaluated by a 2(2) experimental design, which showed that SBSPh adsorbent can be recovered and reused without significant loss of adsorption capacity. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
To fully exploit the benefits of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) in lignocelluloses bioconversion, a compatible system was established for efficient in situ saccharification of cellulose in NMMO-aqueous media in which the NMMO is able to activate and solubilize the cellulose, and the cellulases possess high stability and activity. Cellulase retained its original activity after being pre-incubated in 15\% and 20\% (w/v) NMMO solutions. After optimization of reaction parameters, high saccharification rate (96.5\%) was obtained in aqueous-NMMO media by ultrasound assisted treatment of cellulose. The viscosity and FTIR analysis revealed that NMMO-treated cellulose under ultrasonic condition was porous and amorphous, which led to improved saccharification. The addition of trifle lignin in lower concentration improved the saccharification efficiency of sugarcane bagasse, while higher concentration interferes with hydrolysis. In conclusion, these findings provided great implications to develop a continuous process NMMO-cellulases system for transformation of native biomass. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The treatment of sugarcane vinasse is still a challenge to develop a sustainable bioethanol production. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most promising treatment of vinasse since energy in the form of biogas can be recovered. The aim of this work was to understand the dynamics of the microbial community in a 100-m(3) upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) methanogenic reactor at start-up and during two periods of bioethanol production. An inter-harvest period in which the reactor was not fed was also studied. Metabarcoding analysis of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene showed that Firmicutes, Synergistetes, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla. Firmicutes was abundant, suggesting that this group plays a specific role in the treatment of vinasse. The inoculum adaptation to vinasse was correlated with the microbiota diversity and dynamics. The microbiota diversity was higher during the first harvest and reflected the initial microbial composition. During the second harvest, the increasing organic loading rate (OLR) and the adaptation to the new effluent selected a less diverse community which produced the biogas in the reactor. The qPCR of the mcrA gene and methanogenic activity tests showed that the abundance of methanogens increased over time and remained stable even after the stop period. This work shows the plasticity of the microbial community, which adapted its structure to the changes in the feed and persisted during starvation periods in the reactor. A time-series of microbiological information is necessary to a comprehensive understanding of full-scale reactor maintenance.
The present investigation attempts in separating Ibuprofen (IBP) a pharmaceutical compound from aqueous solution tooled with two different activated form of sugarcane biochar as adsorbent. Differences in adsorption capability of the sugancane biochar were derived after activating its surface both physically and chemically. Operational conditions viz., initial ibuprofen concentration (1-50 mg/L), contact time (0.5-24 h), temperature (15-40 degrees C), adsorbent dose (0.033-5 g/L), pH (1-7) and agitation speed (100-200 rpm) were considered for both steam activated biochar (SPAB) and chemically activated biochar (SCAB) for sorptive elimination of IBP. Characterization of the adsorbents were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), FT-IR spectroscopy and determination of zero point charge (pH(pzc)). IBP adsorption isotherm study was found to follow both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Uptake capacity of SCAB and SPAB were 13.51 mg/g and 11.90 mg/g respectively. The sorption process obeyed pseudo second order kinetic model in both the cases. Exothermic, spontaneous and feasible nature of IBP adhesion on to SCAB and SPAB were confirmed from thermodynamic analysis. Estimated costs incurred in production of the adsorbents were found to be cheaper and reusability study was also validated for their usage of multiple cycles. SPAB and SCAB were able to remove 82\% and 91\% of ibuprofen from aqueous solution for a contact time of 18 and 12 hs respectively. Therefore, sugarcane bagasse derived biochar exhibited potential role towards adsorptive removal of ibuprofen from aqueous solution.
BACKGROUND-mannanase is a key enzyme for hydrolyzing mannan, a major constituent of hemicellulose, which is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. Different structural domains greatly affect its biochemical characters and catalytic efficiency. However, the effects of linker and carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) on -mannanase from Trichoderma reesei (Man1) have not yet been fully described. The present study aimed to determine the influence of different domains on the expression efficiency, biochemical characteristics and hemicellulosic deconstruction of Man1. RESULTSThe expression efficiency was improved after truncating CBM. Activities of Man1 and Man1CBM (CBM) in the culture supernatant after 168h of induction were 34.5 and 42.9IU mL(-1), although a value of only 0.36IU mL(-1) was detected for Man1LCBM (lacking CBM and linker). Man1 showed higher thermostability than Man1CBM at low temperature, whereas Man1CBM had a higher specificity for galactomannan (K-m=2.5mg mL(-1)) than Man1 (K-m=4.0mg mL(-1)). Both Man1 and Man1CBM could synergistically improve the hydrolysis of cellulose, galactomannan and pretreated sugarcane bagasse, with a 10-30\% improvement of the reducing sugar yield. CONCLUSIONLinker and CBM domains were vital for mannanase activity and expression efficiency. CBM affected the thermostability and adsorption ability of Man1. The results obtained in the present study should help guide the rational design and directional modification of Man with respect to improving its catalytic efficiency. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Lateral dimensions of cellulose crystallites have been widely reported to increase as plant biomasses are submitted to a variety of high-temperature chemical treatments. Cellulose co-crystallization is often indicated to be the phenomenon underlying crystallite dimensional change, but precise mechanisms and relationships with concurrent phenomena are not well understood. This work investigates cellulose structural evolution in sugarcane bagasse submitted to wide range (160-190 degrees C, up to approximate to 50 \% solubilization) of hydrothermal treatments, performed in pressurized liquid hot water. Cellulose structural characterization combines fiber and powder X-ray diffraction with analysis of two-dimensional diffraction patterns employing the Cellulose Rietveld Analysis for Fine Structure (CRAFS) model. We observe that increases in lateral dimensions of cellulose crystallites closely follow changes in bagasse chemical composition. For a given composition, treatment temperature per se seems to be secondary for changes in crystallites. Partial cellulose de-crystallization and decreasing distortion of crystallite unit cell are found to co-occur with increasing crystallite lateral dimensions. Our interpretation of results emphasizes the importance of removing hemicelluloses acting as intercrystallite spacers, which seems to be the limiting factor for cellulose co-crystallization.
Adsorbents made of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sugarcane bagasse (BG) microparticles were applied for the separation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) from aqueous solution in batch, and from aqueous solution and freshwater in fixedbed columns. HPMC chains and BG microparticles were crosslinked by the esterification with citric acid. The adsorbents presented compression modulus values that increased from 208 +/- 20 kPa (pure HPMC) to 917 +/- 90 kPa, when the content of BG particles added to HPMC was 50 wt\% (HPMC50BG). The porosity (similar to 97\%), specific surface area (1.16 +/- 0.10 m(2)/g) and swelling degree (20 +/- 1 g water/g) values were not affected by the addition of BG particles. The adsorption isotherms determined for EE2 on HPMC and on HPMC50BG fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models; the adsorption capacity of HPMC was slightly higher than that of composite HPMC50BG. Nevertheless, the addition of BG particles rendered outstanding mechanical reinforcement and dimensional stability to the adsorbents. The adsorption was driven by (i) hydrophobic interactions between EE2 methylene and aromatic groups and HPMC methyl groups, as evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy, and (ii) H bonds between HPMC and EE2 hydroxyl groups, as revealed by the adsorption enthalpy change (Delta H (ads)) of - 45 kJ/mol. Column adsorption experiments of EE2 from aqueous solution on HPMC and HPMC50BG indicated adsorptive capacity (q(0)) values of 8.06 mg/g and 4.07 mg/g, respectively. These values decreased considerably for the adsorption of EE2 from river water, probably due to the competition of EE2 with humic substances dissolved in natural water. The HPMC adsorbents could be recycled retaining up to 83\% of the original efficiency.
Vinasse is a residue that remains after the fractional distillation of fermented juice to obtain ethanol. Intended to extend the opportunities for by-product recovery, vinasse could be used as feedstock for biomethane production, departing from the linear focus of vinasse production, treatment, and disposal, to vinasse production and reuse. However, the high concentrations of sulfate and its inhibitory effect on biological activity could lower the yield of biomethane production. To overcome that, it was studied the potential of ultrafiltration membranes to alleviate the concentrations of sulfate from vinasse and concentrate the organic matter, intended to enhance the biomethane production potential. Raw vinasse, ultrafiltration concentrate, and ultrafiltration permeate were subjected to anaerobic digestion experiments and the cumulative biomethane yield was monitored over 70 days. The ultrafiltration concentrate presented the highest degradation rate (mu m: 2.83 +/- 0.24 mL/g-VS.d.mL-sample) and longest lag-phase time (2: 12.31 +/- 0.83 d) compared with raw sugarcane vinasse (mu m: 1.44 +/- 0.11 mL/g-VS.d.mLsample; 2: 6.57 +/- 0.93 d) and ultrafiltration permeate (mu m: 1.14 +/- 0.04 mL/g-VS.d.mL-sample; 2: 2.92 +/- 0.74 d). The potential for biomethane recovery was complemented by an energetic analysis involved in biomethane production and processing. The biomethane recovery from ultrafiltration concentrate presented the lowest specific energy consumption (3.34 MJ/Nm3-CH4), followed by raw sugarcane vinasse (3.51 MJ/Nm3-CH4) and ultrafiltration permeate (3.64 MJ/Nm3-CH4). The remaining digested streams could still be potentially applied to soils for better use of their nutrients, however without an excessive load of organic matter already consumed during anaerobic digestion. Overall, the study demonstrated an effective alternative to salinity relief in raw sugarcane vinasse by ultrafiltration membranes and an alternative of higher vinasse valorization.
Metal nanoparticles are often used as an alternative to conventional adsorbents for water purification. They have higher adsorptive capabilities and affinity towards pollutants while being required in lower amounts than conventional adsorbents. Nano-adsorbents have shown superior adsorption efficiencies towards trace heavy metals in water, which are a significant pollutant in industrial wastewaters. It is desirable to synthesize the nano-adsorbents in a rapid, controlled, eco-friendly, and low-cost manner, using agro-industrial residues and size-controllable irradiation methods. In this work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized through ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of cellulose derived from sugarcane bagasse. The cellulose functioned as the capping agent to promote the synthesis of uniform, monodisperse silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The result indicates that the newly developed cellulose-based adsorbent can be used as a potential heavy metal adsorbent. The adsorptive capability of the nano-adsorbent solution towards trace amounts of lead was then tested using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It can be concluded that the newly developed biomass-based silver nanoparticle has significant potential as a versatile heavy metal adsorbent for effective remediation.
A packed bed flow-through column reactor (PBFTCR) was used for pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Alkaline pretreatment was performed at 70 degrees C for 4 h with fresh 0.3 M NaOH solution or with liquor recycled from a previous pretreatment batch. Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL-Y7124 was used for fermentation of sugars released after enzymatic hydrolysis (20 FPU g (1) of dry SCB). The highest results for lignin removal were 61\% and 52\%, respectively, observed when using fresh NaOH or the first reuse of the liquor. About 50\% of cellulosic and 57\% of hemicellulosic fractions of pretreated SCBs were enzymatically hydrolyzed and the maximum ethanol production was 23.4 g L (1) (ethanol yield of 0.4 g(p) g(s) (1)), with near complete consumption of both pentoses and hexoses present in the hydrolysate during the fermentation. PBFTCR as a new alternative for SCB-biorefineries is presented, mainly considering its simple configuration and efficiency for operating with a high solid: liquid ratio. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Batch dark fermentation experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of initial pH, substrate-to-biomass (S/X) ratio, and concentrations of Fe2+ and magnetite nanoparticles on biohydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate. By applying the response surface methodology, the optimum condition of steam-acid hydrolysis was 0.64\% (v/v) H2SO4 for 55.7 min, which obtained a sugar yield of 274 mg g(-1). The maximum hydrogen yield (HY) of 0.874 mol (mol glucose(-1)) was detected at the optimum pH of 5.0 and S/X ratio of 0.5 g chemical oxygen demand (COD, g VSS-1). The addition of Fe2+ 200 mg L-1 and magnetite nanoparticles 200 mg L-1 to the inoculum enhanced the HY by 62.1\% and 69.6\%, respectively. The kinetics of hydrogen production was estimated by fitting the experimental data to the modified Gompertz model. The inhibitory effects of adding Fe2+ and magnetite nanoparticles to the fermentative hydrogen production were examined by applying Andrew's inhibition model. COD mass balance and full stoichiometric reactions, including soluble metabolic products, cell synthesis, and H-2 production, indicated the reliability of the experimental results. A qPCR-based analysis was conducted to assess the microbial community structure using Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium spp., and hydrogenase-specific gene activity. Results from the microbial analysis revealed the dominance of hydrogen producers in the inoculum immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles, followed by the inoculum supplemented with Fe2+ concentration.
The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of alternative sugarcane bagasse particle board (BCP) using castor oil polyurethane resin in comparison with commercial medium density wood particle board (MDP) under natural and accelerated test conditions. The particle boards were evaluated after 12 months of exposure to natural weathering in Pirassununga (21.9965 degrees S, 47.4262 degrees W), Brazil and by an accelerated mold growth test under laboratory conditions. The mold growth was quantified according to the Standards ASTM D 3273-12 (2012) and the results were evaluated by statistical analysis through the Proportional Chances MOdel (PCM). For both materials, the surface coating with castor oil based bi-component polyurethane resin was less colonized than the non-coated materials; independent of the particleboard type. Additionally, the bending test shows that the sugarcane bagasse particle boards presents better performance of module of elasticity (MOR) (7.7 MPa) in comparison with the commercial wood particle boards (3.6 MPa) after exposed to accelerated tests for mold colonization. The surface coating with castor oil based polyurethane resin reduces mold growth, therefore these results support the potential use of this alternative resin both as a binder and as a surface coating in these particulate materials. The particle boards fabricated with sugarcane bagasse and castor oil resin presented similar old colonization compared to the commercial wood particle boards. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A 42-day incubation was conducted to study the effect of glucose and ammonium addition adjusted to a C/N ratio of 12.5 on sugarcane filter cake decomposition and on the release of inorganic N from microbial residues formed initially. The CO2 evolved increased in comparison with the non-amended control from 35\% of the added C with pure +5 mg g(-1) soil filter cake amendment to 41\% with +5 mg g(-1) soil filter cake +2.5 mg g(-1) soil glucose amendment to 48\% with 5 mg g(-1) soil filter cake +5 mg g(-1) soil glucose amendment. The different amendments increased microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N within 6 h and such an increase persisted. The fungal cell-membrane component ergosterol initially showed a disproportionate increase in relation to microbial biomass C, which completely disappeared by the end of the incubation. The cellulase activity showed a 5-fold increase after filter cake addition, which was not further increased by the additional glucose amendment. The cellulase activity showed an exponential decline to values around 4\% of the initial value in all treatments. The amount of inorganic N immobilized from day 0 to day 14 increased with increasing amount of C added, in contrast to the control treatment. After day 14, the immobilized N was re-mineralized at rates between 1.3 and 1.5 A mu g N g(-1) soil d(-1) in the treatments being more than twice as high as in the control treatment. This means that the re-mineralization rate is independent of the actual size of the microbial residues pool and also independent of the size of the soil microbial biomass.
Boosted by the high temperatures in which vinasse is generated (90 degrees C-100 degrees C), this study evaluated the effect of an extreme thermophilic condition (70 degrees C) on sugarcane vinasse Dark Fermentation (DF) in an Anaerobic Structured Bed Reactor (ASTBR). Four hydraulic retention times (HRT) (19, 15, 12 and 8 h) were evaluated. Higher HRT resulted in a greater H-2 production rate (690 mLH(2).d(-1).L-1), higher yields (1.8 molH(2).mol(Glucose)(-1)) and greater stability. The extreme temperature inhibits microorganisms' extracellular polymer production, thus leading to a disperse growth, preventing excess biomass accumulation, which was previously reported as the main drawback in H-2 production at lower temperatures. The ASTBR higher void index is also responsible for lower biomass/solids retention. The H-2 production main route was through the lactic/acetic acid pathway, which is highly reliant on the pH of fermentation broth. The main genus involved in H-2 production at 70 degrees C were Clostridium, Pectinatus, Megasphaera and Lactobacillus. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.
Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is one kind of new generation gap graded hot mix asphalt with higher content of asphalt with coarse aggregate proportions. The stone-on-stone interlock in SMA makes it superior rut resistant mix and favorable in adverse conditions. The usage of conventional fillers in SMA will lead to the creation of many environmental nuisances and entail additional cost during the production. The use of industrial by-products in the place of the conventional filler can be proven favorable to overcome enhanced production cost of SMA. In the present research work, one such largely produced industrial waste called, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) is used as a filler in SMA by replacing conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) filler, and the engineering performances and cost effectiveness is examined. The SMA mixes were cast with 6.25\% optimum binder content are varied with SBA of 2.5\% (ACS1), 5.0\% (ACS2), 7.5\% (ACS3) and 10\% (ACS4) by weight of the mix as filler and the results were compared with conventional SMA mix (ACS0). The results showed that, the inclusion of SBA demonstrated superior performances indicating the enhanced stiffness of mix (in terms of Marshall and flow characteristics). Moisture resistance of the SMA mix was improved up to 7.5\% SBA replace-ment. Further, the drain-down test results revealed that, SBA can be effectively used as stabilizing agent. The mix ACS 1 and ACS2 shown a minimum rut depth in reference with ACS0. The mix with 5\% SBA resists more number of repetitive loads than all the mix tested.
The influence ways of structural feature, hydrolytic viscosity and monosaccharides concentrations on the enzymatic hydrolysis of high-solid liquid hot water (LHW)-treated lignocellulose were evaluated. The SEM observation showed that the residual lignin in the LHW-treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) played an important role in gluing fasciculate structures, and XRD detection indicated the decrease of crystalline index (CrI) of LHW-treated SCB after lignin removal. The enzymatic hydrolysis of LHW-treated SCB with and without lignin removal showed that the residual lignin might block the access of cellobiohydrolase to the crystalline cellulose. The fractal kinetic model indicated that the benefit of the low viscosity for high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of LHW-treated SCB would appear with the time going. As the enzymatic hydrolysis proceeding, the accumulation of glucose imposed more and more intense inhibition on the cellulolytic hydrolysis, while the xylose showed a little inhibition. The changes of UV spectra indicated that the glucose accumulation hardly affected the side chains containing tyrosine (Try) and/or tryptophan (Trp) which should be not in the catalytic active center of cellulase.
A facile synthetic route thrived for the synthesis of a multifunctional solid base catalyst. The aminefunctionalized bagasse was synthesized by anchoring the ethylenediamine on the bagasse. Then, the functionalized bagasse was further converted to quaternary ammonium functionalized bagasse. From elemental composition, the nitrogen content of sugarcane bagasse was increased after post-functionalization and confirms the successful functionalization of amine functionality. The FT-IR analysis reveals the formation the functionalization of amine group on the secondary hydroxyl group of bagasse. Further, the formation of quaternary ammonium salt on the bagasse was supported by the XPS analysis and with the binding energy value at 401.75 eV, which corroborates the formation of C-N+ bond. The acid-base titration exhibited 0.328 mmol/g of basicity on the amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse. The inexpensive amine-functionalized bagasse was used for the condensation of nitromethane with various bio-derived carbonyl compounds. The amine-functionalized bagasse gave complete conversion of aldehydes with 80-90\% yield of desired beta-nitroalkenes. The amine-functionalized catalyst manifested good recyclability up to four cycles. Further, the quaternary ammonium functionalized bagasse is used for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides without adding any external additives (metal, co-catalyst, and solvents). The quaternary ammonium functionalized bagasse showed moderate conversion of epoxides (20-61\%) with good selectivity of desired cyclic carbonates.
Sugarcane bagasse, a sugar industry waste, has plentiful cellulose. The present work was aimed to prepare the quality nanocellulose with different polymorphs, nanocelluloses I (NC-I) and II (NC-II) utilizing natural deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate) combined with mechanical treatment from purified cellulose (celluloses I and II), which were prepared from sugarcane bagasse, and to further compare the structural and rheological properties of NC-I and NC-II. Results showed that the yields of NC-I and NC-II were 73.66 +/- 0.11 \% and 75.15 +/- 0.08 \%, respectively. Morphology indicated that NC-I had a needle-like appearance with a length of 769.9 +/- 76.4 nm and a width of 4.9 +/- 1.3, while NC-II displayed a rod-like profile with a smaller size (length: 196.3 +/- 50.1 nm; width: 14.9 +/- 3.8 nm). Structural characterization revealed that both NC-I and NC-II had high purity, good thermal stability (> 300 ?) and high crystallinity (85.5 \% and 86 \%, respectively). Rheological and zeta potential properties revealed that NC-I suspension had bigger shear resistance, viscoelasticity and lower zeta potential, resulting in better storage stability compared with NC-II suspension. Therefore, the NC-I and NC-II with different characteristics may have potential applications in multiple fields, such as the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industry.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a by-product of sugarcane industry, is a rich source of cellulose (45\%), hemicellulose (32\%), and lignin (17\%) with low ash content. Being produced in large quantities by sugar industries, it is a great challenge for environment because it is mostly burnt in-open or either disposed improperly causing environmental pollution. Due to rich source of fermentable sugars, it is used as a substrate for producing microbial enzymes and biofuels. Secondly, high fuel prices, limited fossil fuel reserves, and environment pollution due to burning of fossil fuels have also highlighted the need for renewable and sustainable sources of energy such as biofuels. Sugarcane bagasse is a renewable, easily available, and cost-effective alternative for synthesis of biofuels and various microbial enzymes in submerged (SmF) as well as solid-state fermentations (SSF). However, for biofuel production, the main hindrance in utilizing bagasse is the requirement of large amount of enzymes for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. Therefore, there is an utmost need for the production of enzymes using cost-effective and easily accessible substrates such as sugarcane bagasse followed by utilizing these enzymes for saccharification of carbohydrate polymers into fermentable sugars for biofuels. However, the presence of lignin hampers the saccharification of cellulose and hemicellulose into easily fermentable sugars. Therefore, pretreatment reduces lignin content of sugarcane bagasse and makes cellulose and hemicellulose easily accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysate can be further fermented to biofuels using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
A laboratory (2 L) scale alkaline pretreatment with and without anthraquinone addition was performed to evaluate the influence of temperature, alkaline loading, residence time, heating and stirring system on mass yield and solubilization rates of the main components. The best conditions were scaled up to pilot scale (350 L), and enzymatic conversion of structural carbohydrates into sugars for cellulosic ethanol production was analyzed. The tested conditions were 130-170 degrees C, 0.5-1.5\% NaOH, 30-90 min with and without 0.15\% w/w of anthraquinone (AQ). The AQ addition did not lead to substantial cellulose preservation in the laboratory scale; however, in the pilot scale the AQ addition resulted in 67.4\% and 28.5\% of cellulose preservation for reactions at 130 degrees C, 1.5\% NaOH, 30 min (5Pil) and 170 degrees C 1.5\% NaOH, 30 min (7Pil) respectively in relation to those studies without addition. The most efficient heating and agitation system of pilot reactor was probably the determining factor for effective performance. Temperature also seems to have a maximal effect on pilot AQ pretreatments, where lower temperature (5 Pit-130 degrees C) favored the cellulose preservation in relation to experiments at 170 degrees C. The scale-up was successfully made and the condition 5Pil with AQ was chosen as the best one in order to produce 293 kg of glucose from 1 ton of raw sugarcane bagasse.
An aminated bagasse (AB) with high-adsorption capacity for mercury ions was prepared by grafting copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto sugarcane bagasse, followed by aminating with chelating molecule diethylenetriamine. Effects of grafting conditions such as irradiation dosage, acrylonitrile concentration, and solvents on the grafting yield were investigated. The adsorption performance for mercury ions were evaluated by batch adsorption experiments and kinetic experiments. The results show that AB is effective for the removal of mercury over a wide range of pH > 5. Adsorption isotherms of mercury ions on the modified bagasse can be well described by Langmuir equation. The equilibrium adsorption amount could be as high as 917.4 mg/g, and the removal percent of mercury ions can achieve 99\%. The kinetic adsorption results indicate that AB could remove 80\% of mercury ions in 2 h and 24 more hours are needed to achieve adsorption equilibrium. Regeneration experiments show that the adsorption capacity of recycled AB still can reach the level of 96\% after four cycles. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 2854-2861, 2010
Pozzolanic materials are used worldwide to improve concrete properties. In this study, the pozzolanic behavior of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and its role in controlling alkali silica reaction (ASR) was investigated. For this purpose, SBA was acquired from a sugar processing industry. Locally available reactive aggregates were used to introduce the phenomenon of ASR. To evaluate the role of SBA in mitigating ASR, mortar bar specimens were prepared following ASTM C1260 with various SBA dosages (10\%, 20\%, 30\% and 40\% by cement weight). To investigate the pozzolanic behavior of SBA strength activity index test and thermal analysis were performed. Results of activity index and thermal analysis showed the pozzolanic behavior of SBA. Moreover, reduction in mortar bar expansion was observed 23\% and 46\% after replacing 10\% and 40\% cement with SBA, respectively. Microscopic examination also showed no signs of cracks in mortar bars incorporating SBA; however minor cracking was observed in control specimens due to ASR. Furthermore, Energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed low Ca/Si0(2) ratio of mortar bars incorporating SBA due to dilution process and alkali absorption leading to control the ASR expansion. Therefore, based on the results it can be concluded that pozzolanic behavior of SBA can be helpful in controlling ASR expansion by binding alkalies. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present study examines the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as prediction and fault detection tools for the delignification process of sugarcane bagasse via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Experimental conditions varied from 25 to 45 degrees C for temperature and from 1.5\% to 7.5\% (v/v) for H2O2 concentrations. Analytical results for the delignification were obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis and used for the ANN training and testing steps, allowing for the development of ANN models. The condition experimentally identified as the most suitable for the delignification process was of 25 degrees C with 4.5\% (v/v) H2O2, oxidizing 54\% of total lignin. An ANN topology was selected for each proposed model, whose performance was evaluated by the correlation coefficient (R-2) and error indices (MSE and SSE). The values obtained for R-2 and the error indices indicated good agreements of the theoretical and actual data, of close to 1 and close to 0, respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The pollution of water by lead (Pb(II)) constitutes a substantial threat to the environment and subsequently to animals and humans. In this study, the efficacy of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and orange peels (OPS) have been investigated as potential low-cost biosorbents, individually and in a homogeneous combination for the removal of Pb(II) from simulated and real water samples. Biosorbents were characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), a zeta potential analyser, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. Batch adsorption studies were explored under several experimental conditions to optimise the removal efficiency of Pb(II) ions from artificially contaminated aqueous solutions. The pH study revealed optimum removal efficiencies of Pb(II) at pH 7, for SCB and OPS. The optimum contact time for SCB and OPS individually and a homogenous mixture was 60, 120, and 120 min, respectively. The study also revealed that the optimum biosorbent dosage was 0.2, 0.17, and 0.2 g for SCB, OPS, and the homogenous combination of SCB and OPS (1:1). Optimum experimental conditions could achieve up to 100\% removal efficiencies for 10 and 20 mg/L of Pb(II) using SCB and OPS, respectively. The potential of the homogenised combination of biosorbents demonstrated 100\% removal efficiencies for 10 mg/L of Pb(II). The removal of 10 mg/L of Pb(II) in real water samples remained at 100\% for biosorbents individually and the homogenised combination. The reusability performance of SCB, OPS, and the homogenised combination of SCB and OPS presented Pb(II) removal efficiencies above 70\% for three adsorption-desorption cycles.
Growth and ethanol fermentation ability of the acetate-tolerant yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeKU 002-3 strain were investigated in acetate-addition medium. Under simulated industrial conditions, acetate did not affect on sugar consumption and ethanol production of KU 002-3. Moreover, KU 002-3 strain demonstrated a higher capability for ethanol production than other commercial strains. Co-fermentation was conducted withLactobacillus fermentumIFRPD 2021, the major contaminating bacteria, during the ethanol production at 0.8\% (v/v) acetate (130 mM of the undissociated form of acetate). Under these conditions, growth ofL. fermentumIFRPD 2021 was inhibited but the growth and ethanol production ability ofS. cerevisiaeKU 002-3 strain were not significantly affected. Data indicated the possibility of producing ethanol under high acetate accumulation and reducingLactobacillussp. in molasses medium or acetate-containing condition. Producing ethanol under high acetate accumulation and lower the contamination ofLactobacillussp. in a molasses medium can be useful at industrial scale to produce ethanol withS. cerevisiaeKU 002-3 under non-sterilized conditions.
In this research, an active packaging system with antioxidant properties has been designed to extend the shelf life of sausage. Sugarcane bagasse was used as waste from sugar factories to prepare fibrous casings. Sugarcane bagasse-based fibrous casing has been coated with thyme and rosemary extract at different percentages (0, 2, 4, and 6\%). The water vapor permeability rate, extract loading on the casing, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and migration of phenolic compounds were determined in the developed casings. The polyphenols content migration of the active films ranged between 97 and 197 mg gallic acid /g. Rosemary and thyme extracts presence increased the water vapor permeability active films were affected. A considerable improvement was seen in sausage lipid oxidative stability (p < 0.05). Fibrous casing loaded with 6\% thyme extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (1.0 mg malondialdehyde/ kg). Also, higher sensory scores were seen for the sausage packaged fibrous casings using thyme. Regarding Sausage color, no significant difference was observed between active and control packaged sausage samples (p > 0.05). The present research indicates that applying fibrous casings based on sugarcane bagasse with loaded rosemary and thyme extract affects meat product storage changes and lipid oxidation.
Understanding co-digestion technologies from biofuel residues, such as vinasse and glycerol, is an important step in the search for operational improvements in anaerobic systems, enhancing energy recovery through biogas production. This study investigates the methane production from the mesophilic (30 degrees C) co-digestion of sugarcane vinasse and distilled glycerol from a kinetic perspective. Batch assays were conducted to assess the impacts of different proportions of both co-substrates on methane production. The energetic potentials of the biogas from three scenarios, namely vinasse mono-digestion (VM), glycerol mono-digestion (GM), and vinasse and glycerol co-digestion (VGC) were also investigated based on a micro (single sugarcane biorefinery) and macro (entire Brazilian ethanol production) scales. The highest methane yield (352 NmLCH4 g- 1CODrem) was observed in the 1:1 COD-based proportion with 97\% of COD removal efficiency. The methane production rate was increased by 39\% (169.3 NmLCH4 d-1) and 26\% (152.8 NmLCH4 d-1) in reactors fed with 30\% and 50\% of glycerol, respectively, compared to the mono-digestion of vinasse (121.5 NmLCH4 d-1). On a biorefinery scale approach, the global energetic potential estimated for VGC (32.7 GWh) was 22\% higher relative to VM (26.7 GWh) during the harvesting season, whilst extending VGC to the off-season could double VM bioenergy potential. From a global scale perspective, the successful implementation of VGC and GM scenarios in Brazilian sugarcane mills could increase the current bioenergy production from biogas by more than 1500\%, meaning an additional electricity supply of 11.7 TWh that could completely replace nuclear power or coal use in Brazil.
Sugarcane ashes are wastes generated during the combustion of sugarcane residues in cogeneration plants. With sugarcane being the Philippine's top produced crop and a renewable energy resource, generation of sugarcane ash is inevitable. The aims of this study are to assess the potential amount of sugarcane ashes the Philippines can generate, and evaluate the potential greenhouse gas reduction in the utilization of ashes as partial cement replacement in mortar and concrete. The annual potential ash generation could reach to similar to 366 kt, similar to 125 kt is sugarcane bagasse ash and similar to 241 kt is sugarcane leaves ash. Only 68\% (similar to 85 kt) of the sugarcane bagasse ash and 4\% (similar to 9 kt) of the sugarcane leaves ash could be generated by existing cogeneration plants. The utilization of these ashes can reduce the emissions by similar to 273 kt CO2-eq annually, while addressing its disposal issues. With the unique archipelagic situation of the Philippines, the distribution of sugarcane ash was investigated, considering the transport emissions when later adopted as raw material in formulating mortar and concrete. Critical distances for transport of sugarcane ash without incurring additional emissions were 1,851 to 4,770 km by land and 5,500 km by sea due to their different corresponding emission factors. The return trip of a given transport vehicle was accounted in the determination of the critical distance to provide realistic estimates. This study provides a quantitative basis for the use of renewable biomass-based resource, like sugarcane ash, to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Philippines. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) either from the firing of clay bricks or from cement production, contributes considerably toward global warming. Conversely, the production of bricks is inevitable since a large number of bricks are needed to fulfill the housing sector demand. In this study, silty clay-based geopolymer bricks were produced incorporating fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash. This was accomplished in two stages: the laboratory phase that comprised of production of cylindrical specimens, and the industrial phase whereby full-size bricks were produced based on the results obtained in the laboratory phase. The silty clay-based geopolymer bricks were developed with lesser energy input, i.e., forming pressure of 7 MPa with curing at ambient temperature. The whole set of mechanical and durability properties of the newly developed geopolymer brick yielded satisfactory results conforming to the standard codes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the coexistence of sodium aluminosilicate gel (N-A-S-H) and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), which led to a dense microstructure resulting in increased mechanical strength and ensuring enhanced durability of the brick structure. The environmental impact assessment confirmed the ecofriendly utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in combination with fly ash in clay-based geopolymer bricks. The newly developed geopolymer can have a broad range of applications, including wall panel making, jet grouting, deep mixing, mortar for masonry constructions, canal lining, and grouting material used in backfill grouting during shield tunneling. (C) 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Most of the published literature on the use of sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) in concrete collected samples from a single source (sugar plant) and at one time. However, it is known that the sugar production happens over a period of six months (Nov-April) in India, which possibly may affect the characteristics of the SCBA, in turn, will impact the pretreatment process to be adopted. In this regard, a systematic study was performed to collect SCBA samples (from 2 sugar industries) at regular intervals (throughout the season) and evaluate the properties of as-such received SCBA through various characterisation techniques (chemical composition (Inductively coupled plasma), mineral phases (X-ray diffraction), particle size analysis (Laser diffraction), specific gravity and loss on ignition (LoI)) and pozzolanic reactivity test (Strength activity index). From the results, except minor variations, overall, the properties and pozzolanic reactivity of the as-such received SCBA samples collected from the particular sugar industry in a specific season did not differ significantly. This analysis will be of use to decide on the pretreatment process of SCBA for its utilization in the cement concrete/mortar system throughout the harvesting season. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development.
The bio-bleaching efficacy of endo-beta-1,4-xylanase from an actinobacterium Streptomyces olivaceus (MSU3) was studied by using sugarcane bagasse pulp in comparison with chemical-mediated bleaching. Before that, the sugarcane bagasse pulp was processed with various concentrations of xylanase (20-100IU) and zinc oxide (0.2-1.0 g) individually through laboratory conditions. Simultaneously, both enzyme- and chemical-mediated bleaching process were optimized through response surface methodology by using the reaction condition containing pH 6.6, temperature 47 degrees C with the incubation time of 3 h. The analysis of variance of the parameters expressed the maximum level of coefficient (R-2 = 0.963-0.996) with more significant (P < 0.0001). In bleaching process under-optimized conditions, the highest level of reducing sugar (110.02 mg/g), reduction of kappa number (14.69 k), degree of brightness (43.62\%ISO), level of residual lignin (2.20\%) with the discharge of phenolic (lambda(237) = 0.119 OD), and hydrophobic (lambda(465) = 0.046 OD) groups were attained in xylanase (80.0 IU) mediated bleaching than zinc oxide bleaching. Further, the effect of bleaching on processed pulp samples with loosening and changes of surface cell fiber was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis. The efficient fibrillation and porosity of pulp fiber were seen in xylanase bleached pulp than chemical-bleached pulp. These results clearly indicated that the endo-beta-1,4-xylanase of the chosen actinobacterium could able to bleach the bagasse pulp effectively than the zinc oxide-mediated bleaching. {[
In India, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewable fuels is considered necessary in view of growing energy demands of road transportation sector and also addressing the environmental concerns. The national biofuel policies of the country mandate increased use of ethanol blended petrol. However, the present main raw material supply source is closely linked to the cyclical nature of sugarcane harvests and its prices. Further, there are limits as at present ethanol is only derived through the molasses route. Second-generation ethanol production utilizing lingo-cellulose wastes from sugarcane (unutilized bagasse and sugarcane trash) and other agricultural wastes has the potential to bridge the supply gaps. The pilot-scale studies initiated in 2009 have shown that such a conversion is economically viable, and conversion cost of sugarcane bagasse has come down from ? 68 (US\$ 0.97) to ? 16.5 (US\$ 0.24) per litre during 2011-2016. An analysis of ethanol blend initiative in Indian context that highlights the present scenario, future projections, emerging trends, technologies, policies and institutional framework required for improved availability of ethanol for road the transport sector is presented. It is realized that a dynamic policy that rationalizes taxation framework and accommodates the agricultural shifts is actually needed. {[
To make the bioethanol conversion process economically viable, improving solids loading (>15\% {[
Lactic acid is among the twelve platform chemicals produced from inexpensive and renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass. The present study illustrates salting-out assisted solvent extraction of L (+) lactic acid, derived from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Screening studies with various extractants and diluents revealed that a combination of tri-n-butyl phosphate and ethyl acetate yielded the best results and extracted 59.63 +/- 1.28\% lactic acid from the dilute fermentation broth adjusted to a pH of 1.6 +/- 0.2. Various inorganic salts were screened to enhance extraction efficiency further. The addition of 60\% (w/v) ammonium sulfate improved the lactic acid extraction by 36.17\%. This salt concentration successfully extracted 85.95 +/- 0.44\% lactic acid to the organic phase under optimized conditions from the fermentation broth at a pH of similar to 2.5 containing 40-100 g L-1 lactic acid. Recovery of > 80\% salt is also shown using chilled acetone, which upon reuse showed a nominal decline of 3.3\% during extraction. Thus an eco-friendly approach using a green solvent like ethyl acetate with mild operating conditions is demonstrated in the present study.
In sugar industries, the growing amount of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), a byproduct released after burning bagasse for producing electricity, is currently causing environmental pollution. The residual ash displays a pozzolanic potential; and hence, it has potential as a cement addictive. This study focuses on enhancing suitability of SBA through incorporating ground blast furnace slag (BFS) in manufacturing self-compacting concretes (SCCs). For this purpose, SBA was processed by burning at 700 degrees C for 1 h, before being ground to the cement fineness of 4010 cm(2)/g. SCC mixtures were prepared by changing the proportions of SBA and BFS (i.e., 10\%, 20\%, and 30\%) in blended systems; and their performance was investigated. Test results showed that the presence of amorphous silica was detected for the processed SBA, revealing that the strength activity index was above 80\%. The compressive strength of SCC containing SBA (without BFS) could reach 98\%-127\% of that of the control; combination of SBA and 30\% BFS gets a similar strength to the control after 28 d. Regarding durability, the 10\%SBA + 30\%BFS mix exhibited the lowest risk of corrosion. Moreover, the joint use of SBA and BFS enhanced significantly the SCC's sulfate resistance. Finally, a hyperbolic formula for interpolating the compressive strength of the SBA-based SCC was proposed and validated with error range estimated within +/- 10\%.
Ten green microalgae (Chlorophyta) were screened in different culture media based on sugarcane ethanol vinasse (SEV) and ethanol biorefinery wastewater (EBW) under neutral and acidic pH. The strain Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BR024 showed an intermediate growth performance in the different media in comparison to other microalgae species. Hence, the strain BR024 was chosen for further evaluation of the ozone pretreatment on SEV and EBW. Ozone gas was used to improve the nutrient uptake and biodegradability of these wastewaters by S. bajacalifornicus BR024. The algae farming combined with the ozone pretreatment resulted in a biomass production of 20.5\% higher in comparison to the non-ozonized wastewaters, and the biochemical (BOD5) and chemical oxygen (COD) demands showed reductions up to 60.3\% and 51.9\%, respectively. Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) were also reduced after the ozonation followed by microalga cultivation. This strategy resulted in reductions of the organic and inorganic compounds in the wastewaters of sugarcane ethanol biorefinery in comparison to algae farming and ozone pretreatment alone. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) based composites were prepared by compression molding process for investigating the effect of sugarcane bagasse fiber in polypropylene composites. The amount of fibers in the composites were 40\% by weight. Tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation break (Eb\%) and water uptake percentage of composites were investigated. The TS, TM and Eb\% of composites were found to be 51MPa, 1414 MPa and 14\% respectively. Due to reinforcement by sugarcane baggase fiber, an increase of 104\% TS and 210\% TM was noticed compared with matrix polypropylene. Eb\% of composites was reduced due to the lower Eb\% of sugarcane bagasse fiber. Water uptake test was carried out by immersing the composite samples in deionized water and lower water uptake percentage was noticed. Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was employed for analyzing the functional groups of the fabricated composites.
Bio-based materials help reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, contributing to the development of sustainable construction. Industrial Hemp Concrete (IHC), which uses hemp stalk (HS) as an aggregate and a lime-based binder, is a bio-based material with various applications. This research developed a new hybrid composite in order to improve the mechanical strength and durability of hemp concrete, with the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as an aggregate, a resource of a renewable origin that is abundant in several countries. Different formulations were used, which were molded and pressed manually, evaluating their cohesion and compactness. The performance of the developed hybrid composite was measured considering mechanical, thermal, and durability properties. The compression test results showed an increase of 19-24\% for composites with 75\% hemp and 25\% SCB. Thermal conductivity and thermal resistance coefficients were also improved, reaching 0.098 (W/m ?) and 0.489 (m(2) ?/W), respectively. This aggregate combination also showed the lowest water absorption coefficient (reducing by 35\%) and the best performance in durability tests compared to IHC. The resistance to freeze-thaw is highlighted, increasing 400\%. The main reason is the influence of the SCB addition because the short and thin fiber form helps to maintain the physical integrity of the composite by filling the spaces between the hemp aggregates.
Based on a back-propagation neural network (BP) integrated with Bayesian regularization and genetic algorithm, a nonlinear fitting of the principal component for the data obtained from titrating multi organic acids was proposed. Results reveal that the combination of the advantages from Bayesian regularization to adjust the effectively network parameters (weights and biases) adaptively for improving generalization and genetic algorithm to find the optimal initial weights and thresholds of neural network ensures global optimum solution with good performance. The method was applied to simultaneously determine acetic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, citric acid and aconitic acid in a converted titration data set. It was found that the more the similarities among the organic acids, the worse their predictive performance by models when they are treated individually, however, the result was good when they were treated together. For above six organic. acid in sample set, their average relative mean square root errors of predicting results were 10. 02\%, 9. 34\%, 10. 66\%, 12. 18\%, 29. 81\%, 30. 94\%, respectively, and 3. 8\% for total amount of citric acid and aconitic acid. Some organic acids in two sugarcane molasses samples are determined and compared with results from ion chromatography.
This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between filter cake (FC), and phosphorus fertilizers with differing solubility on the growth and P nutrition of sugarcane. Effects of soil amendment with FC on different soil P fractions and influence on microbial community structure in the rhizosphere were also assessed. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted with completely randomized block designs. The first experiment evaluated rates of FC using a factorial design (5 x 2): 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 g FC kg(-1) soil applied as either broadcast in bulk soil or in the planting furrow. The second experiment used a factorial design (2 x 3): without and with FC (5 g kg(-1) soil, dry basis), both without P (NP) and with P supplied as either triple superphosphate (TSP) or as rock phosphate (RP), both at the rate of 78.4 mg kg(-1) based on total P. Microbial community structure was determined using TRFLP and dynamics of soil P by Hedley fractionation. Filter cake applied at increasing rates in the absence of P was effective in increasing shoot growth and P uptake by plant, particularly when applied to bulk soil as compared to furrow application. Also, FC improved P uptake and increased the availability of labile inorganic P in the rhizosphere and modified the structure of fungal and bacterial communities, whereas only bacterial and archaea communities were influenced by P fertilizer use. Filter cake was more effective when combined with RP, with increased growth and P utilization and thus can be considered as a feasible and practical option for farmer use in substitution to TSP, a more expensive source.
Sugarcane is one of the most important industrial crops in Vietnam and covers a total of 127,000 hectares of plantation area. In the season 2020-2021, Vietnam has produced 0.763 million tons of sugar (accounting for 0.34\% total world sugar production). A current sugarcane production of 7.498 million tons is being used mainly for sugar production for direct consumption, ethanol production, bio-electricity and fertilization. To ensure crop sustainability, various policies and plans have been implemented. Crop breeding and zoning improvement programme significantly influence sugarcane production and sugar yield. Over 25 years since the programme ``one million ton of sugar{''
Crop residues may buffer part of compressive stress applied over the soil surface. Thus, indiscriminate crop residue removal would magnify soil compaction in highly mechanized cultivation systems, such as sugarcane in Brazil. Nevertheless, the effect of different amounts of sugarcane crop residue (straw) on soil compaction mitigation still needs to be tested. We conducted a laboratory study to quantify the effects of sugarcane straw rates on soil compaction indicators in response to external applied stress. The experiment involved remolded soil cores with four initial bulk densities: 1.25, 1.35, 1.45 and 1.55 Mg m- 3, and five amounts of straw were left on soil surface, equivalent to 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Mg ha- 1. The soil cores were subjected to uniaxial compression test and seven successive vertical static loads (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 kPa) were applied over the soil surface using a pneumatic consolidometer. Soil displacement was measured after each applied load. Based on these values, apparent precompression stress (sigma p), apparent compression index (CI) and final bulk density were calculated as indications of soil deformation. Because, soil inherent properties should not change, we call the changes due to straw layer addition ``apparent{''
Use of bagasse ash in the cement industry is hindered due to a lack of comprehensive information on its influence on concrete. Moreover, a comparison of the potential of bagasse ash with a well-known agricultural by-product, rice husk ash will increase the chance of its acceptance. Hence, physical, chemical, and morphological characteristics of bagasse ash are compared with rice husk ash. Strength of bagasse ash blended concrete, and rice husk ash blended concrete is higher than the control concrete up to 20\% and 15\% of cement replacement levels, respectively. Significant resistance against chloride, water, and air permeability was witnessed for bagasse ash, or rice husk ash blended concrete up to their optimum replacement levels. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) is a waste material of the sugar and alcohol industries. All the researchers reported that SBA when tested in the lab for the elemental composition it was observed that silica was present in huge quantities. Many researchers had investigated on the properties of SBA.SBA had pozzolanic properties and when the silica reacts with free lime (after initial reaction) in the presence of water, it behaves as binding material. The microstructural analysis of SBA provides the information related to presence of different elements. The presence of silica gives the scope of partial replacement of cement. The effect of partially replacing the cement by SBA was observed in mortar. It was replaced by the different researchers in different percentages. This paper provides a brief overview of the utilization of SBA in different ways in concrete. Bagasse ash was used as a partial replacement for cement. The studies mainly aim to determine the behavior of SBA by conducting the different technique such as x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and pozzolanic activity. The microstructural behavior was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ay spectroscopy analysis. The physical and chemical properties of SBA were observed and compared. The different research considered the variation of water-cement ratio from 0.35 to 0.50 and the percentage of bagasse ash varies from 5 to 30 per cent. The effect of SBA on the fresh concrete was observed and the strength variation on replacing the cement by SBA was graphically analyzed. The influence of SBA on mortar and concrete was analyzed. The graphical analysis was done in the view of different innovative work done by the researchers in the field of concrete. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.
As a waste biomass resource with abundant production, sugarcane bagasse is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose with relatively low ash and lignin content, and it is important to effectively separate the three major elements of sugarcane bagasse to achieve its high-value utilization. Treating bagasse by using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is an important method for separating lignin and cellulose. Such technique, which requires mild conditions, has been extensively investigated. In this study, choline chloride (ChCl) was used as the hydrogen bond acceptor, and lactic acid (La) was used as the hydrogen bond donor to synthesize La/ChCl. Alkali-treated bagasse was treated with La/ChCl to remove lignin. The optimal experimental conditions were bagasse:DES ratio of 1:25, temperature of 110 degrees C, and treatment time of 12 h. The lignin removal rate was 86.7\%, and the cellulose content and yield were 85.3\% and 89.1\%, respectively. Treating alkali-pretreated bagasse with DES efficiently separated cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. This study laid the foundation for obtaining high-content cellulose and provided a new method for an efficient utilization of waste bagasse resources.
High fructose recovery yields were obtained using sugarcane syrup and C-molasses (equal to blackstrap molasses) and a fructokinase negative mutant of Zymomonas mobilis. The fructose recovery was 95.7\% with sugarcane syrup and 99.4\% with 300 g/L C-molasses or mixtures of both. High fructose corn syrup of a 48/52 mixture of glucose and fructose gave only a 65-70\% fructose recovery due to high sorbitol formation.
2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) is an important chemical that is utilized to synthesize several valuable chemicals. Direct preparation of DFF from plentiful and inexpensive carbohydrates in a one-pot approach is highly desired. Here, we report the development of a heterogeneous sulfonated amorphous carbon-derived sugarcane bagasse com-bined with KBr as a catalyst system to convert fructose to DFF in a short time and high yield in DMSO. Several reaction conditions, such as the effect of metal bromide, the effect of KBr and carbon-based solid acid catalyst loading, the effect of temperature, the effect of solvent, the effect of substrate, reusability test, and scale-up synthesis, have been investigated. The optimized yield of DFF was 90 \& PLUSMN; 3\% at 140 degrees C in DMSO solvent for 5 h. The approach has several outstanding features, including high chemo-selectivity, high yield, low cost, and recyclable catalyst.
Global ethanol production generates almost 100 billion liters per year of a high-strength liquid waste called vinasse. One sustainable method of treating vinasse using environmental biotechnology is anaerobic digestion, which generates biogas that can be used as a renewable energy resource. Although a number of models have been developed for predicting biogas generation rates, no previous study has modeled liquid organic removal rates for vinasse treatment. The goal of this research was thus to develop models for predicting liquid-phase organic removal rates for anaerobic treatment of vinasse. 6-L laboratory-scale batch reactors were filled with vinasse of six different compositions and operated at three different mesophilic temperatures (30, 35, 40 A degrees C). Biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) were measured over time using Standard Methods 5210B and 5220C. Based on data collected, multiple linear regression equations (R (2) = 0.79 and 0.94) were developed to predict first-order rate constants k (BOD) and k (COD) as functions of temperature and vinasse composition (initial values of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, and sulfur). The first-order models developed require a small number of readily available input parameters. They apply to treatment of vinasse from ethanol produced from corn and milo; future work can test their applicability to ethanol produced from other feedstocks. The models can be used for sizing/design of reactors for anaerobic treatment of vinasse.
The individual and mutual effects of substrate concentration (from 0.8 to 9.2 g/L) and pH (from 4.6 to 7.4) on hydrogen and volatile fatty acids production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were investigated in batch reactors, using a response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The maximum of 23.10 mmoL H-2/L was obtained under optimized conditions of 7.0 g SCB/L and pH 7.2, at 37 degrees C through the acetic acid pathway (1.57 g/L). Butyric and succinic acids were the major volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced in the fermentation process (from 0.66 to 1.88 g/L and from 1.06 to 1.65 g/L, respectively). According to the results, the RSM and CCD were useful tools to achieve high hydrogen production rates using Clostridium, Bacillus and Enterobacter, identified by Illumina sequencing (16S RNAr) in the fermentative consortium, and Clostridium and Paenibacillus, autochthonous bacteria from SCB. Significant changes were observed in the microbial community according to the changes in the independent variables, since the genera in the central point condition (5.0 g SCB/L and pH 6.0) were Lactobacillus, Escherichia and Clostridium, and Bacteroides and Enterobacter, which were identified in the optimized condition (7.0 g SCB/L and pH 7.2).
In this study, an energetic, economic and environmental feasibility for the anaerobic digestion (AD) of press mud previously pre-treated with liquid hot water (LHW) or thermo-alkaline (TA) methods were assessed. A typical Cuban sugar mill was selected as Case Study. The sugar mill has a potential capacity to process 4,600 t d(-1) of sugar cane and operates 130 days per year. The biogas produced can be used to feed an internal combustion engine to produce electricity and heat. It was assumed that the electricity will be sold to the national electric grid and the heat recovered from the exhaust gases will be used as energy source to supply the thermal demand for press mud pre-treatments. The thermal requirements for pre-treatments (9.4 and 12.1 MWh d(-1)) were energy sufficient by recovering the heat from the engine exhaust. For the alternatives considered, an improvement of the environmental profile with respect to the reference scenario was obtained. The profitability of methane production also increased for alternatives considering pre-treatment. In general, the economical, energetic and environmental assessment showed the best indicators for the AD of press mud using LHW pre-treatment.
