Co-digestion between sugarcane vinasse (Vn) and water hyacinth (WH) at various mixing ratios of 0:1, 1:0, 1:3, 3:1, and 1:1 was carried out under thermophilic conditions (55 degrees C) for 60 days. The effect of various mixing ratios on the pH changes, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) reduction, and cumulative biogas production was investigated. The first order, modified Gompertz, and logistic function kinetic models were selected to fit the experimental data. Model discrimination was conducted through the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The study revealed that co-digestion shows better performance compared to the mono-digestion of both substrates. Vn:WH mixing ratio 1:1 with inoculum to substrate ratio (ISR) of 0.38 g VSinoculum/g VSsubstrate is the most favorable ratio, achieving sCOD reduction efficiency and cumulative biogas production of 71.6\% and 1229 mL, respectively. Model selection through AIC revealed that ratio 1:1 was best fitted to the logistic function kinetic model (R-2 = 0.9897) with Y-m and K values of 1232 mL and 31 mL/day, respectively.
Around the world, growing energy consumption from rapid urbanization and industrialization together with the overwhelming reliance on fossil fuels is affecting the integrity of both natural and human systems. Additionally, rising oil and gas prices and potential future shortages lead to concerns about the security of the energy supply needed to sustain our economic growth. This has resulted in an increased awareness for environmental sustainability in all industrial sectors. In the agricultural sector, sugar crops processing for the production of sugar generates a wide variety of by-products. Their reuse represents a prime opportunity for value capture and for the sugar processing industry to be in the forefront of sustainability, while possibly realizing additional profits. Sugar crops such as sugarcane and sugar beets are versatile in that they include a rich sugar fraction (sucrose, syrups) in addition to fiber (cellulose), fodder (green and brown leaves and tops), fuel and chemicals (bagasse, molasses), and fertilizer (press mud). This is the first of two papers where production of several by-products is detailed together with their specific physicochemical properties and the ways in which they can be utilized beneficially and sustainably. In the second paper, state of the art value-added conversion technologies for these by-products are described in detail.
The contamination of water resources by metallic ions is a serious risk to public health and the environment. Therefore, a great emphasis has been given to alternative biosorption methods that are based on the retention of aqueous-solution pollutants; in the last decades, several agricultural residues have been explored as low-cost adsorbent. In this study, the ability of Pb(II) biosorption using sugarcane bagasse modified by different fungal species was evaluated. The presence of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups in the biosorbent was observed by spectroscopy in the infrared region. By scanning electron microscopy, changes in the morphology of modified material surfaces were observed. The highest adsorption capacity occurred at pH 5.0, while the shorter adsorbate-adsorbent equilibrium was at 20 min, and the system followed the pseudosecond-order model. The maximum biosorption in isotherms was found at 58.34 mg g(-1) for modified residue by Pleurotus ostreatus U2-11, and the system followed the Langmuir isotherm. The biosorption process was energetically spontaneous with low desorption values. This modification showed great potential for filters to remove Pb (II) and provide the preservation of water resources and animal health.
Biorefinery of biomass blends can achieve sustainable development of biofuel production. Herein, three lignocellulosic wastes with significant differences in chemical composition-namely corncob (CC), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and Broussonetia papyrifera (BP)-were selected to investigate their hydrothermal co-hydrolysis kinetics and thermodynamics of different biomass blends. Activation energies of hemicellulose decomposition (Ea(1), 90.59 kJ/mol) for CC/SB were lower than those for CC (126.12 kJ/mol) and CC/SB/BP (153.62 kJ/mol). BP (having a high content of nitrogen sources) loading weakened the acidic autohydrolysis of CC/SB hemicellulose, but yielded stable products as indicated by the negative entropy value for CC/SB/BP hydrolysis. Cumulative feedback inhibition occurred among different biomass, and it could be minimized by controlling the blending ratio. The highest total xylose yield was 83.64\% for CC/SB with a mass ratio of 2:1. Moreover, biomass blend of CC/SB/BP enabled complete utilization of hexose, pentose and amino acids by co-production of ethanol and microalga biomass.
Until now sandy soils can be considered as one roup having common hydrophysical problems. Therefore, a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of bagasse as an amendment to improve hydrophysical properties of sandy soil, through the determination of bulk density, aggregate-size distribution, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pore-space structure and water retention. To fulfil this objective, sandy soils were amended with bagasse at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4\% on the dry weight basis. The study results demonstrated that the addition of bagasse to sandy soils in between 3 to 4\% on the dry weight basis led to a significant decrease in bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and rapid-drainable pores, and increase in the total porosity, water-holding pores, fine capillary pores, water retained at field capacity, wilting point, and soil available water as compared with the control treatment.
Immobilisation of lead (Pb) and toxic elements in contaminated soils is of importance due to their persistence in the environment. Herein, we investigated the effects of sugarcane filter cake biochar (SFCB) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) on the extractability of Pb and some toxic and potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in polluted mine soil samples from Lower Klity Creek, Thailand. The soil was equilibrated with the SFCB and SBA at the respective rates of 0, 1, and 5\% (w/w) for 120 days at field capacity. The results revealed that both SFCB and SBA materials significantly (P < 0.05) decreased Pb extractability in the studied soil, and it stabilised after 56 days of incubation. At 120 days, the SFCB and SBA application at the rates of 5\% SFCB, 5\% SBA, 1\% SFCB, and 1\% SBA decreased the extractable Pb contents by 50.35, 40.81, 29.42, and 19.27\%, respectively, compared to unamended soil. The SFCB and SBA materials also improved soil chemical properties by increasing the soil pH, available phosphorus, and extractable sulfur. At 5\%, SFCB decreased As extractability and increased organic carbon in the studied soil. The Zn availability in the studied soil was also improved by SFCB and SBA addition. This study highlights the potential use of biochar and ash from the sugarcane industry to stabilise Pb and As in contaminated soils.
The relationship between in-situ viscosimetry, in- and ex-situ morphogranulometry, and biochemistry has been investigated during enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB, 3\% w/v) and filter paper (FP, 1.5\% w/v) at various enzyme dosages (0.3-25 FPU/g cellulose). Semi-dilute conditions (1.5-2 times higher than critical concentrations) were considered in order to generate non-Newtonian Theological behaviors and to avoid neglecting particle-particle interactions in opposition to dilute conditions. Observed phenomena as well as hydrolysis mechanisms including solvation, separation, fragmentation, and solubilization appeared to depend strongly on initial substrate properties. For both FP and SCB, suspension viscosities were correlated with particle size distributions and volume fractions during hydrolysis, but they exhibited strongly different trends. With SCB, a viscosity overtaking was clearly observed at enzyme loading <= 10 FPU/g cellulose. This phenomenon is explained by the separation of agglomerates into individual fragments, leading to an increase in the total number of particles and a morphological shift of particles from sphere-like into fiber-like. With FP, the viscosity collapsed at the initial stage in relation to the volume reduction of coarse particles and the number increase of fine particles. Suspension viscosity was strongly dependent on the fraction of coarse population and nearly independent from the glucose conversion yield. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Magnetic manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2-Fe3O4) were coated on sugarcane bagasse as a sugar industrial waste and bio-support (MnO2-Fe3O4@bagasse) via an in situ reduction strategy, in which potassium permanganate was used as the precursor of MnO2 and sugarcane bagasse as a bio-support and reducing agent of KMnO4. The synthesized bio-based catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. The catalyst was successfully utilized in the selective aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary benzylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds and one-pot tandem oxidative synthesis of 2-(substituted)quinazoline-4(3H)-ones from the o-aminobenzamide and aromatic alcohols in the absence of oxidizing reagent or initiator. {[
Crop residues left in the field cover and protect the soil surface, and regulate key processes and functions, such as gas and water exchanges. However, the Brazilian sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) sector has begun to use straw as feedstock to produce bioenergy. We conducted a field study to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw removal in soil temperature and moisture changes at three sites (with different soil textures: Site 1 - clayey Oxisol, Site 2 - medium texture Oxisol, and Site 3 - sandy Ultisol) in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four rates of straw removal: i) no removal (NR); ii) moderate removal (MR); iii) substantial removal (SR), and iv) total removal (TR). Soil temperature was measured by sensors in the 0- to 5- and 5- to 10-cm soil layers. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from the 0- to 20- and 20- to 40-cm layers to determine soil moisture. Intensive straw removal (HR and TR) increased the soil temperature between 2 and 3 degrees C and the thermal amplitude between 5 and 9 degrees C in the 0- to 5-cm layer, compared to MR and NR. Soil moisture decreased between 0.03 and 0.07 g g(-1) in the 0- to 20-cm layer with intensive straw removal. The sandy soil was more susceptible to straw removal. Therefore, straw maintenance on the soil surface plays an essential role in temperature regulation and preservation of higher soil moisture, especially in regions with severe water deficits and long periods of water stress.