The present study, sugarcane straw residue (SCS) was submitted to a combination of mild alkaline pretreatment and ozone cycles in a rotary reactor aiming to obtain fermentable sugars. The SCS exposed to short ozone cycles and short reaction times proved to be as efficient as long ozone exposure times usually employed, with no significant variation on the concentration of the fermentable sugars. Also, studies carried out on the ozone concentration, ozone exposure time, reaction time and biomass amount on the ozonolysis process were conducted. The washing processes after alkaline pretreatment and ozonolysis were also studied. During the alkaline pretreatment, approximately 73\% of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was generated. After the first wash 79\% of the TPC was washed away and 95\% was removed after the second wash. The TPC content in wash solution obtained after ozonolysis is about 2.3\% of the TPC generated with the alkaline pretreatment. For the enzymatic hydrolysate 0.20 g L-1 of TPC was obtained, a low value compared to similar studies. The inhibitor detected in the highest concentration was acetic acid for all solutions, except for ozonolysis where fumaric acid predominated. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural were detected in amounts of less than 10 mg L-1. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper compares the physico-chemical characterization of bagasse and sugarcane straw used for second-generation ethanol process and the waste produced in a pilot plant. The bagasse was obtained from conventional ethanol process. The cane straw was pruned in a hammer mill and also sent to the second-generation process. Analysis of the bagasse and the residue after hydrolysis indicated that about 64\% of the cellulose and 95\% of the hemicellulose in the sample was converted to sugars during hydrolysis. Much of the cellulose therefore remains in the final residue together with the lignin. Results for the available energy from the waste generated during the production of first- and second-generation ethanol indicate considerable potential for thermal power generation. For an integrated plant, with conventional ethanol production, second generation ethanol production and a cogeneration system burning sugarcane straw and process residues, energy self-sufficiency is achieved by using only 36\% of the cane straw recovery from the field. In this case, 63 kWh is the surplus electricity generated per ton of cane processed.
Over 90\% of the original hemicelluloses in the cell walls of bagasse were sequentially extracted with distilled water, 0.5 M NaOH, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0\% H2O2 at pH 11.5, and 2.0 M NaOH at 55 degreesC for 2 h. Meanwhile, the successive treatments also released 89.0\% of the original lignin. Chemical composition, physico-chemical properties, and structures of the eight hemicelluloses were elucidated by a combination of sugar analysis, nitrobenzene oxidation of bound lignin, molecular determination, Fourier transform infrared, and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis and the results are reported. The results showed that the sequential treatments were very effective on the fractionation of hemicelluloses from bagasse, and the extraction strength, such as alkali and H2O2 concentration, had a great influence on the chemical and structural features of the hemicelluloses, e.g. content of associated lignin and molecular weight. The hemicellulosic fraction, isolated with 0.5\% H2O2 at pH 11.5 for 2 h under 55 degreesC, had a backbone of xylose residues with beta-(1 --> 4) linkages and were branched mainly through arabinofuranosyl and 4-O-methyl glucopyranosyl units. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were found to be esterified to the hemicelluloses. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, a Fe(M)-impregnated sorbent was prepared from sugarcane bagasse and FeCl3 solution via carbonization/activation in a muffle furnace at 500 degrees C for 4h. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the capacity of the Fe(III)-impregnated sorbent to adsorb As(V) from aqueous solution. The dynamical data fitted very well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the calculated adsorption capacities of 4.8263, 5.2219 and 7.1225 mg/g were equal to the actual values of the experiments at temperatures of 20, 25, and 35 degrees C, respectively. The experimental data were modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm with R-2 values of 0.9926-0.9968 could yield better fits than the Freundlich isotherm, and the adsorption was endothermic, indicating monolayer adsorption of As(V).
The aim of the present study is to extract potential thermoplastic polysaccharides from agricultural industrial wastes. Polysaccharides were extracted from renewable agro industrial wastes such as tamarind seeds {[
Heavy metal pollution is a major problem in the environment due to its extreme toxicity towards aquatic life and humans. Hence, there is a need for controlling its emission into the environment. Among the different technologies for heavy metals removal, adsorption was found to be a common and very efficient due to its availability,Iow cost, easy of operation and efficiency. Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is available in abundant quantity and is widely used as an adsorbent. SB was used in different metal detoxifications in water and wastewater such as the sorption of Zn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions from their aqueous solution. SB was characterized and has been used in two directions for heavy metals removal; before and after modification by H2SO4. In this study, Variety parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and the initial metal ions concentration were studied in batch experiments. The maximum removal capacities for Zn(II) were 92\% for untreated SB and 96\% for treated SB with H2SO4, for Pb(II) were found 86\% for untreated SB and 92\% for treated SB with H2SO4 while for Ni(II) were found 78\% for untreated SB and 90\% for treated SB with H2SO4 at optimum conditions. The maximum removal of Zn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) was obtained at 5 mu g/ml initial concentration. It was noted that the metal ion removal capacity for SB-H2SO4 more than SB-native, which indicated that the chemical treatment enhanced the biosorption of metal ions. To describe the adsorption isotherms, langmuir and freundlich models were used where langmuir isotherm was found to be more fitted (R-2 = 0.99) than freundlich isotherm(R-2=0.91-0.97). The biosorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics. This study showed that SB is a suitable and low cost-effective adsorbent for Zn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions removal from their aqueous solutions.
The low reactivity of lignin hinders its application as a phenol substitute in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. Therefore, the combination of fractionation and phenolation was adopted to enhance the reactivity of lignin for preparing a phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive. Sugarcane bagasse kraft lignin and its fractions were employed to replace 40 wt\% of phenol to prepare a PF adhesive. The fractionation increased the reactivity of lignin, however the as-prepared lignin-based PF (LPF) hardly met its application requirements as an adhesive. Therefore, the phenolation of lignin under an acidic condition was adopted to further improve its reactivity. The phenolated lignin was characterized by FTIR, gel permeation chromatography, and NMR, indicating its active sites increased while its molecular weight decreased. The phenolated lignin was used to replace 40 wt\% of phenol to prepare a PF adhesive (PLPF) which was further employed to prepare plywood. The results indicated that the combination of fractionation and phenolation effectively enhanced the reactivity of lignin, and eventually improved the properties of the PLPF and its corresponding plywood. The free formaldehyde content of PLPF decreased to 0.16\%. The wet bonding strength of the as-prepared plywood increased to 1.36 MPa, while the emission of formaldehyde decreased to 0.31 mL/L.
The reaction data of hydroesterification of waste oil, under pressurized conditions, were collected and the adsorption of compounds from ester mixture by sugarcane bagasse ash was evaluated. The reactions were conducted in a continuous reactor to evaluate of the effect of temperature and residence time. In the hydrolysis, the evaluated variables promoted an increase in free fatty acid (FFA) formation. However, at the highest temperature evaluated (320 degrees C), the equilibrium was reached after 12 min, obtaining 91.68\% of FFA. Temperature and residence time increased the FFA conversion, although at 300 degrees C the conversion was stabilized after 10 min and ester yield after 20 min, thereby obtaining a 96.42\% of FFA conversion with 74\% of ester content. In the adsorption, the percentage of adsorbent and contact time varied for the FFA removal and polar compounds (PC). The adsorption equilibrium was reached with 12.5 wt\% of ash and after 8 h 33.22\% of FFA and 56.31\% of PC were absorbed. Adsorption in four successive beds was also evaluated, changing the adsorbent mass every 8 h, maintaining the same adsorbate. The results indicated the removal of 43.89\% of FFA and 73.08\% of PC after the 4th bed.
During the pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain a hydrolysate rich in fermentable sugars, furaldehydes (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural), phenolic compounds, and organic acids are formed and released. These compounds inhibit yeast metabolism, reducing fermentation yields and productivity. This study initially confirmed the ability of Spathaspora passalidarum to ferment xylose and demonstrated its sensibility to the inhibitors present in the hemicellulosic sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Then, an adaptive laboratory evolution, with progressive increments of hydrolysate concentration, was employed to select a strain more resistant to hydrolysate inhibitors. Afterward, a central composite design was performed to maximize ethanol production using hydrolysate as substrate. At optimized conditions (initial cell concentration of 30 g/L), S. passalidarum was able to produce 19.4 g/L of ethanol with productivity, yield, and xylose consumption rate of 0.8 g/L.h and 0.4 g/g, respectively, in a sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. A kinetic model was developed to describe the inhibition of fermentation by substrate and product. The values obtained for substrate saturation and inhibition constant were K-s = 120.4 g/L and K-i = 1293.4 g/L. Ethanol concentration that stops cell growth was 30.1 g/L. There was an agreement between simulated and experimental results, with a residual standard deviation lower than 6\%.
Second generation ethanol has the prospect of becoming an important bioenergy alternative. The development of this technology is associated with the lignocellulosic materials' use, with emphasis on agricultural and agroindustrial by-products from which fermentable sugar can be produced. The acid hydrolysis depolymerizes the hemicellulose releasing mainly xylose. Subsequently, the cellulose can be converted into glucose by enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the acid hydrolysis produces toxic compounds, such as furan derivatives, phenolics, and organic acids, which are harmful to fermentative microorganisms. This study investigated different acid concentrations in the sulfuric acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (1- 5\% m/v) and the use of adsorbents with the prerogative to improve the acid hydrolysate (AH) quality for microbial ethanolic fermentation. Cell growth and fermentative yield of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2) and Scheffersomyces stipitis (NRRL Y-7124) were evaluated. AH was used as a source of pentoses (17.7 g L-1) and molasses (ME) sugarcane as source of hexoses (47 g L-1). The following adsorbents were used: activated charcoal, clay, hydrotalcite and active and inactive cells of PE-2 and NRRL Y-7124, at concentrations ranging (1 - 8\% m/v). Results of cell growth and chemical characterization allowed to select the most effective adsorbents with emphasis for active cells that removed 66\% furfural and 51\% 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural) (5-HMF) and alcoholic productivity of 23.5 g L-1 in AH and ME substrates, in the presence of mixed culture. These results indicate the application of active yeast cells in the detoxification of acid hydrolysates of the sugarcane bagasse previously to the fermentation.
This study investigated the coarse aggregate grades and the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a replacement for cement to examine their effect on concrete strength. Ten concrete mixes were prepared in two groups using a 1:2:4 mix ratio and a 0.48 water-to-binder ratio. Sugarcane bagasse ash was used in 0 and 10\% dosages by weight of cement. Five grades of aggregates were used: 4.75-7, 7-10, 10- 13, 13- 20, and 4.7520mm. Six 6{''
Over the last few years the brazilian sugarcane sector has produced an average of 23.5 million liters of ethanol annually. This scale of production generates large amounts of vinasse, which depending on the manner that is disposed, can result significant greenhouse gas emissions. This study aimed to quantify the methane (CH4) emissions associated with the two most widespread systems of vinasse storage and transportation used in Brazil; open channel and those comprising of tanks and pipes. Additionally, a laboratory incubation study was performed with the aim of isolating the effects of vinasse, sediment and the interaction between these factors on CH4 emissions. We observed significant differences in CH4 emissions between the sampling points along the channels during both years of evaluation (2012-2013). In the channel system, around 80\% of CH4 emissions were recorded from uncoated sections. Overall, the average CH4 emission intensity was 1.36 kg CO(2)eq m(-3) of vinasse transported in open channels, which was 620 times higher than vinasse transported through a system of tanks and closed pipes. The laboratory incubation corroborated field results, suggesting that vinasse alone does not contribute significant emissions of CH4. Higher CH4 emissions were observed when vinasse and sediment were incubated together. In summary, our findings demonstrate that CH4 emissions originate through the anaerobic decomposition of organic material deposited on the bottom of channels and tanks. The adoption of coated channels as a substitute to uncoated channels offers the potential for an effective and affordable means of reducing CH4 emissions. Ultimately, the modernization of vinasse storage and transportation systems through the adoption of tank and closed pipe systems will provide an effective strategy for mitigating CH4 emissions generated during the disposal phase of the sugarcane ethanol production process. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The production and characterization of cellulase from thermophilic strain Bacillus sp. C1AC5507 was studied. For enzyme production, sugarcane bagasse was used as carbon source. The produced carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) had a molecular weight around 55 kDa and its activity varied between 0.14 and 0.37 IU mL(-1) in conditions predicted by Response Surface Methodology. The optimum temperature and pH for the CMCase production were 70 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited mostly by Cu+2 and activated mostly by Co+2, Mn2+, Ca+2 and Fe+3. Our findings provide a contribution to the use of natural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse as substrate for growth and production of thermophilic CMCase. Further optimization to increase the production of cellulase enables the use in industrial applications.
This study aims to investigate the role of water and ethanol in ethanol/water mixed solvent system, co-liquefaction of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to produce high quality bio-oil. It was revealed that various ethanol/water mixing ratios led to various reaction mechanisms, which indicates that there is a clear synergy effect between water and ethanol liquefaction process in three reaction media. The conversion and bio-oil yield approach were in the order of pure water < pure ethanol < water/ethanol mixed solvent regardless of the feedstock composition. Furthermore, detailed analysis of bio-oils was preformed such as CHNSIO analysis, chemical composition, C-13 and H-1 NMR analysis, higher heating value (HHV), TGA and FTIR analysis. The sugarcane bagasse-plastics derived bio-oil was found effective to enhance the qualitative properties of bio-oils compared from the pure sugarcane bagasse. The co-liquefaction of HDPE and SCB in mixed solvent was found more effective to enhance the qualitative and quantitative features of bio-oils compared to sole water and ethanol solvent. (C) 2021 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The influence of biochar (BC) on anerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes have been widely studied. However, the effect of BC on rate-limiting step during AD of lignocellulosic waste, i.e. the hydrolysis and acidogenesis step, is rarely studied and the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. In this study, the benefits of BC with respect to dark fermentative hydrogen production were explored in a fermentation system by a heat-shocked consortium from sewage sludge (SS) with pretreated sugarcane bagasse (PSCB) as carbon source. The results showed that biochar boosted biohydrogen production by 317.1\% through stimulating bacterial growth, improving critical enzymatic activities, manipulating the ratio of NADH/NAD+ and enhancing electron transfer efficiency of fermentation system. Furthermore, cellulolytic Lachnospiraceae was efficiently enriched and electroactive bacteria were selectively colonized and the ecological niche was formed on the surface of biochar. Synergistic effect between functional bacteria and extracellular electron transfer (EET) in electroactive bacteria were assumed to be established and maintained by biochar amendment. This study shed light on the underlying mechanisms of improved performance of biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic waste during mesophilic dark fermentation by BC supplementation.
In this study, a green and efficient leaching system utilizing methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sugarcane molasses is investigated, and conditions optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Results show that molasses is capable of reducing the oxidation state thus facilitating the leaching of the transition metals and lithium. The dissolution rate of the metals in molasses-methanesulfonic acid media is observed to be fast and temperature dependent. >98\% of all the metals can be dissolved under the optimized leaching condition of 2 M MSA, reductant dosage of 0.408 g (molasses)/g (cathode material) on a wet molasses (18.5\% moisture) and dry cathode material basis, solid-liquid ratio of 50 g/L, 90 C and 60 min. The proposed system provides an efficient waste-to-wealth approach that utilizes an agro-industrial by-product to recover hazardous metals present in spent LIBs.
An experiment of 60 days duration was carried out to compare dry matter and protein digestibility of periphyton grown on sugarcane bagasse bundles and a pelleted feed in Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795). Advanced fingerlings maintained in glass aquaria were allowed to feed on fresh periphyton or pelleted feed (20\% crude protein) daily morning, the fecal matter collected following standard procedure and analysed for proximate composition. Acid insoluble ash was used as the reference marker for digestibility estimation. Activity of total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase -A and B, amylase, lipase and cellulase in the gut of fish was estimated at the end of the feeding trial. Periphyton and pelleted feed showed similar (p>0.05) protein digestibility (92.29 and 89.21\% respectively), while total dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) with peiphyton (85.44 and 75.16\% respectively). Among the proteases estimated, activity of total protease and carboxypeptidase B was higher (p<0.05) in fish fed periphyton, whereas activity of others showed no difference between those receiving periphyton and pelleted feed (p>0.05). Activity of carbohydrases and lipase was higher in fish fed pelleted feed. Results of the study cleary indicated that L. fimbriatus can efficiently utilise periphyton.
In this research, the upgrading of agro-industrial wastes was investigated by using the torrefaction pretreatment tech-nique. Two types of biomass waste, including sugarcane bagasse (SBG) and palm kernel shell (PKS), were used as raw materials. The operating conditions, i.e., torrefaction temperature and residence time, are between 225-300 degrees C and 30-90 minutes. The findings show that, in terms of mass yield and calorific value of the solid product, the torrefaction temperature is a more sensitive parameter than the residence time. By increasing the torrefaction tem-perature from 225 to 300 degrees C, the mass yields are dropped in the range of 28.79-31.57 wt.\% and 28.00-29.88 wt.\%, while the effect of holding time exhibits the mass yield decreasing only 3.12-5.90 wt.\% and 1.53-3.41 wt.\%, for SBG and PKS torrefaction, respectively. In terms of calorific value, higher heating values increase as torrefaction severity increases, varying in the range of 0.29-2.84 MJ/kg, with torrefaction temperature as the dominant factor. Regarding the calorific value, energy yield, energy gain, and energy-mass co-benefit index, the optimal operating conditions for SBG and PKS torrefactions are the same condition as 275 degrees C for 90 minutes. SBG and PKS bio-coals obtained from torrefaction are promising solid fuels with high calorific value (about 23 MJ/kg), with an energy yield of 73.93-77.41\%, relative to coal that could be further utilized for co-firing in thermal power plants.
The properties of sugarcane filled poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites after various treatments were studied. The studied chemical treatments were fiber treatment with benzoic acid, fiber treatment with sodium hydroxide, and the incorporation of poly{[
Sugarcane bagasse, the major by-product of the sugarcane industry, can be used to produce valuable materials such as cellulose or cellulose-based materials. In order to obtain more accessible and purified cellulose, pre-treatment processes of lignocellulosic feedstocks are applied to decompose the complex cellulose-lignin-hemicellulose matrix, which facilitates access to isolated compounds. The influence of various autohydrolysis conditions, alkaline sulfite extraction and bleaching were evaluated in terms of extract yield, chemical profile and structural properties upon a solid fraction rich in cellulose. Among the treatments applied, autohydrolysis at 170 degrees C for 1 h followed by a bleaching step was the treatment that presented the best results in terms of cellulose purity (77.8\%), crystallinity (73.4\%), whiteness and glucose production by enzymatic hydrolysis, when compared with the non-treated fraction. The combination of autohydrolysis with a totally chlorine free bleaching step showed as a promising eco-friendliness alternative to obtain a white and solid fraction rich in cellulose, thus contributing to the valorization of this by-product.
Background: Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) are auxiliary accessory enzymes that act synergistically with cellulases and which are increasingly being used in second-generation bioethanol production from biomasses. Several LPMOs have been identified in various filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus fumigants. However, many LPMOs have not been characterized yet. Objective: To report the role of uncharacterized A. fumigatus AfAA9\_B LPMO. Methods: qRT-PCR analysis was employed to analyze the LPMO gene expression profile in different carbon sources. The gene encoding an AfAA9\_B (A fu4g07850) was cloned into the vector pET-28a(+), expressed in the E. coli strain Rosetta (TM) (DE3) pLysS, and purified by a Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic (Ni-NTA) agarose resin. To evaluate the specific LPMO activity, the purified protein peroxidase activity was assessed. The auxiliary LPMO activity was investigated by the synergistic activity in Celluclast 1.5L enzymatic cocktail. Results: LPMO was highly induced in complex biomass like sugarcane bagasse (SEB), Avicel (R) PH-101, and CM-cellulose. The LPMO gene encoded a protein comprising 250 amino acids, without a CBM domain. After protein purification, the AfAA9\_B molecular mass estimated by SDS-PAGE was 35 kDa. The purified protein specific peroxidase activity was 8.33+ 1.9 U g(-1). Upon addition to Celluclast 1.5L, Avicel (R) PH-101 and SEB hydrolysis increased by 18\% and 22\%, respectively. Conclusion: A. fumigatus LPMO is a promising candidate to enhance the currently available enzymatic cocktail and can therefore be used in second-generation ethanol production.
Sugarcane sugar and bagasse can be utilized for the production of ethanol or other biofuels. A better understanding of the changes in composition with development along the stalk and with crop development will maximize the usage of sugarcane for this purpose. Two experiments were designed to elucidate internode composition changes during the growing season. In experiment 1, an internode of stalks of 5 modern cultivars were marked at the start of elongation, and then sampled every 1 to 2 weeks from July until October. Sugars were extracted and assayed, and a sequential detergent method was used to estimate hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin contents. In experiment 2, internodes 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 down the stalk were sampled in late July (grand growth) and late September (ripening). Internode length, fresh weight, dry weight, water content, and sugar contents were determined as well as cell wall composition. Both experiments were repeated in 2 years. As internodes elongated, total sugar increased, and hemicellulose decreased as a proportion of neutral detergent fiber, while cellulose and lignin increased. After elongation, sucrose and lignin increased, and cellulose content decreased with internode age. The variability in cell wall composition among the five cultivars suggests that selection for desirable composition may be possible. In Experiment 2, hemicellulose contents were lower, and lignin and ash contents were higher at ripening than during grand growth. Delaying sugarcane harvest to maximize sucrose content may decrease bagasse suitability for cellulosic ethanol production because of the increased lignin content.
Agricultural countries suffer from growth problems of agricultural waste ash (AWA). This research paper studies the use of AWA as a partial substitute for cement to produce ultrahigh-strength concrete (UHSC). This paper also investigates the effect of using sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and corn stalk ash (CSA) on the properties of UHSC. Residues from the combustion process of agricultural wastes are utilized as a pozzolanic material inserted as a partial substitute for cement for UHSC production. The replacement rates of cement by the SBA were 10\%, 20\%, and 30\% of the mass, whilst those of cement by the CSA were 2\%, 4\%, 6\%, and 8\% of the mass. The effects of SBA and CSA on workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity on UHSC properties were investigated. In addition, the effects of SBA and CSA on resistance to chloride ion penetration and water sorptivity and permeability in UHSC were investigated. The investigations showed impressive results. That is, producing UHSC with respective compressive and flexural strengths of more than 205 and 27 MPa is possible when 24\% of cement mass replacement by AWA (SBA 20\% + CSA 4\%) is conducted at the test age of 28 days. The lowest permeability is achieved with 38\% of cement mass replacement by AWA (SBA 30\% + CSA 8\%) of 140 coulombs and 0.95 (cm/sec) for chloride and water permeability, respectively.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
In this work, a kinetic model considering the effect of temperature was employed to assess the dynamic behavior of an ethanol fermentation process. To calibrate the model, experimental data were obtained from batch cultures using cellulosic hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse blended with sugarcane molasses at 75\% and 25\% in volume, respectively, as carbon sources. The kinetic model with its parameters is applied in the simulation of a continuous fermentation process for ethanol production. The system is a typical large-scale industrial process consisting of four fermenters attached in series and operated with cell recycling. Based on dynamic simulation of the process, a suitable Infinite-Horizon Model Predictive Control (IH-MPC) was applied to deal with the fluctuation of the sugar concentration in the raw material. The control objective is to maintain the outlet sugar concentration of the fourth reactor at a desired value, by manipulating the feed flow rate. This strategy was tested for both disturbance rejection (regulatory problem) and changes in the output reference (servo problem).
The conversion processes of sugarcane into direct-consumption sugar and juice are generating a tremendous amount of waste, the so-called sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Biochar preparation is among the practical solutions aiming to manage and valorize SCB into high added-value functional material (FM).Herein, we propose a novel zero-waste pathway to fabricate two FMs from one biomass. The SCB was first macerated and ultrasonicated to obtain the natural extract that served as bio-reducing medium. Then, the H2O/ EtOH-extracted SCB was in-situ impregnated with a bimetallic solution of copper and silver nitrates. The process produced an intermediate composite (FM0), Ag/Cu-Ag+/Cu2+-loaded SCB which was carbonized to elaborate Ag/Cu-Biochar (FM1), free Ag/Cu nanoparticles (FM2) were obtained by microwaving the residual liquid waste.FM1 exhibited high catalytic activity for the total Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue. The experimental data followed the pseudo-first and the pseudo-second order rate laws with apparent degradation rate constants K1 45 10-3 min-1 and K2 0.115 g.mg- 1.min- 1, respectively. FM0, FM1 and FM2 were tested as new anti-kinetoplastid materials against two flagellated protozoans namely the Leishmania spp and the Trypanosoma cruzi. Notably, Ag/Cu (FM2) showed exceptional leishmanicidal and trypanocidal effects with IC50 values of 2.909 +/- 0.051, 3.580 +/- 0.016 and 3.020 +/- 0.372 ppm for L.donovani, L. amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. In this way, we combine green chemistry and agrowaste valorization in a full zero-waste process, to address the 3rd (indicator 3.3.5) and 6th (indicator 6.3.1) United Nations sustainable development goals, `' Good Health and Well-Being `' and `' Clean Water and Sanitation `'.
Biodegradation of phenolic compounds in wastewater can be effectively carried out in packed bed reactors (PBRs) employing immobilized microorganisms. A low-cost, reusable immobilization matrix in PBR can provide economic advantages in large scale removal of high concentration phenol. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency and reusability of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost immobilization support for high strength phenol removal in recirculating upflow PBR. An isolated yeast Candida tropicalis PHB5 was immobilized onto the SCB support and packed into the reactor to assess phenol biodegradation at various influent flow rates. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited substantial cell attachment within the pith and onto the fibrous strand surface of the SCB support. The PBR showed 97\% removal efficiency at the initial phenol concentration of 2400 mg L-1 and 4 mL min(-1) flow rate within 54 h. Biodegradation kinetic studies revealed that the phenol biodegradation rate and biodegradation rate constant were dependent on the influent flow rate. A relatively higher rate of biodegradation (64.20 mg g(-1) h(-1)) was found at a flow rate of 8 mL min(-1), indicating rapid phenol removal in the PBR. Up to six successive batches (phenol removal > 94\%) were successfully applied in the PBR using an initial phenol concentration of 400-2400 mg L-1 at a flow rate of 4 mL min(-1) indicating the reusability of the PBR system. The SCB-immobilized C. tropicalis could be employed as a cost-effective packing material for removal of high strength phenolic compounds in real scale PBR.
Present study aims at sustainable utilization of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for production of valuable prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) along with second generation ethanol. Fractionation of SCB into hemicellulose rich liquid fraction and cellulose rich solid residue was achieved using alkaline treatment. Carbohydrate rich precipitate obtained from liquid fraction was utilized for XOS production using inhouse produced endoxylanase. XOS production from SCB xylan was optimized by employing response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions, maximum XOS yield was 227.72 mg/g of carbohydrate rich precipitates. The solid residue obtained after alkaline pretreatment was used for ethanol fermentation by prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (P-SSF) process using cellulolytic enzyme cocktail and Saccharomyces cerevisiae SM1. Maximum ethanol concentration, productivity and yield were 79.76 +/- 0.16 g/L, 0.83 g/L/h and 69.38\%, respectively by employing P-SSF process. Based on the experimental data it can be predicted that bioconversion of 100 g raw SCB can yield 6.26 g of XOS (DP 2-DP 5), 15.95 g ethanol and 1.44 g of xylitol. Present investigation reports an integrated process for effective bioconversion of SCB into value added products by maximum utilization of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions simultaneously using indigenously produced fungal enzymes.
With a view to gaining an in-depth assessment of the response of particleboards (PBs) to different in-service loading conditions, samples of high-density homogeneous PBs of sugarcane bagasse and castor oil polyurethane resin were manufactured and subjected to low velocity impacts using an instrumented drop weight impact tower and four different energy levels, namely 5, 10, 20 and 30 J. The prediction of the damage modes was assessed using Comsol Multiphysics (R). In particular, the random distribution of the fibres and their lengths were reproduced through a robust model. The experimentally obtained dent depths due to the impactor were compared with the ones numerically simulated showing good agreement. The post-impact damage was evaluated by a simultaneous system of image acquisitions coming from two different sensors. In particular, thermograms were recorded during the heating up and cooling down phases, while the specklegrams were gathered one at room temperature (as reference) and the remaining during the cooling down phase. On one hand, the specklegrams were processed via a new software package named Ncorr v.1.2, which is an open-source subset-based 2D digital image correlation (DIC) package that combines modern DIC algorithms proposed in the literature with additional enhancements. On the other hand, the thermographic results linked to a square pulse were compared with those coming from the laser line thermography technique that heats a line-region on the surface of the sample instead of a spot. Surprisingly, both the vibrothermography and the line scanning thermography methods coupled with a robotized system show substantial advantages in the defect detection around the impacted zone.
This investigation's purpose was the evaluation the effects of physical forms of corn and forage sources on growth performance, blood parameters, and ruminal fermentation of Holstein calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves (38.2 \& PLUSMN; 1.2 kg of BW) were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 12 replications for 65 days. The treatments were: 1) Basal diet + mashed form corn + wheat straw (MCWS), 2) Basal diet + flacked form corn + wheat straw (FCWS), 3) Basal diet + mashed form corn+ Sugarcane bagasse (MCSB) and 4) Basal diet + flacked form corn + sugarcane bagasse (FCSB). Final body weight and daily weight gain were affected significantly by the forage (F) factor whereas no effect from C (corn physical forms) and CxF interaction were observed. Skeletal growth parameters were not affected by C, F, and FxC factors. The trial factors did not affect triglyceride, urea and BHBA levels. Glucose level and urea were affected by C and F factors. At 30 and 60 days, calves fed on FCWS had the highest glucose. Also, calves fed the FCSB diet presented higher urea at 30 and 60 days. Acetic acid was affected significantly by C, F, and CxF interaction. Calves fed the MCWS diet had the maximum concentration of acetic acid. At 30 days, propionic acid was affected by C, F, and CxF interaction. Valeric acid was affected by C and F effect at 30 days. While for valeric acid no differences were observed at 60 days.
Experimental evaluation of the effect of the agitation speed and aeration rate (measured by k(L)a) and energy required for ethanol production using sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SBHH) by Scheffersomyces stipitis were studied. Fermentation and purification stages were simulated using the software Aspen Plus with experimental data to understand the overall energy performance of the process. In all experiments, fermentative parameters and the thermal energy required in the ethanol production process were strongly influenced by k(L)a values. The optimum initial k(L)a to achieve the maximal ethanol concentration (15.03 g L-1) and the minimal thermal energy required (1.85 x 10(5) KW per kg ethanol), were found at 8.0 h(-1) (450 rpm and 0.6 vvm). Under this condition, the ethanol yield and productivity were 0.37 g g(-1) and 0.30 g L-1 h(-1), respectively. The current study highlights the ethanol production improvement from hemicellulose hydrolysate by S. stipitis and will contribute to developing a more efficient strategies for fermentation of both cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysates. (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
African oil palm rachis and sugarcane bagasse were used as raw materials to produce cellulose nanofibrils by hybrid method which combine chemical treatment and mechanical rupture. The cellulose obtained from both raw materials after hydrolysis was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Degradation Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction. At the end of the mechanical rupture, Transmission Electron Microscopy was performed at the nanofibrils to determine their size. A lignin removal percentage of 74,1 \% was observed for the african oil palm rachis and 65,6 \% for the sugarcane bagasse after chemical treatment; which generated microcellulose of 6-12 mu m and 10-18 mu m for the rachis and bagasse respectively. The mechanical rupture treatment with the high-power sonifier produced nanofibrils of 19-24 nm for the palm rachis and 9,22-12 nm for the cane bagasse; with a Crystallinity Index of 70\% in both cases.
Mechanical compaction is often used to densify building earth blocks by reducing the void between the particles. Compacted stabilised earth involves a binder, which holds the particles of the materials together. The compaction and addition of binders to the earth can modify its transport, mechanical, and acoustical properties. In this study, the acoustic transmission coefficient, porosity, and airflow resistivity were investigated by varying the concentrations of water hyacinth ash (WHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) binders. An acoustic test rig comprising an acoustic wave guide made from joined water pipes was employed to analyse the influence of the WHA and SBA binders on the acoustical performance of the earth blocks. It was found out that the measured acoustic wave transmission was sensitive to the variation in the composition of WHA and SBA in the earth blocks. Increasing the WHA concentration led to an increase in the acoustic transmission coefficient and porosity, but reduced the airflow resistivity of the compressed earth blocks; while increasing the SBA reduced the transmission coefficient and porosity, but increased the airflow resistivity. This shows that SBA has a stronger binding property than WHA, which is ideal for the manufacture of stronger earth blocks, while the higher porosity of the earth blocks obtained with WHA is good for the construction of porous walls, which is good for maintaining the airflow between the inside of buildings and the surrounding.
This paper evaluates the fermentative potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus grown in sugarcane bagasse cellulosic and hemicellulosic hydrolysates obtained by acid hydrolysis. Ethanol was obtained from a single glucose fermentation product, whereas xylose assimilation resulted in xylitol as the main product and ethanol as a by-product derived from the metabolism of this pentose. Fermentation performed in a simulated hydrolysate medium with a glucose concentration similar to that of the hydrolysate resulted in ethanol productivity (Qp = 0.86 g L-1 h(-1)) that was tenfold higher than the one observed in the cellulosic hydrolysate. However, the use of hemicellulosic hydrolysate favored xylose assimilation in comparison with simulated medium with xylose and glucose concentrations similar to those found in this hydrolysate, without toxic compounds such as acetic acid and phenols. Under this condition, xylitol yield was 53.8 \% higher in relation to simulated medium. Thus, the total removal of toxic compounds from the hydrolysate is not necessary to obtain bioproducts from lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of combining clomazone + hexazinone and straw cover to control weeds in raw sugarcane area. The species Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla were evaluated. The herbicide rate used was 2.2 kg ha(-1) of the commercial product, corresponding to 880 and 220 g ha(-1) of the active ingredients, clomazone and hexazinone, respectively. The treatments were: T1) seeding + 5 t ha(-1) of straw + application + rain 30 mm (1 DAA); T2) seeding + rain (30 mm) + 5 t ha(-1) of straw + application; T3) seeding + application + 5 t ha(-1) of straw; T4) seeding + 5 t ha(-1) of straw + rain (30 mm) + application (after 12h); T5) seeding + 5 t ha(-1) of straw + application + rain 2.5 mm (after application); T6) seeding + application + rain (30 mm); T7) control without straw, and T8) control with 5 t ha(-1) straw, totaling eight treatments with four replications in a randomized block design. A visual control evaluation was carried out at 6, 13, 21, 27 and 35 days after application (DAA). For the species B. decumbens, the best treatments observed were when the herbicide was applied directly on the soil, or not receiving a layer of straw on the ground and when it was applied on the layer of straw, with rainfall following application. For the species E. heterophylla, the results were quite satisfactory, providing averages of 98\% of control, when rainfall occurred after herbicide application. In general, herbicide treatments in the absence or presence of straw, and subsequent rainfall and/or soil moisture, provided a full control of I. hederifolia, at 35 DAA. All treatments showed excellent control of the species I. grandifolia.
An effective bioconversion of xylose into xylitol by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 requires sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate with a high level of xylose and a low concentrations of toxic compounds. The composition of the hydrolyzate depends on the vacuum evaporation process variables (pH, temperature, xylose concentration degree and treatment with activated charcoal before or after the process). The influence of these variables on xylitol volumetric productivity was measured using a 2(5-1) fractional factorial central composite design followed by a response surface methodology. The model predicted a xylitol volumetric productivity of 0.350 g/l h in hydrolyzate treated with charcoal (pH 0.92) and subsequently evaporated under vacuum to reach a xylose concentration of 51.0 g/l. Under these conditions, the xylose, acetic acid and arabinose consumption levels were 93, 57 and 13.62\%, respectively, and xylitol yield and production were 0.54 g/g and 24.33 g/l, respectively. The final cell concentration was fivefold, the initial value (0.278 x 10(8) cell/ml). The temperature levels (43-80 degreesC) tested during vacuum evaporation did not influence xylitol production significantly. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bioenergy plants in Cuba that generate electricity from sugarcane bagasse have limited use of sugarcane trash (SCT) of up to 10\% due to some technical problems, mainly associated with sintering, deposits, incrustations and corrosion, reducing the efficiency, and increasing maintenance and energy production costs. This publication is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art knowledge in this field to identify actual trends, experiences, and the most effective treatments to reduce these drawbacks. Here, we review the most used pretreatment methods, classified into physical, chemical, biological, and multiple or combinatorial pretreatments. Our main findings are that the best option for handling SCT is to leave ca. 50\% on the field and take the other 50\% to the factory together with the cane, where a dry cane cleaning system is installed, and that among the most effective dry cleaning designs for SCT separation are vibratory roller systems and pneumatic cleaning. Additionally, SCT needs to be mixed with bagasse before firing. Biological pretreatments employ microorganisms that degrade lignin and hemicellulose, and their use is outside the context of thermochemical conversion of SCT.
A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation with pulsed amperometric detection of phenolic acids at a glassy carbon electrode is described. Chromatographic separation was carried out in isocratic conditions using 0.20 mol.L-1 acetic acid (pH 5.0)/water (80 : 20, v/v) as mobile phase under constant working potential mode of 0.80 V. Chromatographic peaks presented high resolution and separation. Calibration curves exhibited excellent correlation coeffcients, above 0.995. Linear ranges of the analytes, in mg L-1, were of 0.018-18 (gallic acid), 0.146-19 (vanillic acid), 0.13-17 (caffeic acid), 0.016-16 (ferulic acid), and 0.008-17 (p-coumaric acid), respectively. Limits of detection ranged from 1.6 to 97 mu g.L-1 and precision varied in 1.73-3.78\% interval. Concentrations of 19 +/- 0.51mg.L-1 and 7.8 +/- 2.5 mg.L-1 were found for vanillic and caffeic acids, respectively, in a sugarcane vinasse sample. Gallic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids were not detected. Recovery results demonstrated that the proposed method is accurate, and it can be used to detect and quantify phenolic acids in sugarcane vinasse without any influence of interferents.
Pullulan is a polymer produced by Aureobasidium pullulans and the main bottleneck for its industrial production is the presence of melanin pigment. In this study, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths were used to assist the fermentation process aiming to produce low-melanin containing pullulan by wild strain of A. pullulans LB83 with different carbon sources. Under white light using glucose-based medium, 11.75 g.L (1) of pullulan with high melanin content (45.70 UA540nm. g (1)) was obtained, this production improved in process assisted by blue LED light, that resulted in 15.77 g.L (1) of pullulan with reduced content of melanin (4.46 UA(540nm.)g (1)). By using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate as carbon source, similar concentration of pullulan (about 20 g.L (1)) was achieved using white and blue LED lights, with lower melanin contents in last. Use of LED light was found as a promising approach to assist biotechnological process for low-melanin containing pullulan production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study evaluated the effect of different N fertilizer application methods on N2O and CH4 emissions and on sugarcane biomass yields over two successive growing seasons. Treatments included three methods of N fertilizer (120 kg ha(-1) N) application: 1) above the straw layer; 2) below the straw layer; 3) incorporated into the soil (at 0.1-m soil depth) below the straw layer; and 4) no N application (control). Sugarcane yield for the above straw treatment was, on average, 12\% and 15\% lower than below the straw and incorporated into the soil, respectively. Emissions of CH4 were very low and unaffected by N fertilizer placement. The method and timing of N application influenced N2O emissions. For both years, higher N2O emissions were observed from the above straw, followed by below straw and incorporated treatments. Except for the above straw treatment during the wet season, the N2O emission factors ranged from 0.08 to 0.62 and were lower than the IPCC default value (1\%). The intensity of N2O emissions was, on average, 7.45, 3.97 and 3.3 kg CO(2)eq Mg stalk(-1) for N applied above straw, below straw and incorporated into the soil, respectively. Changes in the N fertilizer placement method and on the timing of application can significantly reduce GHG emissions during sugarcane production, making a significant contribution toward a cleaner production of sugarcane ethanol.
Water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and sugarcane bagasse ash sand (SBAS) can be used as fine aggregate in cementitious composites. This paper aims to evaluate carbonation depth, chloride penetration, steel corrosion probability, and corrosion rate of cementitious repair mortars produced with 3\% WTPS and 30\% SBAS. The results showed SBAS mortars have the best performance in relation to carbonation and chloride penetration tests. WTPS mortars have similar results to the reference sample. Both mixes with by-products were able to provide a more protective environment for steel reinforcement. They presented a delayed steel corrosion probability of 25\% (for 3WTPS) and 113\% (for 30SBAS) in comparison to the reference sample. This is due to increased alkalinity and refinement of pores given by incorporation of fine waste materials. Moreover, 3WTPS and 30SBAS can significantly reduce corrosion rates of steel reinforcement in the order of 70\% and 97\%, respectively. Therefore, 3WTPS and 30SBAS composites can be satisfactory used in jacketing repair mortars for more eco-efficient and durable constructions.
Material balance and preliminary technical analyses of pilot scale sugarcane bagasse alkaline pretreatment, using sodium hydroxide with and without anthraquinone (AQ) addition were analyzed and compared to elucidate the carbohydrates and phenolic components flux in the streams. The lowest carbohydrates solubilization rates (9\% wt for cellulose and 41\% wt for hemicelluloses) were reached for the condition at 130 degrees C with AQ addition, however the highest lignin solubilization (87\% wt) was accomplished for the condition using 170 degrees C with AQ addition. Preliminary technical analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance of the best pretreatment condition when integrated to a first and second generation ethanol plant, in a biorefinery concept, showing that 83.03 m(3)/h of ethanol can be produced by this process. Ethanol production (in L/ton biomass) for proposed process is 8.1\% lower than the expected for short terms technologies concluding that upgrades on the process, as higher solids concentrations and lignin energy use or, principally, lignin valorization must be performed to allow viability of the process.
This paper describes a pretreatment option to sugarcane bagasse fibers for their use in composite preparation with unsaturated polyester. Sugarcane bagasse fibers modified by (i) steam explosion and (ii) alkali washing after steam explosion, along with (iii) as-received bagasse fibers were characterized. Steam explosion significantly reduced the amount of hemicelluloses and acid-soluble lignin of bagasse fibers, while acid-insoluble lignin increased proportionally. Alkaline washing of steam-exploded fibers removed nearly 60\% of their acid-insoluble lignin. Polyester matrix composites containing 10 wt.\% of these fibers were prepared by compression molding. Density, thermal stability, water absorption and thermomechanical analysis of the composites containing steam explosion treated bagasse fibers showed improvement in these properties over those of the untreated fiber containing composite. These are explained in terms of the chemical modifications that occurred due to the steam explosion treatments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse, lignocellulosic residue from the sugar industry, is an abundant and renewable bioresource on the earth. The application of ionic liquids in sugarcane bagasse biorefinery is gaining increasing interest. The homogeneous modification of sugarcane bagasse by free radical initiated graft copolymerization of acrylate monomers using 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as solvent was performed. A variety of sugarcane bagasse graft copolymers with different weight percent gain were prepared via adjusting the monomer dosage. FT-IR studies confirmed the success in attaching the poly(acrylate) side chains onto sugarcane bagasse. Oil absorbency studies suggested that the sugarcane bagasse graft copolymers were potential biobased materials for effective treatment of ester-based oils. SEM studies showed that the sugarcane bagasse graft copolymers displayed a dense morphology structure. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the thermal stability of sugarcane bagasse decreased after the homogeneous modification by the graft copolymerization. The present study provides an alternative strategy to convert sugarcane bagasse into a value-added functional biobased material.
Sugarcane bagasse is a cheap carbon source for endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production as it is easily available as by-product from sugar industries. Fermentation conditions for endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production by Bacillus subtilis KIBGE HAS were optimized by using un-treated sugarcane bagasse for induction of endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase and it was found that 2.0 g\% bagasse in fermentation medium induced maximum endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production. It was also found that when sugarcane bagasse was supplemented with different carbon sources, the results showed that lactose, xylose, maltose and sucrose favored endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production, whereas cellobiose and fructose inhibit enzyme production. Maximum endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production was obtained at 40 degrees C keeping the initial pH of the medium at 7.0 before sterilization. Maximum endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production was obtained after 48 h incubation. Among different nitrogen sources, ammonium nitrate enhanced endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase production. The optimal temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 60 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a biochemical cell which is able to transform the chemical energy in organic or inorganic substrates into electrical energy through biochemical pathways. The current study explained the role of methylene blue (MB) as an exogenous electron mediator on the efficiency of bioelectricity generation from sugarcane molasses as a substrate by an anode respiring yeast (biocatalyst) via a microbial fuel cell technology. An anode respiring yeast was isolated from sugarcane molasses and was identified according to 18S rRNA as Meyerozyma guilliermondii STRI3 with accession number in GenBank (KP764968). The results showed that methylene blue (MB) enhances the power generation in comparison with power output without MB. The maximum power density (P-max) and the current density (ID) of the MFC with MB as an exogenous mediator achieved 94 +/- 0.9 mW/m(2) and 300 mA/m(2), which consider higher than MFC without MB (27.9 +/- 0.9 mW/m(2) and 142 mA/m(2), respectively). The COD removal reached 56\% at 830 mg/L, while it was 15\% at 3045 mg/L after 7 days of MFC operation. These presented results suggested the potentiality of electricity generation by M. guilliermondii STRI3 as a biocatalyst from sugarcane molasses using MB as an electron mediator. The finding of this work proposes the use of M. guilliermondii and MB as an exogenous mediator as a new way to increase the performance of the MFC for further applications.
The present study had as objective of evaluating of the effects of vinasse application on aggregate stability and in indice of soil aggregation as well as dependence of physical properties of the soil in sugarcane growing areas in south coast of Pernambuco, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m layers in 12 areas with and without vinasse application. Analysis was carried out to characterize soil and to evaluate, water dispersed clay, degree of clay flocculation, total organic carbon and organic matter in soil. The stability of aggregates in water was calculated through the aggregation indice: weighted mean diameter (PMD), module of fineness (MF) and percentage of aggregate > 2.00 mm (AGRI) which showed significant differences between areas with and without vinasse. In areas with vinasse the organic carbon presented better correlations with PMD, MF and AGRI than without vinasse. The higher percentage of AGRI occurred in 0-0.20 m in areas with application of vinasse.
This study provides a full characterization of ashes generated from the combustion of bagasse at two different sugarcane ethanol plants, one in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil (SBA1), and the other in Villa Clara, Cuba (SBA2), with a view to examining their usage as adsorbing agents for the removal of heavy metals and various organic impurities. The ash samples were analyzed for both chemical composition and for structural features that would aid their use. Chemical characterization was done spectrally, through the examination of X-ray fluorescence and diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermally, through thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Structural and surface characterization was carried out by examining N-2-physisorption, helium pycnometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results of each analysis were compared to those of recognized or potential adsorbent materials. Both ashes have structural similarities, heterogeneous morphologies, irregular surfaces, and a prevalence of superficial polar groups (carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl). Based on their physical and chemical characteristics, ashes could be used as adsorbent for both, organic (e.g., dyes, phenols, etc.) and inorganic (e.g., heavy metals) compounds.
Biochemical effects of the water soluble fiber fraction of sugarcane bagasse (BSF) fermented in the colon was examined to evaluate its potential health promoting effects. A feeding experiment involving Fischer 344 rats, was conducted with 3 experimental diets containing, cellulose (CON), a commercial xylo-oligosaccharide (XYO) and BSF (BGS). Cumulative feed intake was significantly lower in XYO group while cecal weight was significantly higher. Acetic and propionic acid contents in the cecal content were significantly higher in the BGS and XYO, respectively. Total short chain fatty acid content was significantly higher in BGS and XYO resulting significantly lower cecal pH. Beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Akkermansia and Roseburia abundance was significantly higher in the XYO and BGS groups. Further, mucin and immunoglobulin-A contents were significantly higher in BGS group compared to CON group. Thus, BSF exhibited its ability to enhance the intestinal and systemic health upon fermentation in the colon.
This paper focuses on analyzing the pozzolanic behavior of bamboo cortex (BC), sugarcane bagasse (SB) ashes, and alunite natural pozzolan (NP). BC and SB were initially incinerated at 600 degrees C from 2 to 8 h to select the most optimal ash regarding their chemical reactivity. Physical and chemical tests evaluated their pozzolanic activity. It was found that 20\% BC incinerated for 6 h in replacement of Portland composite cement can be successfully used to prepare mortars with higher mechanical behavior than SBA and NP. After burning and milling processes, these agri-cultural wastes produce cementitious materials with good pozzolanic behavior. Alunite NP is used in the central part of Mexico for restoring the heritage buildings.
A process for the delignification of sugarcane bagasse using aqueous hydrotropic solutions is investigated. The optimum conditions for the maximum delignification (85\%) of bagssse comprise of temperature (388 K), hydrotrope concentration (30\% w/w), and bagasse loading (5 wt\%) in 240 min. The delignification process was modeled as the extraction of lignin from the solid biomatrix to estimate its diffusivity at 3.43 x 10(-13) m(2)/s and activation energy 16.2 kJ/ mole. The isolated lignin is characterized in detail for surface functionality, nature and morphology (irregular shape, flaky/smooth surface, and amorphous nature), molecular weight (3791 g/mole), phenolic compounds, and thermal stability (633 K), by using, infrared spectrocopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), mass spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC), respectively. The bagasse delignification using aqueous hydrotropic solutions has potential to overcome the problem of breaking of the cellulosic material in the conventional delignification processes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The increasing demand for renewable energy sources as a substitute for fossil fuels has driven researchers to develop sustainable processes for biomass energy reuse in biofuel production. Based on this premise, the present study aimed to simulate the production process of synthesis gas (syngas) from vinasse, a by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry, highlighting the applicability of this gas in transitioning toward a more renewable and sustainable energy future. The simulation was conducted in four distinct stages using the Aspen HYSYS (R) software. The first stage involved obtaining hydrated ethanol from sugarcane juice, followed by anaerobic digestion of vinasse to produce biogas. The third stage involved purifying the biogas to obtain biomethane. Finally, the simulation of steam methane reforming was performed to generate syngas. The modeling and simulation results demonstrated the feasibility of the process, as it generated 20.68 Nm(3) of biogas (similar to 55\% vol CH4 and 45\% vol CO2) per 1 Nm(3) of vinasse, corresponding to 11.66 Nm(3) of biomethane (similar to 96.5\% mol CH4), which aligns with national regulatory standards and the literature presented. Regarding syngas, both evaluated configurations yielded satisfactory results. The first configuration resulted in syngas with an H-2/CO molar ratio of three, making it a viable source of pure hydrogen and a raw material for biofuel production, such as dimethyl ether and methanol. The second configuration, with an H-2/CO molar ratio of two, holds great potential for its application in the synthesis of liquid fuels (Fischer-Tropsch), serving as a direct substitute for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
Silica nanoparticles from sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) were prepared from sol-gel process. Particle size, specific surface area, morphology, chemical composition and chemical structure of SBA and prepared silica nanoparticles were characterized. The effect of drying techniques such as freeze drying (FD) and heat drying (HD) on the properties of silica nanoparticles was investigated. High purity of silica nanoparticles in size range of 90 +/- 10 nm were successfully prepared. FD provided silica nanoparticles with high specific surface area and high porosity compared to conventional HD. The effect of silica nanoparticle contents on cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and morphology of natural rubber (NR) composites was studied. Scorch time of NR composites was increased with an increase in silica nanoparticle content due to the disturbance of vulcanization process by silica surface. FD-silica/NR composites provided longer scorch time and cure time compared to HD-silica/NR composites due to higher active surface area of FD-silica. Modulus and hardness of NR composites were increased while elongation at break was decreased with an increase in silica nanoparticle content. Tensile strength of the composites increased with silica nanoparticle content and tended to reduce at high silica nanoparticle content. FD-silica/NR composites exhibited better mechanical properties than HD-silica/NR composites due to better filler-rubber interaction.
A study on the synergistic pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using Fenton reaction and NaOH extraction was conducted. The optimized process conditions for Fenton pretreatment were 10\% (w/w) of H2O2, 20mM of Fe2+, pH 2.5, pretreatment time 6 h, and pretreatment temperature 55 degrees C. Sequential pretreatments were performed in combination with NaOH extraction (NaOH 1\% (w/w), 80 degrees C, 5\% of solid loading, 1 h). Among all the pretreatments, Fenton pretreatment followed by NaOH extraction had the highest efficiency of 64.7\% and 108.3\% for enzymolysis and simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) with an ethanol concentration of 17.44 g/L. The analyses by the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that Fenton pretreatment disrupts the structure of SCB to facilitate the degradation of lignin by NaOH. The overall data suggest that this combinatorial strategy is a promising process for SCB pretreatment. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Several strategies based on a two steps organosolv pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were evaluated with the objective of selecting operational conditions suitable to promote an efficient and low cost production of ethanol. Initially, the influence of six variables used for the organosolv pretreatment was studied. The variables included the time of the first organosolv pretreatment step, the use of 45\% ethanol as pulping solution, solid-to-liquid ratio of the ethanol solution used during the first pretreatment step, time of second organosolv pretreatment, concentration of ethanol and concentration of NaOH solution used in the second pretreatment step. Further assays of enzymatic hydrolysis were carried out to promote additional reduction in the costs of the process and improve the results of cellulose conversion to glucose. Eliminating the milling step of the pretreated SCB, using a commercial tensoactive (composed of esters and several surfactants), and recycling 50\% of the slurry obtained during the second step of organosolv pretreatment as reaction medium proved to be feasible for use during the enzymatic hydrolysis. Fermentation of the glucose medium produced under the selected pretreatment conditions to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurred with 81\% efficiency and a cost of 102.88 \$/hL of ethanol. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oxygen-rich carbons were obtained from sugarcane molasses by two methods: direct carbonisation on one hand, and hydrothermal carbonisation and subsequent pyrolysis on the other hand. As no activation treatments were applied, the porous texture was poorly developed and mainly composed of ultramicropores with restricted access to electrolyte ions. Despite this, the directly carbonised molasses exhibited specific capacitances up to 153 F g(-1) at 0.5 mV s(-1) in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte when tested as electrodes in a three-electrode system. Given the low specific surface areas of the carbons, the capacitance values were mainly assigned to their pseudocapacitance contributions. The latter were more adequately estimated by considering the NLDFT surface area (SNLDFT) than the BET area (ABET) due to the narrow porosity of the materials. Maximum values of pseudocapacitance contribution of 35.2\% were attained for the carbon with a SNLDFT of 178 m(2) g(-1), which were explained by the high concentrations of surface oxygen groups, such as quinones and carbonyls.
Gasification of sugarcane bagasse on activated-carbon- and titania-supported ruthenium (Ru/C and Ru/TiO2) catalysts in supercritical water was studied. Sugarcane bagasse was completely gasified to methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen over Ru/C and Ru/TiO2 catalysts at 673 K. The carbon yield of the gas products from sugarcane bagasse, cellulose, and lignin over the Ru/TiO2 catalyst at a water density of 0.33 g cm(-3) for 15 min was 50.3, 74.4, and 31.1 C \%, respectively. In addition, it was observed that an increase in the water density enhanced the initial carbon yield of the gas products for 15 min. The recyclability of the Ru/C catalyst with complete gasification could make it a sustainable process.
In this study, the catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane straw (SCS) into bio-oil and chemicals using calcined dolomite was applied for upgraded bio-oil production. Experiments were performed in a custom-built SS316 tube reactor, and the effects of the pyrolysis parameters, including the different dolomite calcination conditions, temperature (400-600 degrees C), biomass feed rate (0.3-1.2 kg h(-1)), sweeping gas flow rate (80-200 cm(3) min(-1)) and average size distribution (250-1000 mu m), were systematically investigated. The results showed that the SCS catalytic pyrolysis process obtained liquid yields of 36.15 wt\%, gas yields of 52.09 wt\% and solid yields of 11.76 wt\% when using a pyrolysis temperature, biomass feed rate, nitrogen sweep gas, and average biomass size of 450 degrees C, 0.6 kg h(-1), 80 cm(3) min(-1) and 500 mu m, respectively, with 10 wt\% calcined dolomite. The calcined dolomite influenced the bio-oil components from the carbonylation and the cracking of volatile vapor and resulted in an upgraded bio-oil with a lower oxygen content, higher gross calorific value and decreased acid corrosion.
Ethanol fuel production from lignocellulosic biomass is emerging as one of the most important technologies for sustainable development. To use this biomass, it is necessary to circumvent the physical and chemical barriers presented by the cohesive combination of the main biomass components, which hinders the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose into fermentable sugars. This study evaluated the hydrolytic capacity of enzymes produced by yeasts, isolated from the soils of the Brazilian Cerrado biome (savannah) and the Amazon region, on sugarcane bagasse pre-treated with H2SO4. Among the 103 and 214 yeast isolates from the Minas Gerais Cerrado and the Amazon regions, 18 (17.47\%) and 11 (5.14\%) isolates, respectively, were cellulase-producing. Cryptococcus laurentii was prevalent and produced significant beta-glucosidase levels, which were higher than the endo- and exoglucanase activities. In natura sugarcane bagasse was pre-treated with 2\% H2SO4 for 30 min at 150 degrees C. Subsequently, the obtained fibrous residue was subjected to hydrolysis using the Cryptococcus laurentii yeast enzyme extract for 72 h. This enzyme extract promoted the conversion of approximately 32\% of the cellulose, of which 2.4\% was glucose, after the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, suggesting that C. laurentii is a good beta-glucosidase producer. The results presented in this study highlight the importance of isolating microbial strains that produce enzymes of biotechnological interest, given their extensive application in biofuel production.
Sugarcane bagasse Acetosolv pulps were bleached by xylanase and the pulps classified by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). Pulp was treated with xylanase for 4-8 hwith stirring at 30 degreesC. Some samples were further extracted with NaOH for 1 h at 65 degreesC. FTIR spectra were recorded directly from the dried pulp samples by using the diffuse reflectance technique. Reduction in kappa number of 69\% was obtained after sequence xylanase (4 h)-alkaline extraction. During bleaching the viscosity decreased only 12\%. FTIR-PCA showed that the first three principal components (PCs) explained more than 90\% of the total variance of the pulp spectra. PC2 x PC1 plot showed that the points related to pulps from sequence xylanase (4 h)-alkaline extraction are different from the other. This group is enlarged by plotting PC3 x PC1 or PC3 x PC2 containing all pulps submitted to alkaline extraction. PC2 and PC3 are the principal factor for differentiation of the pulps. These PCs suffer influence of the ester bands (1740 and 1244 cm(-1)). On the other hand, the pulps bleached only with xylanase could not be differentiated from the nonbleached pulps.
Cellulose was successfully purified from sugarcane bagasse by gamma irradiation technique. The crystallinity of cellulose was reduced by gamma irradiation. After that, irradiated cellulose fiber and polyacrylamide hydrogel composite was successfully prepared by means of gamma irradiation technique. The dose of gamma ray was set to be 15, 30, 60 and 90 kGy at room temperature in air. No significant change on structural properties was observed by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction technique. The existence of porosity was observed by scanning electron microscope. The presence of cellulose was existed in between polyacrylamide network. With the increment on gamma ray dose, pore size and swelling behavior were subsequently decreased. Thermogravimetric analysis reported that hydrogel was thermally stable up to 300 degrees C. In addition, the release behavior was rapid within 4 h and then it was stable. It was remarkable to note that irradiated cellulose and polyacrylamide hydrogel composite exhibited outstanding properties as a candidate in agricultural farm.
The physical attributes are important indicators to evaluate management systems. The objective of this research was to study alterations in the soil properties of the distrophic cohesive yellow Oxisol of a coastal plain in Alagoas state, Brazil, cultivated with sugarcane. Plots were selected in the following sugarcane-growing areas: area under irrigation management system (IMS), area fertigated with vinasse (FV), and area under application of vinasse + filter cake (V + FC). These management systems were compared to each other and to a control (native forest). The bulk soil density, total porosity, weighted mean diameter of the aggregates, hydraulic conductivity, total organic carbon and compaction degree were evaluated in 0-0.20; 0.20-0.40 e 0.40-0.60 m depths. The results showed that management system that receives residues of the sugarcane presents alterations in the physical properties of soil more adequate for development of sugarcane. Among the evaluated systems, little physical degradation was observed in area with application of vinasse + filter cake followed by area with application of vinasse.
The fermentability of blackstrap sugarcane molasses was examined under very high gravity (VHG) conditions. Molasses fermentations were carried out over the range of 10.4-47.6\% (w/v) dissolved solids. As the concentration of dissolved solids increased, the percentage of sugar actually converted to ethanol decreased. The suitability of molasses as a carbohydrate adjunct for VHG ethanolic fermentation was also studied; molasses was used to raise the dissolved solids content of both clarified wheat mash base and sugarcane juice to VHG levels. Fermentation of such mashes was 90-93\% efficient. In VHG wheat mashes prepared with molasses adjunct, yeast extract accelerated the rate of fermentation but had little effect on the final ethanol concentration. Sugarcane juice was not limiting in assimilable nitrogen since yeast extract or urea failed to stimulate the rate of fermentation of cane juice/molasses worts or to increase the final ethanol concentration achieved. This is the first report of the application of VHG technology to fermentation substrates other than wheat, wort, and grape juice. It is concluded that VHG fermentation of saccharine substrates could lead to moderate increases in alcohol concentration as compared to those presently achieved in industry.
The development of sustainable fuels has been a great challenge during the last decades. In this regard, this research discusses the liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse, a waste from bio-ethanol and/or sugar manufacture, using water, hydrous ethanol and anhydrous ethanol over shellfish waste catalysts (mussel and crab) constituted mainly by CaCO3. In the absence of catalysts, the bagasse dissolved better in hydrous ethanol (82\%) than to dry ethanol (72\%) and water (73\%). The total yield of biocrude for the process with water was low (18\%) because it was necessary to perform a liquid-liquid extraction with an organic solvent to recover it. The yield of the biocrude increased to approximately 60\% when ethanol was used instead of water. Reactions with the waste catalysts presented a reduction of biochar content and yielded products with different compositions, mainly due to esterification/hydrolysis reactions between the ethanol, water, and the acids from the biocrude. The biochars and biocrudes presented high-energy content, with a higher heating value between 19.8 and 26.9 MJ.kg(-1). The catalysts based on crab residues showed to be a little more effective for liquefaction compared to the catalyst from mussel wastes, due to the presence of more alkaline phases than CaCO3. The biocrude obtained with hydrous ethanol and crab catalyst presented esters (39\%), alcohols (6\%), and phenols/aromatics (35\%). For the reactions with mussel catalyst, the biocrude composition changed to esters (56\%), alcohol (5\%), and phenols/aromatics (38\%). Both biocrudes have the potential to be used as sustainable biofuels for a sugarcane plantation, processing, and other activities. Due to the alkaline compounds present in the solid product, which is a biochar-CaCO3 composite, it could also be used in the soil to neutralize its acidity and reducing cane plantation costs, in a circular economy. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fermentation of carbohydrates present in lignocellulosic (LC) biomass is facilitated by lignin removal, which is usually achieved by adopting various pretreatment methods to provide the enzymes proper access to their respective substrates. Pretreatment using ionic liquid (IL) is relatively recent advancement and considered as mild and green process. ILs can dissolve extensive quantities of biomass and depolymerize the cellulose. In this context, an abundantly available LC biomass, sugarcane bagasse (SB), was pretreated using alkali or with an IL, methyltrioctylammonium chloride, and was used for cellulase production from thermophilic bacteria. In all, 26 indigenously isolated thermophilic bacterial strains were quantitatively screened for cellulase production. 16S rDNA sequences of the promising isolates UE10 and UE27 revealed relatedness with Brevibacillus borstelensis, while the strain UE1 belonged to Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus. Cellulase production was compared by utilizing alkali pretreated and IL pretreated SB and the later was found more appropriate. UE1, UE10 and UE27 yielded 22.2, 22.18 and 33.3 IU mL(-1) of endoglucanase, respectively, by fermenting IL pretreated SB. The changes in SB structure after pretreatment were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. This study demonstrated the potential of novel thermophilic bacterial strains to utilize IL pretreated SB for production of industrially important enzyme, cellulase.
This study conducted a techno-economic analysis to compare two types of thermophilic anaerobic reactors and three biogas utilization schemes in biogas production from vinasse. The reactors studied were the Fixed Bed Reactor (FBR) and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The biogas utilization schemes investigated were biogas conversion to electricity compared to direct biogas use for co-firing in the existing boiler and combined uses for co-firing and domestic fuel sale to the nearby households around the plant. The techno-economic calculations were based on experimental data using the prototypes of FBR and CSTR. The fixed and working capital estimations were based on Indonesia's construction industry database. At the same Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 9.66 g sCOD per litre, 7-day Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), and 200 m3/day vinasse capacity, FBR produced twice more biogas than CSTR. The economic analysis result indicated that the scheme of co-firing in existing boilers by fuel-oil replacement and partial substitution of coal was economically more attractive than the electricity production at the current electricity pricing in Indonesia. In this recommended scheme, we obtained 17.26\% internal rate of return, 4.34 years payback period, and Rp20.94 billion net present value.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was grafted with acrylamide (AAm) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by chemical oxidation method. The effect of monomer/initiator molar ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature and material to liquor ratio on the degree of grafting was investigated. The optimum conditions for grafting were: monomer/initiator molar ratio 1 for AAm and 2 for GMA, reaction time 4 h, reaction temperature 80 inverted perpendicular C and materials to liquor ratio 1:20. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ungrafted SCB, SCB-g-AAm and SCB-g-GMA were impregnated into silver (Ag) nanoparticles colloidal solution. The ungrafted SCB, grafted SCB and their nanocomposites with Ag nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grafted SCB/Ag nanoparticles exhibit better antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli as the model Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus as the model Gram-positive bacteria and Aspergillus flavus and Candida albi cans (yeasts) than ungrafted SCB/AgNPs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was treated with sodium hydroxide and bleached to separate the non-cellulose components to obtain cellulose (CE) fibres. Cross-linked cellulose-poly(sodium acrylic acid) hydrogel (CE-PAANa) was successfully synthesised via simple free-radical graft-polymerisation to remove heavy metal ions. The structure and morphology of the hydrogel display an open interconnected porous structure on the surface of the hydrogel. Various factors influencing batch adsorption capacity, including pH, contact time, and solution concentration, were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and that the adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated by the Langmuir model are 106.3, 333.3, and 163.9 mg/g for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II), respectively. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) results demonstrated that cationic exchange and electrostatic interaction were the main heavy metal ions adsorption mechanisms. These results demonstrate that CE-PAANa graft copolymer sorbents from cellulose-rich SCB can potentially be used for the removal of heavy metal ions.
The challenges of increasing energy demand and advanced materials for infrastructural development in developing countries have necessitated the search for sustainable sources of raw materials. The high amount of agricultural residues generated in Africa owing to vast availability of arable land has been an impetus for solving some of these challenges. Therefore, this review article provides information on beneficiation and challenges of the two largely generated agricultural residues, corncobs and sugarcane bagasse, in Nigeria and South Africa. The estimated quantities of corncob and sugarcane bagasse generated by these countries are reported. The potentials of beneficiating corncob and sugarcane bagasse in energy generation, in materials development and in other purposes such as production of platform chemicals are reviewed and discussed. Various technologies deployable in the beneficiation of these wastes are enumerated, and the benefits and challenges that are associated with beneficiating these wastes are briefly discussed. (C) 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression system is a rapid and efficient method for heterologous recombinant protein expression in plants. The fermentation of genetically modified Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an important step in increasing the efficiency of recombinant protein production in plants. However, the limitation of this system that makes it economically non-competitive for industrial-scale applications is the Agrobacterium suspension production cost. In this study, the utilization of sugarcane molasses as an alternative low-cost source of carbon at a concentration of 8.7 g/L and nitrogen at a concentration of 2.4 g/L for Agrobacterium cultivation was investigated. Molasses pretreatment using sulfuric acid (SA) was applied before fermentation, and it resulted in a maximum specific growth rate of 0.232 +/- 0.0063 h(-1) in the A. tumefaciens EHA105 culture. The supplementation of antibiotics in the molasses-based medium was shown to be unnecessary for plasmid maintenance during fermentation in both Agrobacterium strains, which helped to reduce the production cost. We evaluated recombinant protein production using an Agrobacterium culture without antibiotic supplementation in the growth media by demonstrating green fluorescent protein expression in wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In the evaluation of the culture medium cost, the molasses-based medium cost was 6.1 times lower than that of LB. Finally, this study demonstrated that the newly developed molasses-based medium for Agrobacterium fermentation is a feasible and effective medium for transient recombinant protein production in plant tissues.
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are a type of important prebiotics and produced by transfructosylating enzymes. In this study, sugarcane molasses was used as the substrate for production of transfructosylating enzymes by Aureobasidium pullulans FRR 5284. NaNO3 was a superior nitrogen source to yeast extract for production of transfructosylating enzymes by A. pullulans FRR 5284 and decreasing the ratio of NaNO3 to yeast extract nitrogen from 1:0 to 1:1 resulted in the reduction of the total transfructosylating activity from 109.8 U/mL to 82.5 U/mL. The addition of only 4.4 g/L NaNO3 into molasses-based medium containing 100 g/L mono- and di-saccharides resulted in total transfructosylating activity of 123.8 U/mL. Scale-up of the A. pullulans FRR 5284 transfructosylating enzyme production process from shake flasks to 1 L bioreactors improved the enzyme activity and productivity to 171.7 U/mL and 3.58 U/mL/h, 39\% and 108\% higher than those achieved from shake flasks, respectively. Sucrose (500 g/L) was used as a substrate for extracellular, intracellular, and total A. pullulans FRR 5284 transfructosylating enzymes, with a maximum yield of 61\%. Intracellular, extracellular, and total A. pullulans FRR 5284 transfructosylating enzymes from different production systems resulted in different FOS profiles, indicating that FOS profiles can be controlled by adjusting intracellular and extracellular enzyme ratios and, hence prebiotic activity.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB), as a major by-product of sugarcane, is one of the most abundant organic matter and characterized by cheap and easily available carbon source in Hainan Island, China. The objective of this study was to isolate tropical cellulolytic bacteria from Hainan Island and demonstrate their prospects of utilization of SB as a low-cost carbon source to greatly reduce the cost of aquaculture. A total of 97 cellulolytic marine bacteria were isolated, of which, 58 cellulolytic marine bacteria displayed the hydrolysis capacity (HC) of more than 1, while 28 cellulolytic marine bacteria displayed more than 2. Of the 28 tropical cellulolytic bacterial strains with HC more than 2, Microbulbifer sp. CFW-C18 and Vibrio sp. MW-M19 exhibited excellent SB decomposition in a small-scale laboratory simulation of shrimp aquaculture, up to 75.31 and 74.35\%, respectively, and both of them were safe for shrimps. Meanwhile, both of CFW-C18 and MW-M19 besides displaying low multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, also increased the C/N ratio (CFW-C18: C/N ratio of 14.34; MW-M19: C/N ratio of 14.75) of the small-scale laboratory simulation of shrimp aquaculture by decreasing the nitrogen content after a supplement of SB for 15 days. More importantly, CFW-C18 and MW-M19 displayed a relatively low MAR index, 0.47 and 0.1, respectively, especially MW-M19, with the lowest MAR index (0.1), which was resistant to only three antibiotics, streptomycin, amikacin, and levofloxacin, indicating that this strain was safe and non-drug resistance for further use. Overall, tropical cellulolytic bacteria isolated from Hainan Island, especially CFW-C18 and MW-M19, will provide the proficient candidates as probiotics for further construction of the recirculating aquaculture system based on the supplement of low-cost external carbon source-SB.
Low-cost bio-adsorbents such as sugarcane bagasse (SB), rice husk (RH), and tea waste (TW) were explored for the adsorptive removal of arsenite (As3+). The adsorbents were treated with HCl and utilized for adsorption study under batch mode. The adsorbents were characterized using FTIR, zeta potential, and SEM. Batch studies were performed with raw and HCl-treated adsorbents to observe the effects of various operating parameters. HCl-treated adsorbents (HCl-treated SB (HSB), RH (HRH), and TW (HTW)) showed better removal efficiencies. The adsorption capacities of HSB and HRH at 50 ppm As3+ concentration and 0.1 g-adsorbent doses were found to be 28.0 and 28.25 mg/g, respectively, which is very close to commercially available HCl-treated activated charcoal (HAC) (30.36 mg/g). A maximum removal efficiency of 99.5\% was achieved using HSB at room temperature with 50 ppm As3+ concentration, pH 7.0, and 2.0 g-adsorbent doses. Finally, the kinetics study revealed a better fitting of a pseudo-second-order model with the experimental data. The HRH and HSB showed excellent agreement with Langmuir isotherm, whereas HTW and HAC with Freundlich isotherm.
Sugarcane filter cake, a phosphorus-rich (P) fertilizer, can affect not only P storage in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), but also its metabolism and photosynthesis. In this study, was evaluated the effect of different mineral fertilizers, with and without the use of filter cake, on P levels, gas exchange, acid phosphatase activity, sugar, hydrated alcohol production, and total soluble solids. Sugarcane (variety RB86 7515) was cultivated on dystrophic Typic Haplustox in a randomized complete block design. Three replicates were established in a 3 x 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with three P sources (Triple Superphosphate-TS, Natural Reactive Bayovar Phosphate-BP, and Natural Araxa Phosphate-AP), four rates of P as P2O5 (0, 90, 180, and 360 kg ha(-1)), and the presence or absence of filter cake (7.5 Mg ha(-1), dry weight). The levels of foliar P (PCL) were determined, along with the accumulation of P in aerial plant parts (AAP), net CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)), transpiration rate (E), acid phosphatase activity (APL), hydrated alcohol, total soluble solids (TSS), total recoverable sugar (TRS), and stalk production. The highest P rate with filter cake yielded the maximum concentration of P in leaves (1.7 g kg(-1)), leading to the highest P accumulation in aerial plant parts (17.8 kg ha(-1)), and furthering a sugar production of 197.1 kg t(-1), and stalk production (122.6 Mg ha(-1)). The highest rate of Triple Superphosphate alone or with filter cake yielded the lowest acid phosphatase activity, the highest rate increased the accumulation of P in aerial parts (18.8 kg ha(-1)), and for stalk production, produced 123.1 Mg ha(-1) of stalks. The use of Triple Superphosphate associated with filter cake increased the production of sugar (192.5 kg t(-1)), hydrated alcohol (91.3 L t(-1)) and total soluble solids (18.4 degrees Brix), while the use of higher P rates, regardless of the source, increased gaseous exchange in sugarcane plants.
Selective sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fractionation was conducted to produce cellulose-rich material for separate saccharification and fermentation to lactic acid. The highest glucose yield of 87.1\% based on the polysaccharides in treated SCB was from a 2-step acid ethanolysis/alkaline peroxide pretreatment. The yield of lactic acid due to fermentation by Lactobacillus casei from SCB hydrolysate in a 3-L bioreactor was about 21.3 g/L after 120 h with the productivity of about 0.63 g/L h. For lactic acid separation, the low flux nanofiltration membrane showed higher performance in comparison with the high flux membrane. Using nanofiltration with low flux membrane, lactic acid was efficiently separated from the fermentation broth with glucose rejection of about 93.28\%. The selectivity of the low flux membrane for separation of lactic acid and glucose in fermentation broth at 6 bar was found to be 82.48.
Free-waste biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass is environmentally friendly and accelerates the achievement of carbon neutrality. Here, we developed a sequential process of biorefining using a high solid loading of sugarcane bagasse (SB) as feedstock to coproduce xylooligosaccharide, glucose and xylose for the first time, including a three-step chemical pretreatment with a combination of diluted potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid, followed by hydrolysis with recombinant endo-xylanase from Pichia pastoris and cellulase and xylanase from Penicillium oxalicum. The novel process achieved a maximum xylooligosaccharide yield of 5.59 g/100 g SB, comprising 77.1 \% xylobiose, 18.5 \% xylotriose and 4.4 \% xylotetraose, a glucose yield of 32.96 g/100 g SB and a xylose yield of 7.68 g/100 g SB. The obtained glucose and xylose were used for the cultivation of Candida utilis, resulting in 13.20 g single-cell protein/100 g SB, 56.5 \% of which was crude protein. Lignin residues were precipitated from the generated waste liquids by adjusting the pH, with a recovery extent of 94.15 \%, used as lignin-adsorbent. The lignin-adsorbent could efficiently adsorb the dyes Acid Black 1, Direct Orange S and Procion Red MX-5B, with decolorization extents of 92.33 \%, 93.00 \% and 65.46 \%, respectively. The final supernatant rich in phosphorus and potassium could be used as the feedstock of liquid fertilizer to nourish plants. This explored strategy provides an alternative option to utilize all components from SB that is eco-friendly.
The objective of this study was to perform a thorough evaluation of the water footprint in the Tiete-Jacare Watershed, analyzing its overall situation, and formulating a constructive reduction response in the water footprint by using vinasse for fertigation. Cane yields from five sugarcane crops under two water regimes (rainfed and full irrigation by subsurface drip irrigation), combined with two N fertilization rates (zero and 150 kg ha(-1) year(-1)), were used for water footprint estimation. The water footprint scenario considered the vinasse potential for fertigation, partially replacing the average Tiete-Jacare Watershed water deficit, and limiting its application rate in 300 m(3) ha(-1). On average, the green, blue and grey water footprint found were 145, 38 and 18 m(3) Mg-1, respectively; lower values when compared to other sugarcane-producing countries. The larger fraction of green against blue water footprint confirms the importance of rainfall in the Tiete-Jacare Watershed. Nevertheless, the yield increase through fertigation practices promotes better use of the water resources showing that there is a potential for yield optimization in areas where reasonable rainfall occurs. Considering the vinasse fertigation replacing part of the necessary water volume required to implement subsurface drip irrigation on all the 9750 sugarcane hectares, the increase in rural water withdrawal due to full irrigation was only 17\%, against an increase of 47\% in sugarcane yield. Hence, in regions without water availability issues and with great land-use pressure, the yield intensification promoted by subsurface drip irrigation might be a way to release crop land areas. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study was the evaluation of anaerobic treatment for the soluble organics generated from a steam-explosion pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse. The batch analysis revealed that about 50\% of the organics was possible to be degraded into methane whilst the rest was biologically inert and composed of mostly lignin. Based on the experiment a kinetic model composed of 14 kinds of soluble substances and 5 kinds of anaerobic microorganisms was developed. The model was used to simulate the process performance of a continuous anaerobic bioreactor with MLSS concentration at 2500-15,000 mg/L. The simulation indicated that the bioreactor could receive the influent until 0.4 kg-COD/kg-MLSS/d of loading without significant deterioration of methane conversion. By addition of powdered activated carbon, the rest of unbiodegradable soluble organics and dark brown colour in the effluent were removed to 840 mg-C/L and 760 unit respectively at adsorption of 190 mg-C/g-PAC and 1200 unit/g-PAC. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasses were used as raw materials to produce the hemicelluloses, and the effects of temperature, alkali consumption, time and liquid to solid ratio on the extraction yield of hemicelluloses were investigated. Through the analysis of the response surface method, results were concluded that the best extraction process conditions were as follows: NaOH concentration 10.60\%, extraction time 4.34 h, solid-liquid ratio 1:40.59, actual extraction rate is 31.486\%, corresponding to the model prediction 31.4447\% basically.
Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, a bacterium isolated from Kombucha tea, was used to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) through its cultivation in a static sugarcane molasses (SCM) supplemented-culture medium (totally or partially), as an alternative carbon source. BC membranes were characterized by different physicochemical analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and PeakForce quantitative nano mechanics atomic force microscopy (PeakForce (QNM-AFM)). FTIR, XRD and TGA results suggest great similarity among all membranes produced by distinct culture media. Although the glucose (F1) and SCM (F6) media presented the lowest BC yield, all SCM-supplemented culture media (from F2 to F5) showed BC yield values similar to the HS culture medium (F0). FEG-SEM analysis showed that as higher SCM concentrations on culture media higher dense nanofibers network could be prepared. Quantitative nanomechanical results obtained by AFM technique corroborate FEG-SEM analysis besides show smoother and more flexible BC membranes as a function of the increasing of the SCM concentrations. The modification of the carbon source of the culture medium with an important by-product of Brazilian agroindustry appears as a viable alternative to reduce cost of BC production (of up to 20.06\%) besides increase the possibilities of industrial scale BC preparation.
This study aims to evaluate the potential of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in terms of composition. Using coal-combustion fly ash (CFA) as the benchmark, SCBA is characterized thoroughly using multiple tools to determine and compare particle size, particle morphology, chemical composition, glass content, element distribution and chemical status. It is found that SCBA has fine particle size (d(50) = 6.76 mu m, compared to 2.2 mu m of CFA), high glass content (78.5 wt\%, compared to 81 wt\% of CFA), and relatively stable chemical composition, making it a potential effective SCM. The glass content of SCBA is dominated by amorphous silica (77.2\%, compared to 53.6\% of CFA), which can lead to formation of secondary calcium silicate hydrates in pozzolanic reactions. However, SCBA contains no spherical glass grains but many porous grains, which may compromise the workability of fresh-state cement-based materials. Another two detriments of SCBA are high carbon and potassium contents, which could potentially interfere the performance of cement-based materials. However, due to their existence forms (i.e., either light or dissolvable, as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), these detrimental effects can be mitigated through washing. A literature-survey based analysis shows that the ash samples adopted in this study are representative, so the conclusions drawn from this study are generally meaningful. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Traditionally, the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju is performed on different composted and pasteurized agricultural residues. The objective of this study was to investigate whether traditional composting and pasteurization processes could be replaced by washed and supplemented (mineral or organic) sugarcane bagasse. In one experiment, fresh sugarcane bagasse was immersed in hot water at 80 degrees C for two hours (control) or washed in fresh water for one hour using an adapted machine for residue treatment. In another experiment, fresh sugarcane bagasse was washed in fresh water (control), and supplemented with corn grits (organic supplementation), or supplemented with nutrient solution (mineral supplementation). In the first experiment, the washed bagasse presented a average biological efficiency (ABE) of 19.16\% with 44\% contamination, and the pasteurized bagasse presented a ABE of 13.86\% with 70\% contamination. In the second experiment, corn grits presented the poorest performance, with a ABE of 15.66\% and 60\% contamination, while supplementation with the nutrient solution presented a ABE of 30.03\%, whereas the control of 26.62\%. Washing fresh sugarcane bagasse could suppress the pasteurized substrate in Pleltrottis sajor-caju production, compensating a reduced ABE with a faster process.
Penicillium chrysogenum CCDCA10746 secretome (SPc) produced using raw sugarcane bagasse was used to hydrolyse the hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse, in order to solubilise xylan to produce xylose with the conversion rate of 67\%. The secretome was active in a wide pH range and exhibits increased thermostability (t(1/2) 8 h) than purified PcX2, a 23 kDa endo-8-1,4-xylanase of GH11 family, identified by mass spectrometry and zymogram. Xylanolytic activity was sensitive to Cu+2 and Zn+2 ions. In trials where enzymes were exposed to lignin-derived phenolic compounds: vanillin, cinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid inhibited the 70\% activity of xylanase. On contrary, both enzymes showed resistance for tannic acid, additionally PcX2 was resistant to p-coumaric and SPc to gallic acid. PcX2 showed a binding affinity of KM 0.53 mg/mL and Vmax 0.21 U/mg for oat spelt xylan. Ionization of histidine appeared to be a crucial event in substrate binding and catalysis of PcX2 since decrease in fluorescence intensity and optimum activity was observed at pH 6.0.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate supplemented with different proportions of sugar-ethanol industrial waste (vinasse) was used to optimize fermentative ethanol production using two Spathaspora passalidarum yeast strains isolated from decaying wood in Amazonian biome. The bagasse samples were pretreated chemically and enzymatically before using a binary factorial experimental design. The factorial design was carried out in two stages; in the first, a 2(4) factorial design was done to assess the effects of pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate and vinasse, ammonium sulfate concentration, yeast biomass concentration, and two different strains of yeast, S. passalidarum; in the second stage, a 2(3) factorial design was done to provide a more detailed analysis of the effects of vinasse supplementation on the fermentation processthis time, by modifying the ratio of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate and vinasse and, more significantly, the same factorbiomass concentration. The results showed that the most significant factors for increasing bioethanol production in the 2(4) factorial design proved to be the following: inoculum and hydrolyzed bagasse supplementation with vinasse (the optimal being 75:25), followed by yeast concentration (optimal at 14\% w/v cell wet weight) and then the type of strain used (S. passalidarum UFMG-HMD-14.1). The use of only hydrolyzed bagasse without vinasse (2(3) factorial design) had no significant influence on the results, nor did varying the concentration of nitrogen. This increase in ethanol production, which allows the same amount of ethanol productivity through a reduction in the carbon source, suggests it can lead to an improved final use for vinasse.
Brazilian sugarcane sector plays a very important role in the economy of the country, considering sugar, ethanol and bioelectricity production. Over the last decade, a variety of economic, social and environmental elements have pushed the sugarcane sector to increasing adoption of mechanically-based agricultural operations, especially in Center-South region of Brazil. Manual and mechanized sugarcane harvesting technologies were evaluated (with and without burning), as well as straw recovery, in three representative sugarcane production regions in Brazil: Sao Paulo state, the largest national producer, Northeast, a traditional region of sugarcane production, and Center-West region, sugarcane expansion area. Sugarcane production systems were compared using metrics from Engineering Economics, Life Cycle Assessment, and Social Life Cycle Assessment. The mechanized harvesting presented lower production costs in the Sao Paulo and Center-West regions, whereas manual harvesting had lowest cost in the Northeast region. When considering the verticalized production system (agricultural and industrial phases), mechanized with straw recovery - operating during both season and off-season periods - presented the best techno-economic performances when compared to the other scenarios in all the regions. Manual harvesting presented higher job creation while mechanized sugarcane systems show better working conditions and workers with higher average income, especially in the agricultural phase. Considering environmental impacts, scenarios with mechanized harvesting without burning and straw recovery presented the best comparative balance of environmental impacts.
Bioavailability of Nickel in the form of hydrated Nickel(II) attributes to its toxicological effects and hence its removal from aqueous solution is of great concern. Adsorption is used as an efficient technique for the removal of Nickel(II), hereafter Ni(II), from water and wastewaters. Activated carbon obtained from sugarcane bagasse pith (SBP-AC), a waste biomass collected from juice shops in Sarkara Devi Temple, Chirayinkeezhu, Trivandrum, India during annual festival, is used as adsorbent in the study. The process of adsorption is highly dependent on solution pH, and maximum removal occurs in the pH range of 4.0-8.0. Moreover, the amount of Ni(II) adsorbed onto SBP-AC increased with the time increase and reached equilibrium at 4 h. Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data were analyzed for determining the best fit kinetic and isotherm models. The overall study reveals the potential value of steam pyrolysed SBP-AC as a possible commercial adsorbent in wastewater treatment strategies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Composite bioplastic is an alternative solution to solve the plastic waste problem in our environment. This is due to the composite bioplastic is one material that is environmentally friendly and easily degraded in nature. This study aims to make composite bioplastic from environmentally friendly materials, namely tapioca starch and sugarcane bagasse fiber (SBF). The addition of SBF into the tapioca matrix serves as a structural reinforcement of composites bioplastics. SBF was added by 1 wt\% (from dry weight of starch basis) and kept constant for each variation of the sample. The fabrication of composite bioplastic using the solution casting method. The variation time duration of ultrasonication on composite bioplastic (tapioca starch and 1 wt\% bagasse fiber) includes 0, 5,10 and 15 min. Tensile testing, observation of fiber morphology, fracture surface characteristics, moisture absorption rate were carried out conducted by tensile test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and moisture absorption test, respectively. The results show that the addition of ultrasonication increases the tensile strength of composite bioplastic samples. The highest tensile strength value was achieved by a sample with 15 min ultrasonication for 2.5 MPa. This result was supported by fracture morphology which shows a compact structure. In addition, the moisture absorption rate also decreases with increasing ultrasonication. Preparation and giving ultrasonication on composite bioplastic samples was highly recommended for improving the properties of the sample. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics \& Materials Forum 2020.
Vinasse is a by-product with a key role in circular economy. In this work, we analyze sugarcane vinasse as culture me-dium for obtaining single and mixed inoculants. Trichoderma harzianum MT2 was cultured in single and sequential co -culture with Pseudomonas capeferrum WCS358 or Rhizobium sp. N21.2. Fungal biomass in single culture was more than three folds higher in vinasse than in a standard medium, and was higher in co-culture with Rhizobium sp. N21.2 than with P. capeferrum WCS358. Bacterial growths in vinasse, in particular P. capeferrum WCS358, were improved in co -culture with T. harzianum MT2. Residual vinasses, obtained after microbial growth, presented almost neutral pH and lower conductivities and toxicity than raw vinasse. Fertigation with residual vinasses modifies characteristics of soil evidenced in the total N, cation exchange capacity, urease and acid phosphatase, and microbial metabolic diver-sity, in comparison to raw vinasse. In general, soil fertigation with residual vinasse from co-culture with P. capeferrum WCS358 is more similar to irrigation with water. Treatment evaluation indicates that vinasse is suitable for the production of mixed inoculants containing T. harzianum. The co-culture with P. capeferrum WCS358 improves the characteristics of the residual vinasse allowing a fertigation with less detrimental effect in soil in comparison to Rhi-zobium sp. N21.2. Obtaining valuable biomass of single or mixed inoculants in vinasse with lower ecological impact is relevant for the circular and green economy.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) residue (straw) has been identified as a promising feedstock for bioenergy production, but excessive straw removal may impair soil macrofauna and related ecosystem services. To quantify straw removal effects on abundance, richness, and diversity of soil macrofauna, four experiments were conducted in Sao Paulo state, Brazil, under different edaphoclimatic conditions. A secondary goal was to evaluate seasonal changes on soil macrofauna and identify linkages between those changes and soil chemical and physical attributes. Four straw removal treatments (NR, no removal, LR, low removal, HR, high removal, and TR, total removal) were evaluated. Macrofauna and other soil attributes were sampled within the 0- to 0.30-m depth increment. Soil macrofauna were impaired by TR with the magnitude of response being related to both edaphoclimatic conditions and management practices. Numerous interactions among seasons, straw removal rates, and soil macrofauna were found, especially for total abundance and diversity of organisms. Partial straw removal (HR and LR) may be a strategy to protect soil health and increase bioenergy production with minimal effects on soil macrofauna, although long-term experiments are needed to confirm our hypothesis. The NR treatment generally had better soil quality as indicated by greater soil moisture, macropore number, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and soil fertility, which led to a higher abundance of most macrofauna organisms. Total removal resulted in greater soil compaction and decreased macrofauna abundance, especially in clay soils. Our findings confirm that an integrated approach using soil indicators as guidelines should be adopted to better predict sustainable straw management practices for sugarcane in Brazil.
Production of sustainable concrete by resorting to new technologies such as self-compacting concrete using different industrial wastes ensures the prevention of environmental pollution on one hand and renders the sustainable construction material. This paper presents an overview of the utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a waste material from the sugar industry, in the production of both conventional concrete and self-compacting concrete (SCC). The paper reviews the physical and chemical properties, different processing techniques for the pozzolanic activity of SCBA, and effect on fresh and mechanical properties of conventional concrete and SCC. Further, the literature on a new type of self-compacting concrete called semi-flowable self-consolidating concrete involving utilization of the industrial waste in general and rigid pavements in particular is reviewed. The critical appraisal shows that the addition of SCBA at lower fractions (around 10-30\%) enhances the performance of the concrete, and further, at higher levels of replacement, SCBA reduces the performance of concrete. There is relatively less work reported on the utilization of SCBA in the self-consolidating concrete and semi-flowable self-consolidating concrete, especially in the context of concrete pavement.
In order to increase resilience of planters against climate change and bring additional economic benefits, agro-wastes can be exploited for extracting nanocellulose to produce eco-friendly composites. This paper focused on extracting nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse and coir (cocos nucifera) using chemical methods including mercerisation, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. Taguchi Design of Experiment showed that the optimum alkaline treatment conditions of bagasse were at 2 wt\% NaOH at 90 degrees C for 16 h. The morphological changes occurring along each treatment stage were observed using Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The differences in the nanoparticles extracted from the two biomass were studied through the determination of crystallinity indexes and particle size. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from coir exhibited a total crystallinity index (TCI) of 1.03 and an average particle size of 137.3 nm while CNCs extracted from sugarcane bagasse under similar treatment conditions had a TCI of 0.85 and an average particle size of around 48 mu m. Dynamic Light Scattering findings showed risks of agglomeration after freeze drying. Bio-nanocomposite films with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as matrix were manufactured by the solvent casting process. The highest tensile strength (38.2 MPa) was obtained for CNCs extracted from coir at a CNC/PVA loading of 0.5 wt\%, representing a 96.9\% increase in the tensile strength as compared to the unreinforced PVA matrix. This study showed that sugarcane bagasse and coir are suitable sources of nanocellulose and can be used to prepare bio-composites with considerably high tensile strengths.
The physical and chemical properties of coastal plain soils cultivated with sugarcane for a long period under different management systems may undergo changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sugarcane management systems on the chemical and physical properties of a dystrophic cohesive Yellow Latosol of coastal tablelands in the state of Alagoas. Three experimental plots were selected in sugarcane growing areas, representing the three management systems used for ethanol production, namely: a cultivated area under irrigation management, an area under fertirrigation with vinasse and an area with application of vinasse + filter cake. The management systems were compared with each other and with a control area of native forest. To assess physical and chemical properties, soil samples were randomly collected in the areas under different management systems at depths of 0-0.20; 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m, from the sugarcane interrows. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5 \%. Simple correlation analysis was performed between some variables. Results showed changes in the soil physical and chemical properties due to the different management systems. The soil consistency parameters tended to increase with the increase of total organic carbon, resulting from the application of sugar cane waste. In the management systems with application of sugar cane waste the deterioration in soil physical and chemical properties was reduced.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites film reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from sugarcane bagasse fibre (SBF) was prepared by solvent casting method. The CNCs were obtained through alkaline treatment followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis or phosphoric acid hydrolysis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing phosphoric acid (mild acid) to extract CNC from the SBF. The properties of the CNC were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the PLA/CNC nanocomposites were characterized using thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). TEM results demonstrated that the CNC having diameter of 5.5-6.2 nm and length of 235-300 nm. Results from XPS characterization have confirmed the existence of both sulphate group and phosphate group in the H2SO4-treated CNC (S-CNC) and H3PO4-treated CNC (P-CNC). FTIR results indicated that the presence of hydrogen bonding and chemical interaction between PLA and CNC. The thermal stability of PLA/P-CNC-10 is higher than that of PLA/S-CNC-10 nanocomposites attributed to the char formation of P-CNC in the PLA matrix.
Three enzyme preparations based on the cellulase complex of Penicillium verruculosum and three Trichoderma reesei-based enzyme cocktails were used for evaluating the enzymatic convertibility of cellulose contained in glycerol- and sulfuric acid-pretreated bagasse. The hydrolysis was initially monitored with a micro-scale method using 2 mL of reaction mixture containing 50 g/L of pretreated solids, and at an enzyme load of 10 mg proteinig cellulose. The results were further validated at a higher scale in a setup consisting of 20 mL of reaction mixture with a substrate concentration of 100 g/L. For all the cellulase preparations, and regardless of the experiment scale, glycerol-pretreated bagasse displayed better enzymatic convertibility than acid-pretreated bagasse. It was observed that when the enzyme load is increased from 2 to 10 mg/g, the cellulose conversion is improved but the specific hydrolysis rate is only marginally affected. Although the Trichoderma-based commercial cocktail CC-3 led to higher hydrolysis rates and conversions than all the other enzyme preparations, the Penicillium-based cellulases, especially PV-Xyl PCA and PV-Hist BGL, also showed good potential. PV-Xyl PCA was relatively effective for hydrolysing acid-pretreated bagasse, and PV-Hist BGL displayed reasonable performance in the hydrolysis in absence of exogenous beta-glucosidase. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this study, atmospheric and room temperature plasma and ultraviolet mutagenesis was studied for astaxanthin overproducing mutant. Phaffia rhodozyma mutant Y1 was obtained from the selection plate with 120 mu mol/L diphenylamine as selection agent, and its carotenoid concentration and content were 54.38 mg/L and 5.38 mg/g, which were 19.02 \% and 21.20 \% higher than that of the original strain, respectively. Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was used for astaxanthin production by mutant Y1 at 22 degrees C and 220 rpm for 96 h, and the biomass and carotenoid concentration reached 12.65 g/L and 88.57 mg/L, respectively. Ultrasonication and cellulase were used to break cell wall and the parameters were optimized, achieving an astaxanthin extraction rate of 96.01 \%. The present work provided a novel combined mutagenesis method for astaxanthin overproducing mutant and a green cell wall disruption process for astaxanthin extraction, which would play a solid foundation on the development of natural astaxanthin.
In order to sustainable process of bio-succinic acid (SA), response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize liquid hot water pretreatment pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), followed by high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated residual that without washing, then the hydrolysates and partial pretreatment liquid were used as carbon sources for SA fermentation. Results showed that the highest sugars yield could be achieved at pretreatment conditions of temperature 186 degrees C, time 25 min and solid-to-liquid ratio 0.08; enzymatic digestion the pretreated residuals at 20 \% (w/v) solid content via enzymes reconstruction and fedbatch strategy, the obtained sugars reached to 121 g/L; by controlling the nutrition and conditions of the fermentation process, most of the C5 and C6 sugars in the hydrolysate and pretreatment liquid were converted into SA with a conversion rate high to 280 mg/g SCB. This study can provide a novel clue for clean and efficient biorefining of chemicals.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels (40, 50, 60, and 70\% on dry matter basis) on intake, digestibility of nutrients, and performance of heifers fed sugarcane bagasse as exclusive roughage. Twenty Girolando heifers, with an average body weight of 198 +/- 25.6 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design, established according to body weight. The intake of dry matter (5.12 to 7.73 kg d(-1)), organic matter (4.72 to 7.32 kg d(-1)), crude protein (0.71 to 1.05 kg d(-1)), and digestible organic matter (3.09 to 4.77 kg d(-1)) linearly increased with the inclusion of concentrate in the diets. The final weight (238 to 299 kg d(-1)), body weight gain (0.50 to 1.20 kg d(-1)), and total weight gain (35.2 to 83.6 kg d(-1)) linearly increased with the concentrate levels. Considering the occurrence of the first calving at 24 months, a 50: 50 ratio of sugarcane bagasse to concentrate seems to be the most appropriate for crossbred heifers.
The sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) is beneficial to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, to elucidate enzymatic hydrolysis mechanism of SPORL treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB), the surface properties of SPORL and dilute acid (DA) treated SCBs were compared, including cellulase adsorption isotherm and kinetics, specific surface area and average size of pores, water retention value (WRV), element composition and percentages of different chemical bonds on the substrate surface. The results showed the hydrolysis yield of SPORL SCB (76.16 \%) was higher than that of DA (57.82 \%) and SPORL SCB had better adsorption capacity, lower binding strength, a higher cellulase adsorption rate, larger specific surface area and higher WRV, and these two SCBs might adsorb cellulase by C-OR bonds (R: organic groups), suggesting SPORL SCB's surface was more advantageous to enzymatic hydrolysis. This study could help understand the mechanism of lignocellulosic hydrolysis in depth.
Due to forthcoming scarcity of fossil fuels and serious environmental concerns, concerted efforts are required to develop the intensified and robust ethanol production from renewable sources. Currently, lignocellulosic materials are among the main available renewable carbon source in the world. Within this context, we present a novel proposal of intensification of the process for second generation (2G) ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) employing fluidized bed reactor. Successive steps of SCB i.e. alkaline pre-treatment, saccharification and fermentation to ethanol were carried out in a same column reactor without opening it during the entire process. In the alkaline pretreatment process, a 22 full factorial design of experiments was designed and executed to evaluate the effect of NaOH concentration (from 0.1 to 0.5 M) and time (from 1 to 4 h) on the enzymatic digestibility of pretreated biomass. Enzymatic hydrolysis yielded glucose and xylose of around 87\% and 43\%, were achieved, respectively, in saccharification step, when used alkaline pre-treated biomass conducted in process by using variables in high level. Thus, Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) were performed by using the wild xylose and glucose fermenting yeast Scheffersomyces shehatae UFMG-HM 52.2, verifying ethanol yield and productivity of 0.34 g/g and 0.18 g L/h, respectively. Results showed the potential of using fluidized bed reactor for ethanol production under different process conditions, reducing equipments and process costs with mass transference. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The major challenges for directly converting lignocellulosic biomass into available materials in place of synthetic polymer materials are the complex chemical-physical structure and the narrow processing windows of the resources. In the present study, homogeneous chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse with phthalic anhydride was taken to be an improved strategy to meet the challenges. FT-IR and liquid-state NMR spectra confirmed the chemical structure of the sugarcane bagasse phthalates. Sugarcane bagasse phthalates with weight percentage gain higher than 32.9\% were readily dissolved in organic solvents, and film materials were prepared by solution casting from the sugarcane bagasse phthalates. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry was applied to study the thermal behaviors of the sugarcane bagasse phthalates. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and tensile testing were applied to study the morphologies and mechanical properties of the films. The results indicated that sugarcane bagasse was plasticized by homogeneous chemical modification with phthalic anhydride.
Background: The yeast strain IB09 was isolated from the gut of Calosoma sp. (Carabidae, Coleoptera, Insecta) that were collected in the central Amazon rainforest. First, tolerance of the strain to ethanol and heat was tested. Then, IB09 was cultivated in a medium using sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate as a carbon source, and cell growth (OD600), specific growth rate (mu(MAX), h(-1)), biomass yield (Y-B, g. g(-1)) and relative sugar consumption (RSC, \%) were evaluated. Taxonomic identification was determined by sequencing the ITS1 region of IB09 and comparing it to sequences obtained from the GenBank database (NCBI). Results: IB09 showed both ethanol tolerance and thermotolerance. Relative sugar consumption indicated that IB09 was able to perform saccharification of sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate, increasing the total reducing sugar concentration by approximately 50\%. The mu(MAX) value obtained was 0,20, indicating that cell growth was slow under the assessed conditions. Biomass yield was 0,701 g per g of consumed sugar, which is relatively high when compared with other findings in the literature. After 120 hrs of cultivation, 80,1\% of total reducing sugar had been consumed. Sequencing of the ITS1 region identified IB09 as Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans. Conclusion: This is the first report to document this species in the central Amazon rainforest at this host. Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans has great biotechnological potential for use in the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate and for biomass production with this substrate as carbon source.
This study reports the potential of acid and base modified sugarcane bagasse activated carbon for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The rate of CO2 adsorption by the unmodified (UMAC), acid (AMAC) and base modified activated carbon (BMAC) was determined gravimetrically via weight differential measurement. Surface morphology and functional group of the adsorbent before and after adsorption were also determined. The adsorbents performance was evaluated using a cylindrical glass column equipped with a digital weighing balance. Characterization of adsorbents showed that BMAC had a better pore structure thereby making it the most effective adsorbent for CO2. CO2 adsorption increased over time in the order UMAC < AMAC < BMAC. The highest amount (148.5 mg.g(-1)) of CO2 was adsorbed at 25 degrees C and 25 min. The adsorption kinetics followed second-order kinetics with a regression coefficient (R-2) of 0.9967. The activation energy (E-a) of the process was evaluated to be 5.77, 13.02 and 13.55 kJ.mol(-1) for BMAC, AMAC and UMAC respectively. The low E-a observed suggests that CO2 is weakly bonded to the adsorbent surface. The acid and base modified sugarcane bagasse activated carbon produced is characterized with enhanced capacity for CO2 adsorption.
Lignin was extracted from bagasse by sequential extraction method. The crude lignin was divided into three fractions by molecular weight and chemical functionality (Lignin fractions L1 and L2 were recovered with diethyl ether and methanol solubility respectively, with the L3 part remaining), and the properties of each were analyzed before being applied to Pb(II) adsorption. The results indicated that the L2 fraction has the largest molecular weight due to self-condensation. The weight of the aliphatic hydroxyl group of L2 is 4.63 times of L1 and 1.65 times of crude lignin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis show that the surface of L2 and L3 are porous with surface areas of 2.8304 m(2)/g and 10.7530 m(2)/g, respectively. The characteristics of structure and morphology for the L2 and L3 fractions display better adsorption property than crude lignin and L1 fractions, with adsorption capacities of approximately 6.46 mg/g and 7.56 mg/g. This research confirmed that each lignin fraction possessed different chemical and physical characteristics, and the L2 fraction has good solubility and adsorption properties, which provide the basis for lignin modification applied to lead Pb(II) adsorption.
The rapid growth of industrialization and changes of consumption patterns of population has increased the production and release of emerging pollutants in water resources, which can affect human health and generate severe environmental impacts. In order to tackle these problems, the development of efficient and low-cost adsorbents for water purification application becomes primordial. Here, polyamide 6 (PA6) nanofiber mats produced by solution blow spinning (SBS) was modified with sugarcane bagasse fly ash without (SBFA) and with activation (SBFAA) at 800 degrees C under CO2 atmosphere. The developed nanofiber mats were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, particle size distribution and zeta potential, dynamic mechanical analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric (TGA). SBFA and SBFAA were used as a low cost adsorbent for removing dyes (used as a model) from water in batch tests, reaching the efficiencies of 45.68 mg g(-1) and 186.46 mg g(-1), respectively. The PA6 mats modified with the SBFA and SBFAA were used in fixed bed adsorption tests using the Bohart Adams model. In addition, the influence of ash conditioning in water and ethanol to modify adsorptive capability of nanofiber mats was investigated in fixed bed, revealing that ethanol conditioning increased adsorption efficiency in 30\%, which was maintained for at least 14 cycles. The results demonstrate that nanofiber membranes produced by solution blow spinning which are surface-modified with sugarcane bagasse fly ash can be a sustainable alternative for designing highly efficient and low-cost adsorbents for removal of dyes and other contaminants from water resources. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work evaluates the impact of different radiation models on the results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of a sugarcane bagasse grate boiler. CFD has been applied extensively in the development of comprehensive models for biomass heterogeneous combustion. The model presented in this paper considers the turbulent flow represented by the standard k-epsilon model and the homogeneous combustion of the volatiles CH4 and CO by the Eddy Dissipation Model (EDM). Thermal profiles have been evaluated by comparing the results obtained without radiation with the results obtained with radiation represented by the P-1 Approximation Method and by the Discrete Transfer Method (DTM). The discussion of the flue gas temperature and chemical composition profiles provides useful information regarding the characteristics of the internal flow and of the equipment operating conditions.