Autohydrolysis pretreatment is an effective, commercial and environmentally friendly processes for the co-production of bioethanol and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). An XOS yield of 50.53\% was obtained at 200 degrees C for 10 min by autohydrolysis pretreatment, most of cellulose and lignin remained in the solid residues, which can be converted into bioethanol. The ethanol yield (66.67\%) in sodium acetate buffer solution (SAAB, pH 5.5) system was higher than that in the deionized water (DW) system (51.88\%), because the stable pH regulated by the buffer was beneficial to maintain the cellulase and yeast activity. Moreover, the addition of non-ionic surfactants can effectively promote fermentation performances, especially with Tween 80, 82.28\% ethanol yield (of the theoretical) was reached. The use of the buffer system and non-ionic surfactants provides an ideal strategy for ethanol production by fermentation of substrates with high lignin content. Therefore, this study shows a suitable and sustainable process for bioethanol and XOS production from SCB using autohydrolysis pretreatment as onestep of a biorefinery. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Simplified modeling based on material balances for biomass, ethanol and substrate was used to describe the kinetics of fed-batch alcohol fermentation of sugarcane blackstrap molasses. Maintenance requirements were previously shown to be of particular significance in this system, owing to the use of massive inoculum to minimize inhibitions; therefore, they were taken into consideration for kinetic modeling. Average values of biomass and ethanol yields, productivities, and substrate consumption rates, calculated at the end of runs performed either at constant or exponentially varying flow rates, demonstrated that all of these parameters were influenced by the initial sugar-feeding rate, FoSo Under conditions of substrate shortage (FdegreesSdegrees less than or equal to 300 g(s) h(-1)), the amount of carbon dioxide produced was higher than that corresponding to the stoichiometry of sucrose fermentation to ethanol, indicating that an appreciable fraction of the carbon source was likely consumed by respiration. Besides, the biomass yields either on substrate, Y-X/S' or ethanol, Y-X/E, as well as the product yield on substrate, Y-E/S, notably decreased. These results are in agreement with the relatively high specific rate of anaerobic substrate consumption for maintenance estimated for this system (m(s)(a) = 0.789 g(s) g(x)(-1) h(-1)), which was responsible for the consumption of more than 70\% of the fed carbon source. The proposed equations derived from the Monod model proved to be a useful tool to easily predict the performance of this process. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AimsTo obtain new cellulases and xylanases from thermophilic fungi; evaluate their potential for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. Methods and ResultsThirty-two heat-tolerant fungi were isolated from the environment, identified (morphological/molecular tools) and the production of the enzymes was evaluated by solid state fermentation using lignocellulosic materials as substrates. Myceliophthora thermophila JCP 1-4 was the best producer of endoglucanase (35751Ug(-1)), -glucosidase (4542Ug(-1)), xylanase (93111Ug(-1)) and avicelase (358Ug(-1)). These enzymes were most active at 55-70 degrees C and stable at 30-60 degrees C. Using crude enzymatic extract from M.thermophila JCP 1-4 to saccharify sugarcane bagasse pretreated with microwaves and glycerol, glucose and xylose yields obtained were 156 and 3513\% (22 and 195g l(-1)), respectively. ConclusionsAll isolated fungi have potential to produce the enzymes; M.thermophila JCP 1-4 enzymatic extract have potential to be better explored in saccharification experiments. Pretreatment improved enzymatic saccharification, as sugar yields were much higher than those obtained from in natura bagasse. Significance and Impact of the StudyMyceliophthora thermophila JCP 1-4 produces avicelase (not commonly found among fungi; important to hydrolyse crystalline cellulose) and a -glucosidase resistant to glucose inhibition, interesting characteristics for saccharification experiments.
In this study, we compared the richness of ground-dwelling ants among three different sugarcane management systems (with the application of the insecticide fipronil and the addition of vinasse; with fipronil and no vinasse; and with vinasse and no fipronil, i.e., an organic production system) to evaluate whether the feeding/foraging types vary according to the management system. We tested the hypothesis that organic management increases species diversity because there is no use of chemical inputs. Estimated species richness was significantly higher in the organic management system than in the systems that used fipronil with vinasse. Generalists species were prevalent in all sugarcane fields, regardless of the production system, whereas predatory and fungivorous species were infrequent. However, the organically managed field had many predatory species. Our results suggest that fipronil with vinasse in sugarcane cultivation alters the ant community, possibly disrupting the functions performed by the edaphic fauna, such as control of arthropod crop pests, due to reduced predator species richness.
Use of the same lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock for enzymes and ethanol production has been suggested as a lower cost option in future biorefineries. Here, we propose a closed-loop strategy to produce the cellulolytic enzymes required for biomass hydrolysis using sugarcane bagasse liquefied by a home-made enzymatic cocktail as carbon source and inducer. The fed-batch liquefaction conditions were firstly evaluated using commercial enzymes. Subsequently, the effects of different liquefied materials and solids loadings on endoglucanase production by Aspergillus niger cultivated in submerged fermentation were investigated. The liquefied bagasse produced using the home-made cocktail was more favorable for endoglucanase production, resulting in improvement up to 17\%, compared to bagasse liquefied by commercial enzymes. The results indicated that liquefied bagasse produced by home-made enzymatic cocktail could provide a cost-effective carbon source and inducer for cellulolytic enzyme production, and could contribute to closing loops within the biorefinery, thus reducing costs and minimizing waste.
Anaerobic digestion can potentially valorise sugarcane bagasse to biogas and fertiliser. Pretreatment is however required to overcome recalcitrance and enhance the biogas yields. Literature reporting the investigation of various biomass pretreatments often use milled biomass as substrate rather than as-received fibrous biomass. This does not establish the true influence of the pretreatment type on biogas generation. Additionally, milling energy is also ignored when calculating net energy gains from enhanced biogas yields and are thus misleading. In this work, a vortex-based hydrodynamic cavitation device was used to enhance the biomethane yields from fibrous as-received biomass for the first time. Clear justification on why milled biomass must not be used as substrates for demonstrating the effect of pretreatment on biogas production is also discussed. The net energy gain from milled hydrodynamic cavitation pre-treated bagasse can be similar to as-received bagasse only when the specific milling energy is <= 700 kWh/ton.
In this study, ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment using choline acetate ({[
The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 3/4 European x 1/4 Zebu crossbred bulls of British or Continental paternal breed, fed high concentrate diets containing 9, 15 or 21\% of the dry matter (DM) with sugarcane bagasse (BIN) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Thirty-six crossbred bulls, 9 months old and 257 kg of shrink body weight were fed, two per pen, for 139 days. There was no difference in shrink body weight gain between the two genetic groups, the British animals gaining 1.24 kg/d and the Continentals 1.29 kg/d. The efficiency of feed conversion was also the same, 0.17. The 15\% BIN animals showed higher rates of gain (1.36 kg/d) than the 9\% BIN animals (1.20 kg/d). The final weight of the British animals (428.1 kg) did not differ from the Continental bulls (438.4 kg) as well as the dry matter intake (respectively 7.20; 7.54 kg/d). Among the three roughage levels, the highest final weight was for the 15\% BIN animals (448.7 kg), the lowest for the 21\% BIN(424.8 kg). The highest dry matter intake was for the 15\% BIN treatment (7.93 kg DM/d) and the lowest for the 9\% BIN (6.85 kg DM/d). These results suggest that high concentrate diets with levels as low as 9\% of BIN can be used.
Fungi are used for the production of several compounds and the efficiency of biotechnological processes is directly related to the metabolic activity of these microorganisms. The reactions catalyzed by lignocellulolytic enzymes are oxidative and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess of ROS can cause serious damages to cells, including cell death. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB020, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 28326, Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30, and Aspergillus niger IZ-9 grown in sugarcane bagasse and two yeast extract (YE) concentrations and characterize the antioxidant defense system of fungal cells by the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibited the highest activities of laccase and peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 2.6g of YE and an increased activity of manganese peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3g of YE was observed. However, P. chrysosporium showed the highest activities of exoglucanase and endoglucanase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3g of YE. Lipid peroxidation and variations in SOD and CAT activities were observed during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and depending on the YE concentrations. The antioxidant defense system was induced in response to the oxidative stress caused by imbalances between the production and the detoxification of ROS.
This paper evaluates the ability of secretome from two thermotolerant fungal strains (Aspergillus terreus 9DR and Achaetomium strumarium 10DR) for boosting the hydrolytic efficiency of benchmark cellulolytic preparation (Cellic CTec2). Further we report enhanced saccharification of different agro-residues under semi-aerobic when compared to aerobic conditions. The mass spectroscopic analysis of the hydrolysates indicates the role of auxiliary oxidative enzymes present in A. terreus and A. strumarium secretomes for enhancing the capability of the cellulolytic cocktails. The paper further demonstrate positive effect of using the cocktails for enhanced saccharification and subsequent fermentation to ethanol of acid pre-treated rice straw, corn residues and sugarcane bagasse at higher substrate loading rates (20\% w/v). The paper also reports co-utilization of composite sugars derived from molasses and enzymatic hydrolysate obtained from agnostic lignocellulosics for efficient bioconversion to ethanol applicable for developing BOLT-ON technology.
Effects of pretreatments with a white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and microwave hydrothermolysis of bagasse on enzymatic saccharification and fermentation were evaluated. The best sugar yield, 44.9 g per 100 g of bagasse was obtained by fungal treatments followed by microwave hydrothermolysis at 180 degrees C for 20 min. Fluorescent-labeled carbohydrate-binding modules which recognize crystalline cellulose (CjCBM3-GFP), non-crystalline cellulose (CjCBM28-GFP) and xylan (CtCBM22-GFP) were applied to characterize the exposed polysaccharides. The microwave pretreatments with and without the fungal cultivation resulted in similar levels of cellulose exposure, but the combined treatment caused more defibration and thinning of the plant tissues. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the pulp fractions obtained by microwave hydrothermolysis with and without fungal treatment, gave ethanol yields of 35.8\% and 27.0\%, respectively, based on the holocellulose content in the pulp. These results suggest that C. subvermispora pretreatment could be beneficial part of the process to produce ethanol from bagasse. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This study was aims to demonstrate that bagasse as a waste can be use for enhanced oil recovery process. Bagasse has a lot of lignin content that can be processed as a sodium lignosulfonate surfactant. The use of bagasse for surfactants at the chemical flooding is an innovation in petroleum science. Synthesized bagasse to lignosulfonate was done by isolation process using sodium hydroxide as a reagent and sulfonation process using sodium bisulfite as a reagent. From FTIR test and NMR test, the surfactant synthesis from sugarcane waste, sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) consist of sulfonate groups (hydrophilic groups) and benzene (lipophilic groups). This SLS surfactant has value of 11.62 for HLB. The presence of hydrophilic and lipophilic components resulted in the stability of middle phase emulsion in the range of 5\% - 10\%. The core flood using that surfactant obtained recovery factor reaches 1.05\% - 9.50\%. HLB SLS surfactant from sugarcane bagasse shows the function of SLS surfactant as injection fluid in an oil / water emulsion system, which is indicated by the presence of an intermediate phase emulsion. Conclusion of this study indicate that the synthesized lignosulfonate of bagasse can use an injection fluid in O/W emulsion and bind oil and water to form microemulsions. The bagasse is a local raw material for sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) surfactants which can be useful for enhanced oil recovery.