Indiscriminate disposal and burning of agricultural wastes constitute environmental pollution and increase in greenhouse gases emission. Renewable nature and availability of agricultural wastes has stimulated researchers to explore wastes to wealth creation policy. Three agricultural wastes were investigated for potential use for silica production. Proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), compositional analysis, calcination and statistical analysis were carried out to quantify the ash and establish presence of silica. Response surface methodology was used for statistical analysis of CP calcination. The proximate analysis showed that sugarcane bagasse, cassava periderm and maize stalk ash contents are 1.73, 4.93 and 4.80\%, respectively. The EDS results showed that their ashes contain 5.22, 6.10 and 7.01\% silicon, respectively. XRF results revealed presence of 38\% SiO2 in CP ash. XRD revealed presence of silica and silicates phases. TGA shows that their calcination temperature must be above 500 degrees C. Numerical optimization of CP calcination gave optimum condition of 700 degrees C for 270min to attain 82\% weight loss. Calcination regression equation exhibited high coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.8225. The three wastes contain silica and silicates from which silica could be extracted. Calcination temperature and time have been established to be significant in ash content enhancement.
Sugarcane straw may work as a physical barrier for pre-emergent herbicides and interact with their molecules, increasing sorption process. Adjuvants may change herbicides dynamics in the environment and improve their efficiency for weed control. The objective of this work was to evaluate sorption and desorption of pendimethalin alone and in mixture with adjuvant in soil and sugarcane straw. Sorption experiments were performed using pendimethalin alone and in mixture with vegetable oil with herbicide solution concentrations ranging between 2.5 and 40 mu g mL(-1)for both conditions. Sorption distribution coefficient (K-d) for soil was 18.48 mL g(-1)using pendimethalin alone. K(d)value was not determined when pendimethalin was in mixture with adjuvant due to the complete retention of the herbicide in the soil regardless of the initial aqueous phase concentration. Sugarcane straw sorption experiment had K(d)values corresponding to 355.52 and 27.24 mL g(-1)for pendimethalin alone and in mixture with adjuvant, respectively, indicating the addition of vegetable oil may significantly decrease pendimethalin retention in the straw and could improve weed control. Besides all desorption coefficients were higher than the respective sorption coefficients, which means that the sorption process may be considered irreversible.
The interaction between nanostructures and yeast cells, as well as the description of the effect of nanoparticles in ethanol production are open questions in the development of this nanobiotechnological process. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the free and immobilized state on chitosan-coated manganese ferrite, using cane molasses as a carbon source. To obtain the chitosan-coated manganese ferrite, the one-step coprecipitation method was used. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction obtaining the typical diffraction pattern. The crystal size was calculated by the Scherrer equation as 15.2 nm. The kinetics of sugar consumption and ethanol production were evaluated by HPLC. With the immobilized system, it was possible to obtain an ethanol concentration of 56.15 g/L, as well as the total sugar consumption at 24 h of fermentation. Productivity and yield in this case were 2.3 +/- 0.2 g/(L {*
Cellulases are important industrial enzymes which are being employed in diverse bio-processing for a number of commercial applications. Particularly, in context of viable biomass to biofuels production technology, high cost of cellulolytic enzymes is the main hindrance in which cost of substrate contributes the most. Selection of appropriate substrates may reduce the production cost of these enzymes, and consequently cost involved in the biofuels production process can be significantly reduced. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to improve the enzyme production using the combination of low-cost and renewable substrates which include sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and secondary sewage sludge (S3). Furthermore, cellulase production has been carried out under the co-fermentation wherein fungal strain Rhizopus Oryzae NS5 has been utilized. Under the solid-state fermentation (SSF), both the substrates with a ratio of 6:6 g (SCB: S3) exhibited maximum cellulase production in 72 h at pH 5.0 and temperature 37 degrees C. The maximum 17 U/gds FP, 163 BGL, and 227 U/gds EG have been achieved using this optimized ratio of both the substrates. Additionally, the crude cellulase showed temperature tolerance ability at 45 degrees C up to 150 min and pH tolerance capability at pH 8.0 for 150 min. The current findings may be utilized to produce crude cellulase enzyme using low-cost renewable wastes for effective bioconversion processing of lignocellulosic biomass to produce variety of biofuels.
Bioproduction of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) products starting with low-cost raw materials has become significant in the biorefinery concept. Thus, the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industrial residues using GRAS strains appears as alternative to obtain aroma compounds. Here, the SSF of the mixture sugarcane bagasse/sugar beet molasses was used for producing a mixture of value-added fruit-like compounds. The study aimed to enhance the production and ester selectivity evaluating three operational strategies at three scales (0.5, 4.5 and 22 L) using non-sterilized residues. While the average total volatile production was 120 mg(Vol) per gram of dry substrate (g(ITS)(-1)), fed-batch operation promoted the highest increases in the ester content up to 57 mg(Est) g(ITS)(-1), an 88 and 59\% more than in the static-batch and intermittent mixing modes respectively. Alternative operational strategies have compensated the scale-up adverse effects in the bioproduction, moving towards a sustainable large-scale application in a circular economy scheme.
The yeast Cyberlindnera xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 has been identified as a promising new xylitol producer from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SCHH). However, SCHH pretreatment process generates byproducts, which are toxic to cell metabolism, including furans, phenolic compounds, and carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, typically released at high concentrations. This research aims to reduce acetic acid in sugarcane hemicellulose hydrolysate concomitantly with xylitol production by yeast strain Cy. xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 in a bioreactor by strategically evaluating the influence of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (k(L)a) (21 and 35 h(-1)). Experiments were conducted on a bench bioreactor (2 L volumetric capacity) at different initial k(L)a values (21 and 35 h(-1)). SCHH medium was supplemented with rice bran extract (10 g L-1) and yeast extract (1 g L-1). Cy. xylosilytica showed high xylitol production performance (19.56 g L-1), xylitol yield (0.56 g g(-1)) and, maximum xylitol-specific production rate (mu p(m \& aacute;x) 0.20 g(xylitol)center dot g(-1) h(-1)) at k(L)a value of 21 h(-1), concomitantly slowing the rate of acetic acid consumption. A faster acetic acid consumption (100\%) by Cy. xylosilytica was observed at k(L)a of 35 h(-1), concomitantly with an increase in maximum cellular growth (14.60 g L-1) and reduction in maximum xylitol production (14.56 g L-1 and Y-p/s 0.34 g g(-1)). This study contributes to pioneering research regarding this yeast performance in bioreactors, emphasizing culture medium detoxification and xylitol production.
An environmental friendly process was developed to produce Arthrospira maxima's biomass from sugarcane vinasse, which was generated in a bioethanol production chain, at laboratory and pilot scale. Peptides fractions were than obtained from enzymatically hydrolyzed biomass. High microalgae biomass productivities were reached (0.150 g L-1 day(-1)) coupled with a significant reduction of BOD and COD (89.2 and 81\%, respectively). Three peptide fractions were obtained from microalgae biomass through single or sequential enzymatic hydrolysis. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and/or anti-collagenase activities of biopetides' fractions were observed. The PHS showed multi-biological activities. The three peptides fractions could be potential candidates for different applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry.
This study was designed to identify the most potent N-2-fixing and biofuel producing Bacillus species. Four isolates were selected as the most efficient N-2-fixing organisms which confirmed by nifH gene expression. These isolates were identified genetically by 16S rRNA as Bacillus thuringensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis. The highest biohydrogen production was 2450 and 2300 ml/L from 6\% sugarcane molasses by B. thuringensis and B. subtilis respectively. Nitrogenase activity of B. thuringensis and B. subtilis were 1.4 and 1.3 mu mol C2H4 min(-1) mg protein(-1) at 6\% molasses. Ethanol production was 1.55 and 1.03 g/L, while butyric acid was 10.39 and 5.9 g/L at 6\% molasses by B. thuringensis and B. subtilis at 6\% molasses, respectively. Acetic acid formation was 1.1 and 0.55, lactic acid was 0.07 and 0.05, while butyric acid was 10.39 and 5.9 g/L at 6\% molasses by B. thuringensis and B. subtilis, respectively. Spent bacterial biomass of the two Bacillus species were reused as a biofertilizer for enhancing the growth of sunflower and corn plants. Inoculation of sunflower and corn seeds with B thuringensis and B subtilis significantly increased dry weight, total protein, total carbohydrates and pigment contents over control plants. This enhancement could be attributed to the efficiency of biological N-2-fixation due to nitrogenase activity of the tested Bacillus species. These results suggest that the possibility of interlinking biofuel technology with biofertilizer production by reusing N-2-fixing spent bacterial biomass of Bacillus could be increase the economic feasibility of the bioenergy production from molasses.
High pretreatment temperature is necessary to obtain xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) with low degree of polymerization (DP). However, traditional isothermal pretreatment for XOS production may increase the generation of xylose and furfural with the reaction time extending (10-100 min). In this study, non-isothermal subcritical CO2-assisted seawater autohydrolysis (NSCSA) firstly used seawater and CO2 for the coproduction of XOS with low DP and glucose. 51.44\% XOS was obtained at 205 degrees C/5 MPa, and low-DP (2-4) XOS accounted for 79.13\% of the total XOS. Furthermore, the specific surface area and total pore volume of the pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were 1.96 m(2)/g and 0.011 cm(3)/g, respectively, increased by 148\% and 83\% than that of nature SCB. Compared with subcritical CO2 pretreatment, NSCSA is an efficient method for the coproduction of XOS with low DP and glucose through inorganic salts in seawater and H2CO3 formed from CO2.
The use of sugarcane bagasse and grass as low cost raw material for xylanase production by Bacillus circulans D1 in submerged fermentation was investigated. The microorganism was cultivated in a mineral medium containing hydrolysate of bagasse or grass as carbon source. High production of enzyme was obtained during growth in media with bagasse hydrolysates (8.4 U/mL) and in media with grass hydrolysates (7.5 U/mL). Xylanase production in media with hydrolysates was very close to that obtained in xylan containing media (7.0 U/ mL) and this fact confirm the feasibility of using this agro-industrial byproducts by B. circulans D1 as an alternative to save costs on the enzyme production process. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of agricultural waste material in the production of bioethanol can provide an alternative to fossil fuels that is renewable and readily available. This research sought to use a combination of chemical pretreatments to make available reducing sugars from sugarcane bagasse and trash for fermentation into bioethanol. A combination of alkali and peroxide was used. These results indicate that pretreatment with alkali peroxide is quite effective in reducing the levels of hemicellulose sugars and lignin in particular. The slight changes in cellulose quantities are an indication that alkali peroxide preatreatment conserves the quantities of cellulose and does not result in a loss in cellulose as compared to other pretreatment processes such as acid hydrolysis. The drawback is that this can also mean that the crystalline structure of the cellulose was not disturbed, which could slow down downstream processes of enzyme hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation. The pretreated bagasse contained significantly higher levels cellulose of 48 \% and 63 \% after pretreatment with 3 \% and 5 \% alkali peroxide, respectively. This represents a 28 \% increase and a 70 \% increase, respectively, in available exposed cellulose for use in further processes of enzyme hydrolysis and fermentation.
This manuscript shows an ethanol production from two simultaneously processed raw materials: corn grains and molasses residue from sugarcane production. This process is new in countries such as Brazil, which has industrialized these raw materials in the same plant (Flex Mills), and the effects promoted on ethanol production (fermentation process) have not been studied. This paper shows that the uses of yeast CAT-1 (isolated for ethanol production using sugarcane) are not adequate to fermentation of broth obtained from 100\% corn. However, the mixture of 50\% corn broth and 50\% molasses broth results in increase of cell viability, budding and bud viability of yeast, and the ethanol yield process. Another point to highlight is the high level of phenolic compounds showed by molasses, which could decrease cell viability and yeast budding rate during the recycling of this microorganism. The mixture with corn broth standardizes the phenolic compounds in the molasses broth.
Improving paper characteristics through natural and cost-effective fillers is a massive issue in the paper industry. In the process of manufacturing paper, inorganic and organic fillers are utilized. Organic fillers are only appropriate for specific applications, and their expensive cost has limited their use. Here, various concentrations of sugarcane press mud (SPM) waste were applied to obtain pure calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) after the calcination to use as a potential filler in the papermaking by mixing the CaONPs at various ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20\%), and paper properties have been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized to characterize the CaONPs produced. The finding reveals that the influence of nano CaO fillers filled at different ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20\%) on tensile, tear index, porosity, and smoothness was slowly decreased when increasing the content of nano filler to 35.9, 55.0, 565.7, and 260.3 at (0\%) decrease to 30.7, 42.4, 381.6, and 188.4 at (20\%), respectively. Also, opacity and brightness were increased from 93.0 and 71.7 at (0\%) to 99.0 and 72.3 at (20\%), respectively. The previous results revealed that the CaONPs at (20\%) represent the optimal owing to the small particle size of CaONPs is satisfactory for provoking the prosperities of paper.
Cogeneration from sugarcane bagasse in Jamaica represents a significant opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions and its dependence on a fossil fuel-based energy matrix. Generation of electricity through cogeneration is a huge opportunity in countries where the sugarcane industry is in decline. This article draws on the findings of a case-study on electricity generation through cogeneration in Jamaica to provide some key messages that may be useful for policy-makers and the private sector to make electricity generation by cogeneration a more competitive option the for investors. To this end, this article analyses two scenarios: the first is a Baseline Scenario that assesses the impact of cogeneration technology already installed in a Jamaican sugarcane company where the cogeneration stage produces 2,2 MW; the second one considers that the cogeneration technology is changed to a new biomass based power plant upgrading the cogeneration stage in order to produce 5 MW of power from bagasse. The assessment was carried out by using a complete Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Costing and Social Life Cycle Assessment. The results revealed that generation of electricity from cogeneration derived from bagasse is a suitable alternative adding economic, environmental and social value. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Today, a variety of techniques are employed to lessen the harmful impacts of soils with high levels of heavy metals. In this case, using biochar is a fairly recent technique to lessen the toxicity of heavy metals. In this study, a pot experiment with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was carried out to examine the impact of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) on adsorption kinetics and enhancing the growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. The variables included planting rice, two levels of Cd (0 and 30 mg kg(-1) of soil from CdSO4.8H(2)O), and two levels of SBB (0 and 3\% by weight). Numerous functional groups on the surface of the biochar may contribute to the immobilization of Cd in polluted soil. According to coefficients of determination (R-2), the Langmuir model provided the best fit for the Cd adsorption data of all the studied treatments. The highest plant height was noted when the control soil was treated with SBB. By utilizing 3\% SBB, rice height increased by 23.28\% over control. Only Cd-contaminated soils resulted in a substantial decline in plant height. By adding 3\% SBB in non-contaminated soil, rice grain output and biomass were increased 19.30 and 22.95\% over control, respectively. A single application of SBB at a rate of 3\% significantly increased biomass and rice grain when compared to single Cd treatments by 16.99 and 20.82\%, respectively. The SBB addition to Cd-contaminated soil significantly decreased the DTPA-extractable components of Cd by 40.39\% as compared to uncontaminated soil. When compared to untreated soil, SBB treatment considerably reduced the Cd levels in rice plants by 31.60\%. Thus, it can be concluded that adding SBB to soil is an appropriate corrective strategy to encourage plant development in soils contaminated with Cd. Understanding how different kinds of biochar interact with contaminated soil to impact Cd uptake in plants requires more research.
There are four main waste products produced during the harvesting and milling process of sugarcane: cane trash, molasses, bagasse and mill mud-boiler ash mixture. This study investigates the value proposition of different techniques currently not being adopted by the industry in the utilisation of these wastes. The study addresses the technical challenges and the environmental impact associated with these wastes and comes up with some recommendations based on the recent findings in the literature. All the biomass wastes such as bagasse, trash (tops) and trash (leaves) have shown great potential in generating higher revenue by converting them to renewable energy than burning them (wet or dry). However, the energy content in the products from all the utilisation methods is less than the energy content of the raw product. This study has found that the most profitable and challenging choice is producing ethanol or ethanol/biogas from these wastes. The authors recommend conducting more research in this field in order to help the sugar industry to compete in the international market.
Filter cake (or Blotong) is a dirt sugarcane sediment (DSS) obtained from refining sugarcane. Organic Supercapacitors is a new technology combined battery and capacitor for advanced energy storage. The elements and compound containing in the DSS have potential be used as an electrode for supercapacitor. Firstly we prepared three different samples, i.e., heating at 100. for an hour, and addition method with H2SO4, and carbonation method at high temperatures. To control the specific capacitance, BaTiO3 nanoparticles fraction was added. It has been successfully fabricated with a structure of DSS/BaTiO3/aluminum films. This supercapacitor produces an average grain size of 31.81 +/- 0.29 nm and porosity of 0.63. The capacitance and specific capacitance respectively reaches to 2.44x10(6) pF and 1100x10(6) pF/g.
This study examined the potential of producing a protein-rich fungus, Rhizopus microsporus (var. oligosporus), as an aquaculture feed ingredient on vinasse generated during sugar-based ethanol fermentation. Optimization studies showed prolific fungal growth at pH 5.0 and 30 degrees C on vinasse with nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) supplementation. The molasses-vinasse resulted in the highest specific fungal biomass yield of 0.21 (g biomass increase/(g initial biomass x g soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removed)). Organic and inorganic matters were significantly reduced, e.g., 42.02\% SCOD and 24.41\% total dissolved solids. Thus, the treated effluent could be recycled as process water or used for land applications. The fungal biomass was found to have 45.55\% crude protein with significantly high amino acids, arginine and threonine. The integration of innovative fungal technology with sugar-based ethanol production could provide an opportunity for producing food-grade fungal protein for animal feed application with simultaneous water reclamation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignin extracts from sugarcane bagasse by alkaline extraction in the presence and absence of ethanol were investigated for their efficacy on maintaining fresh fruit shelf life. For lignin extraction, the highest lignin yield was obtained from 40\% (w/w) NaOH extraction in water. Addition of ethanol gave relatively lower yield of lignin but less hemicellulose contamination. FT-IR intensity of lignin-to-carbohydrate transmittance ratios of extracted lignin from 40\% (w/w) NaOH in distilled water were similar to the ratios of lignin standard from Kraft process. From gel permeation chromatography (GPC), lignin isolated from 40\% (w/w) NaOH in distilled water yielded high amount of both large and small molecules of lignin. The weight loss ratio between lignin and hemicellulose was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was confirmed that isolated lignin from 40\% (w/w) NaOH in distilled water contained highest amount of hemicellulose in lignin extract. The test of coating formulas on limes demonstrated that coating solutions of 0.8\% (w/w) xanthan gum and 1.5\% (w/w) extracted lignin from 40\% (w/w) NaOH had potential to maintain weight loss and color change. This coating formula also exhibited higher antifungal activities. Limes coated with extracted lignin showed higher antifungal activity than limes coated with commercial lignin. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biorefining involves the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable food and feed in-gredients, bio-based products (chemicals and materials), and bioenergy (biofuels, power, and/or heat). The processing of sugarcane is a successful example of renewable bioenergy being produced on a large industrial scale. As the world largest crop by production quantity, around 1907 millions of tons of sugarcane were globally produced last year. Currently, most of the sugarcane mills produce first generation (1 G) ethanol, sugar, and energy from the burning of bagasse. However, the use of part of the sugarcane bagasse to produce second generation (2 G) ethanol is beginning to move towards an industrial reality. The 2 G ethanol process itself also generates several side-streams, which could be further used to obtain high added-value products. Integrated 1 G-2 G biorefineries, where the whole sugarcane biomass is converted to bioenergy and a suite of bio-based products, can be an attractive investment option for a future scenario of a low-carbon economy. The purpose of this review is to gather together the most recent technologies that have been developed to enable the whole use of feedstocks, byproducts, and side-streams within the sugarcane biorefinery. Possible ways to improve the efficiency of biomass processing are discussed, such as the use of low-cost additives, together with the economic and environmental aspects related to the implementation of a sugarcane biorefinery. Potential applications of sugarcane bagasse and straw to obtain valuable products including enzymes, biofertilizers, nanocellulose and lignin-derived commodities are presented as opportunities to improve the attractiveness of this business model.
The quality of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) varies significantly from one locality to another. It greatly influences its performance when used as cement replacement, thus requiring actual empirical data to be generated. This research explored the potential of locally available SCBA in the Philippines as a partial cement replacement material and assessed the appropriate formula-tions of the paste component with SCBA as part of the cement to be used for mortar and concrete production in the future. Mixtures with different SCBA-to-binder ratios (SBR) up to 20\%, and water-to-binder ratios (WBR), were formulated to determine their effects on the consistency and setting time of paste, consistency of fresh mortar, density, and compressive strength of hardened mortar. Multivariate regression analysis was adopted to better interpret the influence of SBR and WBR on the different responses and generate models for their subsequent prediction, including the water requirement, to achieve normal consistency. It was found that increasing SBR from 0.00 to 0.20 increased the water demand for the paste from 0.27 to 0.36 WBR. An increase in the WBR subsequently increases the initial setting time to as much as 198 \& PLUSMN; 16 min and the final setting time to 288 \& PLUSMN; 4 min. The water demand for mortars also increased with increasing SBR to achieve the same workability. Generally, the models generated enabled good predictability (\& GE;90\% ac-curacy) of the water requirements of both paste and mortar. The density and compressive strength of mortars improved with SBR at 0.05 but then decreased as the SBR was increased. However, mixtures with SBR at 0.10 reached a compressive strength comparable to mixtures with pure cement, rendering the maximum amount that the cement can be replaced at 10\%.
In this study, we evaluated the potential of yeasts isolated from Amazon to produce second-generation ethanol from sugarcane bagasse delignified with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and hydrolysed with commercial enzyme preparation. The best efficiency savings in glucose and release of xylose were determined by considering the solids and enzyme loads. Furthermore, we selected Spathaspora passalidarum UFMG-CM-Y473 strain with the best fermentative parameters. Fermentations used bagasse hydrolysate without any nutritional supplementation, a significant difference from previous studies, which is closer to industrial conditions. Ethanol yield of 0.32 g/g and ethanol productivity of 0.34 g/L h were achieved after the consumption of 78\% of the sugar. This hydrolysis/fermentation technology package could represent the input of an additional 3180 L of ethanol per hectare in areas of average sugarcane productivity such as 60 ton/ha. Thus, we concluded that Sp. passalidarum UFMG-CM-Y473 has a clear potential for the production of second-generation ethanol from delignified and enzyme-hydrolysed bagasse.
Composites of sugarcane bagasse in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix were produced by a compression molding method followed by various heat treatment processes, involving slow cooling (annealing), fast cooling (quenching), and re-heating to a temperature below T(g). The effects of the thermal history were examined by the measurement of tensile strength and elongation at break as well as by differential scanning calorimetry. It was observed that the heat treatments affected the elongation at break of unfilled PVC significantly with less significant effect on the tensile strengths. In contrast, various tensile strengths of sugarcane bagasse PVC composites were observed after various heat treatments with less significant effect to the elongations at break. In addition, recycling of the composites may erase the effect of thermal history. Uniform tensile properties of the composites were achieved after recycling process.
The production of value-added products such as cellulase and ethanol via a consolidated bioprocess could be realized by tapping into the multiple actions of a microbial community. For this purpose, an in situ saccharification and fermentation process through a sequential co-culture white-rot fungus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on NaOH-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was investigated. In the present work, white rot fungus plays a role in the production of cellulase enzymes. With the produced cellulase, an in situ saccharification process took place in the reactor to depolymerize pretreated SCB into reducing sugar. The reducing sugar was converted into ethanol via fermentation by S. cerevisiae, which was added into the system sequentially. White rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus was selected due to its competency in producing cellulase and reducing sugar production. The operating condition to maximize the production of reducing sugar in situ was obtained through a Central Composite Design method. A total of 3.13 g reducing sugar/100 g SCB was obtained when P. sanguineus was cultivated at 0.6\% inoculum loading, 70\% moisture content and 4 days. Subsequently, 4.5 g ethanol/100 g SCB was obtained from the in situ saccharification and fermentation system after S. cerevisiae was sequentially inoculated.
PLA/sugarcane bagasse fiber composites were prepared by injection molding from two fractions of fibers with different fiber characteristics, which were determined before and after processing. Interfacial adhesion was modified by a maleated PLA coupling agent. The mechanical properties of the composites were characterized by tensile and impact testing, while local deformation processes by acoustic emission testing and microscopy. The results showed that considerable attrition takes place during melt processing in both the length and diameter of the fibers. The originally different batches of short and long fibers have similar dimensions after processing. Interfacial adhesion between PLA and bagasse is inherently good, thus coupling does not improve properties. Shear yielding and fiber fracture consume sufficiently energy to increase the impact resistance. Sugarcane bagasse fibers considerably increase the stiffness of PLA, result in almost constant tensile strength and increase impact resistance yielding a material with reasonable combination of properties for structural applications.
The aims of this work were to determine the specific biogas yields of steam-exploded sugarcane straw and bagasse as well as to estimate their energy potential under Brazilian conditions. Steam-explosion was carried out under different time and temperature conditions. The specific biogas yields were analyzed in batch-tests according to VDI 4630. Results have shown that steam-explosion pre-treatment increased the specific biogas yields of straw and bagasse significantly compared to the untreated material. The utilization of these by-products can contribute to 5\% of the total energy consumption and thereby higher energy independence in Brazil. Further efforts in defining the optimum pretreatment conditions with steam-explosion as well as implementing this technology in large scale plants should be made. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The carbon nanofiber (CNF) is a promising material for fabricating an electrochemical catalyst. However, the CNF derived from petroleum-based polymers with poor specific surface area hinder the exposure of the catalytic active sites. Herein, we develop an efficient catalyst derived from sugarcane bagasse based porous carbon nanofiber-supported the CoP/Co2P heterostructure (CoP/Co2P@ACNF-800) for overall water splitting. The CoP/Co2P@ACNF-800 possessed abundant accessible specific surface area due to its porous carbon structure. Owing to the fast mass and charge transport pathway and exposure of abundant catalytic active sites, the CoP/Co2P@ACNF-800 exhibited high activity with the low overpotential of 155 and 291 mV for the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions in 1 M KOH at 10 mA cm(-2), as well as excellent catalytic stability. When the CoP/Co2P@ACNF-800 worked as both the anode and cathode, the current density of 10 mA.cm(-2) could be achieved with a potential of 1.67 V for water splitting. This study provides a strategy to design a novel CoP/Co2P heterostructure supported on renewable biomass-based porous CNFs for efficient electrocatalysis water splitting and sustainable chemistry application. (C)\& nbsp;2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Biological denitrification experiment was conducted using sugar-industry wastes, namely final molasses as a carbon source and bagasse charcoal pellets as supporting media for denitrifying bacteria. We employed an upflow fixed-bed reactor filled with the pellets and biofilm attached onto them. This was fed with potassium-nitrate and dilute-molasses solutions. Total nitrogen removals of more than 85\% were achieved at influent carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratios between 2 and 4, and hydraulic residence times of more than 0.8 h. This demonstrated that final molasses could be used as an alternative carbon source. On the other hand, final molasses also contained some organic/ammonium nitrogen and refractory organic matter including colors, both of which were difficult to remove with the reactor. Accordingly, at higher C/N ratios, these substances caused major increases in effluent total-nitrogen and organic-carbon concentrations. Therefore, an optimum C/N ratio was found to be around 2.
In this study the adsorption of cationic dyes by modified sugarcane bagasse with EDTA dianhydride (EB) was examined using methylene blue (MB) and gentian violet (GV) as model compounds in aqueous single solutions. The synthesized adsorbent (EB) was characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, and BET., The capacity of EB to adsorb dyes was evaluated at different contact times, pH values, and initial dye concentrations. According to the obtained results, the adsorption processes could be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherms were well fitted by the Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacities for MB and GV on EB were found to be 202.43 and 327.83 mg/g, respectively. The free energy change during adsorption of MB and GV was found to be -22.50 and -24.21 kJ/mol, respectively, suggesting that chemisorption is the main mechanism controlling the adsorption process. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bagasse particle is used in energy generation, and the usual method for determining their size distribution is sieving. Traditional methods for measuring the bagasse particle size distribution, such as sieving, do not evaluate the effect of the irregular particle shape, producing results that are not always applicable to the prediction of fluid dynamic behavior. This work determined size distribution of bagasse particles considering their aerodynamic behavior. Physical-chemical characterization was performed in different particle sizes of the bagasse. A particulate elutriation and settling system was developed to determine the terminal velocity distribution of particles. Drag coefficients and terminal velocities measured were compared with literature correlations. Almost all the correlations analyzed showed significant deviations from the values obtained experimentally. Haider and Levenspiel's correlation showed the smallest average deviation. Two types of particles were observed in bagasse: fibers and spongy pith. The apparent density of the particles depends on the particle size, and the ash concentration in smaller fractions is 3 times larger than the average. The method of aerodynamic separation for the characterization of bagasse particle allowed to obtain information that cannot be found by the traditional method of separation by sieving. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modification of sugarcane bagasse with sulphuric acid improves the metal ion binding capacity of the bagasse. The process for this modification must be optimized for being cost effectively and environmentally accepted. In this regard, the objective of this study is to employ life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify and compare the potential environmental impacts of producing this modified biosorbent of heavy metals obtained from the sugarcane bagasse by a conventional process with two new alternatives proposed in this work. The results of the life cycle assessment on laboratory scale showed that the reuse of the non-reacted sulphuric acid and water of the washing and, drying the bagasse in trays under sun were of paramount importance because they involve a lower environmental impact. Therefore, it is recommended that this environmentally-friendly alternative be carefully considered in further assessments to develop and employ the production of chemically modified sugarcane bagasse on a larger scale.
A laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the strength of laterite soil stabilized with recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). The laterite soil was mixed with RAP in 40/60 ratio and treated with SCBA at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 \% by weight of the soil-RAP mixture. Particle size analysis, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength, (UCS), and California bearing ratio (CBR), tests were carried out on the prepared specimens. The results obtained show that addition of RAP reduces the optimum moisture content, (OMC), and increases the maximum dry density (MDD) of the sample as compared with the natural soil while the addition of SCBA up to 4\% results in further increase in MDD; further addition of SCBA results in reduced MDD whereas OMC increased with increasing SCBA. UCS and CBR increased with SCBA treatment and curing period respectively. Soaking of the specimens for 24 hours results in reduced CBR values. Based on the laboratory results obtained and based on the strength criteria for soil-lime adopted in this study, it was observed that 6 to 8\% SCBA treatment of the soil-RAP mixture yielded the best results meeting the requirement for sub base course and 10\% SCBA treatment gives the best results meeting the requirement for base course for light trafficked roads.
This study was developed in a sugarcane area under contrasting management regimes defined by mechanical green harvesting (GH) and burning harvesting (BH) to test the hypotheses that the ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O-2), known as the apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ), can be used to categorise soil biological activity. The study aimed to (i) examine the profile and relationship between the CO2 flux (FCO2) and the O-2 flux (FO2) in a sugarcane area under mechanical harvesting with straw burning (BH) and mechanical harvesting with maintenance of straw (GH), considering soil moisture; (ii) and suggest the use of ARQ as an index for categorising the biological activity of soils. Our results showed consistently lower FCO2 for soil moisture in the range of 6.0-8.6\% for both management regimes. The soil moisture increments triggered a decrease in FO2 and an increase in FCO2 and ARQ. The FCO2 and FO2 were positively correlated under BH. The BH yielded a cumulative CO2 emission of 53.68\% higher than for GH. Overall, our findings revealed that soil moisture affected the O-2 uptake and CO2 emission profile of soil, limiting O-2 uptake and increasing CO2 releases for water-filled porosity below 70\%. The GH management system, which incorporates sugarcane residues into the superficial layer of the soil, can help protect against soil erosion. The ARQ can be used as an index to categorise biological activity in soil, where ARQ values close to 1 can be considered a reflection of aerobic activity with balance between CO2 production and O-2 consumption.
In this paper, the anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with municipal sludge are evaluated. The effects of these process parameters were evaluated using two different South African wastewaters (WWs) as co-substrates for AcoD in batch mode. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design was employed to design the experimental runs, optimize, and study the interactive effects of the operating parameters; temperature (25-55 degrees C), and the organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.5-1.5 gVS/mL. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the response model developed was used to evaluate the data obtained at 95\% confidence level with a maximum correlation coefficient (R-2) of 0.9995 for SCB with sugar wastewater (SWW). The ramp plot showed desirability performances of 95.9\% for SCB with dairy WW (DWW) and 98.5\% for SCB with SWW. Maximum biogas yield of 4.98 m(3)/KgVS (663.30 mL/d) was obtained for the latter. Data obtained from the biogas production were fitted into four kinetic models namely the first order, Chen, and Hashimoto, Dual pooled, and the modified Gompertz. Amongst all, the modified Gompertz was found to be the best fit in all the four substrates combinations with a correlation coefficient value (R-2) of 0.996. Results indicated that the Modified Gompertz model could be the preferred model for the study of South African Industrial WW streams for biogas production. Also, the BBD employed proved to be economical and a reliable tool for modeling, optimizing, and studying the interactive effects of the factors for the biogas yield. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative.
Sugarcane is one of the main crops worldwide, and it has an important impact on environmental issues. A bibliometric mapping analysis of the research on sugarcane was carried out, using data on the titles, abstracts, and keywords of articles published in leading journals and other peer-reviewed documents available in the SCOPUS database from 1858 to 2019 (27 August), and this was subsequently analyzed with the software VOSviewer. The three most important countries that publish research and were most-cited regarding sugarcane were Brazil, the USA, and India. The analysis of the co-occurrence of terms shows that the main research areas were sugarcane bagasse and terms related to bioenergy, and on a second level of relevance agronomy topics related to increasing crop yields. This first attempt to visualize the abundance of publications regarding sugarcane in their totality is in itself a good starting point for further scientific discussion.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: As a significant health issue, Functional Constipation (FC) has a high prevalence of 0.7\%-29\% worldwide. In Persian ethnomedicine, several formulations of sugarcane extracts including faniz, shekar-e - sorkh and black strap molasses have been used to treat pediatric constipation. Aim of the study: To evaluate efficacy and safety of oral intake of black strap molasses syrup (BSM) on FC in children. Materials and methods: A randomized controlled double blinded trial was performed on children aged 4-12 years diagnosed with FC according to ROMIII Constipation Measurement Questionnaire. Ninety-two patients were randomly divided in two groups of BSM or PEG syrups (40\%) with a dose of 1 mL/kg body weight/day for 1 month. Symptoms were evaluated every two weeks. Possible serological side-effects and changes in children's body weight were investigated. BSM syrup constituents were determined by pharmacognostic methods. Results: Treatment was successful with both interventions with no significant difference between the groups. Defecation per week was significantly improved in both groups. Symptoms including volitional stool retention, large diameter stool, painful or hard stool and large fecal mass in the rectum decreased significantly two and four weeks after intervention (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups except for the rate of large diameter stool. No side-effects were observed. The BSM naturally contained polyphenols (960 mu g/mL), potassium (12430 mu g/mL), iron (80 mu g/mL) and calcium (3320 mu g/mL). Conclusion: BSM and PEG syrups had similar efficacy on FC. Compared with PEG, BSM syrup contained different natural micronutrients.
The interest in the conversion of plant biomass to renewable fuels such as bioethanol has led to an increased investigation into the processes regulating biomass saccharification. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is an important microorganism capable of producing a wide variety of plant biomass degrading enzymes. In A. niger the transcriptional activator XlnR and its close homolog, AraR, control the main (hemi-)cellulolytic system responsible for plant polysaccharide degradation. Sugarcane is used worldwide as a feedstock for sugar and ethanol production, while the lignocellulosic residual bagasse can be used in different industrial applications, including ethanol production. The use of pentose sugars from hemicelluloses represents an opportunity to further increase production efficiencies. In the present study, we describe a global gene expression analysis of A. niger XlnR- and AraR-deficient mutant strains, grown on a o-xyloseh-arabinose monosaccharide mixture and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. Different gene sets of CAZy enzymes and sugar transporters were shown to be individually or dually regulated by XlnR and AraR, with XlnR appearing to be the major regulator on complex polysaccharides. Our study contributes to understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms responsible for plant polysaccharide-degrading gene expression, and opens new possibilities for the engineering of fungi able to produce more efficient enzymatic cocktails to be used in biofuel production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This study was conducted to estimate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the nutrients and energy contained in banana peel, cassava peel, cocoa husk, copra waste, and sugarcane bagasse in GIFT Nile tilapia (initial body weight 22.38 +/- 0.33 g). A reference diet was formulated to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the fish. Five test diets were formulated to contain 70\% of the reference diet and 30\% of each test ingredient. The experiment lasted 42 days. The ADCs of dry matter (DM), crude lipid (CL), ash, crude fiber (CF), total carbohydrate (TC), and gross energy (GE) were 16.19\%, 6.56\%, 11.40\%, 38.98\% and 15.68\% for banana peel; the ADCs of DM, crude protein (CP), CL, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 69.11\%, 31.61\%, 61.07\%, 68.88\%, 73.14\%, 71.24\%, and 69.00\% for cassava peel; the ADCs of DM, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 10.56\%, 0.84\%, 28.70\%, 2.82\%, and 8.459.69\% for cocoa husk; the ADCs of DM, CP, CL, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 63.08\%, 20.14\%, 66.60\%, 32.53\%, 69.70\%, 66.21\%, and 64.06\% for copra waste; and the ADCs of DM, CF, TC, and GE were 15.22\%, 36.71\%, 34.34\%, and 15.55\% for sugarcane bagasse in tilapia respectively. This experiment generated basic information for the use of these ingredients in diet formulation for tilapia. However, considering the relatively low ADCs of nutrients observed in the present experiment, further processing could be an interesting avenue in improving the nutritional value and digestibility of these ingredients.
Alkaline sulfite pretreated sugarcane bagasse was enzymatically hydrolyzed in a packed-bed column reactor and a bubble column reactor was evaluated to produce ethanol from the hydrolysate. Initial solid loadings of 9-16\% were used in column reactor in the hydrolysis step, and the use of lower value (9\%) resulted in 41 g L-1 of glucose in the hydrolysate, corresponding to 87\% of cellulose hydrolysis yield. This yield was reduced to 65\% for a solid loading of 16\%, corresponding to a glucose concentration of 54 g L-1. Subsequently, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis were used for ethanol production in medium based on hydrolysate previously obtained, using different aeration flowrates (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 vvm). In simple batch fermentation using S. cerevisiae, higher ethanol yield (0.40 g.g(-1)) and productivity (1.58 g.L-1.h(-1)) were achieved using 0.5 vvm. When S. stipitis was used in simple batch co-fermentations, the maximum ethanol productivities were obtained using 0.5 and 0.7 vvm (0.64 and 0.63 g.L-1.h(-1), respectively). Successive repeated batches resulted in average ethanol concentration of 38 g.L-1 and fermentation efficiency of 82\%, when using S. cerevisiae. For S. stipitis, those values were, respectively, 36 g.L-1 and 50\%, with volumetric productivity increased along the cycles. Thus, the potential of the bioreactors as simple systems for use in the biological steps of biorefineries was demonstrated.
Reduction and recycling of Cr(VI) can offer environmental governance and sustainable development. Polypyrrole/sugarcane bagasse composites (PPy/SCB) for efficient adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) in wastewater were prepared by in-situ polymerization. The effects of the initial pH, Cr concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, composition ratio and temperature on adsorption capacity were explored. The optimal Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of PPy/SCB was achieved when the pH value was 2.0. The adsorbents before and after adsorption were characterized, which confirmed that adsorption process affects the morphology, composition and structure of the PPy/SCB surface. The adsorption kinetics data of Cr(VI) were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, which indicated that Cr(VI) concentration gradient played a driving role in this process. The adsorption isotherm data were consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model with the adsorption capacity of 156-251 mg/g. Synergic effect of PPy and SCB during the processes of electrostatic adsorption and ion exchange, in-situ reduction of electron donors, and coordination were found to be responsible for the rapid removal and toxicity reduction of total Cr in aqueous solution. Cr(VI) anions can be chelated by oxygen-containing functional groups on SCB surface after reduction to simple cations, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. This study provides a reasonable scheme for the targeted use of waste biomass for heavy metal pollution control. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
To enhance the digestion rate of a landfill leachate in the anaerobic packed bed reactor, a natural zeolite and sugarcane bagasse fly ash (BFA) were tested as the immobilization media. In order to scale up this process and systematically optimize the reactor performance, a kinetics model was needed. The suitability of the Contois and Haldane growth kinetic models were tested on the experiment data. It turned out that Contois gave the best fit for both acidogenic and methanogenic steps. A statistical analysis on Contois kinetic parameters using the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that, in comparison with the BFA, the zeolite, as an immobilization media, showed more positive effects on the performance of the anaerobic digestion of a leachate.
Cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter intermedius SNT-1 under static condition was compared using various carbon sources. The trend observed was: HS-glucose > HS-glucose + sucrose fructose > HS-fructose > HS-sucrose. Molasses, an industrial byproduct also served as a feedstock for cellulose production. Cellulose yield of 12.6 g L-1 was obtained from 45.8 g L-1 of diluted (1:4) molasses after H2SO4-heat pre-treatment. Cellulose yields were comparable using corn-steep liquor or yeast extract as the nitrogen sources along with heat pretreated molasses. Cellulose production was decreased by 30\% in the absence of polypeptone. The number of viable cells entrapped within bacterial cellulose mat was much higher in comparison to that present in the spent medium. Cellulose immobilized cells may be protected against toxicity of components present in molasses. Bacterial cellulose produced from pretreated molasses contained mixture of cellulose I and cellulose II types, was predominantly in I alpha (similar to 60\%) form, had high tensile strength. This study demonstrates the suitability of using molasses from sugar industries as cheap carbon source for production of bacterial cellulose, with characteristics similar to those obtained using expensive carbon sources such as glucose or fructose. Huge amount of molasses is produced worldwide annually and therefore it is a readily available resource for cellulose production. Cellulose produced by bacteria using molasses is relatively pure which does not require extensive chemical treatments as in Kraft pulping or bleaching. Bacterial production of cellulose causes lower impact on environment in terms of pollution load and energy consumption. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an abundant, renewable and inexpensive agricultural byproduct for the production of biofuel and other biobased products. To effectively saccharify SCB with cellulases, combination with dilute alkali salts Na2SO3/Na3PO4 (0.4\% Na3PO4, 0.03\% Na2SO3) at 7.5\% sulfidity and hot water (DASHW) in ``one-pot{''
Fly ash often is used as the third material for cement. The fly ash from sugarcane bagasse is usually considered as industrial waste material that can be added to the base material of cement (clinker, trash, gypsum and lime stone) for economic and environment reason. The amount of fly ash usually up to 30 \% of cement material, but in this research the percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) is added to cement material is up to 15\% total weight. Then the x- rays fluorescence (XRF) was used to determine its chemical composition of raw material and cement samples. The physical properties of cement such as fineness, setting time, expansion, and compressive strength were measured using Automatic Blaine, Vicat, Autoclave, respectively. The result show that the percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash influences the quality of cement and concrete, and this is confirmed with Indonesia National Standard (SNI). It is showed that the sugarcane bagasse ash could be use as material to improve the quality of cement and will solve the environment waste material
The expansion of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation for the production of sugar or ethanol has increased cultivated land as well as the volume of residues (such as filter cake) that may be used in agriculture as a nutrient source, reducing environmental contamination and fertilization costs. However, there is a lack of information about the best way of application. In this way, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the filter cake dose and the application method (on the ground in the row and incorporated between rows) on the technological variables and ratoon yield. The experiment was installed on a sugar cane ratoon (SP 81-3250), cultivated in clay soil in the municipality of Goianesia, State of Goias, Brazil. The experimental delineation used was randomized blocks with eleven treatments and five replications, in a factorial scheme 5 X 2 + 1, which correspond to 5 increasing doses of filter cake (0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 t ha(-1)) with 2 modes of application (over the ground in the row and incorporated in the between row) and an additional treatment corresponding to the mineral nutrition done by the company Usina Jalles Machado S. A.. The highest sugar cane ratoon production was obtained when 70 t ha(-1) of filter cake were used, independently of the mode of application.
Competitive adsorption behavior and mechanism for Pb2+ selective removal from aqueous solution on phosphoric acid modified sugarcane bagasse (PA-SCB) were investigated in Pb/Cu, Pb/Zn, Pb/Cd and Pb/Ca binary system under dynamic condition. Results verified by EDX analysis showed that Pb2+ with the highest adsorption affinity substituted the adsorbed co-ions during the adsorption process, and amount of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ca2+ desorbed was 5.5, 6.3,13.7 and 6.2 mg g(-1), respectively. Desorption and release of the adsorbed co-ions into the solution resulted in an obvious overshoot peak in their breakthrough curves, which could be predicted well by Chromatographic Gaussian equation. Selective adsorption of Pb2+ was further verified in Pb/Cu/Zn/Cd/Ca/Mg system, and amount of Pb2+ adsorbed on the column was respective 24.5-, 13.6-, 12.8-, 91.1- and 159.5- times of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ Wastewater treatment experiment showed that the amount of Pb2+ adsorbed on the column was 73.7 mg g(-1), while that of Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was 4.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.03 mg g(-1), demonstrating that Pb2+ could be absorbed efficiently from the complex system. The as prepared column had great potential in Pb2+ selective removal form practical waste water. (C) 2019 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to second generation (2G) sugars is crucial for the production of biofuels and commodity chemicals. However, due to its recalcitrant nature, pretreatment is an essential step to increase the accessibility of cellulolytic enzymes to hemicellulose and cellulose to obtain 2Gsugars. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated by dilute nitric acid (1\% w/v), dilute sodium hydroxide (1\% w/v) and sequential nitric acid-sodium hydroxide. The pretreated material was then enzymatically hydrolysed (5 and 10\% total solids; TS) by cellulase (Cellic Ctec 2, Novozyme, Curitiba, Brazil). Sequential acid-base pretreated bagasse (cellulosic pulp) led the removal of lignin (70.63\%) and hemicellulose (100\%) and retained 92.33\% cellulose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of sequential acid-base pretreated bagasse (5\% TS) showed hydrolysis yield of 75.68\% (glucose released), followed by sodium hydroxide pretreated with glucose (68.76\%) and xylose (73.26\%) and nitric acid pretreated with glucose (31.49\%) and xylose (31.49\%), respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of sequential acid-base pretreated (10\% TS) showed hydrolysis yield of 66.20\% (glucose), followed by glucose (63.02\%) and xylose (60.14\%) from sodium hydroxide pretreatment and finally glucose (28.71\%) and xylose (23.56\%) from dilute nitric acid pretreatment. Therefore, the cellulosic material showed high hydrolysis efficiency after enzymatic saccharification, proving that sequential removal of hemicellulose and lignin from the biomass enables high accessibility of cellulases to the substrate, eventually yielding high amount of 2G sugars.
The present study aims on analyzing the characterizations and optimizing the performance and emission parameters of the co-pyrolytic oil in different blends using a diesel engine. The study was conducted for diesel and three different blends of co-pyrolytic oil (COPO) with diesel in proportions of 5\% (COPO5), 10\% (COPO10), and 15\% (COPO15) respectively. The co-pyrolytic oil was furnished using sugarcane bagasse and polystyrene in the ratio of 1:3 in a semi-batch reactor. From the characterization for fuel properties, it was observed that all the properties of three different blends found to be decreasing compared to diesel, except calorific value which was slightly increasing with an increase in blending ratio of co-pyrolytic oil. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of aromatic compounds, phenols, alkanes and alkenes with major part of aromatic compounds. The GC-MS analysis of the co-pyrolytic oil resulted in highest proportion of aromatic compounds followed by aliphatic hydrocarbons, some alkanes, alkenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The performance studies revealed the optimum values for bake power as 3.62 kW, brake thermal efficiency as 31.24\%, brake specific fuel consumption as 0.2 kg/kWh and torque of 21.56 Nm for 5\% blend (COPO5) under full load condition. The emission parameters for COPO5 also observed to be reduced with CO as 0.018\% and CO2 as 3.4\% compared to diesel value as 0.05\% and 3.8\% respectively.
A novel sugarcane bagasse-bentonite/sodium alginate (SCB-Ben/SA) composite aerogel was prepared as an effective green adsorbent via blending-cross-linking for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of SCB-Ben/SA for CV was 839.9 mg/g at 0.8 mg/mL adsorbent dosage, temperature 303 K, pH 4, and 800 mg/L initial CV concentration, and presented a removal rate of 85\%. Adsorption kinetics studied using the novel pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order (PFO-PSO) combined model showed that CV adsorption by SCB-Ben/SA was a complex process and did not include a single mecha-nism, but involved both chemical and physical adsorption reactions; however, chemisorption was the dominant kinetic mechanism. The dynamic characteristics of CV adsorption process achieved through the liquid film around SCB-Ben/SA and the pores inside SCB-Ben/SA was described satisfactorily and conveniently using the novel film-pore mass transfer (FPMT) model. A multilayer adsorption model was applied to further understand the CV adsorption behaviour of SCB-Ben/SA. The number of linked CV molecules per functional group varied from 0.53 to 0.63 for SCB-Ben/SA. The CV molecules were adsorbed on SCB-Ben/SA via mixed orientation. The adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics revealed that the multilayer adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Overall, SCB-Ben/SA was found to be an efficient, low-cost, green, and recyclable adsorbent for organic dye removal.
The important part of fuel cell is the gas diffusion layer who made from carbon based material porous and conductive. The main goal of this research is to obtain carbon material from sugarcane bagasse with hydrothermal carbonization and chemical-physics activation. There were two step methods in this research. The first step was sample preparation which consisted of prepare the materials, hydrothermal carbonization and chemical-physics activation. The second one was analyze character of carbon using EDS, SEM, XRD, and LCR meter. The amount of carbon in sugarcane bagasse-carbon was about 85\%-91.47\% with pore morphology that already form. The degree of crystallinity of sugarcane bagasse carbon was about 13.06\%20.89\%, leaving the remain as the amorphous phase. Electrical conductivity was about 5.36 x 10(-2) Sm-1 - 1.11 Sm-1. Sugarcane bagasse-carbon has porous characteristic with electrical conductivity property as semiconductor. Sugarcane bagasse-carbon with hydrothermal carbonization potentially can be used as based material for fuel cell if only time of hydrothermal carbonization hold is increased.
The spatial system dynamics model (SSDM) of sugarcane industrial ecosystem presented in this paper is towards an integrated approach to simulate a bio refinery system suggesting directions for bagasse and trash-derived electricity generation. The model unpacks the complexity in bio-derived energy generation across the conversion pathways of the system from land use change, sugarcane production, and harvesting and electricity production amid a plethora of challenges in the system. Input data for land use and sugarcane production in the model were derived from remote sensing and spatial analysis. Simulated and validated results indicate that the alternative scenario of combined bagasse and trash with enhanced mechanisation and technology efficiency provides the highest efficiency in terms of electricity generation and emission avoidance compared to the business as usual or base case scenario. The applied SSDM demonstrates that modeling of feedback-based complex dynamic processes in time and space provide better insights crucial for decision making. This model provides a foundation for the broader study for cost benefit analysis of electricity production from a sugarcane industrial ecosystem. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open-graded friction courses (OGFCs) are asphalt paving mixes with a higher number of interconnecting air voids to provide advantages with respect to improved drainage, increased dry/wet surface friction resistance, decreased splash and spray, and reduced aquaplaning. However, binder draindown has been a recurring issue during the manufacture, storage, transportation, and service life of OGFC mixtures. The addition of stabilizers in the form of fiber is often used with OGFC mixes to counteract the draindown. Increasing environmental awareness, the depletion of fossil resources, and the rise of global waste problems have necessitated the use of locally accessible natural fibers as an alternative to expensive synthetic fibers. In this study, the banana fiber obtained from the waste pseudo-stem of the banana plant post-harvesting and the sugarcane bagasse fiber obtained from the post-residual after sugar extraction is explored along with a commercial cellulose fiber to evaluate the draindown characteristics of OGFC mixtures. A cone penetration test and fiber absorption test was performed on the fiber-mixed asphalt binder. The draindown characteristics of 168 combinations of OGFC mixes were evaluated considering various parameters, viz. fiber parameters (types, lengths, dosages), binder dosage, binder types (unmodified binder and polymer-modified binder), and time period. Finally, a statistical analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of different influencing factors. The best performance was exhibited by banana fiber, which had a dosage of 0.45\% and a length of 9 mm, followed by sugarcane bagasse and cellulose fiber. All the input factors were found to be statistically significant.
Thickening vegetable oils to different extents is of great interest in the design and development of new bio-based lubricant formulations, as achieving a wide range of rheological properties is crucial to the successful replacement of petroleum-based traditional counterparts. With this aim, the influence of epoxidation degree, modified by altering the reaction conditions, on the viscous flow properties of epoxidized castor oil was investigated together with the incorporation of a lignin-enriched fraction from sugarcane bagasse waste to more extensively modify the rheological properties, thereby valorizing this waste fraction. Oil thickening was achieved by promoting the cross-linking between the epoxidized oil and the lignin-enriched fraction that enables the compatibilization of both components. Castor oil epoxidation was assessed by means of standard volumetric titration methods and infrared spectroscopy. In addition, a fully rheological characterization of both epoxidized and lignin-thickened castor oils was carried out. A hydrodynamic approach was also followed, aiming to provide an estimation of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters and relate the intrinsic viscosity with the average molecular weight of the resulting epoxidized castor oil/lignocellulose macromolecular compounds. The chemical interaction between castor oil and the lignocellulosic material increased as the extent of epoxidation was increased, yielding a variety of rheological responses from Newtonian liquids of increasing viscosities (from around 1 to 500 Pa.s) to viscoelastic liquids.