We present experimental results of fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in a fluidized-bed reactor, in which temperature, biomass feed rate, carrier gas flow, biomass, and effects or inert material particle size on global product distribution were evaluated. For this, changes in the fluid dynamic parameters were made (fluidizing gas flow between 20 and 60 L/min, biomass feed rate between 2.0 and 5.3 kg/h, and inert material particle size between 0.20 and 0.5125 mm). Experimentally, we found that the highest yield of bio-oil was obtained when the reactor was operated at 500 degrees C, with a carrier gas flow (nitrogen) of 50 L/min, particle size of the inert material and biomass both between 0.600 and 0.425 mm, and biomass feed rate of 2 kg/h. Under these conditions, yields of 72.94\% (w/w), 23.28\% (w/w), and 3.79\% (w/w) for bio-oil, biocarbon, and permanent gases were reached, respectively. Our results show synergic effects between reactivity and fluid dynamics on a fluidized bed, which ensures an efficient, fast pyrolysis process. Therefore, there are two competitive effects related to the particle diameter: first, the yield increases due to heating severity; second, the yield decreases due to entrainment of the smallest particles. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study aims to investigate the co-liquefaction of high-density polyethylene (PE) and low density polyethylene bags (PB) with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in supercritical ethanol solvent. The effect of blending ratios of SCB/PB and SCB/PE is studied. Results indicate that blending ratio of low density plastic bags and high-density polyethylene impacts the product distribution during solvo-thermal process. The optimum conversion of SCB/PE and SCB/PB up to 57.3\% and 59.4\% with bio-oil yields of 31.5\% and 30.3\% respectively are obtained at 280 degrees C. The higher heating values (HHV) of bio-oil obtained from SCB/PE and SCB/PB are 34.9 and 34.8 MJ/kg, respectively. CHNS/O, chemical composition, carbon and proton NMR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses of bio-oil have been conducted. Investigation suggests that the SCB/PE and SCB/PB derived bio-oil have the su-perior qualitative properties compared to pure sugarcane bagasse. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Waste natural fibers, bit coir fiber residue of traditional coir industries, and sugarcane bagasse fibers were subjected to chemical modifications via alkaline steam explosion treatments toward the extraction of reinforcing fibers with better compatibility and reinforcing characteristics in the polymer matrix. The treated fibers were utilized in the fabrication of composites with polypropylene (PP) as the base polymer with the aid of maleic anhydride-grafted PP as the compatibilizer. Percent composition of fiber in the composites was decided to facilitate maximum replacement of the matrix and further applicability in large-scale continuous polymeric production processes. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological characterization of the composites reveals the best composition to be of 30\% composition, in the added view of maximum replacement of polymer matrix with the reinforcing filler, retention of requisite properties, reduced cost of manufacture and inventory, and reduction in the carbon footprint per unit dimensions in comparison with the wholly polymer component. The thermal properties of coir fiber-reinforced composites showed good improvement up to 134.5 degrees C increase in onset degradation temperature while retaining matrix properties for sugarcane bagasse-reinforced composites.
Bio-based succinic acid is a potential building block for the production of renewable chemicals and polymers. The use of hemicellulosic hydrolyzate from sugarcane bagasse allows production of succinic acid without competing with food chains and increasing the biomass -aggregated value. This work assesses the economic impacts of integrating the production of -succinic acid on an optimized sugarcane biorefinery with the production of first-generation ethanol and electricity. Process simulation was performed to obtain mass and energy balances of the entire process, from bagasse pre-treatment to pentose fermentation and succinic acid recovery, using several pieces of technical information and data taken from the scientific literature. After -assessing the impacts of key economic variables through risk analysis, the obtained results were benchmarked against those of an optimized ethanol distillery. Calculated succinic acid production cost was US\$ 2.32/kg, comparable to costs related to less expensive sugar sources. The integrated succinic acid biorefinery presented a slightly lower internal rate of return (IRR) compared to an -ethanol distillery. However, even when considering uncertainties, succinic acid production has a strong probability (84.6\%) of achieving an IRR higher than 12\%. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
To evaluate the influence of sugarcane bagasse in co-pyrolysis with sewage sludge, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the presence of argon was studied. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out for sewage sludge (SS), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), and SS/SCB mixtures (1:1 mass ratio) in the temperature range of 30-800 degrees C at a heating rate of 10 degrees C per minute. Kinetic analysis was determined by using the Arrhenius equation and showed a change in activation energy, i.e., 27-52 kJ/mol, 29-46 kJ/mol, and 20-32 kJ/mol in the three stages of temperature ranges for SS, SCB and those for SS/SCB mixtures, respectively. The behavior of material degradation is attributed to this variation of activation energy. In contrast to pyrolysis of only-SS, co-pyrolysis mixtures (SS/SCB) offer improvement in the highest rate of degradation by 55\%, the shift of peak temperature to lower value by 2-13\%, reduced quantity of residue left behind by 56\%, and alteration in activation energy by -60 to +36\% suggest a synergism upon addition of SCB in SS. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Chemical Engineering Conference 2021 (100 Glorious Years of Chemical Engineering \& Technology).
Sugarcane bagasse is an interesting feedstock for the biobased economy since a large fraction is polymerized sugars. Autohydrolysis, alkaline and acid pretreatment conditions combined with enzyme hydrolysis were used on lignocellulose rich bagasse to acquire monomeric. By-products found after pretreatment included acetic, glycolic and coumaric acid in concentrations up to 40, 21 and 2.5 g/kg dry weight bagasse respectively. Alkaline pretreated material contained up to 45 g/kg bagasse DW of sodium. Acid and autohydrolysis pretreatment results in a furan formation of 14 g/kg and 25 g/kg DW bagasse respectively. Enzyme monomerization efficiencies of pretreated solid material after 72 h were 81\% for acid pretreatment, 77\% for autohydrolysis and 57\% for alkaline pretreatment. Solid material was washed with superheated water to decrease the amount of by-products. Washing decreased organic acid, phenol and furan concentrations in solid material by at least 60\%, without a major sugar loss. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Acidified glycerol pretreatment is very effective to deconstruct lignocellulosics for producing glucose. Co-utilization of pretreated biomass and residual glycerol to bioproducts could reduce the costs associated with biomass wash and solvent recovery. In this study, a novel strain Rhodosporidium toruloides RP 15, isolated from sugarcane bagasse, was selected and tested for coconversion of pretreated biomass and residual glycerol to microbial oils. In the screening trails, Rh. toruloides RP 15 demonstrated the highest oil production capacity on glucose, xylose, and glycerol among the 10 strains. At the optimal C:N molar ratio of 140:1, this strain accumulated 56.7, 38.3, and 54.7\% microbial oils based on dry cell biomass with 30 g/L glucose, xylose, and glycerol, respectively. Furthermore, sugarcane bagasse medium containing 32.6 g/L glucose from glycerol-pretreated bagasse and 23.4 g/L glycerol from pretreatment hydrolysate were used to produce microbial oils by Rh. toruloides RP 15. Under the preliminary conditions without pH control, this strain produced 7.7 g/L oil with an oil content of 59.8\%, which was comparable or better than those achieved with a synthetic medium. In addition, this strain also produced 3.5 mg/L carotenoid as a by-product. It is expected that microbial oil production can be significantly improved through process optimization.
Microwave radiation was utilized to produce neutral chelating agents (BCA) from sugarcane bagasse. BCA were prepared by reaction of urea with reactive sites present in bagasse such as hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. BCA prepared through microwave radiation had slightly lower yield (83\%) compared to the conventional oven-drier process (87\%). BCA demonstrated maximum chelating adsorption capacity (Q(max)) of 1.2 mmol g(-1) for Cu(II) at pH of 5.5 and 1.4 mmol g(-1) for Hg(II) at pH 6.0. These results could be comparable with the Q(max) of 1.46 mmol g(-1) for Cu(II) and 2.4 mmol g(-1) for Hg(II) obtained from Duolite GT-73, a commercial chelating resin, macroreticular with tiol (S-H) functional groups.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with Lewis acid-mediated glycerol, results showed that 98.47\% glucan recovery, 95.31\% xylan removal and 49.69\% delignification were achieved by pretreatment using 80 wt\% aqueous glycerol combined with 1.0 wt\% AlCl3 at 150 degrees C for 1 h. Reutilization experiments of acidified glycerol showed that its pretreatment efficiency was relatively well maintained during four consecutive cycles. Enzymatic in situ saccharification of pretreated bagasse led to about 50\% glucose yield at 16 wt\% glycerol concentration. After pretreatment, the lignin distributed in pretreatment hydrolysate and pretreated solid residue (referred to as organosolv lignin (OL) and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL), respectively) demonstrated contrasting effect on enzymatic hydrolysis with OL slightly increasing while CEL decreasing cellulose conversion, which could be explained by their differences in hydrophobicity and surface charge. Further analysis of the structure and molecular weights of two lignin samples indicated their great potential for valorization into value-added products. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study aims to verify the effect of crop varietal architecture and straw removal from planting rows in the occurrence of weeds in sugarcane and infer about the sustainability of the production system with no herbicide application. The experiment was established in 2011 in a randomized block design with split plots and four replications. Main plots were varieties IACSP95 5000 and SP91 1049. In the sub-plots there the straw removal was allocated (evenly scattered in the area, or concentrated in inter-rows). Assessments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 and the absolute levels of infestation, density, frequency and dominance of weed species were obtained. Areas were intra-characterized by the coefficients of Simpson and Shannon-Weiner and sustainability inferred by the SEP coefficient. Areas were grouped by the similarity coefficient of Jaccard. Other factors besides leaf architecture were more significant for level of infestation. Treatments with straw removal from planting rows were more infested than those with evenly scattered straw. In the second year of cultivation, those species most adapted to the system increased their importance value. Wild poinsettia was the dominant weed in all treatments, deserving attention from pre-planting on, to reducing its occurrence in the soil seed bank. Species diversity was higher where straw was evenly scattered due to the occurrence of species other than wild poinsettia. Sustainability was reduced from the first to the second year, indicating that only cultural practices are not enough, even with high shading provided by crop and straw production, demanding herbicides.
Bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse has the potential to be used as a sustainable and renewable energy source. In the present study, a non-isothermal thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the pyrolysis (in N2 atmosphere) and combustion (in the air) of bio-oil from sugarcane bagasse was investigated at three heating rates: 5, 10, and 20 degrees C/min. The sample was heated from room temperature up to 900 degrees C and the evolved gases in the TG furnace were carried to a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) cell where the composition of the gases and the functional groups present there were analyzed. A global kinetic analysis was performed to obtain the Arrhenius kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis and oxidation of the bio-oil using the distributed activation energy model. Three distinct stages, namely; low-temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel decomposition (FD), and high-temperature oxidation (HTO) were observed during the oxidation of bio-oil. The initial devolatilization of the oxygenated compounds observed during pyrolysis was similar to the LTO stage observed during combustion. The intensity of the CO2 FTIR peaks seen during the bio-oil combustion was 10 times the intensity of the CO2 peaks attained during pyrolysis. The TGA-FTIR analysis of the sugarcane bagasse bio-oil sheds new light on its thermal degradation/oxidation characteristics.
Microalgal biomass is highly susceptible to spoilage when stored under wet conditions and conventional methods based on biomass drying require high energy demand. This study proposes a novel and environmentally friendly process of wet storage of microalgae based on the suspension of biomass in sugarcane ethanol vinasse (SEV). The wet storage of microalgal biomass under acidic environments prevents spoilage, and SEV showed an adequate pH (4.27) and it was evaluated as an alternative for organic and mineral acids for the pH adjustment of the microalgal biomass before storage. It was pivotal to pretreat SEV with ozone gas (SEV-O-3) to eliminate yeast before storage. SEV-O-3 showed a pH value of 2.93 after the ozone pretreatment. This novel wet storage process was evaluated using the biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 produced in different cultivation systems. Dry matter losses of biomass suspended in SEV and residual culture medium (RCM) surpassed 20\% and 7\% (w w(-1)) on day 30, respectively. Conversely, the highest dry matter loss value of biomass suspended in SEV-O-3 was 3.2 +/- 0.61\% (w w(-1)). The use of SEV-O-3 also resulted in minimal changes in the biochemical composition during wet storage of S. obliquus BR003 in comparison to SEV and RCM.
BackgroundSugarcane (Saccharum spp.) covers vast areas of land (around 25 million ha worldwide), and its processing is already linked into infrastructure for producing bioethanol in many countries. This makes it an ideal candidate for improving composition of its residues (mostly cell walls), making them more suitable for cellulosic ethanol production. In this paper, we report an approach to improving saccharification of sugarcane straw by RNAi silencing of the recently discovered BAHD01 gene responsible for feruloylation of grass cell walls.ResultsWe identified six BAHD genes in the sugarcane genome (SacBAHDs) and generated five lines with substantially decreased SacBAHD01 expression. To find optimal conditions for determining saccharification of sugarcane straw, we tried multiple combinations of solvent and temperature pretreatment conditions, devising a predictive model for finding their effects on glucose release. Under optimal conditions, demonstrated by Organosolv pretreatment using 30\% ethanol for 240min, transgenic lines showed increases in saccharification efficiency of up to 24\%. The three lines with improved saccharification efficiency had lower cell-wall ferulate content but unchanged monosaccharide and lignin compositions.ConclusionsThe silencing of SacBAHD01 gene and subsequent decrease of cell-wall ferulate contents indicate a promising novel biotechnological approach for improving the suitability of sugarcane residues for cellulosic ethanol production. In addition, the Organosolv pretreatment of the genetically modified biomass and the optimal conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis presented here might be incorporated in the sugarcane industry for bioethanol production.
Solid state fermentation was carried out to compare efficiency of acid, alkaline and urea pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to evaluate significance of variables. Pretreatment of bagasse by urea was known as the most influential treatment to increase citric acid production (137.6 g/kg of dry sugarcane bagasse and citric acid yield of 96\% based on sugar consumed). Finally, up scaling was achieved to a 20 L solid state fermentor in which humidity was constant in gas phase and urea-treated sugarcane bagasse. The produced acid concentration and yield in fermentor was 82.38 g/kg of dry substrate and 26.45 g/kg day, respectively. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work studied the chemical composition, cure characteristics, and morphological and mechanical properties of natural rubber ( NR) compounds filled with silica, which was derived from bagasse ash ( BA). The BA filler underwent various preparation processes ( untreated, hydrochloric acid ( HCl)-treated, and HCI/ammonium fluoride ( HCl/NH4F) extracted). The results revealed that the main functional group of the BA was silica. After purification by HCl and HCl/NH4F, the silica content increased from 77.2\% to 90.6\% and 97.0\%, respectively. Longer cure times and lower crosslinking were obtained after purifying the silica. Treatment of silica with HCl/NH4F improved the tensile strength and compression set when added at 15 parts per hundred rubber ( phr) loading. Purification with HCl and HCl/NH4F acted as an obstacle to rubber-rubber crosslinking, but helped to moderate the filler-filler interaction. The elongation range for the NR containing the BA silica in this work was 900\% to 1,100\%. The use of HCl/NH4F-extracted silica in NR vulcanizates had no effect on the lightness, while the untreated and HCl-treated silica displayed decreased lightness. The silica from BA is recommended for use as reinforcing filler in NR compounds if treated with HCl followed by NH4F extraction before use. The optimal loading of the treated silica was 15 phr.
Large volumes of bagasse wastes are generated in sugar industries on yearly basis. This bagasse being a waste material rather than being dumped in open is blazed while heating boilers for electricity generation which happens mostly in an uncontrolled manner. Then the ash generated gets deposited in landfills and open areas, which imparts deleterious effects on our environment. The residual ash obtained by the process of burning sugarcane bagasse is known as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). SCBA has garnered the interest of researchers as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) as well as a supplementary filler material (SFM) for use in the construction industry. This paper summarizes the various pre-processing approaches and methodologies undertaken for property enhancement of SCBA along with their after-effects in line with the testing undertaken and subsequent results to ascertain the effectiveness of SCBA in the construction industry. Summarization covered in the present paper can be categorized to have three broad aspects i.e. effects on fresh properties like workability through slump test, flow table test and j-ring test etc.; effects on hardened properties through compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and flexural strength test etc. as well as effects on durability through transport test, chloride resistivity test and carbonation test etc., to understand the qualitative nature of the SCBA. Above mentioned various tests procedures, as well as their results as reported by researchers, have been covered, analyzed, critically reviewed and presented. This study reveals that processed SCBA possesses enhanced characteristics compared to its unprocessed counterpart with an optimum replacement of 20\% and hence is very effective as a supplementary binder and filler material.
The use of locally available agricultural residues is an interesting alternative for residential heat and power generation based on the Stirling engine technology. However, some biomass with high ash content (agricultural residues) may cause operational problems and impact on the performance of the Stirling engine and the overall CHP system. This work is focused on the evaluation of useful parameters of a CHP system based on a 20 kW(th) pellet burner, a 1 kW(e) Stirling engine and a 20 kW(th) residential boiler using wood and sugar cane bagasse pellets. Similar temperatures in the Stirling hot end were found when using both fuels under steady-state and transient conditions. CO emission levels when using bagasse were lower than for wood pellets but slightly higher levels of NOx and higher accumulated ash were found. A fouling factor of the Stirling heat exchanger was found to be around 1.1 m(2) degrees C/kW after two cycles (6 h) and 3.2 m(2) degrees C/kW after three cycles (9 h) of operation when using wood pellets. A linear relation between the Stirling power output and the accumulated ash was assessed which was used to predict a longer operation time using bagasse pellets. This shows that after three cycles of operation with bagasse pellets, without removing accumulated ash, the CHP efficiency is still kept over 83\% and for wood pellets, the CHP efficiency was kept over 90\%.
Sugarcane bagasse fibers chemically modified on its surface were used to adsorb contaminants from biodiesel. Two biodiesel samples were used as adsorbates: crude and washed biodiesel. The contaminants were mainly glycerol and water, but also ions, and methanol. The biodiesel is usually washed, in order to remove most of the contaminants, but the procedure introduces large amounts of water, which are further difficult to remove, because the biodiesel acting as an acceptor of hydrogen bond. The adsorbent used in this work was proved to be very efficient to remove the contaminants and also to remove water from the washing the crude biodiesel. The contaminants adsorbed from biodiesel were identified by thermal analyses (DSC and DTA) of the fibers (adsorbent) and of the biodiesel (adsorbate) by comparing the results with the pure biodiesel. The proportion of free glycerol showed high adsorption efficiency for the crude biodiesel. A total amount of 1.34 g of fibers was estimated as being needed for its complete removal. The mass of bagasse fibers added (up to 1g) in a fixed volume of biodiesel was a relevant condition, as the saturation in fibers started at around 0.70 g cleaning up to about 98\% removal of the impurities.