Currently, sugarcane bagasse (SB) is the most abundant agricultural residue generated in Brazil. Given that hemicelluloses can reach up to 30\% of SB, bioconversion of this fraction into second generation ethanol (2G) is essential for the success of biorefinery based operations. For 2G ethanol production, techniques such as immobilization process could be an interesting strategy to improve process productivity and must receive special investigation. Cell immobilization of the native Brazilian pentose wild converting yeast, Scheffersomyces shehatae UFMG-HM 52.2, was proposed for the production of 2G ethanol from SB hemicellulosic hydrolysate. A 2(3) full experimental design was constructed with varying concentrations of sodium alginate (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0\% w/v), and calcium chloride (0.1 M, 0.15 M and 0.2 M) and conditioning time (12, 18 and 24 h). Through statistical analysis, it was determined that highest ethanol yield (Y-P/S of 0.32 g/g) and productivity (Q(P) of 0.146 g/L.h) were obtained with immobilization conditions of 1\% sodium alginate, 0.2 M calcium chloride and 12 h of conditioning time. Repeated batches were conducted employing these defined conditions, showing the feasibility to use the system for 5 consecutive cycles. Results highlighted the use of proposed approach for ethanol production, promoting its inclusion in biorefinery operation portfolios.
Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 cells were entrapped in Ca-alginate beads and used for xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate in a stirred tank reactor (STR). Screening design and response surface methodologies were used to determine adequate cultivation conditions forthis fermentation system. Quadratic models were fitted to the experimental data by regression analysis, considering the yield (Y-P/S) and the productivity (Q(P)) of the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion as dependent variables. Using a five-fold concentrated hydrolysate, air flowrate of 1.30 l/min, agitation speed of 300 rpm, initial cell concentration of 1.4 g/l and value 6.0 for the initial pH of the fermentation medium resulted in a xylitol production of 47.5 g/l after 120 h of fermentation, corresponding to a Yp/s of 0.81 g/g and to a Qp of 0.40 g/l h. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The conversion of lignocellulosic polymers into monomeric sugars demands a plethora of enzymatic activities generally not produced by a single microorganism and induced by the carbon source. In this vein, this work investigates the synergy between the enzymes secreted by the cellulolytic model fungi Trichoderma reesei RUT C30 (TR) and Penicillium oxalicum (PO) to deconstruct sugarcane straw (SCS) and energy cane bagasse (ECB). TR and PO secrete a similar profile of cellulose-active enzymes resulting in a comparable conversion of SCS and ECB into glucose. The synergy between the enzymes produced by both fungi to break down the cellulose fraction becomes evident by the improvement of glucose titers from similar to 35-54\% and from similar to 10-17\% in SCS and ECB conditions, respectively, reached with the mixture of the secretomes of both fungi. The effect of a hemicellulaseenriched secretome produced by TR is particularly seen in SCS where the xylose yield reached similar to 15\% compared to 5\% by PO, remaining unaltered following the mixture of secretomes. However, the secretion of enzymes active in the decorations of the main chain polymers possibly aid PO to access the hemicellulose fraction of ECB reaching xylose yields similar to TR in this condition.
The increasing demand for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals encourages the development of new biorefinery processes. This work presents a techno-economic analysis of the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using the protic ionic liquid 2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate ({[
This article reports on the cleavage of lignin beta-aryl ether bonds in sugarcane bagasse by the ionic liquid (IL) trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride {[
The composting of lignocellulosic waste into compost is a potential way of sustainably disposing of a waste while generating a useful product. The current study determined whether the addition of sugar-cane bagasse (SCB) (at 0, 15, and 25\%) and/or exhausted grape marc (EGM) (at 0, 10, and 20\%) improved the two-stage composting of green waste (GW). The combined addition of SCB and EGM improved composting conditions and the quality of the compost product in terms of temperature, water-holding capacity, particle-size distribution, coarseness index, pH, electrical conductivity, water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen, microbial numbers, enzymatic activities, polysaccharide and lignin content, nutrient content, respiration, and phytotoxicity. The optimal two-stage composting and the best quality compost were obtained with the combined addition of 15\% SCB and 20\% EGM. With the optimized two-stage composting method, the compost matured in only 21 days rather than in the 90-270 days required for traditional composting. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Catalytic conversion of sugarcane bagasse to furfural is important for the utilization of lignocellulosic waste. In this work, a novel magnetic iron oxide-sulfonated graphene oxide (FSGO) material was synthesized by the hydrothermal combined with co-precipitation method and directly used as the acidic catalyst for converting bagasse to furfural. Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized in the characterization of materials. Results demonstrated that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of the sulfonate graphene oxide (SGO) sheet, with an average diameter of approximately 10-20 nm. In addition, it is also crucial to determine the optimal furfural fabrication conditions in the presence of the FSGO in order to take full advantage of this material. Thus, this study also provided a thorough assessment of the simultaneous effects of different parameters, including the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, and time via the response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the most appropriate conditions for the preparation process. According to the Box-Behnken model, the highest furfural production of 172.47 mg/g can be reached under optimal catalytic conditions including the amount of catalyst of 6.5 wt\%, reaction temperature of 182 degrees C, and reaction time of 92 min. In addition, the recovery efficiency and reusability of FSGO catalyst were also investigated, the results of which indicate good reusability after 5 cycles of furfural production from biomass.
beta-Glucans as emerging biopolymer are widely produced by microorganisms in fermentation processes using commercial sugars which make process non-economic. Lignocellulosic substances are inexpensive carbon sources, which could be exploited for sustainable production of beta-glucans. In this study, a lignocellulosic material, namely sugarcane straw (SCS) was utilized for the production of extracellular beta-glucan by Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT3966. SCS was subjected to acid and subsequent alkaline pretreatment, followed by enzymatic saccharification using cellulase enzyme. Quantity of 48.65 g/L glucose was released after enzymatic hydrolysis. beta-Glucan production was performed by cultivation of fungal strain in SCS hydrolysate at 28 degrees C and initial culture pH 7. Highest beta-glucan yield and productivity of 0.047 gg(-1) and 0.014 gL(-1) h(-1), respectively was obtained at 72 h fermentation time. Kinetic study of beta-glucan production revealed experimental biosynthesis of beta-glucan from SCS hydrolysate followed the trend generated by Logistic and Luedeking-Piret models. Chemical structure of biopolymer produced showed beta-glucan constitution.
The co-fermentation of vinasse and cheese whey (CW) was evaluated in this study by using two thermophilic (55 degrees C) anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs). In AFBR using vinasse and CW (AFBR-V-CW), the CW was added in increasing proportions (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g COD.L-1) to vinasse (10 g COD.L-1) to assess the advantage of adding CW to vinasse. By decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 8 h to 1 h in AFBR-V, maximum hydrogen yield (HY), production rate (HPR), and H-2 content (H-2\%) of 1.01 +/- 0.06 mmol H-2.g COD-1, 2.54 +/- 0.39 L H-2.d(-1).L-1, and 47.3 +/- 2.9\%, respectively, were observed at an HRT of 6 h. The increase in CW concentration to values over 2 g COD.L-1 in AFBR-V-CW decreased the FIY, PVH, and H-2\%, with observed maximum values of 0.82 +/- 0.07 mmol H-2.g COD-1, 1.41 +/- 0.24 L H-2.d(-1).L-1, and 55.5 3.7\%, respectively, at an HRT of 8 h. The comparison of AFBR-V-CW and AFBR-V showed that the co-fermentation of vinasse with 2 g COD.L-1 of CW increased the HPR, H-2\%, and HY by 117\%, 68\%, and 82\%, respectively. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of catalyst with high deoxygenation activity and optimum process parameters are the key for getting the highest biooil yield with the least oxygen content by hydrothermal liquefaction. With this view, iron-cobalt oxides of Co/Fe ratio 0.33, 1.09, 2.35, and 3.52 were prepared by co-precipitation method, and characterized by XRD, BET surface area, chemical composition by EDX method, and evaluated for hydrothermal liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse in a high-pressure batch reactor under subcritical conditions using CO as process gas to find the optimum Co/Fe ratio and process parameters. Optimum Co/Fe ratio was found to be 1.09 as it gave the highest bio-oil yield of 57.6\% with the least oxygen content of 10.8\%, attributed to the cobalt ferrite, the major phase present in it. The optimum temperature, initial CO pressure, water/biomass ratio, catalyst/biomass ratio and reaction time for the highest oil yield with the least oxygen content were found to be 250 degrees C, 45 bar, 28, 0.4, and 120 min, respectively. From the effect of reaction time, it was found that much of the hydrolysis of lignocellulose to water soluble oxygenates, its deoxygenation to bio-oil and its deoxygenation to low oxygen containing bio-oil took place in initial 15 min, 15 to 60 min, and from 30 to 120 min, respectively. Total oil yield (\%) was lower by 21\% and \% oxygen in total oil was higher by 9.9\% for spent catalyst compared to fresh catalyst indicating the erosion in the deoxygenation activity of catalyst and thus need for improving its hydrothermal stability. Copyright (C) 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved
The main objective of the current work is to investigate the influence of catalyst to biomass ratio (by weight\%) on the catalytic upgrading of sugarcane bagasse derived pyrolysis vapours over cerium (Ce) loaded Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (HZSM-5) catalyst via in-situ fixed bed reactor. The temperature of pyrolysis was kept at 500 degrees C for all investigated samples. The HZSM-5 catalyst was used as a support with 1 wt\% of Ce as promoter loaded via incipient wetness impregnation method. The biomass sample was fixed at 2 g, while the catalyst mass loading was loaded according to the catalyst to biomass ratio which are 0.5:1.0, 1.0:1.0, 1.5:1.0, and 2.0:1.0. For comparison, the non-catalytic and biomass catalytic over HZSM-5 catalyst was also pyrolyzed at the same operating conditions. The results show that the yields of pyrolysis oil and coke were significantly influenced by the use of Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst at various catalyst to biomass ratio than the catalytic pyrolysis over HZSM-5, in which generate higher pyrolysis oil yield (58.0-68.0 wt\%) and lower coke yield (2.9-4.1\%). The increasing loading of mass in Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst has additional effect with respect to C-6-C-8 hydrocarbon contents in pyrolysis oil than the catalytic samples over the HZSM-5 catalyst. Among the tested catalyst to biomass ratio, the catalyst to biomass ratio of 1.5:1 has demonstrated to be the potential candidates in the catalytic upgrading of sugarcane bagasse derived oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into higher content of C-6-C-8 hydrocarbons (2.45\%) in pyrolysis oil with lower coke yield (3.2\%) over Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst. The bi-functional Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst was more effective in suppressing the coke formation in comparison to HZSM-5 catalyst at all investigated catalyst to biomass ratios and this was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ce on HZSM-5 support.
The sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) mechanical harvesting system leaves a large amount of straw mulch on the soil surface. The straw mulch may affect soil conditions, root regrowth, and sugarcane yield. Thus, this study assessed the response of sugarcane root system growth and stalk yield to different rates of straw removal. An experiment was conducted in a Rhodic Kandiudox with sand clay loam texture to test the impact of four rates of straw removal: no removal (18.9 Mg ha(-1)of dry mass); moderate removal (8.7 Mg ha(-1)); high removal (4.2 Mg ha(-1)) and total removal on sugarcane root system and stalk yield. Higher concentrations of roots (60\%) were found in the first 40 cm of soil. Moderate straw removal resulted in higher root mass (3.6 Mg ha(-1)) and stalk production (23 Mg ha(-1)of dry mass). However, no straw removal reduced root mass by <40\% (2099 kg ha(-1)) and reduced stalk yield by >20\% (105 Mg ha(-1)). Through regression analysis, it was estimated that retaining between 8.5 and 13 Mg ha(-1)of straw resulted in the highest root mass and stalk yield. Managing straw removal to retain a moderate amount enables producers to sustain suitable soil conditions for sugarcane root growth and stalk production while providing straw for industrial use.
A study on the fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) of Fenton reaction combined with NaOH pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) at a high solid loading of 10-30\% (w/v) was investigated. Enzyme feeding mode, substrate feeding mode and combination of both were compared with the batch mode under respective solid loadings. Ethanol concentrations of above 80 g/L were obtained in batch and enzyme feeding modes at a solid loading of 30\% (w/v). Enzyme feeding mode was found to increase ethanol productivity and reduce enzyme loading to a value of 1.23 g/L/h and 9 FPU/g substrate, respectively. The present study provides an economically feasible process for high concentration bioethanol production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dilute sugarcane molasses containing 19.2\% fermentable sugars was supplemented with (NH4)(2)SO4, KH2PO4, and MgSO4 center dot 7H(2)O to maximize the ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5596 using a central composite design of response surface method. The maximum ethanol (87.28 g/l) was produced when the dilute molasses was supplemented with 417 mg/l NH4+, 1.88 g/l PO43- and 5 mg/l Mg2+. The Ca2+ contaminated in the molasses was proposed as an indicative index for the requirement of phosphate and Mg2+ supplementation to maximize the ethanol production.
Fast pyrolysis of biomass is praised as an efficient and feasible process to selectively convert lignocellulosic biomass into bio-fuels and bio-chemicals. Pith of sugarcane bagasse could be an attractive lignocellulosic waste from depithing process from pulp and paper mill, which can utilize for production of biofuel and added value products. In this study, we employed a tandem micro-reactor coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to investigate the products distribution from pith of sugarcane bagasse via catalytic fast pyrolysis. In the operating conditions, pyrolysis temperature and HZSM-5 catalyst had significant effect on products and distributions. An increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 400 degrees C to 550 degrees C led to an increase in the yield of phenolic compounds (6.3\%, w/w\%), followed decrease at higher temperature. The maximum carboxylic acids (10.6\%) and furfural (3.5\%) were obtained at lower temperature. At presence of HZSM-5 catalyst, the selectivity of aromatics such as benzene, toluene, indene, and naphthalene were improved.
A glassy carbon electrode chemically modified with nickel nanoparticles coupled with reversed-phase chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was used for the quantitative analysis of furanic aldehydes in a real sample of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Chromatographic separation was carried out in isocratic conditions (acetonitrile/water, 1: 9) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, a detection potential of -50 mV vs. Pd, and the process was completed within 4 min. The analytical curves presented limits of detection of 4.0 x 10(-7) mol/L and 4.3 x 10(-7) mol/L, limits of quantification of 1.3 x 10(-6) and 1.4 x 10(-6) mol/L, amperometric sensitivities of 2.2 x 10(6) nA mol/L and 2.7 x 10(6) nA mol/L for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively. The values obtained in this sample by the standard addition method were 1.54 +/- 0.02 g/kg for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 11.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg for furfural. The results demonstrate that this new proposed method can be used for the quick detection of furanic aldehydes without the interference of other electroactive species, besides having other remarkable merits that include excellent peak resolution, analytical repeatability, sensitivity, and accuracy.
Xylanase was produced by solid-state fermentation using Thermoascus aurantiacus. Maximum production (500 U g(-1) bagasse) was achieved on the sixth day of cultivation on solid sugarcane bagasse medium supplemented with 15\% (v/w) rice bran extract. The fungal biomass, determined from its glucosamine content, reached 28 mg g(-1) on the 8th day of cultivation. The cell yield against O-2 (Y-x/o = 0.18(gcell/gO2)) and maintenance coefficient (m(0) = 0.013(gO2)/gcell(h)) were determined with the low Y-x/o value for T. aurantiacus agreeing with the calculated value.
To maximize the sugar release from sugarcane bagasse, a high-resolution Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) was combined with a Central Composite Orthogonal (CCO) design to simultaneously evaluate a wide range of variables for alkaline pretreatment (NaOH: 0.1-1 mol/L, temperature: 100-220 degrees C, and time: 20-80 min) and enzymatic saccharification (enzyme loading: 2.5-17.5\%, and reaction volume: 550-850 mu L). A total of 46 experimental conditions were evaluated and the maximum sugar yield (423 mg/g) was obtained after 18 h enzymatic hydrolysis under optimized conditions (0.25 mol/L NaOH at 202 degrees C for 40 min, with 12.5\% of enzyme loading). Biomass compositional analyses showed that the pretreatments strongly removed lignin (up to 70\%), silica (up to 80\%) and promoted cellulose enrichment (25-110\%). This robust design of experiments resulted in maximizing enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of sugarcane bagasse and further indicated that this combined approach is versatile for other lignocellulosic biomasses.
Sugarcane vinasse has been reported as a high strength industrial wastewater that could cause severe environmental pollution due to its complex and bio-refractory compounds. Thus, the combined coagulation and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) system was employed for the sugarcane vinasse treatment. This study aims to determine the recommended conditions of various parameters under coagulation and SBBR and investigate the effectiveness of combined processes. First, the approach of the coagulation process could achieve the maximum COD reduction and decolorization efficiencies of 79.0 +/- 3.4\% and 94.1 +/- 1.9\%, respectively, under the recommended conditions. Next, SBBR as an integrated biofilm reactor showed excellent synergistic biodegradability, removing 86.6 +/- 4.3\% COD concentration and 94.6 +/- 3.8\% color concentration at 3.0 g center dot COD/L of substrate loading concentration. The kinetic studies of SBBR revealed that the first-order kinetic model was the best fit for COD reduction efficiency. In contrast, the second-order kinetic model was the best fit for decolorization efficiency. The SBBR reaction was further investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). In the combined processes, SBBR followed by the coagulation process (SBBR-CP) showed greater COD reduction and decolorization efficiencies (97.5 +/- 0.3 and 99.4 +/- 0.1\%) when compared to the coagulation process followed by SBBR (CP-SBBR). This study demonstrated the removal performance and potential application of the combined sequential process to produce effluent that can be reused for bioethanol production and fertigation. This finding provides additional insight for developing effective vinasse treatment using combined chemical and biological processes.
The large-size graphene-like porous carbon nanosheets (LGPCN) with controllable N-doped surface are successfully prepared by using a simple and effective integrated ``self-template{''
The present study investigated the potential of UASB inoculum, by itself or mixed to nitrogenous residue (fresh bovine manure - FBM) or to adapted microorganisms (bovine rumen - BR), for biomethanation of raw and pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SB) by solid-state anaerobic digestion. The influence of autohydrolysis and organosolv pretreatment conditions on the efficiency of biomethanation process was also evaluated by means of kinetic parameters. Akaike Information Criterion was used to statistically evaluate methane production, and the multi-stage model exhibited the highest fit among the models tested. FBM addition resulted in improvements in the C/N ratio, higher yield (143.3NL(CH4) kg(vs)(-1)) and higher rate constant (3.05NL(CH4) kg(vs)(-1)day(-1)) for CH4 production from raw SB without any lag phase when compared to UASB inoculum itself which exhibited 5.6 days of lag phase. The FBM also led to a better inoculum adaptation to substrates which contained inhibitors such as xylooligomers and lignin fragments, and had lower C5 sugar content.
The production cost of biodegradable polymer like polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is still higher than that of petroleum-based plastics. A potential solution for reducing its production cost is using a cheap carbon source and avoiding a process of sterilization. In this study, a novel PHB-producing microbial strain, Priestia sp. YH4 was screened from the marine environment using sugarcane molasses as the carbon source without sterilization. Culture conditions, such as carbon, NaCl, temperature, pH, inoculum size, and cultivation time, were optimized for obtaining the highest PHB production by YH4 resulting in 5.94 g/L of dry cell weight (DCW) and 61.7 \% of PHB content in the 5 mL culture. In addition, it showed similar PHB production between the cultures with or without sterilization in Marine Broth media. When cultured using only tap water, sugarcane molasses, and NaCl in a 5 L fermenter, 24.8 g/L DCW was produced at 41 h yielding 13.9 g/L PHB. Finally, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography) were used to analyze thermal properties and molecular weights resulting in Tm = 167.2 degrees C, Tc = 67.3 degrees C, Mw = 2.85 x 105, Mn = 1.05 x 105, and PDI = 2.7, respectively. Therefore, we showed the feasibility of more economical process for PHB production by finding novel strain, utilizing molasses with minimal media components and avoiding sterilization.
In this study, liquid hot water (LHW) and chemical (H2SO4, NaOH, CaO) pretreatments were performed in Saccharum species including sugarcane bagasse. In comparison, the LHW and CaO pretreatments significantly enhanced biomass enzymatic hydrolysis, leading to much high bioethanol yield obtained at 19\% (\% dry matter) with an almost complete hexoses-ethanol conversion in the desirable So5 bagasse sample. Despite the LHW and CaO are distinctive for extracting hemicellulose and lignin, both pretreatments largely reduced cellulose degree of polymerization for enhanced lignocellulose enzymatic saccharification. Further chemical analysis indicated that the pretreated So5 sample had much lower cellulose crystalline index, hemicellulosic Xyl/Ara and lignin S/H ratio than those of other biomass samples, which explained that the So5 had the highest bioethanol yield among Saccharum species. Therefore, a mechanism model was proposed to elucidate how mild pretreatments could enhance biomass enzymatic saccharification for a high bioethanol production in the desirable sugarcane bagasse.
This paper embodies the results of experimental studies of a dielectric barrier discharge low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma reactor that runs in air and nitrogen at atmospheric-pressure conceived for surface treatment applications. A homemade reactor, of typical plane-to-plane geometry with the dielectric covering the upper electrode which is stressed by a high voltage (40 kV, 3-20 kHz) is used. Electrical signals (current and voltage), optical emission spectroscopy records, and total light emission measured by photomultiplier have been analyzed and used to distinguish different plasma regimes which are studied for the treatment of a lignocellulosic material (sugarcane bagasse). In the filamentary discharge regime, the gas temperature of few tens of degree Celsius above the ambient one was determined, the electronic temperature of some electronvolts and electron density in the range of 10(12)-10(13) cm(-3) were estimated. Plasma treated pellets of sugarcane bagasse were analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry and the relative results obtained under filamentary discharge regime have shown significant degradation of the lignin macromolecule. It has been shown important modifications on the lignocellulosic material, namely, the plasma attacks drastically the lignin bonds. Strong modification of lignin was observed near wavenumber of 3400 cm(-1), due to stretching vibrations of OH, and for the band 1114 cm(-1) which is related to C=C and C=O stretching. Severe decrease of the band intensity 1596 cm(-1), which due to C=C stretching and C=O, is also a result of the treatments done in this paper.
A novel highly efficient technology, intimate coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) for the treatment of refractory organic pollutants was introduced, and the carrier in ICPB based on sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC) was prepared. The SBC-TiO2 carrier produced was characterized using spectroscopy, microscopy, and diffraction techniques. The SEM image showed a rough and porous structure of the carrier, while as the EDS, XPS and XRD indicated that TiO2 was successfully added into the carrier, which retained its original crystal structure and provided the photocatalytic activity. The combined process of photocatalysis and biodegradation was much more efficient than a single process alone. The success in preparing bagasse cellulose based carrier in this study provided a significant contribution towards the development of a green and efficient technology system for the treatment of refractory organic matter. Graphic abstract
This study evaluated the physicochemical and morphological properties of pectin and chitosan particles combined with sugarcane vinasse for soil fertilization applications. Particles were obtained by adding the biopolymeric solutions (pectin or chitosan solution) dropwise into the crosslinking solutions (calcium chloride 1\% in ethanolic solution or tripolyphosphate 5\% aqueous solution) followed by drying. Vinasse enhanced pectin gel stability improving pectin/vinasse particle properties. Physicochemical characterization indicated that vinasse nutrients were properly incorporated in both pectin and chitosan matrices. Particles showed spherical shape, with an average diameter of 3 and 2 mm for the pectin and chitosan particles with vinasse, respectively. Chitosan particles, compared to pectin, showed lower swelling capacity and solubility and higher mechanical resistance indicating a denser and more compact polymer network. Both particles were able to hinder water evaporation rates from sandy soil under water stress conditions. Biobased particles with vinasse added show potential to be applied as soil fertilizer representing an alternative to use and disposal of this expressive wastewater from sugar and alcohol industries. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Actinobacteria are known to produce secondary metabolites like antibiotics, enzymes and pigments and also used in bioremediation. Recently the Actinobacteria have also been reported as a source of biofuels too. Here, the hydrogen production was carried out at different concentrations of sugarcane molasses, pH and temperature through dark H-2 fermentation using the actinobacterium Streptomyces rubiginosus (SM16) isolated from a sugarcane molasses dumping site. The maximum biohydrogen production rate was found to be 296 +/- 0.042 mL/L at 4\% sugarcane molasses. At the optimized pH of 7.0, the maximum biohydrogen production rate was 283 +/- 0.015mL/L, whereas at the optimized temperature of 30 degrees C, the yield of biohydrogen was 266 +/- 0.022 mL/L using the effective inoculum SM16. The maximum hydrogen production (407.33 +/- 5.03 mL/L) was recorded in the optimized fermentation medium with sugarcane molasses 4\%, pH 7.0 and temperature 30 degrees C. Gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis proved the presence of organic acid (tartaric acid -35.7\%) and other volatile fatty acids along with H-2 gas. Hence, the actinobacterium Streptomyces rubiginosus (SM16) is considered a promising source for biohydrogen production.
The study of nanocellulose has been emerging due to its highly possible applications. The main objective of this research is to fabricate nanocellulose crystalline filament from Sugarcane Bagasse through wet-spinning method. Sugarcane Bagasse is chosen due to its abundance in Indonesia and high cellulose content. In this research, the Sugarcane Bagasse were mechanically treated in order to minimize the size. Secondly, the biomass is pre-treated with NaClO2 (Bleaching) in order to eliminate lignin and hemicellulose. Thirdly, the biomass is treated with Acid Hydrolysis. The variation used in Acid Hydrolysis is HCl with 1\%, 3\%, and 5\%. After obtaining Nanocellulose Crystalline, the biomass was spun through wet-spinning method using 16G needle, 18G needle, 1.5\%, and 2\% in concentration as the variation. The wet spinning method used a coagulating bath that is filled with Acetone. The characterization used in this research would be Cellulose Content Test, TEM, XRD, and Tensile Strength Test. The average results of this research are 42.75\% on cellulose isolation, 63.9\% on CNC crystallinity index, 45.3 nm on particle size, and 4.3 lbs. on tensile strength at fracture with 11.91 \% on elongation. Nanocellulose Filament used in this research would be applicable for the future textile and material industry that possibly replace fossil fuel-based material.
Heavy metals pollution of both surface and groundwater sources of Sub-Saharan Africa is alarmingly increased due to unplanned urban populations. Inadequate policies for water management, political commitment, and financial resources forced 65\% of rural communities of Sub-Saharan Africa to live in economic water stress areas. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) shows high heavy metals (HMs) adsorption capacity (20-700 mg/g) through chemical entrapments to carbon-oxygen containing functional group and interior pore filling of porous surface. Various modifications like a physical/thermal, chemical, and composite form of bagasse show better adsorption performance for HMs removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies of HMs adsorption equilibrium data over SCB show that both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms (cooperative adsorption) as the main adsorption mechanism. In addition, SCB shows potential bio-adsorbent properties for the selective adsorption of target HMs based on their physicochemical properties and shows good repeatability in acid environment. It is believed that information on this review will shed light on the current and future prospects of raw and modified SCB for HMs adsorption removal capacity. Sugarcane bagasse shows a remarkable selectivity for HMs adsorption removals based on their physicochemical properties and shows good potential capability for future utilizations in real wastewaters of developing countries.
Sugarcane bagasse, a kind of agricultural waste, was esterified by mechanical activation-assisted solid phase reaction with succinic anhydride as esterifying agent to prepare SB succinate (SBS) with rich carboxyl and ester functional groups. The layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technology was used to prepare SBS/alginate (Alg) porous gel beads (SAPGB) with outstanding mechanical strength and desired porous structure from external surface to interior through the formation of gel network structure of SBS/Ca2+/Alg. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm indicated that the adsorption of metal ions onto SAPGB followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm mode (Q(max) = 354.60 and 176.36 mg g(-1) for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively). The adsorption behavior of SAPGB for metal ions was mainly a monolayer chemical adsorption process. The adsorption was fast and reached equilibrium within 60 min, ascribed to rapid diffusion from porous surface into internal pores. In addition, the stable SAPGB adsorbent exhibited excellent regeneration performance.
The foreseeable increase of bioethanol production by distilleries will inevitably lead to an important increase in production of the associated effluent, namely vinasse. Due to its high pollution load, characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, high salt content and heavy dark color, the depollution of this effluent is mandatory before release into nature. In this work, we reviewed the literature on the main physicochemical and biological treatments of sugarcane vinasse and emphasised on the technological valuation of vinasse that allows to shift the status of the effluent from waste to valuable resource. The membrane systems seem to offer the best depollution option but they are subjected to strong technical limitations. Several alternative processes have been proposed, but they generally fail to treat the entire organic load of waste when used in stand-alone technology, while generating higher investment costs in the treatment process. The biological processes turn out to be particularly promising as they are able to produce interesting metabolites from living cells. Among them, production of biogas through anaerobic digestion is by far the most developed and economically viable process for treatment of vinasse. However a few works, also using vinasse as a growth medium, have been published on development of innovative technics to produce single cell products such as lipids, proteins, organic acids, alcohols or enzymes. In the medium term, technologies to produce third generation biodiesel are developing to complement and compete with fuels derived from petroleum. Finally, the development of hydrogen production processes from vinasse is emerging, thus preparing us for a long-term decarbonised economy.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (SCB) is a promising feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. Combination of low energy pretreatments with efficient enzymatic saccharification is desirable to reduce process cost. SCB was converted into fermentable sugars with high yield by aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) pretreatment and laccase-mediator assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal process conditions for AAS were determined as 20\% aqueous ammonia, 50 degrees C, 48 h residence time and 1.2 mm particle size by employing response surface method. Hydrolysis of pretreated SCB by cellulases resulted in release of 57.30\% of total sugars in the raw SCB. Addition of laccase to cellulase enzyme mixture enhanced the total sugar yield to 68.2\%. When the mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole was added to the cellulase-laccase cocktail, the total sugar yield was improved to 78.4\%. The mediator also reduced the amount of laccase required for maximum sugar yield. The glucan conversion of pretreated SCB with cellulase-laccase-mediator cocktail was 86\%, which is higher than the reported levels of glucan conversion for SCB pretreated by AAS at high temperature. Therefore, the combination of low-temperature AAS and laccase-mediator assisted enzymatic hydrolysis would be useful to develop low-energy biomass conversion process.
Cell walls of sugarcane bagasse were first delignified with chlorite followed by ultrasonic irradiation and then by two-step sequential extractions at 23 degrees C with 15 and 18\% KOH for 2 h, 15 and 18\% NaOH for 2 h, 8 and 10\% KOH for 12 h, and 8 and 10\% NaOH for 12 h and by a single one-stage isolation with 10\% KOH for 16 h and with 10\% NaOH for 16 h, which released 79.4, 81.8, 83.6, 85.7, 61.5, and 65.6\% of the original hemicelluloses, and subsequently yielded 50.7, 49.5, 48.6, 47.8, 57.2, and 55.4\% of the cellulose, respectively. The six cellulosic preparations were free of bound lignin and had a purity of 77.1-90.1\% with the intrinsic viscosity (eta), viscosity average degree of polymerization, and molecular weight (M-w) ranging from 534.1 to 631.6 mL g(-1), from 1858.1 to 2238.2 mL g(-1), and from 301000 to 362600 g mol(-1), respectively. The structural features of the isolated six cellulosic samples were comparatively examined by Fourier transform infrared and cross-polarization/magic angle spinning C-13 NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and their thermal stability was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that all of the cellulosic preparations have the typical cellulose I structure but the crystallinity of the SCB cellulose was lower than that of flax, cotton, and kenaf.
Adsorption experiments were carried out using sugarcane bagasse native and immobilized biomasses as a function of initial concentration, biomass dose, pH and contact time for the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) form simulated and tannery wastewater stream. The equilibrium biosorption data was analyzed using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The immobilized biomass furnished considerably high adsorption capacity of both chromium ions versus native biomass. Maximum uptake of 80.6\% and 41.5\% was observed for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) onto immobilized biomass and at optimized conditions, up to 73\% chromium adsorption was observed onto immobilized sugarcane bagasse biomass. The sorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse biomass varies greatly with initial pH, biosorbent dose, initial metal ions concentration and contact time. Langmuir model fitted well to the data and the pseudo-second order could best describe the biosorption kinetics. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Magnetic pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) modified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was prepared by a situ co-precipitation method. Results showed that the magnetic modified SCB could be recycled easily by an applied magnetic field. Adsorption capacities of the magnetic sorbent for cationic dyes: methylene blue and basic magenta were 315.5 and 304.9 mg g(-1). respectively. Competitive adsorption in the binary system showed that concentration percentages (C-P) and initial concentration (C-0) both had good linear relationship with adsorption capacities of the magnetic sorbent (q(e)') in the investigated range. The linear equations between C-P and q(e)' almost did not affect by the variation of total initial concentration of the dyes (C-T), whereas that between C-0 and q(e)' changed greatly with it. C-P was the main factor that impacted q(e)' in the binary competitive adsorption system. Similar linear equations between C-P and q(e)'demonstrated that the magnetic sorbent had similar adsorption affinity toward the two dyes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Research involving the preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) from sugarcane bagasse is a relevant topic to the production of new nanomaterials and more accessible cellulose substrates for the production of second generation ethanol. Regarding the transformation of cellulose into glucose, the precursor of second generation ethanol, this nanosized cellulosic substrate represents a more appropriate material for the chemical hydrolysis process. The high aspect ratio of MFC improves hydrolysis, requiring mild conditions and decreasing the generation of by-products. Here, MFC was prepared from sugarcane bagasse by ultrasound defibrillation. This material was oxidized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) to produce negatively charged high defibrillated MFC. The MFC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and viscosity measurements.
A new approach to the biotechnological production of xylitol from sugarcane bagasse using Candida guilliermondii cells immobilized on porous glass in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is presented. The influence of aeration rate (AR) and carrier concentration (C-s) on the production process was evaluated. Seven batch fermentation runs were conducted according to a 2 2 factorial design. The results obtained showed that C, had a negative influence on xylitol yield (Y-p/s) and volumetric productivity (Q(p)), whereas AR had a positive influence on Qp and a negative influence on Y-p/s. With an AR = 0.093 min(-1) and C-s = 62.5 g/l, the Y-p/s value was low (0.25 g/g), but the Q(p) was highest (0.44 g/l h), probably because cell metabolism was faster when more oxygen was available to the yeast. When the highest levels of the AR and C-s were used, the xylitol yield and concentration were the lowest and the cell concentration was the highest, suggesting that cell metabolism was directed preferentially towards biomass production instead of xylitol accumulation. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sugarcane is a very rich source of nutrients, phytocompounds, and unique flavor and aroma, so unrefined sugars (e.g., non-centrifugal sugar, NCS) produced from it contains high proportions of these compounds that are beneficial to human health. This study examined the nutritional and antioxidant properties of a sugar product obtained from sugarcane juice clarified with 50 nm ceramic membrane (M-NCS) and compares these properties with commercially available NCS products. M-NCS contains the potent antioxidants caffeic acid (313 mg/100 g) and gallic acids (508 mg/100 g), and the overall antioxidant properties based on alpha, alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reducing power are comparable to the commercial products. M-NCS's stability and storage shelf-life (as reflected by the moisture content, water activity (a(w)), and reducing sugar content) are similar to those of NCS products. However, it contains 22-34\% less essential amino acids, although comparable proportions of arginine, glutamine and leucine. As M-NCS has a lower turbidity, starch and amino acid contents than the NCS products, it would be a better choice for the beverage industry as it would significantly reduce the unpleasant haze formed in drink formulations. The study also compares the properties of M-NCS and NCS with granulated brown sugar (GBS).
Improving diet digestibility is important to the broiler industry. Therefore, this study focused on optimizing the physical structure of feed ingredients and addition of dietary fiber as strategies to improve nutrient digestibility in low and high sodium diets. A total of 672 day-old Ross 308 male broilers was allocated to 48 pens using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 particle sizes of corn (coarse 3,576 mu m or fine 1,113 mu m geometric mean diameter), 2 levels of sugarcane bagasse (SB) (0 or 2\%), and 2 levels of Na (0.16 or 0.4\%). Protein digestibility coefficient was measured using pooled distal ileal digesta of 3 birds per pen on d 24. Meanwhile, starch and gross energy digestibility coefficients were measured using pooled duodenal, distal jejunal, and distal ileal digesta of 3 birds per pen on d 24. Coarsely ground corn (CC) resulted in improved ileal protein digestibility (P < 0.05). Addition of 2\% SB increased starch digestibility in the duodenum (P < 0.05), distal jejunum (P < 0.001), and distal ileum (P < 0.001), and increased protein digestibility in distal ileum (P < 0.01). A significant particle size x SB x Na interaction was observed for ileal energy digestibility (P < 0.05). The SB increased ileal energy digestibility only in birds fed the diet with finely ground corn (FC) and 0.16\% Na. These findings demonstrate that SB and CC are able to improve nutrient digestibility. It can be recommended for the poultry industry to use SB and coarsely ground corn in feed to improve the utilization of nutrients.
The substrate and yeast extract (YE) concentrations of a batch reactor were changed according to a central composite design in order to optimize the conversion of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into hydrogen. The optimum hydrogen production (1.50 mmol/L) was obtained using 2.77 and 5.84 g/L of YE and SCB, respectively. Taxonomic analysis using the SEED database indicated that Clostridium (33\% of total communities) and Methanothermobacter (40\% of archaeal community) were the most abundant genera in the high hydrogen performance reactor. Key microorganisms and related pathways involved in all steps of the anaerobic digestion were further revealed and may help drive sugarcane bagasse bioconversion.
The present work is to study the effect of pressure on the gasification of sugarcane bagasse in a pressurized circulating fluidized bed reactor. The range of operating pressure is maintained at 1-4 bar, and thereby the composition of generated syngas is measured with the help of gas chromatography. The gasification parameters like dry gas yield, lower heating value (LHV), cold gas efficiency (CGE), and carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) have been calculated from the syngas composition. The output yields some interesting results, i.e., with the increase in pressure from 1 to 4 bar, and there is an increment of concentration value by 26\% for CH(4)as well as CO2. However, a decreasing trend of H(2)concentration (7.62-6.75\% by volume) is observed for the same pressure rise. In addition, it has been observed a little deviation in the trend for CO (16.39-16.86\%), which bears an increasing trend from a pressure of 1-2 bar and a decreasing trend thereafter. Following a similar trend for CO, the LHV first increases from 4013 to 4200 kJ Nm(-3)with an increase in pressure from 1 to 2 bar and thereafter decreases gradually to 4081 kJ Nm(-3)at a pressure of 4 bar. Apart from these parameters, gas yield, CCE, and CGE values imparted positive effects with pressure rise, and the magnitudes increased from 0.93 to 1.27 Nm(3) kg(-1), 38.3-57.5 and 23.3-32.3\%, respectively, with an increase in pressure from 1 to 4 bar. The exergy destruction and exergy efficiency are observed to be 140 MW and 76\% at 4 bar operating pressure.
Acetaminophen (ACT), an antipyretic analgesic, is one of the emerging pollutants that has been found in high concentrations in domestic and hospital wastewaters. This study 7the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and corn cob (CC) for the ACT removal through the dynamic simulation of the adsorption column using Aspen Adsorption (R) V10. The effects of flow rate (1.5-3.0 mL min(- 1)), ACT initial concentration (40-80 mg L- 1), and bed height (20-35 cm) on the breakthrough curves were studied. Finally, the simulation results were validated with experimental studies, and analyzed by error functions, sum of squared errors (SSE), absolute average deviation (AAD), and coefficient of determination (R-2). Based on the predicted breakthrough curves, ACT is adsorbed in greater quantity on CC, with saturation times and adsorption capacity greater than SB in all simulations. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.47 and 0.32 mg g(- 1)for CC and SB, respectively, under condition of flow rate of 1.5 mL min(- 1), bed height of 25 cm, and ACT initial concentration of 80 mg L- 1. Breakthrough and saturation times were higher when the column operated at low flow rates, large bed height, and low ACT concentrations, for both adsorbents. The predicted and experimental breakthrough curves satisfactorily coincided with R(2)values greater than 0.97, SSE and AAD values less than 5\% and 0.2, respectively, for all studies. The experimental adsorption capacity was greater for CC than for SB, thus confirming that the software is able to predict which adsorbent may be more effective for ACT removal. The results of this study would speed up the search for effective materials to remove ACT from wastewaters.
The aim of the study was to determine the use of sugarcane bagasse ash geopolymer (SCBAG) as an adsorbent for organic compounds to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from vinasse. The effect of solid loading, time and temperature was investigated for the batch adsorption whilst the effect of bed height and flow rate was investigated for the column studies. The adsorption of organic compounds onto SCBAG could be modelled well using the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics. The maximum batch adsorption capacity was 738 mg/g at 298.15 K after 5 h of adsorption. The column studies showed that the highest COD reduction of 81\% could be achieved using a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min and a bed height of 13 cm. These conditions gave a dynamic uptake of 107 458 g and a breakthrough time of 600 min. The column studies could best be described using the Bohart-Adams model giving a correlation coefficient of 0.98, a Bohart Adams rate constant of 3.05 x10(-8) L/mg.min and a saturation concentration of 6.93 x10(7) g/L. The SCBAG could be regenerated and be used as an adsorbent in 3 cycles without significant loss in adsorption capacity.
This work describes a novel hybrid polymer composite made from sugarcane bagasse and discarded rubber particles. A 2(5) full factorial design is performed to identify the effects of bagasse fibres and rubber particles on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical properties are evaluated by tensile and compression tests, and the physical properties by apparent porosity, water absorption and bulk density. The mechanical and physical properties are substantially affected by the amount and size of the rubber particles. The length and treatment of bagasse fibres affect the stiffness and strength of the composites with less contribution. The presence of sugarcane bagasse increases the compressive toughness of hybrid composites.
The fungus Mucor indicus is found in this study able to consume glucose and fructose, but not sucrose in fermentation of sugarcane and sugar beet molasses. This might be an advantage in industries which want to selectively remove glucose and fructose for crystallisation of sucrose present in the molasses. On the other hand, the fungus assimilated sucrose after hydrolysis by the enzyme invertase. The fungus efficiently grew on glucose and fructose and produced ethanol in synthetic media or from molasses. The cultivations were carried out aerobically and anaerobically, and manipulated toward filamentous or yeast-like morphology. Ethanol was the major metabolite in all the experiments. The ethanol yield in anaerobic cultivations was between 0.35 and 0.48 g/g sugars consumed, depending on the carbon source and the growth morphology, while a yield of as low as 0.16 g/g was obtained during aerobic cultivation. The yeast-like form of the fungus showed faster ethanol production with an average productivity of 0.90 g/l h from glucose, fructose and inverted sucrose, than the filamentous form with an average productivity of 0.33 g/l h. The biomass of the fungus was also analyzed with respect to alkali-insoluble material (AIM), chitin, and chitosan. The biomass of the fungus contained per g maximum 0.217 g AIM and 0.042 g chitosan in yeast-like cultivation under aerobic conditions.
Xylose is the main sugar in hemicellulosic hydrolysates and its fermentation into ethanol by microorganisms is influenced by nutritional factors, such as nitrogen source, vitamins and other elements. Rice bran extract (RBE) is an inexpensive nitrogen source primarily consisting of high amount of protein. This study evaluates the potential of RBE as a nitrogen source for the ``hemicellulosic ethanol{''
Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment represents an effective strategy for effective fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) to fermentable sugars in a biorefinery. Optimization of combinatorial pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride {[
This study describes the preparation of two new chelating materials, MMSCB 3 and 5, derived from succinylated twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse (MMSCB 1). MMSCB 3 and 5 were synthesized from MMSCB 1 using two different methods as described by Gurgel and Gil (2009). In the first method MMSCB I was activated with 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide and in the second with acetic anhydride (to form an internal anhydride) and later both were reacted with triethylenetetramine in order to obtain MMSCB 3 and 5. New obtained materials were characterized by mass percent gain, concentration of amine groups, FTIR, and elemental analysis. MMSCB 3 and S showed mass percent gain of 19.9 and 57.1\%, concentration of amine groups of 2.0 and 2.1 mmol/g, and nitrogen content of 5.8 and 4.4\%. The capacity of MMSCB 3 and 5 to adsorb Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous single metal ion solutions was evaluated at different contact times, pHs, and initial metal ion concentrations. Adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacities of MMSCB 3 and 5 for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ were found to be 59.5 and 69.4, 86.2 and 106.4, 158.7 and 222.2 mg/g, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A comparative life cycle assessment of the sugarcane biorefinery in different conceptual arrangements was conducted considering four different alternatives with increasing utilization of byproducts. The first alternative with the least use of byproducts was taken as the base case and the fourth alternative was a completely integrated plant with gradually enhanced and efficient use of byproducts. The functional unit was defined as the production of 1 t of sugar in the biorefinery complex. The calculations were performed for the eight most relevant impact categories including global warming, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity, mineral resource scarcity, and fossil resource scarcity. Overall, it was observed that for most of the impact categories, the values were progressively reduced with an increased use of byproducts (i.e., prevention of cane burning and its recovery; filter cake, ash, wastewater, and sludge as fertilizer; bagasse and cane trash for high-pressure cogeneration; ethanol as biofuel and recovery of CO2; biogas for waste to energy production). In general, it could be concluded that an enhanced and efficient use of byproducts would significantly improve the environmental performance of the biorefinery complex.
Bioenergy crops, such as sugarcane, have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel substitution. However, increased sugarcane propagation and recent management changes have raised concerns that these practices may deplete soil carbon (C) stocks, thereby limiting the net greenhouse gas benefit. In this study, we use both a measured and modelled approach to evaluate the impacts of two common sugarcane management practices on soil C sequestration potential in Brazil. We explore how transitions from conventional (mineral fertiliser/burning) to improved (vinasse application/unburned) practices influence soil C stocks in total and in physically fractionated soil down to one metre. Results suggest that vinasse application leads to an accumulation of soil C of 0.55 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) at 0-30 cm depth and applying unburned management led to gains of similar to 0.7 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) at 30-60 cm depth. Soil C concentration in the Silt+Clay fraction of topsoil (0-20 cm) showed higher C content in unburned management but it did not differ under vinasse application. The CENTURY model was used to simulate the consequences of management changes beyond the temporal extent of the measurements. Simulations indicated that vinasse was not the key factor driving increases in soil C stocks but its application may be the most readily available practice to prevent the soil C losses under burned management. Furthermore, cessation of burning may increase topsoil C by 40\% after similar to 50 years. These are the first data comparing different sugarcane management transitions within a single area. Our findings indicate that both vinasse application and the cessation of burning can play an important role in reducing the time required for sugarcane ethanol production to reach a net C benefit (payback time).
Pyrolysis of biomass is an important process in which renewable biological waste is converted to energy products and preliminary chemicals. Therefore, various types of catalysts, including metal oxides, have been investigated for more efficient and selective biomass pyrolysis. Co, Ni, and Cu single and mixed metal oxide (SMO and MMO) nanoparticles (NPs) of 3 to 47 nm were synthesized, characterized, and studies for their catalytic activities towards pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (PSCB). After mixing the oxide NPs with bagasse, thermogravimetry was performed at a heating rate of 5 degrees C/min from ambient temperature to 600 degrees C. Thermogravimetric analysis followed by kinetic calculations of the activation energy through Coats-Redfern model show that all oxide NPs of this study exhibit catalytic activity towards cellulose and hemicellulose thermal degradation during PSCB, in the order MMO > SMO. Cu-containing SMO and MMO NPs show exceptional catalytic activities compared to their analogues. On the other hand, lignin degradation kept proceeding over a wide range of high temperature, just like that of the plain PSCB. This is considered selective enhancement of the catalysis of cellulose and hemicellulose thermal degradation versus lignin degradation, which is promising for improving the composition and quality of PSCB products. Only Cu-containing double and triple MMOs were so catalytically active that they catalyzed lignin degradation along with the cellulose and hemicellulose.
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of sugarcane bagasse was performed to produce hydrogen. The process was manipulated with nano-catalysts to make it highly selective for hydrogen production. Copper based catalysts impregnated on gamma-Al2O3 were tested to find the best Cu percentage. The catalyst was promoted with different percentages of potassium. Catalysts were characterized using different techniques. They were used in SCWG to find effect of potassium on hydrogen selectivity. Results showed remarkable role for K on improvement of hydrogen selectivity. Addition of 2.5 wt.\% of potassium increased H-2 selectivity from 0.76 to 1.17 with no significant decrease in total hydrogen production. The catalysts were characterized using ICP, XRD, TPR, BET and TEM techniques. Bagasse feedstock elemental structure was analyzed using CHNS technique. (C) Copyright 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
SuperPro Designer (R) is a process simulator software used for analyzing the techno-economic feasibility of large-scale bioprocesses. Its predetermined built-in features allow for easy implementation by non-experts, but a lack of examples limits its appropriation. This study aims to validate the implementation of SuperPro Designer (R) by non-experts for the techno-economic analysis of anaerobic digestion in Colombia, using vinasse as feedstock. These results demonstrate the financial feasibility of such a process when a processing flow rate of 25 m(3)/h is ensured. Additionally, this study validates the manageability of the tool for assessing the economic feasibility of a technology, a key practice during technology development regardless of the area of expertise.
We isolated 109 potential polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-producing bacteria from various soil sources. Using Sudan Black B staining, lipid granules were observed in 65 isolates. UV spectrophotometry-based quantification revealed that 14 isolates effectively produced PHB, and all isolates carried the phaC gene encoding polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase required for PHB polymerization. After cultivation at 30 degrees C for 72 h in E2 medium containing 3.5\% (w/v) glucose as the carbon source and 0.354\% (w/v) NH4Y as the nitrogen source, the highest PHB content (\%-CDW) and yield (g-PHB/g-glucose) with values of 20.4\% and 0.28 and 19.7\% and 0.07 were obtained for Priestia megaterium KKR5 and Burkholderia cepacia ASL22, respectively. TEM analysis revealed PHB granules with diameters of 0.2-0.7 \& mu;m inside KKR5 and ASL22 cells. We achieved the bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (BGH) into PHB by these strains via separate hydrolysis and fermentation. H3PO4 steam-pretreated BGH generated reducing sugars containing glucose and xylose without toxic chemicals. Using the reducing sugars of BGH as the carbon source, ASL22 exhibited a higher PHB yield (0.22 g-PHB/g-reducing sugar) than KKR5 (0.12 gPHB/g-reducing sugar). PHB from KKR5 and ASL22 had FTIR and NMR spectra that were similar to those of standard PHB. A GC/MS analysis confirmed the molecular structure of PHB as methyl hydroxybutyrate with a mass value of 43-103. By DSC analysis, the melting temperatures of PHB from KKR5 and ASL22 and standard PHB were 167.8, 168.5, and 176.6 degrees C, respectively. Thus, PHB-producing bacteria isolated from stressed soils successfully utilize a low-cost BGH substrate for PHB accumulation.
In this work, fermentation process was carried out using sugarcane molasses without pretreatment and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculum. The purification of the fermentation product was conducted by using the hybrid short path evaporation. The system allowed to employ lower temperatures of operation due to the use of vacuum and short residence time was achieved, avoiding the tendency of lactic acid decomposition. For tests were used: feed flow rate of 8 mL/min, stirring of 750 rpm, pressure of 1 kPa and it was varied the evaporator temperature from 30 to 170 degrees C. The experimental results showed 5 times higher the lactic acid concentration than the initial content in the raw material.