Sugarcane bagasse is being generated in large amounts and it is one of useful biomasses from agricultural waste. Due to high silica content, it can be used for silica source in SiO2-based material synthesis. The synthesis of zeolite from bagasse ash appears to be one of the most promising alternatives and it has emphasis on value addition to waste materials. In this study, gamma-Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposite derived from bagasse ash was successfully prepared by sol gel technique with different conditions. The phase structure, morphology, magnetic properties and efficiency of Cr(VI) removal of the nanocomposites were determined. The difference of size, shape and morphology were observed depending on precursor ratios and their synthesis conditions. The average size of synthesized nanocomposite was in the range of 5-15 nm. The nanocomposite products can be used for Cr-(VI) removal application from contaminated water.
The use of natural fibres in composite materials is attracting research interest worldwide due to the fibres ability to increase the strength, reduce environmental impact and reduce cost of the material. In this study the properties of coconut husk fibre, oil palm fruit fibre and sugarcane bagasse fibre have been investigated. Experiments on length and diameter, specific weight, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, moisture content and water absorption tests on the fibres have been conducted to determine their properties for possible use as reinforcement in composite. It was found that different fibres have different properties and behave similarly in wet and damp conditions. The study concludes that all the fibres possess properties that are acceptable as natural fibres to be used as reinforcement in soil blocks. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
To achieve a sustainable bioeconomy, various bioderived additives have been developed to produce biocomposites, but only a handful of research on biocomposites focuses on the effect of bioderived additives on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). This study is aimed at understanding the interaction between bioadditives and interpenetrating polymer networks and is the first study to build the relationship between bioadditive ratio and damping factor based on dynamic mechanical analysis. The IPNs were prepolymerized in bulk by isocyanate and poly(oxypropylene) polyol (PPG) with two different molecular weights (PPG 700 and PPG 1000), and then, they were grafted with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy. The bioadditives were prepared from agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse, and the effect of the coupling agent 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane on a bioadditive surface was also discussed in this study. The results show that modified bioadditives have significant enhancement on tensile strength and tensile modulus of polyurethane-grafted epoxy resin interpenetrating polymer networks (PU(PPG)-EP graft-IPNs). However, the enhancement is not from a strong covalent bond between matrix and additives, that is, due to the well-dispersed bioadditives which provide stiff segments. The static and dynamic mechanical performance, water absorption ratio, and morphology of the (PU(PPG)-EP graft-IPNs) elastomers were also thoroughly discussed in this study.
The sulfentrazone is regularly applied to sugarcane crop harvest residue for PRE control of weedy species, especially in the dry season during the year, but little is known about how rainfall timing or crop residue mass affect the release of sulfentrazone into the soil and its subsequent effectiveness. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sugarcane residue mass (5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha(-1)) and rainfall timing (1, 30, and 60 d after herbicide application) on sulfentrazone retention. Rainfall volumes were simulated at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, and 100 mm. A 20-mm rainfall volume was simulated at 7 and 14 d after the first simulated event. The water passing through the straw was collected after each rainfall simulation. The concentration of sulfentrazone was measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The initial 20 mm of rain released the maximum mass of sulfentrazone from the sugarcane residue. The mass of sugarcane residue affected the amount of sulfentrazone recovered. The amount of sulfentrazone released from the residue was significantly reduced by the persistence on the residue surface for long periods before the occurrence of rain. During periods of low rainfall, recommendations for sulfentrazone rate must take into account losses that occur when applied over the harvest residues to design a weed-management plan that does not compromise efficacy and duration of the residual effects.
Sugars released from alkali-pretreated SCB (sugarcane bagasse) were used for biofuel (bioethanol and biogas) production based on a high-solids fed-batch SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) process with delayed inoculation (DSSF). A DSSF process with 24 h delayed inoculation increased the ethanol production rate by eliminating glucose inhibition in the early stages of fermentation, and shortened the duration of the process. Increasing solids loading from 18 to 36\% (w/v) enhanced glucose concentration, while ethanol conversion efficiency was decreased. Gradual feeding of the hydrolyzed medium could improve the DSSF process. DSSF, with batch feeding mode, achieved as high as 68.047 g/L (74.13\% of theoretical yield) ethanol concentration with 30\% (w/v) solids loading at 96 h. After evaporation, the residual stillage obtained 306.974 mL/g volatile solids (VS) methane through anaerobic digestion. Sequential bioethanol and biogas production improved the yield of utilized biomass. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The heterogeneous features of lignin, especially the wide distribution of its molecular weight, limit its high value-added application. To improve the homogeneity of lignin, sugarcane bagasse kraft lignin (KL) dissolved in methanol/acetone (7:3, v/v) was successively fractionated into four fractions (i.e.., F1, F2, F3, and F4) with various organic solvents of decreasing dissolving capacity (i.e.., ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate/petroleum ether 1:1 v/v, and petroleum ether). The yields of the four fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were 59.6, 28.4, 10.8, and 1.2\% that of KL, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis indicated the molecular weight of each fraction decreased from F1 to F4. All fractions had a lower polydispersity than KL. KL and the fractions were comprehensively characterized by chemical composition analysis, elemental composition analysis (EA), methoxyl group analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrobenzene oxidation analysis (NBO), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) including P-31 and H-1-C-13 HSQC NMR. The results showed that the methoxyl group, hydroxyl group, interunit linkages, and thermal properties of the fractions varied with the molecular weight. The homogeneity of lignin was improved through solvent fractionation.
Sugarcane bagasse is a potential feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production, rich in both glucan and xylan. This stresses the importance of utilizing both C-6 and C-5 sugars for conversion into ethanol in order to improve the process economics. During processing of the hydrolysate degradation products such as acetate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural are formed, which are known to inhibit microbial growth at higher concentrations. In the current study, conversion of both glucose and xylose sugars into ethanol in wet exploded bagasse hydrolysates was investigated without detoxification using Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis CBS6054, a native xylose utilizing yeast strain. The sugar utilization ratio and ethanol yield (Y-p/s) ranged from 88-100\% and 0.33-0.41 +/- 0.02 g/g, respectively, in all the hydrolysates tested. Hydrolysate after wet explosion at 185 degrees C and 6 bar O-2, composed of mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) and inhibitors such as acetate, HMF and furfural at concentrations of 3.2 +/- 0.1, 0.4 and 0.5 g/l, respectively, exhibited highest cell growth rate of 0.079 g/l/h and an ethanol yield of 0.39 +/- 0.02 g/g sugar converted. Scheffersomyces stipitis exhibited prolonged fermentation time on bagasse hydrolysate after wet explosion at 200 degrees C and 6 bar O-2 where the inhibitors concentration was further increased. Nonetheless, ethanol was produced up to 18.7 +/- 1.1 g/l resulting in a yield of 0.38 +/- 0.02 g/g after 82 h of fermentation.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by wet oxidation (WO) at 195 degrees C for 15 min under either alkaline, neutral or acidic conditions, and by steam explosion (STEX) at 205 degrees C for 10 min. Alkaline WO was more favourable than neutral and acidic WO for the following enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, giving 792 g kg(-1) glucose yield after 48 h. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the fibres in the whole slurry was inhibited by inhibitory compounds contained in the prehydrolysate in comparison with the hydrolysis of the washed solid fibres in buffer. The inhibition increased proportionally with formic acid concentration in the pretreated liquid fraction. Cellulose conversion was higher for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) than for separate hydrolysis. The highest SSF conversion (829 g kg(-1)) was obtained for the material treated by alkaline WO. The fermentability of the prehydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated. Stronger inhibition of ethanolic fermentation was observed in the prehydrolysate obtained by steam explosion. The inhibition was more noticeable for the volumetric productivity than for the ethanol yield. The volumetric productivity was reduced by 94.5 and 91.2\% for STEX and WO, respectively, whereas the ethanol yield was reduced only by 45.2 and 31.0\%, correspondingly, for STEX and WO. Furan aldehydes seemed to be mainly responsible for the inhibition of the fermentation. (c) 2006 Society of Chemical Industry.
Alkaline and biological lignocellulose pre-treatments are commonly used to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis and improve ethanol production. In this study, C-13 CPMASNMR spectroscopy was used to describe changes in sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pre-treated with NaOH, Ca(OH)(2) and with Pycnoporus sanguineus. Changes in the contents of alkyl C, Carboxyl C, Aromatic C (tertiary, quaternary and p-hydroxyphenyl C), O-alkyl C, amino acids, ergosterol and chitin, as well as in the crystallinity index of cellulose were observed. Through a multivariate analysis, relations between changes in the chemical composition of SCB and enzymatic hydrolysis were established. P. sanguineus promotes better lignin decay, glucose release and hydrolysis yields than chemical pre-treatments, and increases the amount of amino acids and ergosterol in SCB, while NaOH increases the cellulose crystallinity index. The hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 96h, and analysed through HPLC. The initial composition of the hydrolysates {[
The aim of this work was to realize 1,2,4-butantriol (BT) production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by microbial fermentation, and obtain co-production of BT and ethanol. Candida glycerinogenes UG21 was utilized to reduce the effect of osmolality resulting from high glucose concentration and furfural in hydrolysates on cell growth of BT-producing strains, and produced 54.1 g/L ethanol from glucose. After ethanol recovering, xylose containing stillage was obtained and used for BT production. 1.3 g/L BT was generated by a BT-producing strain. By the deletion of the crr gene and process optimization, BT titer reached 4.9 g/L. Meanwhile, the efficient utilization of sugarcane bagasse was achieved by a two-stage fermentation for co-production of BT and ethanol. This study provided a novel strategy for BT production from sugarcane bagasse, and demonstrated the potential for making full use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates to co-production value-added products.
Pretreatment is a vital process for efficient saccharification and utilization of lignocellulose. In this study, crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was used for pretreatment to facilitate selective saccharification via fast pyrolysis. Due to the efficient removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals (> 95.0\%) and lignin (79.4\%) by crude glycerol pretreatment, the yield of levoglucosan was evaluated to 25.2\% as compared to those from pure glycerol pretreated (14.4\%) and untreated sugarcane bagasse (8.4\%). Meanwhile, the production of inhibitors (e.g. acetic acid, phenol) to biocatalysts was also obviously inhibited from crude glycerol pretreated biomass. Consequently, this work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly pretreatment mode, which could not only make full utilization of crude glycerol, but also improve the fermentability of lignocellulosic pyrolysate.
Sugarcane is a major crop cultivated globally and the residue left over after the crop harvest and extraction of juice is a good biomass source that can be used for the production of several useful chemicals. The sugarcane bagasse is an excellent substrate for the production of various biochemicals and enzymes through fermentation. Now major interest is focused on the utilization of these residue for biofuel production. The sugarcane crop residue is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, hence it can be used for the production of bioethanol and other liquid transportation fuels. The present review gives a detailed account of the availability of sugarcane residue and various commercially important products that can be produced from this residue. It also provides recent developments in R\&D on the bioconversion of sugarcane crop residue for value added products. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molasses is a highly thick by-product produced after sugarcane crystallization constitutes large amounts of biodegradable organics. These organic compounds can be converted to renewable products through anaerobic digestion. Nevertheless, its anaerobic digestion is limited due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ion concentration. The effects of nickel (Ni2+) on the stability of anaerobic digestion of molasses were established by studying the degradation of organic matter (COD removal rate), biogas yield, methane content in the biogas, pH, and alkalinity. The results showed that there were no significant effects on the stability of pH and alkalinity. Increased COD removal rate and higher methane content was observed by 2-3\% in the digesters receiving 2 and 4 mg/L of Ni2+ in the first phase of the experiment. Ni2+ supplemented to reactors at concentration 2 mg/L enhanced biogas yield. Overall, it is suggested that the addition of Ni2+ has some effects on the enhancement of biogas yield and methane contents but has no obvious effects on the long-lasting stability of the molasses digestion.
The incorporation of prevalent industrial wastes (i.e. residues) from sugar industries as reinforcing fillers in rubber composites has emerged as a viable solution, enabling improvements in the environment, and getting rid of bagasse waste has also resulted in cost reduction of the final rubber products. In this study, the use of maleic anhydride was proposed to improve the interfacial adhesion between styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and agricultural waste (fillers). A series of (bagasse-SBR) composites, were obtained by mixing SBR with different proportions (10-50 phr) of bagasse powder using maleic anhydride as a coupling agent. The ground bagasse powder (GBP) obtained from the grinding machine has a selective grain size distribution ranging from about 20-180 mu m. The rheological characteristics of the compounded rubber were investigated and determined. The effects of bagasse loading in the rubber mixture on tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100\% and 300\% elongation, resilience and Shore hardness as well as degree of swelling of the rubber vulcanisates were studied. The prepared samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, it was evident from the recorded results that the addition of GBP causes a gradual increase for both tensile strength and elongation at break up to 30 phr and then decreases with further increase in bagasse concentration. Also, the modulus and hardness values were found to increase with increasing bagasse concentration, whereas, the resilience was found to decrease steadily. The equilibrium swelling in toluene decreased with increasing bagasse concentration in SBR vulcanisates.
Plastic pollution and energy consumption are two of the most significant problems facing modern society. While the non-degradability of plastic leaves negative impacts on Earth's ecosystem, fossil fuel usage as an energy source greatly contributes to air pollution and consequently human health. Scientists are focusing efforts on biodegradable materials and energy-neutral methods to develop a replacement for plastics and fossil fuels. This study was conducted to extract cellulose from bagasse, synthesize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and apply it to composites formation, and finally examine their mechanical properties. Furthermore, modified starch E1404 was used as a reference reinforcement agent in two distinct ways: solid starch and hydrated starch. Results show that Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) film with 10\% microcrystalline cellulose MCC reinforcement has the lowest tensile strength value based on ATSM D882 standard reaching a mean value of 3.92 MPa in stress peak (nearly half the value of pure PVA). Regarding the starch composite, hydrated starch composites show better tensile strength than solid starch composites at higher starch content (PVA/Starch 6:4).
Solar energy is an ecofriendly potential alternative to nonrenewable sources of energy, which are becoming increasingly scarce. Issues with the use of solar energy, such as temporal variations in the intensity of sunlight, could be solved by storing solar energy. This work introduces the concept of using waste as a sustainable material for energy storage. Sugarcane crop is a potential feedstock for the agro-industry in Egypt. However, while sugarcane is a source of both ethanol and sugar, extracting these substances from sugarcane results in a significant amount of solid biomass waste, known as ``bagasse{''
An eco-friendly and economical hydrothermal carbonization route is applied to prepare Pt-C hard template from sugarcane bagasse agro-waste, and then synthesize new Pt/TiO2/Ti2Fe2O7 nanocomposites. Pt-C was prepared by utilizing the sugarcane bagasse. Spheres of Pt-C were obtained by hydrothermal technique at 180 degrees C for 6 h. TiO2 nanoparticles with mixed anatase/rutile phases were synthesized by calcination at 700 degrees C and confirmed by XRD patterns. The elemental composition and surface morphology of Pt/TiO2/Ti2Fe2O7 nanocomposite were evalu-ated by using FEEM equipped with EDX. The particle size and shape were determined by HRTEM. FTIR analysis was also performed and the diffuse reflection spectrum (DRS) was carried out. N2 adsorption was utilized to establish the textural characters. The results of photocatalytic test exhibited that the percentage of degradation efficiency of toluene using Pt/C and Pt/TiO2 was 23\% and 25\%, respectively, as compared to > 95\% for Pt/TiO2/ Ti2Fe2O7 under visible light, almost 4 times enhancement.
Novel synthesis strategy of eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite films have been exploited using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) blend matrix as a potential in food packaging application. The CNC were extracted from sugarcane bagasse using sulfuric acid hydrolysis, and they were successfully characterized regarding their morphology, size, crystallinity and thermal stability. Thereafter, PVA/CMC-CNC bio-nanocomposite films, at various CNC contents (0.5-10 wt\%), were fabricated by the solvent casting method, and their properties were investigated. It was found that the addition of 5 wt\% CNC within a PVA/CMC increased the tensile modulus and strength by 141\% and 83\% respectively, and the water vapor permeability was reduced by 87\%. Additionally, the bio-nanocomposites maintained the same transparency level of the PVA/CMC blend film (transmittance of similar to 90\% in the visible region), suggesting that the CNC were dispersed at the nanoscale. In these bio-nanocomposites, the adhesion properties and the large number of functional groups that are present in the CNC's surface and the macromolecular chains of the PVA/CMC blend are exploited to improve the interfacial interactions between the CNC and the blend. Consequently, these eco-friendly structured bio-nanocomposites with superior properties are expected to be useful in food packaging applications. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
In this study, the adsorption effect of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was investigated using amphoteric modified bagasse hemicellulose as adsorbent. The heavy metal ions adsorbed increased slowly after 30 min, and remained stable after 180 min. Application of level-2 dynamic model describing the amphoteric modified bagasse hemicelluloses gave the adsorption capacity of lead and cadmium were at 65.79 mg.g(-1) and 36.23 mg.g(-1), respectively. At the temperature of 293 K, the pseudosecond-order dynamics equations for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were as follows: dq(t)/dt = 0.0231(65.79 - q(t))(2), dq(t)/dt = 0.0428(36.23 - q(t))(2). Ion coexisting experiments showed that the affinity of Pb2+ was much higher than that of Cd2+.
One of the major obstacles to use lignin as feedstock for value-added products at industrial scale is that its physicochemical characteristics can widely vary. Thus, it is necessary to know such characteristics before applying in the synthesis of products. In this study, we produce a lignocellulosic biomass in pilot scale composed of lignin (47\% w/w) and cellulose fibers (40\%w/w). This biomass was obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse that was pretreated by a hydrothermal process (190 degrees C/10 min). After obtaining this residue, which is listed here as ``Enzymatic Hydrolysis Residue Lignin{''
Pulverized sugarcane bagasse consists of 37 +/- 0.29 \% cellulose, 28 +/- 0.26 \% hemicellulose, and 21 +/- 0.28 \% lignin on dry solid basis. About 11.58 \% xylose, 6.39 \% glucose, and 4.56 \% fructose were liberated in hydrolysate when bagasse was treated with 1 \% HNO3, under steam explosion. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated bagasse by cellulase and Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077 were investigated in the present study. Important process variables for ethanol production from pretreated bagasse were optimized using response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD) experiments. A three-level CCD experiments with central and axial points was used to develop a statistical model for the optimization of process variables. Data obtained from RSM on ethanol production were further subjected to the analysis of variance, and contour plots were used to study the interactions among three relevant variables (incubation temperature, inoculum concentration, and nutrient factors) of the fermentation process. Maximum ethanol concentration 9.15 g/l was obtained after 72-h incubation with P. tannophilus MTCC 1077 at the optimized process conditions in anaerobic batch fermentation when optimum values for temperature (34 degrees C), inoculum level (6 \%), and fermentation medium (ammonium sulfate, KH2PO4, peptone, and yeast extract) were applied.
The study was aimed to pretreat, saccharify and ferment sugarcane bagasse in a single pot in a short duration without using excessive chemicals. The pretreatment was initially combined with saccharification by using laccase from Trametes pubescens MB89 and cellulase from Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25 that released higher amounts of sugar than that of separate processes. The investigation of pretreatment and saccharification through Plackett-Burman design revealed that the process yields maximum reducing sugars when 5 IU each of immobilized cellulase and laccase were used to saccharify 5\% native bagasse in a buffer of pH 5 at 30 degrees C and 50 rpm for 24 h. Scanning electron microscopic images and FTIR spectra revealed that the action of laccase alone or in conjunction with cellulase dismantled the substrate more than that of cellulase alone and removed lignin. Subsequently, the process was combined with fermentation by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae MK-157 that yielded 3.35\% ethanol. Likewise, a titer of 1.032 and 3.309 IU mL(-1) of pectinase was obtained by the simultaneous process with Geotrichum candidum AA-15 and Bacillus vallismortis MH-1, respectively. The current study highlighted the feasibility of enzymatic pretreatment and saccharification of sugarcane bagasse along with its fermentation to obtain value-added products.
The separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin components using deep eutectic solvent, which is a green solvent, to obtain corresponding chemicals can realize the effective separation and high-value utilization of these components at low cost. In this study, we used waste biomass sugarcane bagasse as the raw material, choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor, and lactic acid as the hydrogen bond donor to synthesize a deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride/lactic acid (L-DES) and treated sugarcane bagasse pretreated by alkali or hydrothermal methods to separate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, we comparatively studied the effect of different pretreatment methods on lignin removal by DES and found that the lignin removal rate by L-DES after alkaline pretreatment was significantly higher than that after hydrothermal pretreatment, and the mechanism of action causing this difference is discussed.
Soil is the fundamental material that is extremely as the place of establishment of a structure or construction, both building and road constructions. However, not all soil is well used in the constructions field, as there are several types of soil that are problematic in terms of both the soil bearing capacity and deformation. The clay with carrying capacity and low shear strength needs to stabilized in order to meet the technical requirements to be used as sub grade. The add materials that are typically used for soil stabilization are cement, lime or a mixture of two or three of the added materials. In this study, the added material use volcanic ash of Mount Sinabung at North Sumatera and sugarcane bagasse ash. The purpose of this study was to determine an index value of properties as the result of the addition of 4\% volcanic ash and variations in content of bagasse ash on clay and then to determine the compressive strength for maximum testing UCT (Unconfined Compression Test) and understand the value of CBR (California Bearing Capacity) as the consequence of the addition of a stabilizing agent, as well as optimum level of addition of bagasse ash. The result showed that the original soil sample has the water content 12.35\%, specific gravity of 2.65, liquid limit of 46.73\% and plasticity index of 26.44\%. The compressive strength value of 1.38 kg/cm(2). Base on the USCS classification, the soil sample including the type CL while base on AASHTO classification, soil samples are include this A-7-6 type. After the soil is stabilized with a wide variety of sugarcane bagasse ash content value obtained the largest unconfined compression test in 4\% addition level volcanic ash + 10\% sugarcane bagasse ash is equal to 5.1kg/cm(2) and the result California Bearing capacity value on the optimal mix of 4\% volcanic ash + 4\% sugarcane bagasse ash is equal to 13.91\%.
Due to environmental concerns and the rising prices of petroleum products, usually bio-ethanol is being produced in greater amount from sugar cane molasses in Pakistan. In this work various properties related to molasses are being analyzed by performing experiments at the Distillery Plant, AASML (Al-Abbas Sugar Mills Limited), Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan. Brix, Sucrose, pH, ethyl alcohol, RS (Reducing Sugar), TSI (Total Sugar as an Invert), TS (Total Sugar), purity and presence of micro-organisms are scrutinized. In addition, the effects of quality parameters of pre-fermentation and fermentation for ethyl alcohol production, time impact on stored molasses and consequences of rain on quality of molasses are studied. It was observed from the study that good quality molasses which is the raw material for alcohol production should be used in fermentation process. Molasses must be stored in steel tanks to prevent it from contamination and loss of fermentable sugars. The prefermenters need to steam sterilized, cleaned and washed before inoculation of yeast cells so that the yeast grows healthy to produce maximum ethyl alcohol in fermenters. The water used for hydrolysis of molasses in fermentation should be clean, filtered and good quality nutrients must be used for the growth of yeasts. Finally, efficiency and yield are calculated and t-test has been performed to depict a direct relationship of the fermentable sugar with efficiency.
The objective of this work was to determine the variables that influence the simultaneous production of cellulases and xylanase by Aspergillus aculeatus URM 4953 and A. phoenicis URM 4924, using sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Initial pH, cultivation time, substrate concentration, agitation, inoculum concentration, temperature, sugarcane bagasse type and Aspergillus species were the variables evaluated. It was used the 2(8-4) fractional factorial design, with three replicates in the central point. All analysed variables influenced at least one of the enzyme production. The highest enzymatic activities were: total cellulases, 0.45 UI mL(-1); endoglucanase, 0.60 UI mL(-1); exoglucanase, 0.17 U mL(-1); cellobiase, 6.42 UI mL(-1); and xylanase, 30.05 U mL(-1). The best conditions for enzyme production were: pH 6.0; cultivation time of 168 hours; residual sugarcane bagasse as substrate; and A. aculeatus URM 4953, which produced simultaneously all the cellulases and xylanase. The variables that influence the simultaneous production of cellulases and xylanase are pH, cultivation time, sugarcane bagasse type, and Aspergillus species.
Sugarcane processing sector generates large quantities of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as the residual lignocellulosic biomass (similar to 30\% by weight). With its rich biochemical composition, SCB can function as potential, renewable, and alternative feedstock for high valued biobased products in the framework of circular economy. Production of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from SCB, integrated with co-production of lignin and biohydrogen in a biorefinery approach was studied. Pretreatment of SCB resulted in the extraction of cellulose (0.34 +/- 0.02 g/g) followed by NCC production (0.15 +/- 0.02 g/g SCB) through depolymerization. In the biorefinery scenario, 0.15 L/g COD E of H-2, and 0.15 +/- 0.05 g/g SCB of lignin was produced in addition to NCC. The products were characterized for their respective qualitative and quantitative recoveries. Further, standalone NCC production and biorefinery processes were compared for their sustainability by employing lifecycle impact assessment (LCA) tool. The biorefinery scenario has depicted nearly 30\% less environmental impacts along with 24\% less CO2 emissions (GWP) than the standalone process. Sensitivity analysis validated the data precision with repeatability and reproducibility of the results. Establishment SCB based biorefinery process with zero liquid discharge (ZLD) approach provides additional benefits to the sugarcane processing industries by infusing circular chemistry in the industry 4.0 framework.
A mathematical model to describe the kinetics of enzyme production by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum P49P11 was developed using a low cost substrate as main carbon source (pre-treated sugarcane bagasse). The model describes the cell growth, variation of substrate concentration and production of three kinds of enzymes (cellulases, beta-glucosidase and xylanase) in different sugarcane bagasse concentrations (5; 10; 20; 30; 40 g L-1). The 10 g L-1 concentration was used to validate the model and the other to parameter estimation. The model for enzyme production has terms implicitly representing induction and repression. Substrate variation was represented by a simple degradation rate. The models seem to represent well the kinetics with a good fit for the majority of the assays. Validation results indicate that the models are adequate to represent the kinetics for a biotechnological process. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane culm has different types of tissue organization, and its heterogeneity can influence the bagasse quality generated in the sugar/ethanol industry. The heterogeneity of the sugarcane bagasse contributes to the intrinsic recalcitrance of the biomass, impairing its conversion to ethanol. To determine the effects of sugarcane culm heterogeneity, the internode and node fractions were pretreated with acid, alkali, and peroxide. The investigation focused on the change in the fraction morphology, crystallinity, chemical composition, and enzymatic digestibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed different anatomical traits between the node and the internode. Vascular bundles appeared in larger number and diameter in the periphery of both the node and the internode. The internode and node responded differently to the pretreatments, with slight differences in the amount of hemicellulose and lignin removal. Furthermore, the internode was more susceptible to the acid and alkaline pretreatments than the node, generating a material with better digestibility. The fractions pretreated with peroxide showed similar enzymatic digestibility. In SEM images, the internode showed more structural damage after pretreatments than the node fibers. These results provide insight that pretreated sugarcane bagasse has fractions with different enzymatic digestibility related to their anatomy, and that conversion of the entire biomass is not feasible. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Herbaceous biomass has been confirmed as a promising renewable source to produce the valuable phenol compound 4-vinylphenol (4-VP) from low temperature fast pyrolysis process. In this work, a novel and simple method was proposed to increase 4-VP production via alkali pretreatment of herbaceous biomass. Three alkali compounds, i.e., Ca(OH)(2), NaOH and Na2CO3, were adopted to pretreat sugarcane bagasse for catalytic fast pyrolysis to selectively produce 4-VP. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) experiments were firstly conducted to investigate the effects of alkali type, alkali content, pyrolysis temperature, and pretreatment time on 4-VP formation. Quantitative results of 4-VP yield and selectivity suggested that Ca(OH)(2) was the optimal catalyst for bagasse pretreatment. Under pyrolysis temperature of 280 degrees C with impregnation time of 10 min and Ca(OH)(2) content of 1 wt\%, the highest 4-VP yield of 6.37 wt\% and selectivity of 58.90\% were obtained, compared with the yield and selectivity of 4.28 wt\% and 39.95\% from raw bagasse. Furthermore, a lab-scale fixed bed reactor was employed for fast pyrolysis of Ca(OH)(2) pretreated bagasse to quantitatively determine the distribution of solid, liquid and gas products. The maximal yield of 4-VP was 6.57 wt\% obtained at 310 degrees C. In addition, characterization of Ca(OH)(2) pretreated bagasse samples indicated that alkali pretreatment facilitated the release of 4-VP precursor during the impregnation process.