This work investigated how heat and acid pretreatment affected thermophilic biohydrogen production by a mixed culture present in the sludge of a sugarcane vinasse treatment plant. Heat- (80 degrees C for 15 min) or acid- (pH 3 for 24h) treated sludge samples were employed to seed batch bioreactors along 36 days. The heat- and acid-treated sludge samples afforded H-2 production rates (HPRs) of 8.4 and 9.5 mmo/L.d, respectively. The lactic acid concentration increased in the bioreactor seeded with heat-treated sludge, whilst the lactic acid concentration diminished in the bioreactor inoculated with the acid-treated sludge. Identification of the microbial community revealed that Clostridiaceae predominated in all the sludge samples. The most abundant Clostridiaceae in the heat- and acid-treated sludge samples were Clostridium and Thermoanaerobacterium, respectively. Acid pretreatment modified the microbial community and enhanced consumption of lactic acid, a metabolite that is normally associated with decreased H2 production. Copyright (C) 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biochars were produced by pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (350 degrees C and 700 degrees C) and pine wood (400 degrees C) and are abbreviated BC350, BC700, and WC400, respectively. Metribuzin adsorption by batch equilibrium showed that BC700 had the greatest adsorption capacity followed by BC350 and WC400. The bagasse biochars were mixed with clay and a silt loam soil and the pine wood biochar with a loamy sand soil and fortified with the metribuzin and pendimethalin. The soils were incubated at 25 degrees C in the dark and were extracted with methanol after 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 63, 86, and 111 days. Parent compounds and metribuzin degradates were analyzed in extracts by HPLC- mass spectrometry. Increases in metribuzin halflife(DT50) were indicated for all soil-biochar combinations. BC350 had the greatest impact, doubling the DT50 in the silt loam soil. In contrast, BC700 had minimal impact on the DT50 in the silt loam soil and contributed to a significant DT50 decrease in the clay. The metribuzin degradate, metribuzin-desamino, was detected at rates proportional to metribuzin dissipation. For pendimethalin, biochar additions increased DT50 in all soil-biochar combinations. In contrast to metribuzin, BC700 and WC400 had the greatest impact with the BC700 increasing the DT50 more than 2-fold. In the loamy sand soil, the 1-4\% biochar rate contributed to an increased trend in palmer amaranth emergence. At the 8\% rate, palmer amaranth emergence was statistically higher than the control (p = 0.072). In sum, how biochar impacted the activity and dissipation of these herbicides depended on soil, herbicide, and biochar properties. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Large scale sugarcane bagasse storage in uncovered stockpiles has the potential to result in adverse impacts on the environment and surrounding communities through hazards associated with nuisance dust, groundwater seepage, spontaneous combustion and generation of contaminated leachates. Managing these hazards will assist in improved health and safety outcomes for factory staff and reduced potential environmental impacts on surrounding communities. Removal of the smaller fibres (pith) from bagasse prior to stockpiling reduced the dust number of bagasse by 50\% and modelling suggests peak ground level PM10 dust emissions would reduce by 70\%. Depithed bagasse has much lower water holding capacity (similar to 43\%) than whole bagasse. This experimental and modelling study investigated the physical properties of depithed and whole bagasse. Dust dispersion modelling was undertaken to determine the likely effects associated with storage of whole and depithed sugarcane bagasse. (c) 2012 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
To deal with the frequent oil-spillage, various sorbents were developed, however, the poor oil/water selectivity and expensive hydrophobic coatings limit widespread. Further, the rise in the earth's temperature and noise pollution enforce the scientific community to develop economic thermal and acoustic insulators. To explore this, the waste sugarcane bagasse was utilized to synthesize an ultra-light, porous, and flexible macroscopic aerogel through a simple and easily scalable two-step process. Through the surface modification with novel Silicon Ceramic coating, it exhibits super-hydrophobicity as revealed from the water contact angle of 140.1 degrees. The synthesized aerogel exhibits low density (0.012-0.108 g/cc), high porosity (92.8-99.2\%), high surface area (309.8-368.3 m(2)/g), low thermal conductivity (0.026-0.044 W/mK), and an excellent sound absorption coefficient of 0.83 (20\% superior to the commercial acoustic insulators). Moreover, the oil adsorption investigations revealed that it could uptake 23 times of crude oil of its weight. Furthermore, the adsorbed oil can be effortlessly recovered by acetone treatment for its further usage as an oil sorbent. Besides, it could retain oil uptake capacity up to ten regeneration cycles. Simultaneously, a quadratic correlation for the oil adsorption capacity was developed to optimize the amount of crosslinkers. Again, the high compressive strength (20-41 kPa) of the aerogel couples its usage as an effective material for thermal, acoustic insulation, and oil spill cleaning. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An efficient, green and reusable catalyst for organic pollutant wastewater treatment has been a subject of intense research in recent decades due to the limitation of current technologies. Cellulose based aerogel composites are considered to be an especially promising candidate for next-generation catalytic material. This project was conducted in order to evaluate the behavior and ability of green and reusable sugarcane bagasse aerogels to remove P-Nitrophesnol from waste-water aqueous. Co-Zeolitic imidazolate framework@ sugarcane bagasse aerogels composite catalysts were successfully prepared via simple in situ synthesis. The structure of hybrid aerogels and their efficient catalyst in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for the degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was investigated. As a result, the hybrid aerogels/PMS system removed 98.5\% of PNP (10 mg/L) within 60 similar to 70 min, while the traditional water treatment technology could not achieve this. In addition, through a free radical capture experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the degradation mechanism of PNP was investigated. Further research found that the hybrid aerogels can effectively activate PMS to produce sulfate (SO4 center dot-) and hydroxyl (OH center dot ). Both of them contributed to the degradation of PNP, and SO4 center dot- plays a crucial role in the degradative process. The most important feature of hybrid aerogels can be easily separated from the solution. The obtained results showed that the outer coating structure of cellulose can stabilize Co-ZIF and reduce the dissolution of cobalt ions under complex reaction conditions. Moreover, the prepared hybrid aerogels exhibit excellent reusability and are environmentally friendly with efficient catalytic efficiency. This work provides a new strategy for bagasse applications and material reusability.
To reduce the cost of adsorbents for the removal of cat urine odor there has been concerted research efforts to produce functionalized porous carbon from waste biomass. In this work, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method was used to prepare a carbon adsorbent (AC-SNP) from sugarcane bagasse through ultrasonic-assisted impregnation of mixed HNO3/H3PO4 on bagasse prior to carbonization. Ultrasonication enhanced structural deformation of bagasse and enriched the N and O-containing groups prior to cabonization which allowed the final carbon material to have increased specific surface area of 1603.1 m(2)/g and porosity of 1.3858 cm(3).g(-1) (including micro- and meso-pores), and increased surface functionality of -COOH, -OH, pyrrolic N, and pyridinic N groups. The adsorption capacity of the carbon material for 3-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol (MMB), a volatile cat urine component, was up to 207.12 mg/g at 25 degrees C, and the heterogenous multi-layer Freundlich model and Pseudo-second-order model were used to explain the adsorption mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that there are electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between the O-and N-containing groups and MMB molecules. AC-SNP was found to be nontoxic in a cat litter formulation, and removes 99.87\% volatile MMB at a low loading ratio of 2 wt\%. The fabricated sugarcane bagasse-based cat litter (SB\_CL) formulation also has anti-bacterial properties, and so has significant commercialization prospects.
A new species of catalysts that are prepared from biocompatible materials is demonstrated. Sulfonated magnetic sugarcane bagasse has been synthesized as a novel biodegradable and robust heterogeneous catalyst for organic transformations. The catalyst was characterized by different techniques. Next, the efficiency of this acid catalyst was examined with multi-component reactions for the synthesis of some biologically active scaffolds of heterocyclic organic compounds such 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and pyrido{[
The current study encompasses the development of a combined pretreatment strategy using deep eutectic solvent (DES) i.e. choline chloride (ChCl)/glycerol and ultrasonic waves for the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Pretreated biomass was saccharified by an enzyme cocktail produced in house from a novel fungus Aspergillus assiutensis VS34. Combined ChCl/glycerol and ultrasound pretreatment yielded higher sugars (276.8 mg/g biomass) than either of the individual pretreatments i.e. ChCl/glycerol (235.3 mg/g biomass) or ultrasound (174.5 mg/g biomass). Optimization of pretreatment process variables (biomass loading, sonication amplitude and pretreatment time) by Design of Experiment enhanced sugar yield by 1.12-fold. Sugar hydrolysate obtained was fermented by dual yeast cultures i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis to get an ethanol yield of 142.09 mg/g biomass. To understand the molecular mechanism of combined DES/ultrasound pretreatment which led to eased hydrolysis, and enhanced sugar yield, the pretreated biomass was studied by SEM, FT-IR, XRD and H-1 NMR analysis for various structural aberrations that made the biomass more amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis. Insights of underlying functional mechanisms of pretreatment may help in developing new/novel designer pretreatment approaches for proficient biomass conversion. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study explores the reprocessing behavior of polypropylene-sugarcane bagasse biocomposites using neat and chemically treated bagasse fibers (20 wt.\%). Biocomposites were reprocessed 5 times using the extrusion process followed by injection molding. The mechanical properties indicate that microfibers bagasse fibers addition and chemical treatments generate improvements in the mechanical properties, reaching the highest performance in the third cycle where the flexural modulus and flexural strength increase 57 and 12\% in comparison with neat PP. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and TGA characterization show that bagasse fibers addition increases the crystallization temperature and thermal stability of the biocomposites 7 and 39 degrees C respectively, without disturbing the melting process of the PP phase for all extrusion cycles. The rheological test shows that viscosity values of PP and biocomposites decrease progressively with extrusion cycles; however, Cole-Cole plots, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), width at half maximum of tan delta peaks and SEM micrographs show that chemical treatments and reprocessing could improve fiber dispersion and fiber-matrix interaction. Based on these results, it can be concluded that recycling potential of polypropylene-sugarcane bagasse biocomposites is huge due to their mechanical, thermal and rheological performance resulting in advantages in terms of sustainability and life cycle impact of these materials.
The sugarcane industry has assumed an increasingly important role at a global level, with countries such as Brazil and India dominating the field. However, this causes environmental problems, since the industry produces large amounts of waste, such as sugarcane bagasse. This by-product, which is energetically partially recovered in sugar mills and in the pulp and paper industry, can make a significant contribution to the general use of biomass energy, if the usual disadvantages associated with products with low density and a high moisture content are overcome. From this perspective, thermochemical conversion technologies, especially torrefaction, are assumed to be capable of improving the fuel properties of this material, making it more appealing for potential export and use in far-off destinations. In this work, sugarcane samples were acquired, and the process of obtaining bagasse was simulated. Subsequently, the bagasse was dried and heat-treated at 200 and 300 degrees C to simulate the over-drying and torrefaction process. Afterward, product characterization was performed, including thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, calorimetry, and energy densification. The results showed significant improvements in the energy content, from 18.17 to 33.36 MJ center dot kg(-1)from dried bagasse to torrefied bagasse at 300 degrees C, showing that despite high mass loss, there is potential for a future value added chain for this waste form, since the increment in energy density could enhance its transportation and use in locations far off the production site.
Sugarcane agroindustry generates a large volume of residues, with the main one being vinasse. Despite its polluting potential, vinasse has great potential to meet crop nutritional demands at different vegetative stages. However, the fertilizer developed from fresh vinasse has not considered the negative effects of its application in crops. Current innovative processes have sought to reuse elements of interest from this raw material, mainly macronutrients, micronutrients, and organic matter, in hydroponic cultivation systems. This study aimed to evaluate the hydroponic cultivation of lettuce, watercress, and chicory using the nutrient film technique and the use of a fertilizer developed from vinasse for their nutrition. We compared the vinasse fertilizer with conventional salts used for vegetable nutrition. Experiments were conducted in a fully randomized design, with two treatments (conventional and vinasse-fertilizer solutions). Nutritional status diagnosis showed synergism between vinasse organic matter and plants. This is because the elements in vinasse were fundamental for plant development and decisive for its good performance in the vinasse solution (VS). Regarding nutrient absorption (e.g. N, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and B), VS with the addition of Ca, N, and Fe had similar results as those of conventional solution (CS). The hydroponic solution proposed in this study can be applied to reuse vinasse sustainably.
In an attempt at improving bioethanol production, a bench-scale comparison has been performed between the traditional one-step process of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis with 70 \% sulfuric acid, and a modified operation including a second step with more dilute acid, at higher temperature. The influence of the reaction time, the percentage of solids in the sugarcane bagasse suspension and temperature on the hydrolysis efficiency, was investigated. Although the modified protocol allows for an appreciable improvement in the yield of conversion to fermentable sugars in comparison to the one-step hydrolysis, a technical/economical analysis demonstrated that it would demand higher production costs and a longer payback period. Therefore, the latter process should be recommended for the setting up of a pilot plant with a production capacity of 80 m(3) of alcohol per day.
Sugarcane straw, consisting of green tops and dry leaves, can be maintained on fields to improve soil quality, or harvested for bioenergy production. The optimum option between these two uses is still uncertain and requires further study. This study, conducted across three crop cycles, provides an assessment of the moisture, nutrients, ash, extractives, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin contents of four sugarcane varieties across seven regions of south-central Brazil. Suitability of the straw fractions for nutrient recycling, bioelectricity, and second-generation ethanol production were also evaluated. Results showed that the sugarcane straw yield (dry mass) was 14.0 Mg ha(-1), and the ratio of dry straw/fresh stalk was 12\%. The composition of green tops and dry leaves differed consistently across varieties, sites, and crop cycles. Dry leaves represented 60\% of the straw, but green tops contained about 70\% of the total N, P, and K content. Therefore, green tops recycled up to four times more nutrients than dry leaves. Green tops also had six times higher moisture and greater chlorine content which decreased the mill process efficiency. In turn, dry leaves had higher lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses content, greater heating value (higher: 17.3 MJ kg(-1); lower: 15.6 MJ kg(-1)) and tended to be a better second-generation ethanol production feedstock. Overall, the results show that it is preferable to use dry leaves for bioenergy production while leaving green tops on the field for nutrient recycling. This study pointed out that more efficient methods for separating these fractions in the field need to be developed. (C) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Natural fibers such as those from sugarcane bagasse may be obtained as industrial waste products. These fibers have recently been investigated as low-cost reinforcements in composites for engineering applications, some of which may require exposure to temperatures above ambient. In the present work, fibers extracted from sugarcane bagasse were used at up to 30 vol.\% as reinforcement in polyester-matrix composites. The thermal behavior of these composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) as well as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA/DTG results indicated similar limits of thermal stability at about 200A degrees C for the neat polyester and the bagasse fiber composites. The thermal degradation peak at around 370A degrees C was also similar, being attributed mainly to polyester. DSC analysis revealed that bagasse fiber incorporation caused only a minor change in the glass-transition temperature. On the contrary, DMA parameters revealed notable changes attributed to effect of the bagasse fibers on the viscous stiffness and damping capacity of the polyester.
Development of value-added nanomaterials from agrowaste biomass is a promising strategy to overcome environmental issues caused by them as are mostly discarded or incinerated. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a major residue of agro-industries and possesses the abundant resource of carbon. Herein, different types of highly photoluminescent carbon-dots sc-CDs (1-3) were synthesized from agrowaste biomass SCB by ecofriendly one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized sc-CDs showed green fluorescence around 457 nm with the excitation wavelength (lambda(ex)) in the range of 340-420 nm with absolute quantum yield of 12.31\%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited characteristics absorption bands for C-H, O-H, and COOH. Scanning electron microscope showed sc-CDs morphologically spherical and mono-dispersed. Energydispersive X-ray spectra showed the presence of carbon (51.58\%) and oxygen (34.15\%) in sc-CDs. X-ray diffractions analysis demonstrated two intense peaks centered at 28.35 degrees and 40.55 degrees, which confirmed the crystallinity along with average size of 32 nm. Moreover, obtained sc-CDs exhibited significant scavenging activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with EC50 values of 2.8, 2.7 and 3.9 mu g/ml for sc-CDs (1-3), respectively. The maximum total reducing capability was calculated to be 4.9 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/g) for sc-CDs-2 using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Additionally, sc-CDs-2 enhanced the catalytic performances of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for complete degradation of methylene-blue dye within 12 min and rate constant was also determined. In conclusion, sc-CDs (1-3) could be used as value-added nanomaterials, antioxidants and as probing agents in biomedical sciences as well as for removal of organic pollutants.
An adsorption resin CX-6 was synthesized and used for acid soluble lignin (ASL) removal from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SCBH). The adsorption conditions of pH value, amount of adsorbent, initial ASL concentration, and temperature on ASL adsorption were discussed. The results showed the adsorption capacity of ASL was negatively affected by increasing temperature, solution pH, and adsorbent dose, and was positively affected by increasing initial concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity of ASL was 135.3mg/g at initial ASL concentration 6.46g/L, adsorption temperature 298K, and pH1. Thermodynamic study demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Equilibrium and kinetics experiments were proved to fit the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model well, respectively. Fermentation experiment showed that the SCBH after combined overliming with resin adsorption as fermentation substrate for microbial lipid production by Trichosporon cutaneum and Trichosporon coremiiforme was as better as that of SCBH by combined overliming with active charcoal adsorption, and more efficient than that of SCBH only by overliming. Moreover, the regeneration experiment indicated that the CX-6 resin is easy to regenerate and its recirculated performance is stable. In conclusion, our results provide a promising adsorbent to detoxify lignocellulose hydrolysate for further fermentation.
The main by-product of the alcohol industry is the sugarcane bagasse, which can be used to produce second generation ethanol. Studies about pretreatment technologies are increasingly greater, a fundamental step for the efficient this fuel production. The reagents and wastewater treatment costs are still a bottleneck for this type of technology. The present work aimed to study the pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse using a highly oxidative solution Ox-B. In this study we used high solids loadings, aimed at reducing the use of reagent and the water consumption. We carried out an experimental design 3(2)for the pretreatment step. The pretreated material followed an enzymatic hydrolysis with 10\% (m/v) loading, and enzymatic loading of 15 Filter Paper Units (FPU)/g and 25 cellobiose units (CBU)/g of bagasse. For the best pretreatment condition the desirability tool showed the best pretreatment condition for the release of glucose as 20\% solids, 25 degrees C and 2 h, achieving 251.94 mg of glucose per gram of raw bagasse. However, the maximum ethanol yield was 70\%, that possible was affected by the presence of chlorine in the pre-treated mass that has been affected the fermentation process. In general, Ox-B proved to be a potential pretreatment agent for sugarcane bagasse. Practical Applications Sugarcane bagasse is a residual material which can be used for second-generation (2G) bioethanol production. In this study, Ox-B pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using high solid loadings, both in the pretreatment (20-40\% w/v) and the enzymatic hydrolysis (10-20\% w/v) stages was conducted in order to reduce reagent usage and consumption of water. The studies will be useful for ethanol production from lignocellulose.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was ozone pretreated and detoxified by water washing, applying a L-9(3)(4) orthogonal array (OA) design of experiments to study the effect of pretreatment parameters (moisture content, ozone concentration, ozone/oxygen flow and particle size) on the generation of inhibitory compounds and on the composition of hydrolysates of ozonated-washed samples. Ozone concentration resulted the highest influence process parameter on delignification and sugar release after washing; while, for inhibitory compound formation, moisture content also had an important role. Ozone expended in pretreatment related directly with sugar release and inhibitory compound formation. Washing detoxification was effective, providing non-inhibitory hydrolysates. Maximum glucose and xylose release yields obtained were 84\% and 67\%, respectively, for ozonated-washed SCB. Sugar concentration resulted in the decisive factor for biofuels yields. Ethanol production achieved an 88\% yield by Pichia stipitis, whereas Clostridium acetobutylicum produced 0.072 g(BUTANOL)/g(SUGAR) and 0.188 g(ABE)/g(SUGAR), and, Clostridium beijerinckii 0.165 g(BUTANOL)/g(SUGAR) and 0.257 g(ABE)/g(SUGAR). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bagasse pith.. which is the main waste from sugarcane industry in Egypt, has been used as a raw material for the preparation of different activated carbons. Activated carbons were prepared from bagasse pith by chemical activation with 28\% H3PO4 (AC1), 50\% ZnCl2 (AC2) followed by pyrolysis at 600 degrees C and by physical activation at 600 degrees C in absence of air (AC3). Different activated carbons have been used for the removal of reactive orange (RO) dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were performed as a function of initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH. Adsorption data were modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Adsorption kinetic data were tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order reaction with regard to the intraparticle diffusion rate.
High-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a key approach for high titer and reduced down-stream costs in second generation ethanol production. Combining a pilot-scale (80 L reactor) mild acid pretreatment and an alkali pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with fed-batch strategies for high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis, more than 150 g/L of glucose was found in the hydrolysate. The best result of the fed-batch study (2.03 g/L/h of glucose productivity) was obtained with a total solids content of 27\%w/w (being 20\%w/w of solids added at Oh), and the addition of the total amount of the non-ionic surfactant PEG 4000 and the enzymes solely at the beginning of the reaction. A semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation strategy of the pretreated SCB (with the yeast inoculum occurring after 12 h of a single hydrolysis stage at most proper conditions for the cellulases) resulted in 62 g/L of ethanol after 48 h, and a productivity of up to 6.6 g/L/h. The strategy here reported indicates that it is possible to achieve ethanol titers suitable for industrial distilleries avoiding mass transfer limitations that incur in operational problems during high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis.
Molasses based alcohol distilleries in India are one of the most polluting industries; in addition, they are high consumers of raw water. Growing scarcity of high quality freshwater as well as stringent regulatory standards is compelling these units to explore appropriate water management options. This paper provides an overview of the water use and effluent treatment status in Indian distilleries and the challenges faced by this sector. Practices adopted by progressive Indian distilleries to minimize freshwater use are illustrated through case studies. Further, the R\&D focus pertaining to wastewater treatment and disposal is also summarized. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The availability and exportable electricity-production potential of bagasse and sugarcane residues are estimated for various technologies which determine steam production and utilisation at cogenerating sugar factories. Almost 565 kg of fibrous sugarcane biomass (expressed as kilogrammes of bagasse at 50\% moisture) are potentially available for exportable electricity production for every tonne of cane milled. A `'bagasse proper only'' strategy would utilise 28\% of the fibrous cane biomass and dan potentially produce between 60 to 180 kW h of electricity per tonne of millable cane. Use of cane tops and leaves as a bagasse extender would utilise another 32\% of the sugarcane biomass and the electricity output could range between 146 and 401 kW h/t of millable cane. The extreme case where 100\% of the fibrous sugar cane biomass is utilised has the potential of producing up to 678 kW h/t of millable cane. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Reactive Black 5 (RB5) is an anionic dye with an azo group and poses a severe hazard to aquatic life and the safety of the water environment. In this work, sugarcane bagasse magnetic graphene oxide (SCBMGO) nanocatalyst was prepared through a sol-gel method and used to remove RB5 through the photocatalytic process under visible-light (LED) radiation. The influences of different environmental parameters on the photocatalytic removal performance were studied. Reaction mechanism for RB5 removal was investigated with the effect of radical scavengers and analysis of intermediates. Recyclability of the SCBMGO, RB5 removal from drinking water, and toxicity was evaluated in the photocatalytic process. The maximum efficiencies were obtained as 99.99\% after 120 min at pH 2, 10 mg L-1 RB5, and 0.4 g L-1 SCBMGO. With increasing all variables except the dosage of the SCBMGO, the removal efficiency of RB5 decreased. The EEO value for the LED/SCBMGO (7.5 kWh m-3) process, as an indicator of the effectiveness of the used process, demonstrated extended productiveness and dwindled electrical power fed of the used system. The total operating costs were \$15 per kg of dye removal in 1 m3 of wastewater. Comparative experiments have shown that the SCBMGO/LED has the highest efficiency. SCBMGO displayed outstanding stability for 600 min. Since the scavenging action and the generation of reactive species with low oxidation potential, the presence of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and nitrite in the drinking water slowed the removal rate of RB5. The toxicity test was performed by culturing Daphnia Magna under optimal conditions.
This paper presents a kinetic study of pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse from dynamic thermogravimetric experiments (TG). The methods of Kissinger, Ozawa, Starink, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman were used to estimate the activation energy. These methods consider the temperature shifts with increase of heating rate for a given conversion in dynamic TG tests. The activation energy values obtained by the isoconversional methods were in a range 182.8-192.4 kJ.mol(-1), values very close to the other biomasses presented by literature.
NaOH-soaked sugarcane bagasse (ASSB) could be converted into monosaccharides by low cellulase loading at a solid loading of 2\%. However, different initial solid loading affected the enzymatic convertibility. Therefore, the effects of solid and cellulase loadings were investigated in this work. Four fermentation strategies, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), fed-batch SSF, semi-SSF, and fed-batch semi-SSF were conducted and compared. The results showed that cellulose convertibility decreased with increased initial solid loading from 1.9 to 7.5\% in a linear manner. However, the decrease was not obvious when 10\% of initial solid was loaded compared to that of 7.5\%. Based on the enzymatic hydrolysis at a constant cellulose dose, 7.5 FPU/g dry matter, the initial solid loading of 10\% was selected for the fed-batch fermentations. The final ethanol yields among the fermentations showed no significant differences. Presaccharification increased the ethanol productivity when the presaccharification time was not counted. Glycerol concentration in fermentations with the presaccharification stage was higher than those without this stage. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Selection of the raw material and its efficient utilization are the critical factors in economization of second generation (2G) ethanol production. Fermentation of the released sugars into ethanol by a suitable ethanol producing microorganism using cheap media ingredients is the cornerstone of the overall process. This study evaluated the potential of rice bran extract (RBE) as a cheap nitrogen source for the production of 2G ethanol by Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis NRRL Y-7124 using sugarcane bagasse (SB) hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Dilute acid hydrolysis of SB showed 12.45 g/l of xylose and 0.67 g/l of glucose along with inhibitors. It was concentrated by vacuum evaporation and submitted to sequential detoxification (neutralization by calcium hydroxide and charcoal adsorption). The detoxified hydrolysate revealed the removal of furfural (81 \%) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (61 \%) leading to the final concentration of glucose (1.69 g/l) and xylose (33.03 g/l). S. stipitis was grown in three different fermentation media composed of detoxified hydrolysate as carbon source supplemented with varying nitrogen sources i.e. medium \#1 (RBE + ammonium sulfate + calcium chloride), medium \#2 (yeast extract + peptone) and medium \#3 (yeast extract + peptone + malt extract). Medium \#1 showed maximum ethanol production (8.6 g/l, yield 0.22 g/g) followed by medium \#2 (8.1 g/l, yield 0.19 g/g) and medium \#3 (7.4 g/l, yield 0.18 g/g).
Pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for saccharification using different acid-catalysed imidazolium IL solutions (containing 20\% water) at 130 degrees C for 30 min were investigated. At the same solution pH, pretreatment effectiveness in terms of glucan digestibility, delignification and xylan removal was similar for aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methane sulfonate (BMIMCH3SO3), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate (BMIMCH3SO4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl). Decreasing solution pH of aqueous IL systems from 6.0 to 0.4 increased bagasse delignification and xylan removal, and as a result, improved glucan digestibility. The glucan digestibilities for bagasse samples pretreated by IL solutions with pH <= 0.9 were >90\% after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Without pH adjustment, the effectiveness of these aqueous IL solutions (except BMIMCH3SO3 because of its low natural pH of 0.9) to deconstruct the biomass was poor and the glucan digestibilities of pretreated bagasse samples were <20\%. These results show that pretreatment effectiveness of aqueous imidazolium ILs can simply be estimated from solution pH rather than hydrogen bond basicity (beta) of the IL solution.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the interaction of soil cover with sugarcane mulch residue combined with vinasse application on seedling emergence and initial growth of sunflower cultivars. A greenhouse experiment was carried out in pots with soil, in randomized complete blocks, with four replications. The treatments, arranged in a 5 x 2 x 3 factorial, consisted of the combination of five quantities of sugarcane mulch residue cover (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20t ha(-1)) followed by application or not of 150m(3) ha(-1) of vinasse, on soil planted to the sunflower cultivars `IAC-iarama', `Catissol' e `Helio 358'. The variables studied were seedling emergence speed, final emergence, as well as plant height and dry weight of above ground plant biomass. It is concluded that, under greenhouse conditions, the presence of sugarcane mulch residue in any of the quantities studied, and of vinasse in the quantity of 150m(3) ha(-1), either isolated or in combination, reduce seedling emergence and hamper the initial growth of sunflower, but this effect is not so drastic to endanger the cultivars development ('IAC-iarama', `Catissol' e `Helio-358'), that do not differ between them.
Bulk modification was applied to synthesize modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose (MSBC) cation exchange membrane using in electrodialysis device for the removal of ammonia nitrogen wastewater. The effect of MSBC mass fraction and pore forming agent in casting solution on membrane physico-chemical properties was studied. XRD showed that the crystal lattice of cellulose in membrane transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II, and the FT-IR displayed that there were no new functional groups after the membrane formation. With the increase of MSBC, the moisture content and swelling degree of the membrane decreased, but the mechanical strength increased and the IEC increased from 0.68 to 1.05 mmol/g. With the increase of pore-forming agent, the moisture content, swelling degree and increased in varying degrees, but the mechanical strength decreased, it is worth noting that ion exchange capacity (IEC) has increased from 0.31 to 1.35 mmol/g as the amount of pore agent is four times that of MSBC. The influence of initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen wastewater, voltage and electrolysis time on the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was higher when the initial concentration was 1500-2000 mg/L, and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen can be up to 90.12\% under the condition of the voltage is 10 V and the electrolysis time is 7 h. This implied that the cation exchange membranes prepared from MSBC can be produced that can be appliedin wastewater treatment.
Some bioethanol industries in Indonesia that use sugarcane molasses as raw material often face low level of ethanol content from fermentation process. The molasses condition and the temperature fluctuation are supposed to be the cause. This research aimed to determine the effect of sugarcane molasses pre-treatment with H2SO4 and fermentation temperature in bioethanol production by using instant dry yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 factors was used in the research. The first factor was pre-treatment effect in sugarcane molasses (with and without pre-treatment) and the second was fermentation temperature (29 degrees C, 32 degrees C and 35 degrees C). The data were analysed using analysis of variance or ANOVA and continued with further test Duncan Multiple Range Test or HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) with confidence interval of 5\%. The best treatment was determined using Multiple Attribute Test. Results showed that sugarcane molasses pretreatment with H2SO4 and fermentation temperature had a significant effect (alpha= 0.05) on bioethanol production. The best result was obtained from sugarcane molasses medium that given H2SO4 pre-treatment and fermentation temperature of 32 degrees C with total decrease value of total soluble solids (\% brix) of 10.9 \% brix, total decrease sugar of 12.15\%, reducing sugar consumption of 57.21 g/L, ethanol content of 8.30 \% and yield ethanol of 68.67 \%.
In the context of a sugarcane biorefinery, sugarcane bagasse produced may be pretreated generating a solid and liquid fraction. The solid fraction may be used for 2G bioethanol production, while the liquid fraction may be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study consisted in evaluating the anaerobic digestion performance of hemicellulose hydrolysate produced after hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. For this, hydrothermal pretreatment was assessed in a continuous upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18.4 h. Process performance was investigated by varying the dilution of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate with a solution containing xylose and the inlet organic loading rate (OLR). Experimental data showed that an increase in the proportion of hydrolysate in the feed resulted in better process performance for steps using 50\% and 100\% of real substrate. The best performance condition was achieved when increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) from 12 to 2.4 g COD/L.d, with an organic matter removal of 85.7\%. During this period, the methane yield estimated by the COD removal would be 270 L CH4/kg COD. Nonetheless, when further increasing the OLR to 4.8 g COD/L.d, the COD removal decreased to 74\%, together with an increase in effluent concentrations of VFA (0.80 g COD/L) and furans (115.3 mg/L), which might have inhibited the process performance. On the whole, the results showed that anaerobic digestion of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was feasible and may improve the net energy generation in a bioethanol plant, while enabling utilization of the surplus sugarcane bagasse in a sustainable manner. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the major steps involved in the conversion of sugarcane bagasse into ethanol. Pretreatments break down macrostructures in order to improve the enzyme access to the targeted glycosidic bonds. This study reports on the use of thermoanalytic techniques together with other different techniques for the verification of the structural and morphological changes occurred in sugarcane bagasse subjected to acid and alkaline pretreatments. The techniques evaluated differences in the BET and BJH surface areas, diameter and pore volume investigated by porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and wettability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DTA) was also used to evaluate the thermal degradation of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin contents that remained in the samples after pretreatments. The results show that chemical pretreatments were effective in the degradation of lignocellulosic samples and significant morphological changes occurred after the pretreatments. Acid and alkaline pretreatments caused an increase in the surface area, diameter and volume of pores. Wettability also revealed important effects regarding surface changes of the biomasses. In summary, all tested pretreatments were effective to chemically degrade the macrostructures of sugarcane bagasse that hinder enzymatic hydrolysis in, for instance, the second-generation ethanol production. {[
In this work, bio-renewable sugarcane bagasse and leaf were utilized for the preparation of activated carbon (BAC and LAC), which was then employed as the host material in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The activated carbon, for the first time, was doped with nitrogen and sulfur via the addition of thiourea during the synthesis of carbon char via a simple, one-step hydrothermal method. The activated carbon was used to fabricate the cathodes of the CR2032 coin cells. The amount of added thiourea was found to influence the nitrogen/sulfur content, porosity, amorphous/graphitic structure, and performance of the activated carbon. At 0.2C, BAC2 (4.15 wt\% thiourea doping) gave the highest specific capacity of 478 mAh center dot g-1 among the bagasse-derived activated carbon, while LAC3 (8.3 wt\% thiourea doping) yielded the highest specific capacity of 521 mAh center dot g-1 among the leaf-derived activated carbon. They also demonstrated an excellent capacity retention of 72\% and 83\%, respectively, after 100 cycles. Furthermore, thiourea doping also improved the rate performance, by providing fast interfacial processes. Based on these results, the obtained activated carbon demonstrates the potential for the fabrication of high-performance Li-S batteries. Also, this work highlights the practical utilization of both sugarcane wastes for these emerging energy storage devices.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) generated in the commercial sector would need to have means to convert the low-cost material into a high-value product(s). One possible high-value product is a solid acid catalyst (SAC) derived from SCB for possible applications in biodiesel production. In this study, a new approach and concept to simulta-neously carbonize and sulfonate SCB under less severe conditions, while also recovering available sugars in SCB in the form of sugar-rich hydrolysates were explored. The approach involved a 2-h dilute acid hydrolysis (DAH) step with dilute H2SO4 (4 wt\%) at 100 ?C, as pre-treatment to recover about 73\% of the available sugars in the hydrolysate. The post-hydrolysis SCB (PHSCB) left after the DAH along with the residual acids were then sub-jected to drying at 100-150 ?C for 12-36 h, to induce simultaneous partial carbonization and sulfonation. The process was successfully carried out and enables the synthesis of carbonized and functionalized PHSCB. The catalyst was successfully used in the esterification of oleic acid and methanol while achieving a conversion of up to 95\%. Other process parameters including the influence of solvent-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, temperature, as well as reusability of the synthesized catalyst were also investigated.
Lignocellulosic hydrolysate contains complex nonsugar compounds and undegraded sugars in the process of preparing platform compound levulinic acid (LA) and furfural by one-step dilute-acid hydrolysis. For efficiently and comprehensively utilizing the hydrolysate, a series of polar modified resins were synthesized for adsorption and separation of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate to obtain platform compounds and fermentable hydrolysate simultaneously. The adsorption capacities of LA and furfural were optimized to 85.32 mg/g and 33.55 mg/g on polar modified resin prepared with 80 wt\% glycidyl methacrylate (GMA -80), which was much higher than nonpolar resin (4.16 mg/g and 16.14 mg/g). GMA-80 obtained the best comprehensive adsorption property, whose desorption rates were 99.90\% and 89.86\% for LA and furfural, respectively, and its regeneration performance was also excellent, indicating that the resin is a potential adsorbent and expected to be used in the separation and purification of the lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
Numerous studies have focused on how to obtain high yield of sophorolipids using low-cost materials as substrates, and there has been various work on the experimental methods for purifying lactonic sophorolipids. These studies have not yet obtained satisfied results in combining a low-cost fermentation process and the purification of lactonic sophorolipids. This study establishes a fed-batch fermentation process of purifying sophorolipids from Candida albicans O-13-1 using low-cost sugarcane molasses as the substrate. In the optimized conditions of this research, using sugarcane molasses as a substrate and product synthesis based on the temperature stage-controlled fermentation, our result indicates that sophorolipids production could reach 108.7 g/L. More importantly, lactonic sophorolipids can crystallize and precipitate during our established fermentation process. The structures and content of sophorolipids separated from the fermentation broth and sophorolipids crystallized in the fermentation broth were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The fermentation process produced 90.5 g/L crystallized lactonic sophorolipids with 90.51\% purity. This is an energy-saving and low-cost method to obtain such pure lactonic sophorolipids. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Mechanized harvesting has become increasingly common in the sugarcane production system. The sugarcane straw removed by mechanical harvesting could be converted into ethanol or be used to generate electricity by burning the material. At the same time, it is important to determine the amount of biomass that could be removed from the soil surface without damage to the cane crop. The agronomic performance of sugarcane was evaluated by growing the variety RB92579 under different amounts of sugarcane straw on the soil surface, in the first and second years of cane crop growth. An experimental randomized block in a split-plot design was used with four replications. In the first year the plots received five amounts of straw (0.0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18 Mg ha(-1)), and six assessments (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after planting) were made in the subplots. In the second year, the plots received the same amount of straw and four assessments (60, 120, 240, and 540 days after the regrowth) in the subplots. Biometric indexes, components of production, and crop yield were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis and polynomial regression (p < 0.05). Increasing amounts of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil surface reduced the number and diameter of stalks at the beginning of crop establishment and the number of leaves for the first year. The maximum productivity of stalks was achieved by maintaining on the soil surface 9.6 Mg ha(-1) of straw in the first year and 4.7 Mg ha(-1) of straw in the second year of cane crop production.
This study sought to investigate the effects caused by the application of supercritical CO2 treatment in the commercial cellulase Celluclast 1.5L. The influence of this treatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (2\% w v(-1)) and on the kinetic parameters was assessed in a central composite design (CCD). The results show that the application of supercritical treatment for 180 min at 40 degrees C and 300 bar causes an increase in 14.31\% in total cellulase enzymatic activity (FPase). Furthermore, this treatment conditions also enhance in 73.63\% (concentration of 1.176 g L-1) the concentration of fermentable sugars released during the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, with theoretical yield of cellulose hydrolysis of 17.56\%. In addition, K-M was reduced 3 times for the enzyme compared to the untreated enzyme. Thus, treatment with supercritical CO2 proved to be a green and attractive alternative for fermentable sugars release, since it resulted in enhancements of enzymatic activities of the cellulolytic complex and an increase in enzymatic hydrolysis degree of the sugarcane bagasse.
Multielements, Ag, Au, Ca, Co,. Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn were estimated in the sugar cane plant (green bagasse or cane stalks and leaves), sugar cane, raw juice, mixed juice, in syrup at the different stages of sugar production (10 stages), in sugar (grades A and B), and in soil samples collected from the immediate vicinity of the cane plant roots at surface, 30 and 60 cm depths. The measurements were undertaken on a Pye Unicam SP 1900 Recording Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results obtained are within the permissible safety baseline levels and in excellent agreement with the previous work done on the sugar cane plant and on the soil of the same area (Edfu) using INAA, ICP-AES and AAS (Awadallah, R. M., Sherif, M. K., Mohamed, A. E., \& Grass, F. (1984). Determination of trace elements in Egyptian cane sugar by neutron activation analysis. Inter. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 19 (1), 41-54; Awadallah, R. M., Sherif, M. K., Mohamed, A. E., \& Grass, F. (1985). Determination of trace elements in Egyptian cane sugar by neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 92 (1), 7-25; Mohamed, A. E. (1986). Determination of trace elements in sugar cane refuse by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Letters, 107 (2), 121-128; Mohamed, A. E., Awadallah, R. M., \& Hassan, A. A. (1989). Determination of trace elements in Egyptian molasses by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nuel. Chem. Articles, 129 (2), 453-457). (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Adsorption via activated carbon (AC) is one of the best methods to treat stabilized landfill leachate. However, this technique has been justified due to expensive and limited resource of AC precursor. Thus, in this study, sugarcane bagasse, a cheap and abundant biomass from agricultural waste, was used to prepare AC. The prepared sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SCAC) was tested for color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) removals from anaerobic stabilized landfill leachate. SCAC was prepared using physical and chemical activation. SCAC was characterized for its surface area, surface morphology, and functional groups. The performance of the adsorbent was examined in a batch mode study by varying the shaking speed, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The experimental results indicated that SCAC could adsorb and remove the pollutants from anaerobic municipal stabilized landfill. Removal of color, COD, and NH3-N were favorably described by Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 555.56 Pt/Co, 126.58 and 14.62mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order model fits well with the experimental results and indicates that the adsorption was controlled by chemisorptions. The experimental results revealed that the optimum experimental conditions (e.g. 200rpm shaking speed, 180min contact time, 7g AC dosage, and pH 7) resulted in 94.74, 83.61, and 46.65\% removal of color, COD, and NH3-N, respectively.
A new clean and sustainable procedure to synthesize low-cost zeolites from sugarcane bagasse fly ash (BFA), an industrial waste, is presented. BFA is used as source of Al and Si to obtain aluminosilicates with distinguished ion exchange capacity, confirmed by copper uptake. After the fly ash has been calcined and submitted to hydrothermal treatment employing NaOH as mineralizing agent, the XRD patterns of the as-synthesized samples revealed the formation of zeolite Na-A. Temperature and calcination time are key parameters affecting the ion-exchange capacity (q) of the zeolitic materials. Calcination at 600 degrees C for 8 h, under oxygen atmosphere, ensures that all carbon from fly ash has been removed and optimizes the ion exchange properties. As a strategy to further improve q, Al isopropoxide was added to the synthesis medium, reducing the Si/Al ratio in the zeolite and generating more ion exchange sites. The hydro thermal treatment and addition of Al modify the structure and morphology of the zeolitic material, leading to a maximized adsorption capacity (142 mg Cu2+ g(-1)) at 1.71 Si/Al, which is much higher than the observed for a commercial polymeric resin (46.6 mg g(-1)). (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethanol has been successfully produced from sugarcane in Zimbabwe over the past ten years whilst maintaining a favourable energy output to input ratio of 1:1.9. It is shown that it is practicable to improve this ratio to between 3.8 and 4.1 by operational changes such as maximising ethanol production during the cane crushing season and storing surplus bagasse for use during the off-crop season in place of coal which is presently used. Further improvements are also possible by the introduction of more efficient boilers, increasing surplus bagasse availability during the off-crop season, and the greater use of stillage as a fertiliser.
Production of L(+) lactic acid from sugarcane bagasse cellulose, one of the abundant biomass materials available in India, was studied. The bagasse was chemically treated to obtain a purified bagasse cellulose sample, which is much more amenable to cellulase enzyme attack than bagasse itself. This sample, at high concentration (10\%), was hydrolyzed by cellulase enzyme preparations (10 FPU g(-1) cellulose) derived from mutants generated in our own laboratory. We obtained maximum hydrolysis (72\%), yielding glucose and cellobiose as the main end products. Lactic acid was produced from this bagasse cellulose sample by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in a media containing a cellulase enzyme preparation derived from Penicillium janthinellum mutant EU1 and cellobiose utilizing Lactobacillus delbrueckii mutant Uc-3. A maximum lactic acid concentration of 67 g l(-1) was produced from a concentration of 80 g l(-1) of bagasse cellulose, the highest productivity and yield being 0.93 g l(-1) h(-1) and 0.83 g g(-1), respectively. The mutant Uc-3 was found to utilize high concentrations of cellobiose (50 g l(-1)) and convert it into lactic acid in a homo-fermentative way. Considering that bagasse is a waste material available in abundance, we propose to valorize this biomass to produce cellulose and then sugars, which can be fermented to products such as ethanol and lactic acid.
The present research work investigated the removal efficiency of acid-activated bentonite blended with a sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) adsorbent for the removal of reactive red 198 (RR198) from a synthetic dye solution. The effect of the adsorption parameters of bentonite on SCBA blending ratio, dye solution pH, adsorption contact, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration was investigated, and the parameters were optimized for maximum RR198 removal from the synthetic dye solution. At an optimum condition of 1:1 bentonite to the SCBA blending ratio, a solution pH of 2, 3.7 g/L of adsorbent dosage, and 15 mg/L of initial dye concentration 150 min of adsorption time, the properties of adsorbents such as adsorbent specific surface area, crystalline phase structure, functional groups, and surface morphologies of the adsorbents were investigated. At optimum conditions, 97\% RR198 removal efficiency of the adsorbent was achieved. In order to determine adsorption kinetics and isotherm models, different adsorption models were employed. It was observed that the adsorption of the RR198 dye into the acid-activated bentonite blended with the SCBA adsorbent was represented well by the Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption kinetics order was found to be the pseudo-second order.
This comparative study investigated the effects of CbXyn10C and Xyn11A on xylooligosaccharide profiles produced from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice straw (RS) and their impact on probiotic growth. Generally, CbXyn10C produced more xylose and a higher total phenolic content than Xyn11A. Interestingly, XOS obtained from SCB with CbXyn10C contained significantly more gallic acid than that produced by Xn11A. All selected probiotics thrived in RS-derived XOS, regardless of the enzyme used. However, probiotics grew differently on SCB-derived XOS depending on the enzyme used. All probiotics thrived in Xyn11A-derived XOS from SCB. Only Lactobacillus plantarum thrived on CbXyn10C-derived XOS, while the other two were inhibited. Gallic acid in CbXyn10C-derived XOS from SCB has been linked to probiotic retardation, and gallic acid-enriched broth has been found to inhibit Bifidobacterium longum and Bacillus subtilis, but not L. plantarum. Consequently, the selection of enzymes and plant biomass is crucial for XOS properties and prebiotic effects.
Bioemulsifiers are surface active compounds which could be potentially used in food processing, cosmetic sector and oil recovery. Sugarcane straw (SS), was used as the raw substrate for the production of bio-emulsifiers (BE) by Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides. Three different delignification strategies using dilute sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite and ammonium hydroxide followed by enzymatic hydrolysis (Cellic CTec 2, 7.5\% total solids, 15 FPU/g, 72 h) were studied. Enzyme hydrolysis of ammonium hydroxide pretreated SS showed a maximum of 62.19 +/- 0.74 g/l total reducing sugars with 88.35\% hydrolytic efficiency (HE) followed by sodium hydroxide (60.06 +/- 0.33 g/l; 85.40\% HE) and sodium sulfite pretreated SS (57.22 +/- 0.52 g/l; 84.71\% HE), respectively. The ultrastructure of SS (native and delignified) by fourier transform-infrared and near infrared spectroscopy, revealed notable structural differences. The fermentation of hydrolysates by C. mucoides into bioemulsifiers showing emulsification index (EI) of 54.33\%, 48.66\% and 32.66\% from sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide pretreated SS, respectively.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as cheap, abundant, alternative cell immobilization matrix for phenol biodegradation was investigated in the present study. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that yeast Candida tropicalis PHB5 attached to the cavum of stalk cells of SCB efficiently through adsorption and maximum value of immobilization efficiency and cell retention were 87.74\% +/- 2.42 and 368384 +/- 10195.96 cfu g(-1) SCB, respectively. In order to assess the degradation efficacy of SCB immobilized cells, kinetics of phenol degradation was compared for free as well as alginate and SCB immobilized cells. The maximum specific degradation rates were 9.599, 1.665, and 2.481 g g(-1) h(-1) for free cells, alginate and SCB immobilized cells, respectively. The effective diffusivity and diffusion effectiveness factor of phenol in immobilization matrices were calculated for different sizes of matrix particles. The results showed that intraparticle diffusion resistance was comparatively less for SCB particle. Studies revealed that 23.45\% of SCB immobilized cells can be effectively retained during storage at 4 degrees C up to 30 days and can be reused for 4-5 repeated batch degradation, giving almost similar results found with alginate immobilized cells. The foregoing results justify the applicability of SCB as carrier matrix for immobilization of microorganisms in removal of phenolic compounds from industrial wastewaters. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work evaluated the effects of individual alkaline, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 denoted as; NaC), sodium sulfide (Na2SO3 denoted as; NaS) and combination of NaC + NaS pretreatment for the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The effects of different pretreatments on chemical composition and structural complexity of SCB in relation with its saccharification were investigated. For enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SCB we have utilized the produced crude enzymes by Streptomyces sp. MDS to make the process more cost effective. A enzyme dose of 30 filter paperase (FPU) produced a maximum reducing sugar (RS) 592 mg/g with 80.2\% hydrolysis yield from NaC + NaS pretreated SCB under optimized conditions. The resulted enzymatic hydrolysates of each pretreated SCB were applied for hydrogen production using Clostridium beijerinckii KCTC1785. NaC + NaS pretreated SCB hydrolysates exhibited maximum H-2 production relative to other pretreatment methods. Effects of temperature, initial pH of culture media and increasing NaC + NaS pretreated SCB enzymatic hydrolysates concentration (2.5-15 g/L) on bioH(2) production were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the cumulative H-2 production, H-2 production rate, and H-2 yield were 1485 mL/L, 61.87 mL/L/h and 1.24 mmol H-2/mol of RS (0.733 mmol H-2/g of SCB), respectively. The efficient conversion of the SCB hydrolysate to H2 without detoxification proves the viability of process for cost-effective hydrogen production. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This article presents results for Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) tests for sugarcane bagasse drying and devolatilization, for five experimental tests for the gasification of sugarcane pellets in a Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifier pilot plant and for a Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to describe the sugarcane bagasse gasification process. Initially, TGA tests were conducted to obtain kinetic parameters to describe the drying and devolatilization of sugarcane bagasse pellets, providing activation energies for sugarcane bagasse drying and devolatilization. Experimental tests were conducted for a bed temperature of 850 degrees C, equivalence ratio ranging from 0.25 to 0.29 and for a steam-to-biomass mass flow ratio of 1.0 and 1.2. The kinetic parameters for drying and devolatilization obtained in the TGA tests and a stoichiometric equation proposed here for sugarcane bagasse devolatilization are employed in a CFD code together with kinetic correlations from the literature for the remaining reactions occurring during the gasification process. The conditions of the experimental tests are simulated using a methodology based on a 3D CFD Euler-Euler model to describe the multiphase, multi species, heat, and mass transfer phenomena. Three gasification models are investigated and the predicted syngas composition from numerical simulation is compared with experimental data values. The gasification model with the smallest deviation with respect to the experimental values is used to simulate the other experimental tests and to evaluate the axial behavior quantities of interest.
At this present investigation, sugarcane bagasse magnetic graphene oxide (SCBMGO) was synthesised in several stages and used to remove Acid Red 14 dye under LED visible light. XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, VSM and pH(PZC) analyses demonstrated the structural characteristics. The effect of variables like the pH, catalyst dose, dye concentration, hydrogen peroxide, purging gases, organic compounds, ionic strength, and comparison of different processes, radical scavengers, and reusability on AR14 removal efficiency were investigated. The most removal efficiency occurred under ideal situation: {[
Cellulosic bioethanol is a promising renewable and substitute source of energy. To make the bioconversion of LCB to fuels cost effective and energy efficient, it is essential to reduce the recalcitrance of LCB and unravel the process of biomass deconstruction. Present study employed sequential dilute acid-alkali pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for enhancing its bioconversion to ethanol. Box-Behnken and D-optimal designs were used to optimise the process of dilute acid and alkali pretreatments sequentially, resulting in an optimum concentration of 3\% (v/v) and 5\% (w/v) for H2SO4 and NaOH with solid SCB loadings of 18 and 15\% (w/w), respectively, for 30 min at 121 degrees C. The effectiveness of sequential pretreatment was supported by increased cellulose content (83\%), drop in hemicellulose, enhanced delignification and 60\% enzymatic hydrolysis of SCB by in-house Trichoderma reesei cellulases at enzyme dose of 20 FPU/g. The favourable multi-length scale ultrastructural changes in SCB induced by pretreatment were confirmed by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TGA, XRD and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS revealed increase in small pore radii from 11.1 to 18.5 angstrom, indicating improved biomass porosity after sequential pretreatment. Thus, sequential pretreatment of LCB effectively reduced the recalcitrance and could be more useful in lignocellulosic biorefinery applications. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper presents a detailed investigation of the effects of refined sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as partial replacement for cement on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The study verified that SCBA shows promising results of its use as a cement replacement material (CRM). The potential of SCBA as a CRM was found because of its chemical composition, fineness and well-controlled incineration process. The availability of bagasse is also a positive indicator for the sustainable supply of SCBA as CRM. In the world, approximately 1500 Mt of sugarcane is annually produced, which yields approximately 40-45\% bagasse after juice extraction in sugar mills. In this study, SCBA content was varied from 5 to 50\% as partial replacement of cement. The effects of SCBA on the workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and bond strength of concrete were investigated. The results showed that the addition of SCBA (5-50\% content) increased the slump value of fresh concrete. The mechanical properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and bond strength) of concrete made of 5-30\% SCBA showed a reasonable enhancement in the results in comparison with the 100\% cement concrete.
The aim of this research is to determine the mechanical and durability properties of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a partial replacement to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. The SCBA was partially replaced at the percentage of 5 \%, 10 \%, 15 \% and 20 \% by weight of cement for a mean target strength of 27 MPa. A slump range of 130-150 mm was maintained constant throughout the experiment procedures. A total of 120 cubes and 30 rectangular beams were tested and the results were compared with control concrete. To evaluate the behaviour of SCBA on concrete, different tests were conducted on the concrete specimens namely, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, water penetration, carbonation and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The results demonstrated that at 120 days of curing, compressive strength increased by 2.6 \% and 1.7 \% for 5 \% and 10 \% replacement level. The water absorption increased by 255 \%, 390 \%, 438 \% and 488 \% for 5 \%, 10 \%, 15 \% and 20 \% replacement level. The other tests showed decreased flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity and increased water penetration and carbonation depth. The study inferred that 10 \% replacement of OPC by SCBA exhibited positive performances and can be considered a suitable cementitious material in the construction industry. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sugarcane straw mulch left in the field after its mechanical harvest has become very valuable raw material for second generation ethanol and bioelectricity production. However, little information is available on how much straw mulch is needed to be left in the field so that agricultural productivity is not affected and high sustain ability is provided for the bioenergy production system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and industrial quality of sugarcane after five years of cultivation when different amount of straw mulch is removed from the field. The experiment was installed in clay texture Eutroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). Six treatments were evaluated: 0\%, 25\% (5 t ha(-1)), 50\% (10 t ha(-1)), 75\% (15 t ha(-1)), 100\% (20 t ha(-1)) of straw mulch and burnt cane harvesting (where 100\% of the straw mulch was burned). Evaluated parameters included sugarcane productivity (tons/hectare) and its industrial quality (Pol, soluble solids (degrees Brix), apparent purity and total sugars (TS)). Productivity was calculated at the end of the cycle whereas industrial quality parameters were evaluated during three phases i.e. 180, 240 and 350 days after cutting (DAC). Straw mulch of 50 and 75\% were statistically at par with each other but resulted in higher sugarcane production with 47\% more productivity as compared to 0 and 25\% of straw mulch as well as burned cane harvesting. Straw mulch didn't affect the industrial quality; however, higher sugar production was supported by higher agricultural productivity, under low moisture condition. It is possible to remove 50\% of straw mulch from the field for the production of second generation ethanol or bioelectricity, without any damage to the crop.
Although sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) with suitable particle size is formally approved as a good pozzolanic material for better durability and mechanical properties of concrete, most previous studies have found that the amount of SCBA is still low level for cement replacement in concrete. In this research, high strength concrete (HSC) containing high volume sugarcane bagasse ash (HVSCBA) was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) was ground to have high fineness and used as a cement replacement at rates of 60, 70, and 80 wt\% of binder for the binary blended binder in concrete. Also, SCBA and limestone powder (LS) were used as cement replacement at amounts up to 80 wt\% of binder for the ternary blended binder in concrete. Testing of the binary and ternary blended binders for HS-C comprised of compressive strength, chloride resistance, and water permeability. The results showed that the compressive strength at 28 days of binary and ternary binders HS-C could develop to meet the requirement of 55 MPa. Also, the chloride ion penetrability of the binary and ternary binder HS-C sharply reduced to <1,000 Coulombs of passing electric charge. Although the water permeability of the concrete slightly increased with the increase of SCBA proportion in HS-C. For economic consideration, the binary and ternary HS-C showed a reduction in carbon dioxide emission of 42-57\% and a reduction in material cost of 13-25\% in comparison to CT concrete. This study recommends that HVSCBA and LS can be used to produce ecofriendly high strength concrete with low cost and high durability.
In this study, new catalysts were prepared from oil palm trunk (OPT) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB), which are available in enormous quantities. Effect of carbonization time with statistical validation, effect of reaction variables such as catalyst loading, methanol molar ratio, reaction time, alcohol selectivity, effect of grafting Keggin anions onto the multifunctional catalyst and composition of the biomasses were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the OPT and SCB catalysts afforded 88.8\% and 96\% yield of methyl palmitate, respectively. From statistical analysis, P-value (prob. > F) for OPT indicates that difference between the means of different carbonizations is not significant, but it is significant for SCB 4 h and 8 h carbonizations. In synthesis of ethyl palmitate and butyl palmitate, OPT catalyst gave FAME yield of 86.7\% and 88\% respectively, while SCB catalyst gave 90.7\% and 91.6\%, respectively. Grafting of Keggin anions by incipient wetness impregnation resulted in 3.6\% increase in FAME yield, which shows that very few active sites consisting of Keggin anions and lacunary Keggin anions have been introduced. The catalysts are recyclable, and showed only 10.5-12.5\% loss in activity after six cycles of repeated use. The catalysts are highly suitable for biodiesel production. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The toxic Cd(II) in aqueous solution is a poisonous ion and attracts much attention recently. Based on the conception of ``treating waste with waste,{''
Degradation of residues from plant biomass generates greenhouse gases (GHG), such as CO2. Many researches seek to use these residues to mitigate the environmental damages of this decomposition. An alternative is to apply the pyrolysis (thermal degradation with oxygen limitation) of biomass. The residue is transformed into biochar (charcoal or biochar), a carbon rich material which decomposes more slowly than in natura. Biochar is mainly used as a conditioner, its properties can increase the pH and retain water. This work presents biochar production from sugarcane straw (residual biomass) trying conditions to obtain more expressive values for gravimetric yield and fixed carbon content. The methodology consisted of colecting the material in the field, characterize the sugarcane straw, drying, crushing and perform the granulometric distribution. Different conditions of sugarcane straw pyrolysis were carried out, changing the temperature: T1: 200 degrees C, T2: 300 degrees C, T3: 400 degrees C and T4: 250 degrees C all kept in a muffle for 3 hours. The most satisfactory condition was at 250 degrees C, resulting in 51.39\% of fixed carbon and 36,00\% of gravimetric yield. The production of biochar from sugarcane straw proved to be an attractive alternative to the destination of this residue, due to its abundance in the field, thus obtaining a use of sugarcane straw.
Laundry wastewater constitutes of detergent compounds, bleaching agent, textile color pigments and dirt. These compounds are hazardous once discharged into the water source without proper treatment due to the adverse effects on the aquatic life in the freshwater bodies. This fixed-bed column adsorption study using the natural biomass from chemically treated sugarcane bagasse is proven to be effective for the removal of constituents present in the laundry wastewater. The synthetic laundry wastewater was prepared in the laboratory from a powder type of detergent with a concentration of 50mg/L and 250mg/L to be further used in the adsorption process. The characteristics of the synthetic laundry wastewater were analyzed by the turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The fixed-bed column experiment with the treated sugarcane bagasse was conducted under different parameters such as the effect of pH, initial concentration and bed height. The best removal efficiency was observed at a bed height of 10 cm with a concentration of 50 mg/L is 65\%, followed by 33\% and 20\% for bed heights of 4 and 2 cm respectively. As for the concentration of 250 mg/L, the best removal efficiency was at a bed height of 10 cm which was found to be 58\% followed by 26\% and 17\% removal for a bed height of 4 cm and 2 cm respectively. The kinetics of the adsorption was investigated using the kinetic models of Thomas and Yoon-Nelson. The experimental results fitted well on the Thomas model and Yoon-Nelson which showed a high linear regression value greater than 0.9. These results prove that chemically treated sugarcane bagasse is an effective low-cost adsorbent for reducing turbidity, pH, COD and increasing the DO concentration.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC), exogenous enzymes of ZAD (exogenous enzyme preparation) or their combination on feed conversion, and dressing of rabbits fed different treatments of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Five rations were allotted randomly to five groups of New-Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n=10) with initial live body weight of (838 42.4) g and 5 weeks of age. Rabbits were fed on diets with different sources of fiber as follows, (i) a control diet composed of 100\% berseem hay and 0\% SCB, (ii) 50\% berseem hay and 50\% untreated SCB (USCB), (iii) 50\% berseem hay and 50\% SCB treated with L. acidophilus (LAC), (iv) 50\% berseem hay and 50\% SCB treated with ZAD (ZAD), and (v) 50\% berseem hay and 50\% SCB treated with a combination of LAC+ZAD (LZ). Treatments of SCB with L. acidophilus, ZAD and LAC+ZAD had the highest feed conversion ratio than both USCB and control. The dressing percentage of rabbits that fed the LAC and LZ diets was higher (P<0.05) compared with that in the other groups. Performance index (PI) for LAC group was improved (P<0.05) compared to that for the other groups; however, PI for USCB group was the lowest (P<0.05). It could be concluded that treating SCB with L. acidophilus, exogenous enzymes of ZAD or their combination improved feed conversion and performance with more positive effects with L. acidophilus than the other treatments.
Pre-treating lignocellulosic biomass is a major technological challenge. Recycling the liquid fraction may reduce chemical inputs and water use but may have lower efficiency. Seven chemical pre-treatments of sugarcane bagasse were compared: four acids (sulfuric, citric, phosphoric, and oxalic), two alkaline (sodium and calcium hydroxides) and an oxidative (alkaline hydrogen peroxide). The liquid fractions resulting from these pre-treatments were reused up to five times. After each pre-treatment cycle, the solid fraction was hydrolyzed with Celluclast 1.5L enzyme in a 1:10 solid-liquid ratio. Sulfuric and oxalic acids solubilized 80\% of the hemicellulose over the cycles. Sodium and calcium hydroxides and hydrogen peroxide removed lignin until the fourth cycle. About 70\% of lignin were removed with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. This pre-treatment lead to the highest glucose release after the enzymatic hydrolysis, above 50\% in the three cycles analyzed. The best efficiency in enzymatic hydrolysis followed the order H2O2-alkaline > NaOH > oxalic acid > phosphoric acid > H2SO4 > citric acid > Ca (OH)(2). With the recycling, more than 62\% in reagents used in the pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse were saved, enabling an economy in the costs at this stage of the process. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Penicillium species have been studied as producers of plant cell wall degrading enzymes to deconstruct agricultural residues and to be applied in industrial processes. Natural environments containing decaying plant matter are ideal places for isolating fungal strains with cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. In the present study, Cerrado soil samples were used as source of filamentous fungi able to degrade xylan and cellulose. Penicillium was the most abundant genus among the obtained xylan and carboxymethylcellulose degraders. Penicillium polonicum was one of the best enzyme producers in agar-plate assays. In addition, it secretes CMCase, Avicelase, pectinase, mannanase, and xylanase during growth in liquid media containing sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. The highest value for endo-beta-1,4-xylanase activity was obtained after 4 days of growth. Xyl PP, a 20 kDa endo-beta-1,4-xylanase, was purified and partially characterized. The purified enzyme presented the remarkable feature of being resistant to the lignin-derived phenolic compounds, p-coumaric and trans-ferulic acids. This feature calls for its further use in bioprocesses that use lignocellulose as feedstock. Furthermore, future work should explore its structural features which may contribute to the understanding of the relationship between its structure and resistance to phenolic compounds.
The post-treatment of biodigested sugarcane vinasse was envisaged in the present study following three different approaches: i) coagulation/flocculation - Approach 1; ii) combination of coagulation/flocculation with photo-Fenton reaction Approach 2; iii) coagulation/flocculation followed by biological degradation and photo-Fenton reaction - Approach 3. The coagulation/flocculation per se provided a slight increase in effluent's biodegradability, a decrease in toxicity and turbidity, and provided moderate removals of total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The operating costs associated with chemicals consumption are low (5.7 R\$/m(3) approximate to 1.4 (SDC)/m(3)). The second and third treatment approaches allowed to reach a nontoxic effluent, improved the biodegradability and led to similar high global organics removal efficiencies. The combined treatment consisting of coagulation/flocculation plus photo-Fenton oxidation (Approach 2) revealed to be a promising solution for treating this wastewater, in order to be recirculated into the high rate anaerobic reactor. Additionally, this solution provides smaller costs (84.9 R\$/m(3) approximate to 20.2 (SIC)/m(3)) associated with chemicals and energy consumption, which are however very high. Nonetheless, this cost can be reduced by about 40\% if solar radiation is used in the photo-Fenton process. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The maintenance of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw on a soil surface increases the soil carbon (C) stocks, but at lower rates than expected. This fact is probably associated with the soil management adopted during sugarcane replanting. This study aimed to assess the impact on soil C stocks and the humification index of soil organic matter (SOM) of adopting no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) for sugarcane replanting. A greater C content and stock was observed in the NT area, but only in the 0-5 cm soil layer (p < 0.05). Greater soil C stock (0-60 cm) was found in soil under NT, when compared to CT and the baseline. While C stock of 116 Mg ha(-1) was found in the baseline area, in areas under CT and NT systems the values ranged from 120 to 127 Mg ha-1. Carbon retention rates of 0.67 and 1.63 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) were obtained in areas under CT and NT, respectively. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy showed that CT makes the soil surface (0-20 cm) more homogeneous than the NT system due to the effect of soil disturbance, and that the SOM humification index (H-LIF) is larger in CT compared to NT conditions. In contrast, NT had a gradient of increasing H-LIF, showing that the entry of labile organic material such as straw is also responsible for the accumulation of C in this system. The maintenance of straw on the soil surface and the adoption of NT during sugarcane planting are strategies that can increase soil C sequestration in the Brazilian sugarcane sector.
Background: Sugarcane, a tropical C4 perennial crop, is capable of producing 30-100 tons or more of biomass per hectare annually. The lignocellulosic residue remaining after sugar extraction is currently underutilized and can provide a significant source of biomass for the production of second-generation bioethanol. Results: MYB31 and MYB42 were cloned from maize and expressed in sugarcane with and without the UTR sequences. The cloned sequences were 98 and 99 \% identical to the published nucleotide sequences. The inclusion of the UTR sequences did not affect any of the parameters tested. There was little difference in plant height and the number of internodes of the MYB-overexpressing sugarcane plants when compared with controls. MYB transgene expression determined by qPCR exhibited continued expression in young and maturing internodes. MYB31 downregulated more genes within the lignin biosynthetic pathway than MYB42. MYB31 and MYB42 expression resulted in decreased lignin content in some lines. All MYB42 plants further analyzed showed significant increases in glucose release by enzymatic hydrolysis in 72 h, whereas only two MYB31 plants released more glucose than control plants. This correlated directly with a significant decrease in acid-insoluble lignin. Soluble sucrose content of the MYB42 transgenic plants did not vary compared to control plants. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the use of MYB transcription factors to improve the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse remaining after sugar extraction.
This study provided a basis for new possibilities concerning the use of the sugarcane bagasse ash as a green pozzolanic addition to the Portland cement composite. To that effect, a simple micronization method using air jet milling without any other additional thermal procedure was used to control the characteristics of ash particles. This procedure not only maintains the required characteristics of the residues but can also improve some of them. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a residue produced on large scale in Brazil by ethanol and sugar plants as a result of the burning of sugarcane bagasse in energy cogeneration. The residue used in this study was initially characterized by scanning electron microscopy, granulometric and specific mass analyses, N-2 adsorption measurements, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis with differential thermal analysis. Pozzolanic ash activity was evaluated according to the axial compressive strength at 28days and the modified Chapelle methods. The results showed that the milling fly sugarcane bagasse ash samples presented satisfactory pozzolanic activity.
One full-length beta-xylosidase gene (hxylA) was identified from the Humicola grisea var. thermoidea genome and the cDNA was successfully expressed by Pichia pastoris SMD1168. An optimization of enzyme production was carried out, and methanol was found to be the most important parameter. The purified enzyme was characterized and showed the optimal conditions for the highest activity at pH 7.0 and 50 degrees C, being thermostable by maintaining 41\% of its activity after 12 h incubated at 50 degrees C. HXYLA is a bifunctional enzyme; it showed both beta-xylosidase and alpha-arabinfuranosidase activities. The K-m and V-max values were 1.3 mM and 39.1 U/mg, respectively, against 4-nitrophenyl beta-xylopyranoside. HXYLA showed a relatively strong tolerance to xylose with high K-i value of 603 mM, with the xylose being a non-competitive inhibitor. HXYLA was successfully used simultaneously and sequentially with an endoxylanase for analysis of synergism in the degradation of commercial xylans. Furthermore, commercial cellulases supplementation with HXYLA during sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis increased hydrolysis in 29\%. HXYLA is distinguished from other beta-xylosidases by the attractive characteristics for industrial applications such as thermostability, high tolerance xylose and saccharification of biomass by convert xylan into fementable monosaccharides and improve cellulose hydrolysis. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This work presents three integrated systems to obtain organo-mineral fertilizers, water, and biogas from sug-arcane vinasse. The first system (a) combined ultrafiltration (UF) and a two-stage anaerobic bioreactor (2S-AnMBR); the second (b) UF, 2S-AnMBR, and reverse osmosis (RO), and the third (c) UF and nanofiltration (NF). The reuse of RO and NF may reduce by 10.5 \% the water uptake from primary sources and all systems equipped with the 2S-AnMBR presented a positive energy balance. The organo-mineral fertilizer production from vinasse membrane concentrate presented technical and economic advantages compare with raw vinasse direct appli-cation via fertigation, especially in the granulated form. Theoretically, the organo-mineral fertilizer would be capable to attain the nutritional demand of sugarcane crops, differently from what was observed in fertigation, besides the lower transportation and production cost. It was estimated an organo-mineral fertilizer production from 0.2-0.68 m3per m3 of vinasse processed, which would be capable to fertilize an area of 44,260-150,503 ha annually. The organo-mineral fertilizer production is directly linked with the flowrate of each system (raw vinasse: 527 m3/h, UF: 105.4 m3/h, NF and RO: 168,6 m3/h). Overall, both economic and environmental gains were obtained from the integrated systems, with the potential to promote a higher valorization of vinasse beyond the treatment for disposal.
In this research, we investigated the abilities of three different concentration of sugarcane molasses as a carbon source to stimulate indigenous bacterial growth in different classes of soil, namely poorly graded sand (SP), silty sand (SM), and clayey sand (SC) (according to the Unified classification system). A total of 7, 10, and 15 days after the treatment, direct shear tests were performed on the untreated and treated samples. The calcite content on all direct shear samples was determined to further correlate it with the strength gains in the treated samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, EDX analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were taken before and after treatment for all samples to analyze the microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process. The SP soil samples showed the highest strength gains and also highest calcite content as compared with other two soil type. The peak cohesion intercept for SP-treated samples increased by 2.7-5.5 times as compared to the untreated samples for molasses concentration of 1-3 g/L, respectively. The treated samples became more dilative with the increase in molasses concentration. The sample with highest molasses concentration showed stiffer behavior in shear than the samples with lower concentration.
This paper reports on the results of using unbleached sugar cane bagasse nanofibres (average diameter 26.5 nm; aspect ratio 247 assuming a dry fibre density of 1,500 kg/m(3)) to improve the physico-chemical properties of starch-based films. The addition of bagasse nanofibres (2.5 to 20 wt\%) to modified potato starch (i.e. soluble starch) reduced the moisture uptake by up to 17 \% at 58 \% relative humidity. The film's tensile strength and Young's modulus increased by up to 100 \% (3.1 to 6.2 MPa) and 300 \% (66.3 to 198.3 MPa) respectively with 10 and 20 wt\% fibre addition. However, the strain at yield dropped by 50 \% for the film containing 10 wt\% fibre. Models for composite materials were used to account for the strong interactions between the nanofibres and the starch matrix. The storage and loss moduli as well as the glass transition temperature (T-g) obtained from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, were increased with the starch-nanofibre films indicating decreased starch chain mobility due to the interacting effect of the nanofibres. Evidence of the existence of strong interactions between the starch matrix and the nanofibres was revealed from detailed Fourier transform infra-red and scanning electron microscopic evaluation.
Tetracycline antibiotic has been widely used in veterinary and aquafarming medicines to prevent and treat infectious diseases. However, the overall use of tetracycline results in its accumulation in the organism organs, which then migrates to food and eventually increases the risk of developing various diseases. As one of the most well-known contaminants, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) agricultural waste has been a serious problem worldwide. In order to develop luminous carbon dots doped with nitrogen (NCDs), a simple and environmentally friendly approach was devised to reprocess sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste. A passivating agent, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), was used during the hydrothermal carbonization of NCDs in a single-pot procedure. Carbon dots nanoparticles (5-8 nm) embedded in cellulose paper assay were used to prepare the testing strip. With an emission wavelength of 447 nm upon excitation at 355 nm and, NCDs displayed a quantum yield (QY) of up to 24.81\%. As a result of the inner filter effect (IFE), the fluorescence of NCDs was clearly quenched by tetracycline, demonstrating their exceptional tetracycline selectivity. The detection limit was set in the concentration range of 0-110 mu M. Tetracycline is detected and measured using the current cellulose paper strip, which contains a fluorescent signal that could be turned off to eliminate the signal. The fluorescence quenching feature of cellulose carbon dots in the existence of tetracycline affects the fluorescence activity of the paper strip assay. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
BACKGROUND Sugarcane bagasse is a heterogeneous and organized material that needs a pretreatment to access the polysaccharides (cellulose and xylan). The particle size of a non-milled bagasse can influence the xylan and xylose solubilization, as well as the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material. Using bagasse selected on 16-, 30-, 40- and 50-mesh sieves: xylan solubilization was performed with hydrogen peroxide; xylose was solubilized with diluted sulfuric acid; and enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted for glucose yield evaluation. RESULTS The xylose solubilized by acid pretreatment resulted in a maximum of 6.59 g L(-1)with no influence of particle size. The solubilized xylan showed linear correlation with a variation of 36.18\% (16-mesh bagasse) to 71.43\% (<50-mesh bagasse). Pretreated material submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that particle size influenced the pretreatment, increasing the glucose yield. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that non-milled sugarcane bagasse particle size selection positively influenced the solubilization of xylan, improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Anaerobic co-digestion (AcD) of sugarcane biorefinery byproducts (hemicelluloses hydrolysate (HH), vinasse, yeast extract and sugarcane bagasse fly ashes was evaluated using new anaerobic reactors fed with organic loading rates (OLR) from 0.9 to 10.8 g COD L-1 d(-1). The best results were obtained in a two-stage system when the OLR was 5.65 g COD L-1 d(-1), leading to a total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 87.6 \% and methane yield of 243 NmL CH4 g CODr- 1. Microbial community analyses of sludge from both systems (one and two-stages) revealed structural changes and relationship among the main genus found (Clostridium (62.8\%), Bacteroides(11.3 \%), Desulfovibrio (19.1 \%), Lactobacillus(67.7 \%), Lactococcus (22.5\%), Longilinea (78\%), Methanosaeta (19.2 \%) and Syntrophus (18.9 \%)) with processes performance, kinetic and hydrodynamic parameters. Moreover, biomass granulation was observed in the novel structured anaerobic reactor operated at single stage due to sugarcane bagasse fly ash addition.
This work modelled a downdraft gasifier with air in the co-gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sugarcane bagasse using a kinetic, one-dimensional and steady state approach. A central composite design was carried out to assess the impact of the co-gasification ratio (CGR), defined as the MSW mass fraction in the feeding biomass, the biomass moisture content and the equivalence ratio. As a result, polynomial models were obtained for syngas composition, lower heating value (LHV), energy efficiency and sum of CO and H-2 molar fractions on wet basis. The models were considered robust since the coefficient of determination R-2 ranged from 0.96082 to 0.99345. The impact of each chosen factor was investigated to maximize the energy efficiency and the sum of CO and H-2 molar fractions. The optimal case, with CGR 50\%, a biomass moisture of 5.0\% and an equivalence ratio of 0.18, resulted in a syngas molar fraction of 3.63, 30.51, 7.53, 19.76 and 0.77\% for H2O, CO, CO2, H-2 and CH4, respectively, corresponding to a LHV of 6.74 MJ/Nm(3) and an energy efficiency of 39.93\%. By the end, the process showed great potential to produce a syngas rich in CO and H-2. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is an essential industrial that produce sugar in the world. Scirpophaga excerptalis attacks can reduce the productivity of sugarcane up to 34\%. To enhance the resistance to multiple stresses, Silicon is one of the elements for its role. This research aimed to determine the effect of the provision of silica fertilizer as part of the Integrated Pest Management strategy. This research was conducted in the Plant Protection Department, Indonesian Sugar Research Institute. The compost given as treatment in this research was straw, cane, and corn composts. Organic silica fertilizer (compost) provides the same effect as inorganic silica fertilizer in increasing the induction of sugarcane resistance to sugarcane top borer (S. excerptalis). Rice straw compost was a compost fertilizer that provides the best sugarcane resistance to sugarcane top borer compared to sugarcane plants that treated with sugarcane and corn leave to compost.
The purpose of this article was to evaluate and establish microfiltration (MF) operating conditions for vinasse (ethanol industries wastewater also known as stillage, slop, distillery effluent or dunder) concentration aiming to improve the use of its nutritive potential. The operating conditions influence permeate flux that has been evaluated by monitoring the flow rate profile during the operation on bench scale in different conditions (feed pH, aeration condition and recovery rate). From the results found, the process scale up was then effected. The bench scale findings showed that the vinasse microfiltration under air flow of 0.5 m(3).h(-1) between membrane fibers, with no pH adjustment, and recovery rate of 93\% produced two flows, one of permeate that may be used to wash the sugarcane during the ethanol production processing, and the other of concentrate that contains a high organic compounds and nutrients concentration. This concentrate has additional potentiality of being used as organic compound supplement in contaminated soil bioremediation, and as a supplier of microbial biomass or substrate for biosurfactant production.
Xylitol is a building block for a variety of chemical commodities, besides being widely used as a sugar substitute in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this work was to develop a microbial process for xylitol production using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as substrate. In this context, 218 non-Saccharomyces yeast strains were screened by growth on steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate containing a high concentration of acetic acid (8.0 g/L). Seven new Candida tropicalis strains were selected and identified, and their ability to produce xylitol on hydrolysate at low pH (4.6) under aerobic conditions was evaluated. The most efficient strain, designated C. tropicalis JA2, was capable of producing xylitol with a yield of 0.47 g/g of consumed xylose. To improve xylitol production by C. tropicalis JA2, a series of experimental procedures were employed to optimize pH and temperature conditions, as well as nutrient source, and initial xylose and inoculum concentrations. C. tropicalis JA2 was able to produce 109.5 g/L of xylitol with a yield of 0.86 g/g of consumed xylose, and with a productivity of 2.81 g center dot L center dot h, on sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate containing 8.0 g/L acetic acid and177 g/L xylose, supplemented with 2.0 g/L yeast nitrogen base and 4.0 g/L urea. Thus, it was possible to identify a new C. tropicalis strain and to optimize the xylitol production process using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a substrate. The xylitol yield on biomass hydrolysate containing a high concentration of acetic acidobtained in here is among the best reported in the literature.
Sugarcane straw is a byproduct and possible source of phenolic compounds that can be used as a value-added ingredient. Hence, the intent of this study was to extract phenolic compounds from sugarcane straw and purify them to improve their potential biological capacity (e.g. antioxidant capacity).The amberlite microporous resin XAD-2 was used to evaluate the enrichment of polyphenols via adsorption and desorption mechanisms. The purified extract was analyzed by LC-ESI-QqTOF-HRMS resulting in the identification of 54 secondary metabolites, mainly belonging to three major classes namely hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavones. The main compounds were chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and 3-O-feruloylquinic acid. A small number of monosaccharides were detected in the extract such as glucose, cellobiose, and xylose + arabinose.The purified extract also exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity, measured by ABTS and DPPH methods, when compared with the non-purified one. The purification of the sugarcane straw extract allowed us to obtain an extract rich in phenolic compounds that display improved antioxidant capacity, showing promising potential for food and cosmetic applications.\& COPY; 2023 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND The utilization of vinasse as a feasible culture medium for fungi is hindered by the presence of inhibitory compounds, such as phenols and other recalcitrant structures. This work analyzes the effect of different homogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOP) to lower the concentration of inhibitory phenolic compounds in vinasse, and to test the effects of the pre-treatment on the growth of an oleaginous fungal strain. Vinasse was treated using a batch system with the addition of ferrous ion (Fe2+) (Fenton), in the presence of UV, and with the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). RESULTS All of the reaction systems were able to partially degrade the chemical oxygen demand, ranging from 18.4\% up to 54.1\% in the factorial results. The pre-treated vinasse samples were assayed for the growth performance of Mucor circinelloides, demonstrating that the control value of 3.54 g L-1 was increased to values as high as 4.84 g L-1, also followed by an increase of approximate to 73\% in terms of lipid productivity. CONCLUSION Different AOP were tested to degrade phenolic compounds present in vinasse, demonstrating that the optimum condition (Fe2+/UV at alkaline pH) provided a culture medium for M. circinelloides that increased the biomass accumulation by approximate to 35\% and the lipid productivity by >70\% when compared to the control. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Sugarcane crops are dependent on chemicals for maintaining plantations. Therefore, environmental consequences concern adjacent areas that can be affected by contaminants in common use, including pesticides and vinasse (i.e., a by-product from the ethanol industry). This study aimed to evaluate phytotoxicity through two plant bioassays with water from mesocosms contaminated with the herbicide 2,4-D (447.0 mu g L-1), the insecticide fipronil (63.5 mu g L-1), and sugarcane vinasse (1.3\%). First, the germination test (4 d) with Eruca sativa L. assessed water samples collected three times after the contamination (2 h, 14 d, and 30 d), considering germination, shoot, and root growth. The results from this bioassay indicated higher phytotoxicity for 2,4-D as it fully inhibited the shoot and root growth even in low concentrations (0.2 mu g L-1). However, no significant effect was reported for fipronil and vinasse. Also, the 2,4-D effects drastically decreased due to an expressive concentration reduction (99.4\% after 30 d in mixture with vinasse). Second, the irrigation test with Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Zea mays L. considered shoot and root growth and biomass under 21 days after plants emergence. The herbicide 2,4-D inhibited the initial growth of tested species, especially the roots (up to 45\% inhibition). Furthermore, sugarcane vinasse caused harmful effects on plant growth (up to 31\% inhibition). Therefore, our data showed that these contaminants could inhibit plant germination and initial growth under our tested conditions. These evaluations can endorse risk assessments and water management in sugarcane crops surrounding areas.
Crop residues left as mulch on the soil surface generally increase the risk of ammonia (NH3) volatilization from fertilizer-N, but the roles of mulch as a physical barrier and as a biological support of N transformation are not well known, particularly in response to straw removal. Thus, our goal was to assess how NH3 volatilization from urea-N was affected by different amounts of residues left on the soil surface after harvest in the sugarcane crop by mimicking different rates of straw removal. We ran a replicated field experiment during two consecutive years in the first ratoon sugarcane with 4 amounts of straw (0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg dry matter ha(-1)) and with 0 or 100 kg urea-N ha(-1). Over approximately 2 weeks, we measured the NH3 emissions, levels of inorganic N in soil and water-soluble total N and NH4+ of straw. The dynamics of N in the soil and in straw supported the hypothesis that mulch acts as a physical barrier to the incorporation of urea in soil but also that NH3 emissions occurred directly from the mulch. The NH3 losses were different according to rain pattern of each year, but we showed that the emissions of NH3 were higher with higher amounts of straw (12 > 8 > 4 > 0) for both years (9.2-27.6\% in 2016 and 30.7-60.8\% in 2017). These results suggest that straw removal contributes to a reduction in NH3-N losses, but since total straw removal is not a recommended practice, N fertilization strategies should be implemented in systems with residue mulches on the soil surface to prevent N loss and to improve the environmental footprint of these cropping systems.
Purpose Biomass slurries, such as those subjected to microwave-assisted alkaline (MAA) pretreatment, will become common substrates for the production of biofuels in the future. While the rheology of acid and ionic liquid pretreated biomass is known, the rheology of alkaline pretreated biomass is not yet reported; hence, the goal of this study was to establish the rheological characteristics of untreated and MAA pretreated sugarcane straw (SC). Methods Using rotational rheometry and rheological models, the rheology of SC slurries was assessed as a function of particle size and insoluble solids concentration. Results In the range of 5-17\% insoluble solids concentration, the slurries were consistently pseudo-plastic (n = 0.33 +/- 0.02), possessed yield stress with their flow accurately described by the Casson rheological model (R-2 =0.98-0.99). The apparent viscosity and yield stress increased by two orders of magnitude with an increase in insoluble solids concentration. Essentially, MAA pretreated slurries exhibited significantly higher values of apparent viscosity and yield stress than the untreated ones, in the range of 55-80\% and 21-63\% for particle sizes of < 63 mu m (P63) and 90-180 mu m (P90), respectively. Pretreated P63 samples exhibited higher apparent viscosity and yield stress than the P90. On the other hand, for untreated samples, P63 samples had a reduced apparent viscosity than P90 samples. Conclusion The results of this study definitively reveal that MAA significantly increases the shear rate dependent shear viscosity values along with the yield stress of biomass slurries. This will, therefore, serve as a benchmark for characterizing other MAA pretreated biomass slurries to guide the design of industrial-scale production equipment. {[
Natural fibers obtained from the agricultural wastes are a promising source within the field of acoustic and have already shown favorable results for mitigating the noise pollution. Supported by the experimental data and via an eco-friendly approach, the current study evaluates the impact of fiber size on the sound absorption values of the samples fabricated from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste fibers. The samples were formed based on the fiber size and constant bulk densities and thicknesses. The empirical models such as Delany-Bazley (D-B model) along with Best-fit-Nelder-Mead method were also employed to predict the acoustic absorption coefficients of the samples. Therefore, the least-square fit procedure was taken to evaluate the results which is compatible with both the impedance test tube and prediction models. Hence, according to the analyses, the lowest fiber size measured the highest absorption performance (alpha similar or equal to 0.63) and airflow resistivity (sigma = 6750), indicating that the performance of the fibers reached peaks at lower frequency and slightly decreased at mid and high frequency ranges while the fiber size 0.29-0.37 mm saw a slight rise again. Also, airflow resistivity and sound absorption performance of the SCB fibers decreased with increased fiber sizes.
Sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed using a laboratory fixed bed reactor to produce char and its by-product (pyrolysis liquid). The pyrolysis experiments were carried out using different temperatures (400 degrees C and 500 degrees C), heating rate (1 degrees C/min and 10 degrees C/min), and holding time (30 min and 60 min). Char was characterized according to its thermal properties, while the pyrolysis liquid was tested for its anti-fungal and anti-termite activities. Pyrolysis temperature and heating rate had a significant influence on the char properties and the yield of char and pyrolysis liquid, where a high-quality char and high yield of pyrolysis liquid can be obtained at a temperature of 500 degrees C and a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min. The yield of char and pyrolysis liquid was 28.97\% and 55.46\%, respectively. The principal compounds of pyrolysis liquid were water, acetic acid, glycolaldehyde, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, methanol, formic acid, levoglucosan, furfural, followed by some phenol compounds and guaiacol derivatives. Pyrolysis liquid at a concentration of 0.20\% and 0.25\% (v/v) caused a 100\% inhibition of Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor, respectively, when performing inhibition growth tests in Petri dishes. Filter paper treated with 10\% of pyrolysis liquid caused 100\% of termite mortality, while only 5.65\%-7.03\% of the treated filter papers consumed by termites at such concentration. Pyrolysis liquid is potentially effective to be used in the formulation of wood protection against fungi and termites.
The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of sulfentrazone applied in pre-emergence in controlling Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as a function of the time interval between herbicide application and the occurrence of rain, and the presence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface. Two greenhouse experiments and one field experiment were conducted. For the greenhouse experiments, the study included three doses of sulfentrazone applied by spraying 0, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ha(-1), two amounts of straw on the soil (0 and 10 t ha(-1)), and five time intervals between the application of herbicide and rain simulation (0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 days). In the field experiment, five herbicide treatments (sulfentrazone at 0.6 and 0.9 kg ha(-1), sulfentrazone + hexazinone at 0.6 + 0.25 kg ha(-1), amicarbazone at 1.4 kg ha(-1), and imazapic at 0.147 kg ha(-1)) and two controls with no herbicide were studied. Management conditions with or without sugarcane straw on the soil were also assessed. From the greenhouse experiments, sulfentrazone application at 0.6 kg ha(-1) was found to provide for the efficient control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit in a dry environment, with up to 90 days between herbicide application and rain simulation. After herbicide application, 20 mm of simulated rain was enough to leach sulfentrazone from the straw to the soil, as the biological effects observed in I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit remained unaffected. Under field conditions, either with or without sugarcane straw left on the soil, sulfentrazone alone (0.6 or 0.9 kg ha(-1)) or sulfentrazone combined with hexazinone (0.6 + 0.25 kg ha(-1)) was effective in the control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, exhibiting similar or better control than amicarbazone (1.4 kg ha(-1)) and imazapic (0.147 kg ha(-1)).
The adsorption of Eurozol Navy Blue (ENB) reactive dye was examined using banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powders. Several parameters such as pH, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage were considered and their impact on dye adsorption efficiency was evaluated. The removal percentages of ENB dye due to adsorption on banana peel and sugarcane bagasse were 72\% and 70\%, respectively. Simultaneous dosing of both biosorbents resulted in 68\% dye removal. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit the adsorption of ENB dye on banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powders. The corresponding maximum adsorption capacities were equal to 24.09, 32.46, and 27.54 mg/g for banana peel powder, sugarcane bagasse powder, and the mixture of adsorbents, respectively.
The potential yield of sugarcane depends on factors related to climate, soil and the plant variety. Management systems that provide the addition of organic waste to the soil can cause changes in physical attributes of the soil, enhancing the growth of the root system and sugarcane yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different management systems at several levels of organic residue addition on the distribution and indices of aggregate stability of dystrophic cohesive Yellow Latosol of coastal plains, in the State of Alagoas. Plots were selected in the following sugarcane-growing areas: area under irrigation management system, area fertigated with vinasse, and an area under application of vinasse + filter cake. These management systems were compared to each other and to a control (native forest.). To evaluate the distribution and stability indices of soil aggregates, soil samples were randomly collected in the different areas, at the depths 0-0.20; 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m, at points between two neighboring sugarcane rows. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and the mean compared by the Tukey test at 5 \% significance. Simple correlation analysis was performed between some measured variables. Results showed that the different management systems induced changes in the aggregate distribution and that the stabilization of soil aggregates in the surface layer dependeds on the organic matter content and the action of successive cycles of soil wetting and drying. The studies of simple correlations showed that total organic C and aggregate stability indices were significantly and positively correlated.
The optimization and modeling of the parameters, the concentration of polylactic acid (PLA), sugarcane bagasse cellulose fibers (SBCF), and snail shell nanoparticles (SSNP), were investigated for the development of bioplastic films. With the aid of the Box-Behnken experimental design, response surface methodology was used to assess the consequence of the parameters on the water absorption and thermal stability of fabricated bioplastic films. Varied water absorption and thermal stability with different component loading were obtained, evidencing the loading effect of snail shell nanoparticles and sugar bagasse cellulose fibers on bioplastic film's water absorption and thermal stability. The quadratic polynomial model experiment data offered a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.8422 for water absorption and 0.8318 for thermal stability, verifying the models' fitness to develop optimal concentration. The predicted optimal parameters were polylactic acid (99.815\%), sugarcane bagasse cellulose fibers (0.036\%), and snail shell nanoparticles (0.634\%). The bioplastic developed with optimized concentrations of each component exhibited water absorption and thermal stability of 0.45\% and 259.7 degrees C, respectively. The FTIR curves of bioplastic films show oxygen stretching in-plane carbon and single-bonded hydroxyl bending in the carboxylic acids functional group. SEM and TEM images of the bioplastic showed dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, where SSNP is more visible than SBCF, which may be due to the lesser loading of SBCF. The improved properties suggest an optimum concentration of naturally sourced resources for developing bioplastic, which may be used for food and drug packaging for delivery.
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was evaluated to produce gluconic acid by metal resistant Aspergillus niger (ARNU-4) strain using tea waste as solid support and with molasses based fermentation medium. Various crucial parameters such as moisture content, temperature, aeration and inoculum size were derived; 70\% moisture level, 30 degrees C temperature, 3\% inoculum size and an aeration volume of 2.5 l min(-1) was suited for maximal (76.3 g l(-1)) gluconic acid production. Non-clarified molasses based fermentation media was utilized by strain ARNU-4 and maximum gluconic acid production was observed following 8-12 days of fermentation cycle. Different concentrations of additives viz. oil cake, soya oil, jaggary, yeast extract, cheese whey and mustard oil were supplemented for further enhancement of the production ability of microorganism. Addition of yeast extract (0.5\%) was observed inducive for enhanced (82.2 g l(-1)) gluconic acid production. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Many biofuel standards, including California's recently adopted low carbon fuel standard, consider just one feedstock from one supplying country for the production of sugarcane ethanol: fresh mill-pressed cane juice from a Brazilian factory. While cane juice is the dominant feedstock for ethanol in most Brazilian factories, a large number of producers in Indonesia, India, and the Caribbean, and a significant number in Brazil, manufacture most of their ethanol from molasses, a low value co-product of raw sugar. Several producers in these countries have the capacity to export ethanol to California, but the GREET (from: greenhouse gas, regulated emissions and energy use in transportation) model, which is the LCA (lifecycle assessment) model of choice for most biofuel regulators including California, does not currently include this production pathway. We develop a modification to GREET to account for this pathway. We use the upstream and process lifecycle results from the existing GREET model for Brazilian ethanol to derive lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions for ethanol manufactured from any combination of molasses and fresh cane juice. We find that ethanol manufactured with only molasses as a feedstock with all other processes and inputs identical to those of the average Brazilian mill has a lifecycle GHG (greenhouse gas) rating of 15.1 gCO(2)-eq MJ(-1), which is significantly lower than the current California-GREET assigned rating of 26.6 gCO(2)-eq MJ(-1). Our model can be applied at any level of granulation from the individual factory to an industry-wide average. We examine some ways in which current sugarcane producers could inaccurately claim this molasses credit. We discuss methods for addressing this in regulation.
An Fe(III)-impregnated adsorbent was prepared from sugarcance bagasse and FeCl3 solution via carbonization/activatin in a muffle furnance at 500 degrees C for 4 h. The sorption removal of arsenicfrom aqueous solution by the prepared sorbent was then studied in a batch system. In order to investigate the mechanism of sorption, this paper employs the four different kinetic models to fit to the experimental data. The studies showed that within 0.5 h this sorbent was able to remove 96.96, 95.99 and 94.60\% of arsenic from water containing an initial arsenic concentration of 1, 2 and 4 mg/L, respectively. At initial pH from 3 to 12, the arsenic concentration of treated solution was lesser that 5 mu g/L at initial arsenic concentration of 2 mg/L, it was far below the U.S. EPA standard (10 mu g/L). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model generated the best fit to the experimental data with regression coefficients R-2 = 1.000.
The properties of untreated sugar cane bagasse (SCB) and soft wood (SW) and their respective celluloses were investigated. The celluloses indicated improved crystallinity index values and decreased concentration of lignin and hemicellulose compared to their untreated counterparts. Three degradation models, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (OFW), and Kissinger (KGR) methods were employed to determine apparent activation energy values. Generally, the thermal degradation processes of both sugarcane bagasse and soft wood included dehydration, degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas the lignin degraded from the degradation temperature of hemicellulose to the end of the cellulose. The apparent activation energy values obtained from the OFW and KAS models vary with the degree of conversion, and showed similar trends. The activation energies obtained by KGR were relatively lower than those obtained from the KAS and OFW methods.
The utilization of agricultural residues from mills or plants, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB) and rice husk ash (RHA), may contribute to the sustainability of civil engineering and the agriculture industry. In the present paper, the effect of SB fiber treatment and RHA inclusion on the flow, physical, and mechanical properties of cement mortars was investigated. Cementitious mortar mixes were prepared using 0\%, 3\%, and 6\% untreated, heat-treated, and NaOH-treated SB fibers, and the most appropriate treatment method was chosen accordingly. Then, RHA was incorporated as 10\% replacement for cement. The test results indicated that using heat-treated SB fibers was beneficial, with improved mechanical and physical properties without compromising fluidity compared to other materials. As compared to reference mortar, the incorporation of 3\% untreated, heat-treated, and NaOH-treated fibers increased the compressive strength by 9.6\%, 14.1\%, and 9.3\%, and flexural strength by 18.8\%, 23.6\%, and 12.1\%, respectively. In addition, the 10\% RHA substitution increased the compressive strength of mortar mixes by 41.2\%, whereas similar flexural strength value was obtained. The combined use of RHA and 3\% heat-treated fiber resulted in the highest flexural strength of 7.13 MPa, while the highest compressive strength of 38 MPa was obtained in the mixes produced with 10\% RHA without SB fiber. The results of this study demonstrate the viability of manufacturing SB fiber-reinforced cementitious composites with competitive properties and their effective use in the construction sector, which can contribute to environmental sustainability.
Bio-CNG (compressed natural gas) is being actively promoted in India as a cleaner transportation fuel while also providing a sustainable option for agricultural waste management. This work assesses the commercialization potential of Bio-CNG production from sugarcane bagasse by performing a detailed techno-economic and life cycle assessment (LCA). The process under consideration uses hydrodynamic cavitation as pretreatment followed by anaerobic digestion based bagasse valorization and biogas upgradation using water scrubbing. Experimental data for cavitation and anaerobic digestion are combined with process simulation data for upgradation and compression. Process design and economics methods are used to perform techno-economic assessment (TEA) for plants producing 5 and 10 TPD Bio-CNG. For LCA, 1 kg of Bio-CNG is used as a functional unit. Inventory data were obtained from experiments, process simulation, and Ecoinvent (R) database v 3.3. The Bio-CNG production cost for a 5 TPD plant was \$ 1.29/kg ((sic) 96/kg) which decreased to \$ 1.18/kg ((sic) 87/kg) for a 10 TPD plant. For a 5 TPD plant, the production cost could potentially reduce to \$ 0.51/kg ((sic) 37/kg) if bagasse and electricity were available for free. The total climate change impact for 1 kg of Bio-CNG was 1.55 kg CO2 eq., and the electricity source significantly contributed to the total impact. Considering the source of CNG used in the transport sector in India, Bio-CNG provided a net benefit (reduction) of 3.96 kg CO2 eq. per kg Bio-CNG.
Biomass alkaline deacetylation prior to acid pretreatment can be a promising alternative to reduce the toxicity of hemicellulosic hydrolysates and improve second-generation bioethanol production. In this paper, the effect of alkaline deacetylation of sugarcane bagasse on bioethanol production by Spathaspora passalidarum was evaluated. Sugarcane bagasse deacetylated hemicellulosic hydrolysate (DHH) was processed using the following sequence: (1) deacetylation (0.4\%, w/v NaOH, 70 degrees C, 3 h) and (2) acid pretreatment (0.5\% (v/v) of H2SO4, 140 degrees C, 15 min). Non-deacetylated, hemicellulosic hydrolysate (HH), was obtained applying only acid pretreatment (0.5\% (v/v) of H2SO4, 140 degrees C, 15 min). Biomass deacetylation reduced the content of acetic acid and some phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate (DHH) compared to acid pretreatment (HH), which resulted in its low toxicity. Thus, the bioethanol production with DHH was of 16.92 g L-1, whereas only 1.3 g L-1 of bioethanol was obtained with HH fermentation. Deacetylation process provided a 13-fold increase in bioethanol production by S. passalidarum, showing that alkaline deacetylation followed by sulfuric acid pretreatment is a promising strategy to increase bioethanol production. This procedure provided a simple and practical alternative to the classic methods of detoxification of hemicellulosic hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse.
There has been rapid economic development in China in recent decades, and demand for energy has consequently been increasing rapidly. Development and utilisation of clean and renewable energy has been promoted by the Chinese government to help sustain long-term and stable development. Sugarcane is being increasingly used in several countries as feedstock for renewable energy products, and is a major and expanding crop in southern China. In this paper, we discuss the potential of sugarcane as a feedstock for bioenergy production in China. It includes a review of (1) the existing sugarcane industry in China and key bio-physical factors affecting the extent to which sugarcane-based industries could supply feedstock for renewable energy production in China, (2) the economic and policy factors which are likely to affect production of bioenergy from sugarcane in China, and (3) recommendations on actions and policies that may assist with appropriate development of bioenergy production from sugarcane in China. Existing and expected future economic conditions are unlikely to favour production of biofuel from the sugar component in cane. However, the fibre component of cane remains an under-utilised resource component. A conclusion is made that sugarcane fibre has potential to contribute towards renewable electricity production in China. However, at present, favourable incentives do not exist to encourage this production. It is suggested that policies to facilitate cost-effective production of renewable electricity by sugar mills, consistent with national objectives regarding production of renewable energy, be considered by governments. Priorities for future research are in improving biomass yields per unit area of land and technologies for low-cost conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuel.
Vegetable fibers are increasingly used in composites because of their good mechanical properties and low carbon footprint; composites made with vegetable fibers are considered greener and have mechanical and thermal applications. The effect of hemp and sugarcane bagasse fibers in the flexural behavior of cementitious matrix composites was studied. The overall behavior of the composite was studied through the contribution of its components. Tensile properties of the fibers were tested to determinate their potential as reinforcement material. Pull-out tests were carried out to assess the fiber-matrix interaction. In the pull-out assays, more than a third of the bagasse fibers were broken with very small displacements, while all the hemp fibers were completely pulled out. The flexural behavior of the composite was evaluated by three-point flexure test on notched beams. Bagasse fiber increased flexural strength while hemp fibers increased the composite toughness. The fibers pull-out tests resulted useful to predict the composite flexural behavior. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is a large by-product discarded in sugarcane processing factories. In this research, sugarcane bagasse was used to prepare highly valued trans-ferulic acid by alkaline-hydrolysis and purification through combination of activated charcoal adsorption and anion macroporous resin exchange chromatography. The results showed that powdered activated charcoal had much higher adsorption capacity for ferulic acid than that of granular activated charcoal and adsorbed ferulic acid at very low concentration; the adsorbed ferulic acid could be totally washed out by 0.2 mol/l NaOH but only a small part by ethanol or acetic ether. These properties made it possible to remove other substances produced by alkaline-hydrolysis through washing out using hot water and acetic ether before desorbing ferulic acid from active charcoal by NaOH. High purity of ferulic acid was obtained by further treatment of anion macroporous resin exchange chromatography after its washout from the activated charcoal. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Green liquor (GL) combined with sulfite (GL-sulfite) was employed to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The results showed that the maximum lignin removal (85.59\%) was achieved at temperature of 160 degrees C and a GL loading of 1.5 mL/g-dry substrate with 0.4 g sodium sulfite/g-dry substrate. The glucose yield at 72 h increased with pretreatment temperature increasing from 100 degrees C to 120 degrees C, and no remarkable difference was observed when temperature was increased from 120 degrees C to 160 degrees C. The maximum Glucose yield (94.89\%) was reached at pretreatment temperature of 160 degrees C. It was indicated by Simons' stain (SS) that the glucose yield at 72 h was affected by cellulose accessibility instead of lignin content when lignin removal was above of 70\%. The cellulase adsorption isotherm fitted by the Freundlich model showed that the surface of substrate GL-sulfite-160/1.5 (160 degrees C, 1.5 mL GL/g-dry substrate) was more heterogeneous and multi-layered compared to that of GL-sulfite-100/1.5 (100 degrees C, 1.5 mL GL/g-dry substrate). The modified Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model was also employed to fit the cellulase adsorption onto substrate GL-sulfite-160/1.5, the results indicated that it seemed pH-independent for cellulase to adsorb substrate GL-sulfite-160/1.5, and electrostatic repulsion were also attributed to cellulase adsorption onto pretreated SCB by GL-sulfite method.
Solid acid catalyst was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse, a residue left behind during sugar milling, through a simpler and less energy-intensive one-step process, simultaneous carbonization-sulfonation. A range of synthesis temperature (150, 200, 250 degrees C) and time (4, 6, 8 h) were investigated in the preparation of the catalyst to determine their effects on the catalytic activity and conversion during esterification of oleic acid and methanol. Extensive washing of the freshly synthesized catalyst have significant influence on the performance of the catalyst, as loosely bound acid sites are removed in the process lowering its activity but improving its stability. The catalyst synthesized at 150 degrees C for 8 h, having a sulfonic acid density of 0.59 mmol/g, exhibited the best performance during a 4-h esterification assay using oleic acid and methanol, resulting in an FFA conversion of 46.5\% and catalytic activity of 4.62 mmol oleic acid/mmol-SO3H center dot h. Additionally, the catalyst could be used for at least five 24-h esterification cycles, where an FFA conversion of as high as 87\% was achieved. The catalyst retained 76.5 and 86\% of its initial catalytic performance and sulfonic acid density, respectively, after the fourth cycle, offering good operational stability. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, polymeric composites were produced using as matrix polyethylene from two different sources, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPEv) and post-consumption (HDPEpc), and as cargo, sugarcane bagasse fibers. To test the influence of the processing type, HDPEv / Fiber and HDPEpc / Fiber composites in the ratio 90/10 (mass percentage) were processed in two different equipment: single screw extruder and co-rotating twin screw extruder. After processing, specimens were obtained by compression and characterized by analyses of density, shore D hardness, fluidity index (MFI), moisture absorption, thermogravimetric analysis and differential exploratory calorimetry. The results show that it is possible to reduce the amount of polymer from petroleum by inserting 10\% of a residue, which is sugarcane bagasse, and the best results were obtained for composites using 90 \% of the virgin polymer in twin screw extruder.
Sugarcane cultivation is suitable for the exploitation of organic waste products. However, minimum complementary mineral input is necessary for optimal fertilisation. Control mineral fertilisation treatments with mulch (MCM) or without mulch (MC) were compared with two organic waste treatments, a pig slurry with mulch (PSM) and without mulch (PS), and a sugarcane vinasse with mulch (SVM) and without mulch (SV) on a Nitisol in French Reunion Island. The sugarcane yields obtained with the different treatments differed each year. However, no trend was observed and no significant and recurrent effect of the presence of mulch or of the different treatments was identified over the course of the 4 year experiment. Soil pHw and pH KCl measured in the different treatments increased from year 3 in with the treatments including organic waste products (PS, PSM, SV and SVM) but remained constant with the treatments including only mineral fertilisation (MC and MCM). With the exception of PS and PSM, which were significantly higher in year 4, soil organic carbon content was not modified by the treatments. Soil cation exchange capacity increased only slightly with the PS and PSM treatments from year 3 on. The differences in yields and soil properties can be explained by the nature of the organic waste products, the accumulation of nutrients after several applications, and the specific characteristics of the sugarcane crop. The improvement in soil properties from the third year on was not reflected in the yield of sugarcane because it was too weak, and the crop explores a much larger volume of soil.</p>
Aureobasidium pullulans NCYC 4012 was used to produce gluconic acid (GA) and fructo-oligosacchar ides (FOS) from sugarcane molasses (ScM). For the first time, three types of bioreactors operating at different conditions of oxygenation-a stirred tank reactor (STR) operating under atmospheric pressure varying stirring rate, a pressurized STR under increased air pressure up to 4 bar of air, and an airlift reactor under atmospheric pressure varying aeration rate-were employed for GA and FOS biosynthesis by A. pullulans. The highest oxygenation conditions favored GA production in the three bioreac-tors, whereas the synthesis of FOS was not favored by high oxygen availability. GA yields close to 1 g.g(-1) (grams of GA produced per grams of glucose consumed) were achieved in bioreactors under atmospheric pressure, and the highest titer of GA of 75 g.L-1 was obtained in the airlift bioreactor. In this last, the highest concentration of total FOS of 65 g.L-1 and yield of FOS of 0.58 g.g(-1) were obtained.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, and sodium acetate in concentrations of 0.5 M and 0.25 M, as well as hydrothermal pretreatment, to break down its structural recalcitrance and improve biogas and ethanol production. The pretreatments were conducted at 100, 140, and 180 degrees C for 1 h. The highest biogas and ethanol production was observed for sugarcane bagasse pretreated with 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution at 140 degrees C, which was 239 +/- 20 Nml CH4/g VS, and 7.27 +/- 0.70 g/l, respectively, containing gasoline equivalents of 164.2 +/- 14.31/ton of raw bagasse and 147.8 +/- 14.21/ton of raw bagasse, respectively. The highest gasoline equivalent was obtained for biogas production from the substrate pretreated with 0.5 M sodium sulfite solution at 100 degrees C (190.2 +/- 2.11/ton of raw bagasse). In comparison to sodium carbonate and sodium sulfite, sodium acetate had less effect on biofuel production and was comparable with hydrothermal pretreatment. In contradiction to sodium acetate pretreated bagasse, in which increased pretreatment temperature intensified biofuel production, a reduction of biofuel production was observed for sodium carbonate and sodium sulfite pretreatment when temperature was increased from 140 to 180 degrees C. Besides considerable amounts of biofuel production at the best conditions obtained, over 762 and 543 kilotons of equivalent CO2 can be reduced annually in Iran by biogas and ethanol production from sugarcane, respectively.
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the efficiency of the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) system incorporated with the fermentation process, with the aim of reducing COD and generating electricity, using sugarcane bagasse extract as a substrate, in the presence and absence of sugarcane fibers. There is a possibility of turning bagasse extract into renewable bioenergy to promote the sustainability of the environment and energy. As a result, the integration of liquid fermentation (LF) with MFC has improved efficiency compared to semi-solid state fermentation (S-SSF). The maximum power generated was 14.88 mW/m(2), with an average COD removal of 39.68\% per cycle. The variation margin of the liquid fermentation pH readings remained slightly decrease, with a slight deflection of +0.14 occurring from 4.33. With the absence of bagasse fibers, biofilm can grow freely on the anode surface so that the transfer of electrons is fast and produces a relatively high current. Experimental data showed a positive potential after an effective integration of the LF and MFC systems in the handling of waste. The product is then simultaneously converted into electrical energy. Copyright (C) 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group.
Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) are oligomers with 2 to 6 beta-1,4-linked glucose units, with potential applications in the food/feed and bioenergy industrial sectors. In this study, the combination of five heterologous expressed endoglucanases varying the temperature and pH conditions were evaluated by design of experiments for COS production. Afterwards, the best combination was tested to produce COS from different pretreated sugarcane straws: ionic liquid, diluted acid, hydrothermal and steam-explosion. The results showed that steam explosion pretreated sugarcane straw treated with CtCel9R enzyme at 50 degrees C and pH 5.0 yielded 13.4 mg COS g biomass(-1), 5-18-fold higher compared to the other pretreated straws. Under the conditions evaluated, the removal of hemicellulose and decrease in the cellulose crystallinity can benefits the enzymatic hydrolysis. This is the first study that combined the evaluation of different enzymes, conditions, and sugarcane straw pretreatments to optimize COS production in a single step without glucose formation.
The goal of this research is to investigate the thermal, chemical, and tensile properties of chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-filled polypropylene (PP) and recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr). The composites with different SCB loading (5, 15, and 30 per hundred resin) were prepared using a heated two-roll mill at temperature of 180 degrees C.Thermal and the tensile properties of the modified SCB composite have shown improvement. The silane-treated composites have higher thermal stability compared to treated NaOH. The degradation temperature at 70\% weight (T-70\%) of NaOH and silane composite increase by 6\% and 15\%, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and Young's modulus for the both treatment showed an improvement of 20\% and 25\% for NaOH and 30\% and 32\% for silane compared to untreated composites, respectively. The chemical properties were investigated using Fourier transform infrared analysis. The modification SCB fiber has improved the adhesion and interfacial bonding between SCB fiber and PP/NBRr matrices.
This study aimed the optimization of culture condition and composition for production of Cryptococcus laurentii 11 biomass and lipids in cheese whey medium supplemented with sugarcane molasses. The optimization of pH, fermentation time, and molasses concentration according to a full factorial statistical experimental design was followed by a Plackett-Burman experimental design, which was used to determine whether the supplementation of the culture medium by yeast extract and inorganic salts could provide a further enhancement of lipids production. The following conditions and composition of the culture medium were found to optimize biomass and lipids production: 360 h fermentation, 6.5 pH and supplementation of (g L-1): 50 molasses, 0.5 yeast extract, 4 KH2PO4, 1 Na2HPO4, 0.75 MgSO4 center dot 7H(2)O and 0.002 ZnSO4 center dot H2O. Additional supplementation with inorganic salts and yeast extract was essential to optimize the production, in terms of product concentration and productivity, of neutral lipids by C. laurentii 11. Under this optimized condition, the production of total lipids increased by 133\% in relation to control experiment (from 1.27 to 2.96 g L-1). The total lipids indicated a predominant (86\%) presence of neutral lipids with high content of 16- and 18-carbon- chain saturated and monosaturated fatty acids. This class of lipids is considered especially suitable for the production of biodiesel.
The efficient and economical removal of fermentation inhibitors from the complex system of biomass hydrolysate was one of the basics and keys in bio-chemical transformation. In this work, post-cross-linked hydrophilic-hydrophobic interpenetrating polymer networks (PMA/PS\_pc IPNs and PAM/PS\_pc IPNs) were proposed to remove fermentation inhibitors from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate for the first time. PMA/PS\_pc and PAM/PS\_pc IPNs can obviously enhance the adsorption performance towards fermentation inhibitors due to their higher surface area and hydrophilic-hydrophobic synergetic surface properties, especially PMA/PS\_pc IPNs has higher selectivity coefficients of 4.57, 4.63, 4.85, 16.0, 49.43, and 22.69, and higher adsorption capacity of 24.7 mg/g, 39.2 mg/g, 52.4 mg/g, 9.1 mg/g, 13.2 mg/g, and 144.9 mg/g towards formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid (LA), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, and acid-soluble lignin (ASL), respectively, in a lower total sugar loss of 2.03\%. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm of PMA/PS\_pc IPNs were studied to elucidate its adsorption behavior towards fermentation inhibitors. In addition, the cyclic utilization property of PMA/PS\_pc IPNs was stable. Synthesizing PMA/PS\_pc IPNs is a new strategy to provide an efficient adsorbent for the removal of fermentation inhibitors from lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
In this work, a commercial cellulolytic cocktail was immobilized on glutaraldehyde activated chitosan gel. The chitosan concentration in the gel preparation, pH, immobilization time and enzymatic loading were evaluated Immobilized cellulases showed better hydrolysis performance when an enzyme loading of 134 mg protein/g carrier was used for immobilization at pH 9.0 for 30 minutes. Hydrolysates with a glucose content of 13.43 and 10.35 g/L were obtained when Avicel and pretreated sugarcane bagasse were used as substrate, respectively Immobilized cellulase lost 60\% of its hydrolysis performance after 8 cycles using Avicel, and 75\% after 6 cycles for sugarcane bagasse. The hydrolysis performance associated with the reuse of the immobilized cellulases indicates that an improvement in the immobilization of cellulases, coupled with an improvement in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, will allow the development of a continuous hydrolysis system with the enzyme retained in the reactor.
BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in utilizing xylans as biodegradable polymers to replace synthetic additives, coatings and encapsulation matrices. However, techniques are required to reduce the water solubility of the xylan for such applications. The study objective was to isolate and characterize water soluble xylans from Eucalyptus grandis wood and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) bagasse for subsequent precipitation in water by enzymatic modification. RESULTS: The water soluble xylans were extracted from E. grandis and bagasse using two mild alkali-low-temperature extraction methods in which the xylan was recovered either by ultra-purification (Hoije) or ethanol precipitation (Lopez). Yields of 66 and 35\% were obtained for the xylan extracted from bagasse and E. grandis, respectively, using the Hoije method and 28 and 12\%, respectively, using the Lopez method. The xylans were hydrolysed by selective removal of arabinose and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid (4-O-MeGlcA) side chains by treatment with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and alpha-D-glucuronidase, respectively. The alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase removed about 14\% of the available arabinose in the xylans extracted from bagasse using the Hoije method, which led to precipitation in water. However, the alpha-D-glucuronidase removed only 2\% 4-O-MeGlcA of the available 4-O-MeGlcA from the xylans extracted from bagasse and E. grandis using both the Hoije and Lopez methods, and failed to show visible precipitation of the xylan in water. CONCLUSION: The xylans extracted from bagasse suited the substrate specificities of the alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase for side chain removal and precipitation in water. However, the dosage of alpha-D-glucuronidase for precipitating the xylan would need to be increased. Copyright (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Mahanarva fimbriolata Stal has become a key pest in tropical sugarcane fields. A precise monitoring is required in order to avoid a significant increase in the pest population to levels that cause economic damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertirrigation with vinasse on the spatiotemporal distribution of M. fimbriolata and on the sampling effort for monitoring. The spatial distribution was analyzed in two fields of 1.5 hectare each, divided into 100 plots of five rows of 20 m long. One of the fields did not receive fertirrigation. Surveys were made on the central lines of each plot, from November 2017 to March 2018, by quantifying the infestation of nymphs and adults. The circular variable-radius moving windows method was applied for spatial data analysis. The adults and nymphs of M. fimbriolata presented an aggregated pattern when the population reached its peaks. At the second generation of the population, the general infestation is higher in the non-fertirrigated area. It is recommended to sample from 22 to 32 points per hectare. The sampling effort is not related to the vinasse fertirrigation.
Landfill leachate is generally characterized by extremely high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal-nitrogen, and heavy metals. However, it is also a source of nutrients, which consists of high organic matters such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) that makes it viable as a biofertilizer. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of co-composting leachate with sugarcane bagasse for the production of biofertilizer. In this research, the sugarcane bagasse was chosen as it was able to aid in maintaining the moisture content for composting and stabilize the level of nutrients in the soil. Three different ratios of soil to sugarcane bagasse were applied; V1 (1:0.5), V2 (1:1) and V3 (0.5:1) with the addition of standard amount of leachate. Each of the mixture was introduced with 90 earthworms and the moisture content was maintained at 60\%-80\% throughout the composting period. HACH Spectrophotometer was utilized to measure the NPK content of the vermicompost. The results indicated that the NPK content of all the ratios increased significantly. The highest NPK content was observed in vermicompost V2 compared to V1 and V3 at the end of the vermicomposting process (week 4). The potential of this V2 as a biofertilizer was verified by phytotoxicity test on the growth of onion plant for 31 days. Based on the phytotoxicity test, V2 showed the highest shoot elongation (28.6 cm) and number of leaves (17) compared to its control counterpart.
Humic acid can be produced by a Bacillus megaterium strain, AS019, using vinasse (sugarcane mill wastewater) at an optimal concentration of 12 A degrees Bx. Using single factor and orthogonal experiments, the optimal culture conditions were determined: optimum inoculum size, 15\%; initial pH, 6.0; culture time, 8 days; rotation speed, 180 rpm; and temperature, 28 degrees C. Under the optimal conditions, the humic acid production rate for the strain was 49.50 g/L. The results of characterization and infrared spectral analysis revealed that the produced humic acid contained a variety of reactive functional groups.
Cellulose (Cel) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) were oxidized with an H3PO4-NaNO2 mixture to obtain adsorbent materials with high contents of carboxylic groups. The oxidation reactions of Cel and SB were optimized using design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized synthesis conditions yielded Cox and SBox with 4.8 mmol/g and 4.5 mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups, respectively. Cox and SBox were characterized by FTIR, TGA, PZC and solid-state C-13 NMR. The adsorption of the model cationic dyes crystal violet (CV) and auramine- O (AO) on Cox and SBox in aqueous solution was investigated as a function of the solution pH, the contact time and the initial dye concentration. The adsorption of CV and AO on Cox was described by the Elovich equation and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model respectively, while the adsorption of CV and AO on SBox was described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Adsorption isotherms were well fitted by the Langmuir and Konda models, with maximum adsorption capacities (Q(max)) of 1117.8 mg/g of CV and 1223.3 mg/g of AO on Cox and 1018.2 mg/g of CV and 682.8 mg/g of AO on SBox. Desorption efficiencies were in the range of 50-52\% and re-adsorption capacities varied from 65 to 81\%, showing the possibility of reuse of both adsorbent materials. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the greatest biomass residues obtained from fuel industry, and the lignin present in sugarcane fibers is rich in phenolic compounds, which can be used to replace petroleum-derived phenols in the formulation of adhesives, phenolic resins, plasticizers, paints, among others. This work presents an alternative for synthesizing and applying bio-oil based benzoxazine resins in the fabrication of ``green{''
pH is notably known as the main variable defining distinct metabolic pathways during sugarcane vinasse dark fermentation. However, different alkalinizing (e.g. sodium bicarbonate; NaHCO3) and/or neutralizing (e.g. so-dium hydroxide; NaOH) approaches were never directly compared to understand the associated impacts on metabolite profiles. Three anaerobic structured-bed reactors (AnSTBR) were operated in parallel and subjected to equivalent operational parameters, except for the pH control: an acidogenic-sulfidogenic (R1; NaOH + NaHCO3) designed to remove sulfur compounds (sulfate and sulfide), a hydrogenogenic (R2; NaOH) aimed to optimize biohydrogen (bioH2) production, and a strictly fermentative system without pH adjustment (R3) to mainly evaluate lactic acid (HLa) production and other soluble metabolites. NaHCO3 dosing triggered advantages not only for sulfate reduction (up to 56\%), but also to enhance the stripping of sulfide to the gas phase (75-96\% of the theoretical sulfide produced) by the high and constant biogas flow resulting from the CO2 released during NaHCO3 dissociation. Meanwhile, molasses-based vinasse presented higher potential for bioH2 (up to 4545 mL-H2 L-1 d-1) and HLa (up to 4800 mg L-1) production by butyric-type and capnophilic lactic fermentation pathways. Finally, heterolactic fermentation was the main metabolic route established when no pH control was provided (R3), as indicated by the high production of both HLa (up to 4315 mg L-1) and ethanol (1987 mg L-1). Hence, one single substrate (from which one single source of inoculum was originated) offers a wide range of metabolic possibilities to be exploited, providing substantial versatility to the application of anaerobic digestion in sugarcane biorefineries.
Several economies around the world are using second-generation (2G) ethanol produced from agricultural residues, like sugarcane straw and bagasse, as a sustainable solution to replace petroleum products. Since first-generation (1G) ethanol uses the sugars of sugarcane, an integrated 1G-2G production would enable the production of more ethanol from the same amount of sugarcane without leading to increased use of arable land. The ethanol production process is complex, involving different high-energy consumption operations such as evaporation and distillation. The economic competitiveness of this process depends heavily on the amount of thermal and electrical energy produced using sugarcane straw and bagasse as input. Thus, the objective of this study was to use the mean-variance methodology to determine the optimal allocation of residual sugarcane biomass between 2G ethanol and bioelectricity productions, with simultaneous objectives of maximizing the return and minimizing the risk for investors of this sector. In this paper, four scenarios are analyzed. The first one is the base scenario that represents the current state of production costs and investments. scenarios 2, 3, and 4 considered four cuts of 10\%, 20\%, and 40\% in the production cost of ethanol 2G, respectively. The results show the optimum biomass allocations and the growth rates of returns as a function of risk growth. It can be concluded that from scenario 4, the production of 2G ethanol becomes financially advantageous for the investor, presenting greater returns with smaller risks.
Development of suitable catalysts having deep deoxygenation activity is the key for the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass to auto fuels directly. In this study 12 catalysts, namely Fe-MCM-41, Co-MCM-41, Mo-MCM-41, Ti-MCM-41, and oxides of Fe, Co, Mo, Ti, Fe-Mo, Fe-Co, Co-Mo and Ti-Zr, were synthesised, and characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), textural analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). They were evaluated for HTL of sugarcane bagasse to bio-oil in the presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. For non-catalytic HTL, oil obtained in the presence of hydrogen contained less oxygen, whereas for catalytic HTL oil obtained in the presence of carbon monoxide contained less oxygen. Among the catalysts studied, iron-cobalt oxide was found to be the most selective as it gave the highest oil yield of 57.6 weight\% containing the least oxygen of 10.8 weight\% in the presence of CO. Co-MCM-41 and cobalt oxide yielded bio-oil with the least oxygen among the metal-substituted MCM-41 and metal oxides studied, indicating that cobalt may be the most active catalytic species for strong deoxygenation activity. Metal-substituted MCM-41 yielded oil with less oxygen compared to its simple metal oxides except Ti, which may be due to very high surface area owing to its mesoporous structure.
Sugarcane bagasse (B), a low-cost agricultural waste, was modified via esterification and coating with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and evaluated as a hydrophobic sorbent for diesel oil removal from artificial seawater. Esterification was carried out using stearic acid (SA) and CaO, the reaction conditions, including B: SA mass ratio, CaO concentration, reaction time and temperature were optimized. Additional hydrophobicity was achieved by coating the esterified bagasse (EB) with a hydrophobic polymer (PAN). The advantages of hydrophobicity were clearly expressed by decreased water absorption capacity and increased oil adsorption capacity. The presence of hydrophobic groups was evidenced through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. FTIR spectroscopy showed some changes in the spectrum of B. XRD patterns indicated that the crystalline structure of B turned amorphous. SEM micrographs illustrated that the surface of EB roughened and PAN was unevenly deposited on it, which led to an increase in the surface area of both sorbents. Moreover, efficient desorption and resorption of diesel oil, paraffin oil, gasoline oil and vegetable oil were recorded in six cycles. Generally, the results are promising and the prepared sorbents can positively contribute to environmental remediation.
Lignocellulosics, including the sugarcane bagasse, have considerable potential to the future production of biofuels and mitigation of carbon dioxides emissions. Microbial lipid produced by yeast fermentation using inexpensive and renewable carbon sources such as hemicellulosic hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse is an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production and a potential solution for a bio-based economy. Hemicellulosic hydrolysate (H-H) from in natura sugarcane bagasse produced by acid hydrolysis was the carbon source (H-H medium) for batch and continuous fermentations of a previously selected strain of Lipomyces starkeyi. This yeast is able to use H-H as substrate to grow and to accumulate lipids; and cell growth is not inhibited by furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and acetic acid. Contrary, these compounds were consumed during the fermentation. During continuous culture at low dilution rate, 0.03 h(-1), higher lipid production, 3.7 g/L, is achieved when compared to batch culture, 2.3 g/L. In both cultures, arabinose was not consumed even after depletion of xylose and glucose. These results indicate the large potential of using the hemicellulose sugars of sugarcane bagasse for microbial oils production for additional biofuels manufacturing. Furthermore, L. starkeyi becomes a promising strain for lipid production from H-H and holds a great promise for biodiesel \& biokerosene in a sugarcane biorefinery.
Sugarcane bagasse cellulose was subjected to the extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis in 0.07\% H2SO4 at 190, 210 and 225 degrees C for various times. The cellulose residues from this process were characterized by TGA, XRD, GPC, FIR and SEM. A kinetic study of thermal decomposition of the residues was also carried out, using the ASTM and Kissinger methods. The thermal studies revealed that residues of cellulose hydrolyzed at 190, 210 and 225 degrees C for 80,40 and 8 min have initial decomposition temperature and activation energy for the main decomposition step similar to those of Avicel PH-101. XRD studies confirmed this finding by showing that these cellulose residues are similar to Avicel in crystallinity index and crystallite size in relation to the 110 and 200 planes. FTIR spectra revealed no significant changes in the cellulose chemical structure and analysis of SEM micrographs demonstrated that the particle size of the cellulose residues hydrolyzed at 190 and 210 degrees C were similar to that of Avicel. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In the southwest of Iran over 130,000 ha of land are under sugarcane (Saccarum officinarum). In these sugarcane fields, about 400 kg ha(-1) diamonium phosphate (DAP) and 400 kg ha(-1) urea are applied annually. Four sugarcane growing sites were selected for this study: Haft-tapeh, Karoon, Shoeibieh and Ghazali with cultivation histories of 36, 20, 2 and 1 years, respectively. For each area, soil samples (0 - 30 cm) were taken from a transect of uncultivated, and both furrows and ridges of cultivated land. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, clay, and calcium carbonate and organic carbon (OC) contents, Cl, Cd, Ni and Zn of 101 soil samples were measured. Cadmium profile distribution to a soil depth of 300 cm was determined, and the heavy metal concentrations in sugarcane and the associated soil samples of the three sugarcane sites were measured. The Cd and Ni contents among the sugarcane sites differed where Cd was related to clay content and Ni was related to OC content of soils. Cadmium content in sugarcane cultivated soil was lower compared to uncultivated soil even after years of application of P fertilizers. Nickel and Cd contents of sugarcane were much higher than levels in top soils but there was no significant relationship between Cd or Ni contents of sugarcane and soil chemical properties. The Zn content of soils decreased as either EC or Cl concentration of soils increased. There were no significant differences in Zn contents between different sugarcane sites and also between cultivated and uncultivated soils. Results also indicated that Cd was accumulated in bagasse and Ni was primarily accumulated in bagasse and molasses, but these heavy metals of white sugar were lower than the detectable values.
Protic ionic liquids have been demonstrated to be a promising alternative for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses, since they can provide higher enzymatic hydrolysis yields than other commonly used pretreatments. In this study, eleven protic ionic liquid - each one a combination of acetic or sulfuric acid with various amines - were evaluated as pretreatment agents. The highest glucose and xylose yields in the enzymatic hydrolysis were observed using the ionic liquids with acetic acid, and the best performance in the acetate anion group was obtained with N-methyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate, {[
Online measurement of moisture content (MC) and higher heating value (HHV) is desired for supporting the thermal conversion process in power plants. The main objective of this study was to develop a reliable and accurate method for online measuring of the HHV and MC of dried and as received sugarcane bagasse, respectively, using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Simulation of the conveyor belt in power plants and online energy quality analysis of bagasse for combustion process were designed. One hundred samples of bagasse were collected from different sugar mills at various locations of large piles of bagasse stored in both indoor and outdoor buildings. A long-wave spectrometer with a wavelength range of 860-1755 nm was used for scanning using diffuse reflection mode. The models were developed by partial least squares (PLS) regression using spectral sets obtained from the raw spectra, the preprocessed full spectra from the traditional approach, and the pre-processed spectra from the multi-block technique. The multi-blocks of the spectral pre-treatment technique provided effective models for both MC and HHV prediction. The best model for MC had a coefficient of deter-mination of prediction (R2p) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.90 and 3.9\% wb respectively. In the meantime, the best model for HHV had R2p and the RMSEP of 0.71 and 188.7 J g(-1). This research demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy provides a feasible and reliable method for online analysis of MC and could be used for screening of HHV of bagasse.
Post-harvest biomass can be used as feedstock for energy production and alter N2O emissions from the soil, which is among the main issues determining bioethanol sustainability. To assess the effects of sugarcane straw return on gas emissions, we established a field experiment in which 0, 50, 75 or 100\% (0, 5.65, 8.47 and 11.30 Mg/ha dry biomass, respectively) of the crop residues (straw) was left in the field during the first two ratoon crops. As fertilizer is applied in bands to sugarcane, we also investigated the contribution of different positions to the N2O emissions within the field. There was an interactive effect between straw and inorganic fertilizer, leading to a nonlinear effect of crop residues on the fertilizer emission factor (EF). However, straw consistently reduced N2O emissions from the field, acting mainly in the unfertilized areas in the field (P<0.05). We observed that considering the typical EF used in the literature, the N2O-N emissions attributed to fertilizer ranged from 0.19 to 0.79kg/ha, while the total emissions ranged from 3.3 to 5.2kg/ha, from the highest amount of straw to the lowest. We conclude that overall, the fertilizer EF is not as relevant as the total emissions, based on this and other studies. Consequently, management practices might be more effective in improving the GHG balance than changing inorganic fertilizer use. We conclude that keeping up to 11 Mg/ha of straw with a large C:N ratio (>100:1) on site might increase sugarcane production sustainability by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from the field.
The treatment of agroindustrial residues is an alternative to waste management and obtain products with added value. In this article, we describe the confocal microscopy images, the microbiological data, policosanol content and color measurement linked to the paper ``production of dietary fibers from sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane tops using microwave - assisted alkaline treatments{''
Bacterial contamination is known as a major cause of the reduction in ethanol yield during bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acetate is an effective agent for the prevention of bacterial contamination, but it negatively affects the fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae. We have proposed that the combined use of organic acids including acetate and lactate and yeast strains tolerant to organic acids may be effective for the elimination of principally lactic acid bacterial (LAB) contamination. In a previous study employing laboratory S. cerevisiae strains, we showed that overexpression of the HAA1 gene, which encodes a transcriptional activator, could be a useful molecular breeding method for acetate-tolerant yeast strains. In the present study, we constructed a HAA1-overexpressing diploid strain (MAT a/alpha, named ER HAA1-OP) derived from the industrial bioethanol strain Ethanol Red (ER). ER HAA1-OP showed tolerance not only to acetate but also to lactate, and this tolerance was dependent on the increased expression of HAA1 gene. The ethanol production ability of ER HAA1-OP was almost equivalent to that of the parent strain during the bioethanol production process from sugarcane molasses in the absence of acetate. The addition of acetate at 0.5\% (w/v, pH 4.5) inhibited the fermentation ability of the parent strain, but such an inhibition was not observed in the ethanol production process using ER HAA1-OP.
In the last years, the sugarcane harvesting process has undergone changes imposed by law, environmental awareness or social pressure, leading to the exclusion of the traditional slash and burn before harvesting and inclusion of crude sugarcane harvest. This process is denominated crude harvesting. The adoption of this new harvesting system promoted alterations in the entire sugarcane tillage system, including wider row spacing and the formation of a mulching layer due to the deposition of sugarcane residues on the soil surface. This new crop management system affects directly the weed dynamics in these areas and soil fertility as well. Weed shifting has been observed, producing weed species with higher germination and emergence capacity under a thicker straw layer, compared to those unable to germinate due to the physical or allellopathic action of the straw. In addition, pre-emergence herbicides are usually less efficient under this system due to their retention in the straw, not reaching the soil in sufficient concentrations to promote weed control. In this literature review, the major results involving weed management in crude sugarcane areas are described to provide information to researchers, extension workers, and farmers on how to improve sugarcane integrated weed management, mainly under this new harvesting process. The results show that reduction of herbicide dependence is feasible, leading to improved soil quality in these fields.
A sulfonic carbon-based catalyst (C-SO3H) was successfully prepared by sulfonating incompletely carbonized sugarcane bagasse. The optimized catalyst of high activity in the esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with ethanol was produced under sulfonation at 150 degrees C for 15 h with a 75 mL/g sulfonation ratio. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis (EA). The bagasse-carbonized catalyst was porous, and the porous structure remained unchanged after sulfonation treatment. Moreover, the introduced acidic group was the catalytic center. A high yield of ethyl levulinate (ELA) of 88.2\% was obtained at 120 degrees C for 9 h. The sulfonic carbon-based catalyst could be reused at least five times and still exhibited great stability. The application of the sulfonic carbon-based catalyst was not only the effective use of biomass resources but also promoted the production of various high value chemicals.
In this study, the ethanol fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysate produced from hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse, followed by detoxification and enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. It was conducted on fermentability, and nutrient supplementation requirement. Fermentability was evaluated through ethanol fermentation with cell recycle for eight sequencing batches. In the first cycle, glucose was converted mostly to ethanol and cells without nutrients addition. In the following batches, nitrogen and phosphate supplementation to achieve a successful fermentation was required. The kinetics of cell growth, substrate consumption and ethanol production during fermentation were described using a mechanistic model. Specific ethanol productivity of 1.34 kg/m(3).h, yield of 90 \% and cell viability of 93 \% were obtained. Nutrient supplementation was assessed using a central composite design to investigate the effect of molasses, urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP) addition on productivity. Statistical analysis showed that only the effect of molasses addition was significant on productivity at 95\% confident level.
Fermentation efficiency of more than 85\% was obtained by high gravity fermentation of 33-34 degrees Bx (spec. gravity approximate to 1.134) molasses medium with certain nutrients, instead of generally employed medium containing approximate to 16\% (w/v) total sugar (spec. gravity approximate to 1.090) for ethanol fermentation in distilleries to get maximum 80-85\% conversion. The fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces, has varied capabilities, depending on the species and nutrition for fermenting the high solids medium. The fermentation period was reduced to 48 h; and the byproducts obtained were less in concentration, upon supplementation with nutrients (or osmoprotectants) like soy flour/wheat bran to the medium in the existing batch fermentation technology. This has been found partly due to improved yeast cell viability during fermentation.
Biomass is a material that can be potentially used as a natural fiber resource. Rice husk (RH) and sugarcane bagasse (SB), respectively containing 36.6\% and 60\% cellulose, are fibers that have the potential for biocomposite formation. In this study, an amine magnetic biocomposite (B-MNH2) was prepared by a one-step solvothermal reaction. Delignified RH and SB fibers at a ratio of 1:1 were added to a mixture of ethylene glycol, iron chloride, and 1,6-hexanediamine, and kept in a stainless steel autoclave reactor at 200 degrees C for 6 h. The obtained B-MNH2 contained 64.5\% of Fe and 2.63 mmol/g of amine. Its surface area increased significantly from 9.11 m(2)/g to 25.81 m(2)/g after amine functionalization, and its optimum adsorption for Pb(II) ions was achieved within 360 min at 596.82 mg/g and pH 5. Moreover, the pseudo-first-order mechanism fitted well to the adsorption model. Other parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and dye during adsorption were also reduced by about 67.7\%, 95.6\%, and 89\%, respectively. B-MNH2 showed a slight decrease in performance by only 8\% after the fourth repeated use. The amine magnetic biocomposite led to the development of a potential adsorbent due to the high surface area, stable material, and easy separation, and was capable of absorbing contaminants from an aqueous solution.
Energy generation is key to any country's development, and the threats to energy supply have led the Colombian government to establish national policies that stimulate energy generation projects. In response, this manuscript reports the economic impact and the GHG emission that have been simulated in this study to evaluate the co-firing of the coal-bagasse mixture in the cogeneration systems of the ethanol industry in the Cauca River Valley in Colombia as an opportunity to increase the economic benefits due to the increase of electricity sell to the national grid in the strong dry seasons. This study was carried out using the Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) modeling software employed for the simulation of agricultural and industrial parameters in integrated alternatives for the sugarcane industry, which was adjusted to the Colombian conditions to allow simulating the current electricity production in the sugarcane mills in the assessed region. The economic assessment of the co-firing process in the cogeneration system demonstrates that this industrial process represents an opportunity to increase the economic benefits by about 26\%. However, the coal combustion in the boiler generates about 54\% of the total GHG emissions for the consumption of coal, whereas the burning of bagasse corresponds to only 5\%.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOs) are xylose oligomers that stimulate the growth of probiotic microorganisms and the production of substances with antimicrobial activity, such as bacteriocins. XOs are of great interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries and represent a promising product for the valorization of sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery context. Here, the whole XOs production chain from sugarcane bagasse was studied, starting with biomass pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis of the hemicellulose fraction, purification and evaluation of nutritional properties of the final product. Hydrothermal and organosolv pretreatments stood out among four pretreatment alternatives, solubilizing hemicellulose mainly in the form of oligomers. Hydrothermal conditions for the highest XOs yield were determined (185 degrees C, 10 min, 1:10 solid:liquid ratio). Enzymatic conversion to XOs using an endoxylanase reached app. 90 \%, for both hydrothermal and organosolv liquors. Prebiotic and antimicrobial properties of the XOs obtained after hydrothermal and organosolv pretreatments were evaluated. Both XOs presented probiotic activity, but substantially superior results were achieved for the hydrothermal pretreatment. XOs liquors were further purified using adsorption on activated charcoal and the purified XOs liquor significantly increased the cell concentration of probiotic lactic bacteria (L. acidophilus, L. reuteri and L. rhamnosus). The presence of bacteriocins with antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis was also detected in culture plates (40 AU/mL). Although still requiring further optimization of purification steps, the results provide important information for developing sugarcane biorefineries producing XOs.
Incorporation of organic amendments is one of the most eco-friendly and economic strategies for the restoration of contaminated soils through diminishing mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in these soils. This study was carried out under field conditions during the summer season of 2017 on a clay loam soil naturally polluted with Cd (7.61 mg kg(-1)) due to successive irrigations with wastewater. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar (SBDB) at different rates on fractionation of Cd in soil and its implications on the growth of soybean and concentrations of Cd within the different plant parts. Incorporation of SBDB into the chosen contaminated soil caused noticeable changes in soil pH, electrical conductivity and organic matter, especially with increasing the rate of application. Immobilization of Cd in the used soil was highly influenced by soil properties. According to the sequential extraction procedure, application of SBDB had an efficient role in reducing the soluble/exchangeable fraction. Moreover, it declined both the reducible and oxidizable forms of Cd. The dry weight of soybean organs (roots, seeds, and straw) improved significantly with SBDB additions. The highest dry weight values of straw and seeds for soybean plants were recorded when the soil was treated with SBDB at rates of 15 and 30 t ha(-1). Concentrations of Cd in straw and seeds of soybean were markedly affected by its availability in the soil. They decreased from 2.77, 0.96, and 0.62 mg kg(-1) at the control treatment (CK) to 1.75, 0.47, and 0.20 mg kg(-1) at B4 treatment (30 t SBDB) ha-1 in roots, straw, and seeds of soybean, respectively. In conclusion, the use of SBDB showed high efficiency in the amelioration of Cd-polluted soils and in decreasing Cd toxicity on soybean plants.
Green building raw materials have become attractive alternatives for mitigating sustainability issues. Agricultural waste has been used as natural components in the production of alternative building products, and the use of burned clay bricks is a new waste disposal method. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the effects of agricultural waste (rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw ashes) in clay bricks. This paper discusses the physical-mechanical properties and the micro-structure of clay bricks when incorporated with the sludge of water treatment plants (SWTP) to replace clay at a 50 \% ratio. One mixture was prepared as a control mix without agriculture waste. Each group containing three mixes was used with 5 \%, 10 \% and 15 \% by weight of SWTP content. The green bricks was air dried in sunlight for another 7 days and burnt at 900 degrees C, keeping them at the highest temperature for 3 h. Mechanical and physical properties of these bricks have been investigated. It was observed that clay bricks containing rice straw ash (RSA), sugar cane bagasse ash (SBA) and wheat straw ash (WSA) had lower compressive strength compared to non-RSA, SBA, and WSA clay bricks. The replacement 5-10 \% of RSA, SBA and WSA by weight of SWTP into brick molding compound produces eco-friendly fired clay brick. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study confirms the porous microstructure of the brick specimens combining RSA, SBA and WSA resulting in lower bulk density resulting in lighter and more economical structures. Based on this analysis, it can be established that brick samples with lower doses of RSA, SBA and WSA (i.e. 5 \% SWTP weight) will not only reduce the environmental pressure but will also lead to more efficient and economical development. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Vinasse is a sugarcane distillery waste water commonly applied to soil in Brazil. The content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in vinasse is high, varying from 10,973 to 14,801 mg l(-1) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This study examines the capacity of an Ultisol (from a sugarcane-growing region), kaolinite and synthetic Fe-oxides to retain DOM extracted from vinasse. Adsorption isotherms of the A, BA, Bt1, Bt3 and Bt4 horizons of the Ultisol. as well as of those of the kaolinite and Fe-oxides, were obtained through batch equilibrium experiments using DOC concentrations, simulating vinasse additions of 0, 43, 86, 344, 688 and 1376 m(3) ha(-1). Adsorption isotherms of DOM extracted from vinasse on different horizons of the Ultisol indicated that DOM adsorption increased with depth. Distinct adsorption capacity of these horizons was related to differences in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extracted Fe, native organic matter and clay content. At an initial DOC concentration of 160 mg l(-1) (equivalent to the application of 688 m(3) vinasse ha(-1)). the A horizon retained 7.1\% and the Bt4 horizon retained 27.4\% of the total DOC in solution, suggesting that this soil has a relatively low adsorption capacity far DOM from vinasse. Adsorption isotherms of DOC on pure kaolinite, synthetic goethite and hematite showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe oxides was as much as about five times the maximum adsorption capacity of kaolinite. Desorption studies indicated that while all DOC adsorbed by kaolinite were completely desorbed, only 28 to 35\% of the adsorbed DOC were desorbed by Fe-oxides. These findings highlight the importance of the goethite and hematite on the adsorption of DOM in tropical soils. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights resented.
Ethanol can be produced from cellulosic biomass in a process known as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The presence of yeast together with the cellulolytic enzyme complex reduces the accumulation of sugars within the reactor, increasing the ethanol yield and saccharification rate. This paper reports the isolation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBM-1, a strain capable of growth at 42 degrees C. In addition, S. cerevisiae LBM-1 and Kluyveromyces marxianus UFV-3 were able to ferment sugar cane bagasse in SSF processes at 37 and 42 degrees C. Higher ethanol yields were observed when fermentation was initiated after presaccharification at 50 degrees C than at 37 or 42 degrees C. Furthermore, the volumetric productivity of fermentation increased with presaccharification time, from 0.43 g/L/h at 0 h to 1.79 g/L/h after 72 h of presaccharification. The results suggest that the use of thermotolerant yeasts and a presaccharification stage are key to increasing yields in this process. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dielectric properties of powdered Sugarcane Bagasse on addition of activated charcoal is measured using open-ended co-axial method in X-band. In this work, absorption rate in terms of return loss profile of the Sugarcane Bagasse and charcoal composite based microwave absorber is discussed for three different thickness (2 mm, 4 mm, and 8 mm) and various percentage of activated charcoal. The single layer microwave absorber is simulated in CST microwave studio using the measured value of permittivity, permeability and conductivity.
Agro-industrial wastes consist of various agriculture and food industry residues produced worldwide at an estimated rate of a thousand million tons per year. Vinasse is the main wastewater resulting from sugarcane bioethanol production. This agro-industrial effluent is highly polluting and, when discarded with no previous treatment, may cause nutrient imbalance and salt saturation in the soil as well as a reduction in photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Environmentally safe vinasse disposal requires reliable mechanisms, preferably involving the production of goods or services. Various cleanup technologies have been implemented and different microorganisms are being studied as viable remediation agents. Ligninolytic basidiomycetes, which have the ability to store, release and mineralize a wide variety of toxic materials and compounds, are a source of valuable biochemicals for agricultural and industrial uses. This review discusses the use of filamentous fungi in the bioremediation of distillery vinasses, their main characteristics, the enzymes implicated and the transformation processes involved in the production of several high-value biobased compounds. (C) 2019 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Strategic valorization of readily available sugarcane bagasse (SB) is very important for waste management and sustainable biorefinery. Conventional SB pretreatment methods are ineffective to meet the requirement for industrial adaptation. Several past studies have highlighted different pretreatment procedures which are lacking environmentally benign characteristics and effective SB bioconversion. This article provides an in-depth review of a variety of environmentally acceptable thermochemical and biological pretreatment techniques for SB. Advancements in the conversion processes such as pyrolysis, liquefaction, gasification, cogeneration, lignin conversion, and cellulose conversion via fermentation processes are critically reviewed for the formation of an extensive array of industrially relevant products such as biofuels, bioelectricity, bioplastics, bio adsorbents, and organic acids. This article would provide comprehensive insights into several crucial aspects of thermochemical and biological conversion processes, including systematic perceptions and scientific developments for value-added products from SB valorization. Moreover, it would lead to determining efficient pretreatment and/or conversion processes for sustainable development of industrial-scale sugarcane-based biorefinery.
Biomass briquettes can be considered as an effective alternate source of energy for fossil fuels. The present study deals with the conversion of Sugarcane bagasse(S), Corn cob (C) and Rice husk (R) of various proportions into biomass briquettes. The characterization of the prepared biomass briquettes includes analysis of physical, thermal properties along with the burning capacity by means of water heater test. The physical properties of the briquettes have been analyzed by shatter resistance test, tumbling resistance test and water penetration test. Combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis have been carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the prepared biomass briquettes. A modified Harsha stove which has more efficiency than the conventional one has been fabricated in order to perform the combustion process. The physical and thermal characteristics of the prepared biomass briquettes have been compared with conventional wood charcoal briquettes. Proximate analysis of briquetted sample has been carried out to determine the moisture content, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon whereas ultimate analysis have been performed to determine the percentage of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen respectively. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The in sacco technique was used to study the ruminal Ca and P releases from diets with different portion of sugarcane bagasse. Three diets containing 15, 25, and 35\% of sugarcane bagase were tested their kinetic of ruminal Ca and P degradabilities. Two adult male sheep fitted with rumen cannula were used in the in sacco technique. In the in sacco experiment, feed samples were placed in the nylon bag and inserted into ruminal cannula for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The kinetic of ruminal Ca and P degradabilities were focused on rapidly soluble fraction (fraction a), potentially degradable fraction (fraction b), and the degradation rate of fraction b (c). The data were tested using analyse of variance based on a completely randomized design. While the portion of sugarcane bagasse increased (P<0.05) fraction a of Ca diet, the portion b of P diet was decreased (P<0.05) by the portion of sugarcane bagasse.In conclusion, the effect of increasing portion of sugarcane bagasse in diet on ruminal release of Ca may be differed with that of the ruminal P release.
Residues of four different genotypes of sugarcane (Saccharum sp., Saccharum Robustum, Miscanthus sp. and Erianthus sp.), belonging to the Germplasm Bank of the Saccharum Complex (BAGCANA) from EMBRAPA, were subjected to a pyrolysis process and the bio-oils produced were analyzed by GC and GC x GC. The main objective was to start the studies in the integrated use of these residues (sugarcane straw and sugarcane bagasse) in view of a bio-refinery. The species Robustum, Miscanthus and Erianthus were compared with the cultivated variety of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) because they are candidate to application as ``energy-cane{''
This study evaluated the hydrogen and methane production from sugarcane vinasse in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor. Two reactors were operated with two different substrate concentrations: R5 (5 g COD L-1) and R10 (10 g COD L-1). During the first stage, glucose was used as the primary carbon source; vinasse was then added from 0\% to 100\% of the organic source in hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h. Later, HRT was changed to 4, 2 and 1 h. The best hydrogen production rate was 0.57 L h(-1) L-1 (R5, HRT = 1 h, 100\% vinasse). The best hydrogen yield was 3.07 mmol H-2 g(-1) CODadded (R5, HRT = 6h, vinasse:glucose = 1:3). Main metabolites were ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid and methanol. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis identified Prevotella sp. and Megasphaera sp. belonging to the Bacteria domain and Methanobacterium sp. and Methanosphaera sp. belonging to the Archaea domain. Copyright (C) 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Levulinic acid (LA) and furfural are important biomass-based platform compounds. During the preparation of LA and furfural from lignocellulosic biomass, other organic chemicals including sugars, formic acid, acetic acid, and acid-soluble lignin (ASL) will be produced simultaneously. Thus, the purification of LA and furfural is an important process. In this work, a series of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) modified hyper-cross-linked resins were synthesized and the mechanism of pore formation of the resins was studied. Furthermore, the effect of their textural properties on adsorption performance towards LA and furfural was investigated. RESULTS The hyper-cross-linked resin modified with 50 wt\% GMA (PC-4) achieved the best adsorption performance. The adsorption capacities of LA and furfural onto PC-4 were 100.81 and 40.22 mg g(-1), respectively, which were 2423.76\% and 249.24\% higher than the un-modified resin HQ-8, and 31.0\% and 22.7\% higher than its precursor PR-4. During desorption process, the average desorption ratio of LA and furfural were 94.96\% and 97.86\%, respectively. Moreover, PC-4 also showed a good adsorption performance towards formic acid, acetic acid, and ASL, while sugar loss rate was about 5\%. This study not only reported a potential adsorbent, PC-4, for the comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, but it also studied the relationship between synthesis conditions, resin structures, and its adsorption performance of GMA modified hyper-cross-linked resins, which provides a guidance for new adsorbent design.
Sugarcane bagasse is the major by-product of the sugarcane industry and, due to its abundant availability, it has been extensively studied for lignocellulosic bioconversion in the production of bioethanol and other value-added commercial products. In the study presented herein, a combined pretreatment using sulfolane, TiO2 and alkali microwave irradiation (MW-A) was assessed for the dissolution of lignin prior to enzymatic saccharification of holocellulose. Total reducing sugars (TRS) and saccharinic acid yields were investigated. The increase in NaOH concentration up to 5\% and in temperature from 120 degrees C to 140 degrees C were found to have a positive influence on both yields. While increasing the reaction time from 5 to 60 min only led to an increase in TRS yield <2\%, a reaction time of 30 min almost doubled the saccharinic acids production. TRS yields and saccharinic acid production were approximately 5\% and 33\% higher when the sulfolane-TiO2 reaction medium was used, as compared to MW-A in water, reaching up to 64.8\% and 15.24 g/L of saccharinic acids, respectively. The proposed MW-A pretreatment may hold promise for industrial applications, given the good TRS yields obtained, and the associated enzyme and time/energy savings. The use of sulfolane-TiO2 reaction medium is encouraged if saccharinic acids are to be recovered too.
The interril erosion results of the disaggregation caused by the impact of the rainfall on the surface and by the superficial transport of the disaggregated soil particles, where there are the organic matter and the nutrients for the agricultural production. The present work aimed to evaluate the soil, organic matter and nutrients losses of a slope located in an area of distrofic Oxisol, cultivated with sugarcane and submitted to the automated crop. Experimental portions were submitted to the action of a simulated rain of 60 mm h(-1) intensity, for 65 minutes. Analyses of the erosion sediment were made to determine the solution volume and soil, organic matter and nutrients losses. There were larger soil, organic matter and nutrients losses in the sediment of the portions with 0\% and 25\% of sugarcane straw coverage. On average, the losses were significantly reduced in the portions with 75\% and 100\% of sugarcane straw coverage. The results allowed concluding that the sugarcane straw coverage above 50\%, in the crop area, reduces the soil and organic matter loss as well as the concentration of nutrients in the erosion sediment.
Conservation management practices with minimum soil mobilization, maintenance of amounts of straw in the soil, and chiseling of ratoons interrows can be beneficial to soil quality, nutrition and sugarcane yield; however, the combination of these practices and their influence over the culture cycle should be better understood. This study aimed to assess the effects of levels of remaining straw and chiseling in the cultivation of ratoons on soil fertility, nutritional status and yield of stalks and sugar in one sugarcane cycle (five ratoons), under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The study was performed in Dourados municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in areas with a Oxisol (Latossolo) with very clayey texture. Design in randomized blocks was adopted, with four repetitions, in a subdivided portions scheme. Portions were composed of levels of remaining straw (0, 50 and 100 \%), annually, and collected alternately in odd years (0I) and even years (0P) established after the plant harvest; sub-portions were composed of systems with and without chiseling. In the fourth ratoon, leaf diagnosis was made with quantification of macro-nutrient contents, and during the fifth ratoon soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. By the end of the cycle, accumulated yields of stalks and sugar were determined. In both management systems, keeping 100 \% of straw improved soil fertility and kept higher yield levels in one sugarcane cultivation cycle, while chiseling did not influence soil fertility, nutrition and sugarcane yield. The use of no-tillage farming for sugarcane cultivation proved to be feasible in corrected environments, and did not reduce stalk and sugarcane yield. Straw removal influenced nutrient leaf contents, regardless of soil management.
This paper addresses some key issues related to the automation of fermentation process analysis in the context of industrial-scale ethanol production from sugarcane substrates. As the current methods for the determination of cell density and viability are time consuming and laborious, high resolution in situ microscopy (0.5 mu m) is proposed as a promising alternative. Laboratory-scale experiments presented here show that this imaging technique allows automatic, on-line, and real-time monitoring of yeast cells suspended in sugarcane molasses used in the ethanol industry. In particular, the feasibility of cell concentration measurements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SA-1 in industrial sugarcane molasses is demonstrated. Automated concentration measurements exhibit a linear correlation with manual reference values using a Neubauer chamber from 3x10(6) cells/mL up to a saturation level at approximately 2x10(8) cells/mL. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the microscopic resolution of this technique, combined with its large statistics, allows a morphological assessment of the size, shape and some internal structures of the yeast cells. On average, the accuracy of the algorithm `s yeast cells classification was 0.80. The results obtained suggest that the ISM is a suitable tool to perform in-line sugarcane fermentation monitoring.
The effect of glucose on xylose-xylitol metabolism in fermentation medium consisting of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was evaluated by employing an inoculum of Candida guilliermondii grown in synthetic media containing, as carbon sources, glucose (30 g/L), xylose (30 g/L), or a mixture of glucose (2 g/L) and xylose (30 g/L). The inoculum medium containing glucose promoted a 2.5-fold increase in xylose reductase activity (0.582 IU/Mg-prot) and a 2-fold increase in xylitol dehydrogenase activity (0.203 IU/mg(prot)) when compared with an inoculum-grown medium containing only xylose. The improvement in enzyme activities resulted in higher values of xylitol yield (0.56 g/g) and productivity (0.46 g/{[
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a potential source for second-generation bioethanol production. Imidazole appears as a cheap green solvent that has demonstrated high efficiency in lignocellulosic biomass delignification. The main objective of this work was the use of imidazole-pretreated SB aiming the integration of first and second -generation bioethanol production in sugarcane mills' plant. Optimized conditions (160 degrees C for 1 h) were applied in imidazole-pretreatment of SB. The results showed significant cellulose enrichment (167.3\%) and decrease of amorphous compounds (lignin and hemicellulose), leading to a 100\% conversion of glucan to glucose after enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioethanol production reached 10.4 g.L-1 at 12 h by S. cerevisiae and 11.7 g.L-1 after 30 h by P. stipitis, which represents a bioconversion yield of 77.6\% and 91.5\%, respectively. The imidazole-pretreatment of SB is a promising way to integrate the production of first and second-generation bioethanol, improving in 37\% the total bioethanol production and reaching 110.3 L of bioethanol per ton of sugarcane. Imidazole showed great perspective for biofuel production, leading to an efficient process for waste valorization, increase of bioethanol productivities in sugarcane biorefineries.
The use of microbial enzyme cocktails for the conversion of polysaccharides of plant origin into fermentable sugars is a global trend. The objectives of this study were to optimize the production of cellulases and hemicellulases by the fungus Lichtheimia ramosa, evaluate the catalytic properties of the produced enzymes, and apply these biocatalysts in the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. The production of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), beta-glucosidase, xylanase, and beta-xylosidase by L. ramosa were 168.1 +/- 2.2, 270.4 +/- 8.9, 34 +/- 0.8, and 199.2 +/- 2.6 U/g of dry substrate, respectively. The optimum pH for the activity of the enzymes ranged between 4.5 and 5.5, and the optimum temperature varied between 55 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The enzymes were stable within a wide range of pH, and approximately 95\% of their original activity was preserved when incubated for 1 h at 55 degrees C. The half-lives (t(1/2)) of CMCase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase, and beta-xylosidase were 68, 59, 52, and 54 min, respectively, when incubated at 60 degrees C. The enzymes were stable in solutions containing ethanol (10\%), and the kinetic parameters (K-m and V-max) demonstrated that beta-glucosidase from L. ramosa was competitively inhibited by glucose. The enzyme extract produced by L. ramosa was used for the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with glycerol and the highest yield of glucose (10.66\%) was obtained at 24 h of hydrolysis. The characteristics of the enzymes, combined with the efficiency in hydrolyzing sugarcane bagasse, allow for the application of this enzyme extract to processes of cellulose saccharification for the production of second-generation ethanol.
One of the byproducts generated in the cane sugar production is molasses, which is used for ethanol distillation. However, one of the problems of distilleries is vinasse. Vinasse is highly water pollutant and is dumped untreated in lakes or rivers and damages the environment. The company FALA developed a pilot plant that uses vinasse to produce a type of livestock feed called MD60. In this paper, the impact of the pilot plant's scale-up in the key processes of the company's supply chain is analyzed. With the help of a sensitivity analysis, this study finds the values that would allow the company to improve its order fulfillment indicator and to increase profits, assuming an expected demand by the introduction of this new product into the market. The results show that (1) the pilot plant fulfills 32\% of the orders, (2) according to the current vinasse storage capacity, it is possible to fulfill up to 77\% of the orders by scaling up the pilot plant, (3) to satisfy 100\% of the orders, it is necessary to use all the vinasse generated, and (4) the highest profit is reached by processing all the vinasse and by considering the upper sale price.