In this work tensile, flexural, compression, impact and hardness properties of alkaline treated sugarcane bagasse (SB), pine apple leaf (PALF) and sisal fiber (SF) reinforced with polyester composites are expressed for the first time. This effort to develop hybrid composite materials with improved execution for worldwide applications is a progressing procedure. Be that as it may, with their remarkable and wide scope of inconstancy, common fiber composites could rise as another elective designing material which can substitute the utilization of manufactured fiber composites. The challenge in working with natural fiber composites (NFC) is the large variation in properties and characteristics. In this experimental investigation SF as a base material, PALF and SB are filler materials. The weight percentage of SF has been maintained as constant and the remaining two fiber fillers were varied. The NFC are prepared by hand layup method and mechanical characteristics of tensile, flexural, compression, impact and hardness tests were performed as per ASTM standard. The experiment results revealed a consistent tendency of an increase in the above mechanical attributes to adding natural fibers/fillers. Better interlinking capability between the NFC and polyester matrix is also responsible for the effective resistance capability. This type of composite materials can be useful for various engineering fields.
This work aimed to study the fractionation of sugarcane bagasse using a two-step hydrothermal and ethanosolv process in a flow-through reactor system. The effects of reaction temperature with or without acid addition were studied based on the removal, recovery, and yield of biomass components in both solid and liquid phases. Increasing the temperature from 150 to 190 degrees C with H2SO4 adjusted to pH 2 in the first hydrothermal step followed by the ethanosolv step using a mixture of ethanol:water (95:5 v/v) for 48 min with a constant flow rate of 25 mL/min led to increasing trends of hemicellulose and lignin removal in ranges of 79.1-98.5\% and 62.4-95.6\%, respectively, while a decrease in the remaining cellulose residues in the range from 87.8 to 40.5\% was observed. This corresponds to yields of hemicellulose and lignin obtained in the liquid phase being in ranges from 42.9 to 63.8\% and from 44.2 to 61.0\%, respectively. Operation at 170 degrees C with acid supplementation in the hydrothermal step followed by an ethanosolv process was found to be the optimal conditions for the efficient removal of hemicellulose and lignin with high cellulose recovery. The developed process can be applied for efficient fractionation of bagasse in biorefineries.
Application of alkaline biochar has been proposed as an alternative to lime for remediation of acidic soils. However, questions remain as to how the reactions and fate of metals in acidic soils can be affected by biochar amendment. To find out how biochar addition might affect sorption-desorption behavior of zinc (Zn) in acidic soils, a soil with an initial pH value of 4.67 was treated with different levels {[
Background: Second-generation ethanol (2G-bioethanol) uses lignocellulosic feedstocks for ethanol production. Sugarcane is one among the most suitable crops for biofuel production. Its juice is extracted for sugar production, while sugarcane bagasse, straw, and senescing leaves are considered industrial waste. Senescence is the age-dependent deterioration of plant cells, ultimately leading to cell death and completion of the plant life cycle. Because senescing leaves may also be used for biofuel production, understanding the process of natural senescence, including remobilization of nutrients and its effect on cell walls can provide useful information for 2G-bioethanol production from sugarcane leaves. Results: The natural senescence process in leaves of the commercial sugarcane cultivar RB867515 was investigated. Senescence was characterized by strong reduction in photosynthetic pigments content, remobilization of the nutrients N, P, K, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn, and accumulation of Ca, S, Mg, B, Mn, and Al. No significant changes in the cell-wall composition occurred, and only small changes in the expression of cell wall-related genes were observed, suggesting that cell walls are preserved during senescence. Senescence-marker genes, such as SAG12-like and XET-like genes, were also identified in sugarcane and found to be highly expressed. Conclusions: Our study on nutrient remobilization under senescence in a vigorous sugarcane cultivar can contribute to the understanding on how nutrient balance in a high-yielding crop is achieved. In general, neutral monosaccharide profile did not change significantly with leaf senescence, suggesting that senescing leaves of sugarcane can be as a feedstock for biofuel production using pretreatments established for non-senescing leaves without additional efforts. Based on our findings, the potential biotechnological applications for the improvement of sugarcane cultivars are discussed.
There are still bottlenecks to be overcome for the feasible industrial production of first- and second-generation ethanol (1G2G EtOH). One of them is the pretreatment stage. Washing is a candidate strategy to remove lignocellulose-derived byproducts from pretreated biomass, in order to reduce the negative effects of furaldehydes and phenolic compounds in the downstream biochemical reactions. However, the effectiveness of the removal of these inhibitors is highly influenced by the operational conditions of the washing process. Here, evaluation was made of the techno-economic impacts of including a washing operation after hydrothermally pretreating sugarcane bagasse for 2G EtOH production in an integrated 1G2G biorefinery. Different washing protocols were tested, considering their effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, and experimental data were used for simulation of process scale-up. The removal of inhibitors improved the glucose yield by 40\%, followed by an increase of similar to 30\% in EtOH productivity. These findings showed that washing is a cost-competitive option for a 1G2G biorefinery, with a net present value for the industrial unit of similar to US\$ 2.3E + 8, which was the highest among the 1G2G scenarios analyzed.
Sugarcane growth and productivity under different tillage and crop systems. This study had as its objective to evaluate the effects of different tillage and crop systems on the growth and productivity of sugarcane plants. The experiment was conducted in Linhares, ES. It is one of the oldest assays in the country investigating the effects of unburned and burned sugarcane. Installed in a Yellow Latosol with sandy/medium texture, the treatments consisted of plots (conventional and minimum tillage) and subplots (raw and burned sugarcane). Plant growth, contribution of organic matter and quantification of sugarcane yield were evaluated. The diameter was larger for minimum tillage, and tillering was greater for conventional tillage. The height and tillering were superior in the cut without burning. For stems productivity, the treatments did not present significant differences. The leaves were larger in minimum tillage and lips in unburned cane. The minimum tillage propitiates the increase in diameter initially and largest productivity of leaves in the crop. Tillering is favored by conventional tillage. The unburned cane did not present negative influence of straw in the regrowth. After 16 years of sugarcane cultivation with and without straw burning, it resulted in larger productivity of pointers increasing the productivity of the stems in unburned cane.
Wet storage and in situ lime pretreatment (50 A degrees C, 1-atm air, 56 days, excess lime loading of 0.3 g Ca(OH)(2)/g dry biomass) of sugarcane bagasse (4,000 g dry weight) was performed in a bench-scale pile pretreatment system. Under thermophilic conditions (55 A degrees C, NH(4)HCO(3) buffer, methane inhibitors), air-lime-treated bagasse (80 wt.\%) and chicken manure (20 wt.\%) were anaerobically co-digested in 1-L rotary fermentors by a mixed culture of marine microorganisms (Galveston, TX). During four-stage countercurrent fermentation, the resulting carboxylic acids consisted of primarily acetate (average 87.7 wt.\%) and butyrate (average 9.0 wt.\%). The experimental fermentation trains had the highest yield (0.47 g total acids/g volatile solids (VS) fed) and highest selectivity (0.79 g total acids/g VS digested) at a total acid concentration of 28.3 g/L, which is equivalent to an ethanol yield of 105.2 gal/(tonne VS fed). Both high total acid concentrations (> 44.7 g/L) and high substrate conversions (> 77.5\%) are predicted for countercurrent fermentations of bagasse at commercial scale, allowing for an efficient conversion of air-lime-treated biomass to liquid transportation fuels and chemicals via the carboxylate platform.
BACKGROUND: Levulinic acid (LA) is an important biomass-platform compound. The preparation of LA from biomass will inevitably produce many by-products. However, there are few investigations focused on the separation and purification of LA from biomass hydrolysate. This study designed a series of hyper-cross-linked resins to adsorb LA from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, investigated the adsorption behavior of LA onto resin in a fixed-bed system and established a relevant model to depict the adsorption process, which can provide reference for LA separation.RESULTS: The hyper-cross-linked resin G10PTEPA synthesized by poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-glycidyl methacrylate) resin G10 with the Friedel-Crafts reaction and amination reaction using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) had the best adsorption performance. The adsorption capacity of LA onto G10PTEPA in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was 95.02 mg g(-1), which was improved by 37\% compared with G10. The maximum efficiency of the fixed-bed onto G10PTEPA was 86.01\% at flow rate of 0.6 mL min(-1), with bed volume of 14 mL, fixed-bed diameter of 2 cm, and feed LA concentration of 19.0 g center dot L-1. After elution by ethanol, a five-fold increase in the concentration of LA with a purity of 80\% was achieved. The Thomas model and the Yoon-Nelson model fitted well (R-2 > 0.99) to the fixed-bed adsorption behavior of LA onto G10PTEPA and can give accurate predictions.CONCLUSION: The resin G10PTEPA was the best-performing adsorbent for LA adsorption. Larger fixed-bed diameter, higher flow rate and higher inflow concentration were beneficial to increase the mass transfer driving force. This study provides a potential adsorbent and theoretical guidance for LA separation.(c) 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is a major pathway of soil nitrogen loss in tropical farmland, causing many environmental issues. Biochar can improve soil quality and affect soil NH3 volatilization. However, little is known about the effects of tropical crop residue biochar on soil NH3 volatilization in tropical farmland. Therefore, a laboratory incubation study was conducted using four kinds of tropical crop residue biochar (pineapple straw (stem and leaves), banana straw, cassava straw and sugarcane bagasse pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C) with five addition rates (0.5\%, 1\%, 2\%, 4\%, and 6\%) to evaluate their impact on NH3 volatilization from tropical latosols. The results showed that NH3 volatilization peaked twice under biochar application, once at 1-5 days and again at 12-16 days. The cumulative NH3 volatilization (0.14-0.47 mg kg(-1)) of the 20 biochar treatments was higher than that of the control (0.12 mg kg(-1)). With the in-crease in the biochar addition rate, the soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), urease activity, nitrate nitrogen content (NO3-N), nitrification rate and cumulative NH3 volatilization increased gradually, and the 6\% biochar treatment resulted in the highest NH3 volatilization loss (0.19-0.47 mg kg(-1)). The type of biochar is also a main factor affecting soil NH3 volatilization. The cumulative NH3 volatilization was the highest under pineapple straw biochar, as it was 19-43\% higher than when the other three biochars were applied. However, sugarcane bagasse biochar had the lowest cumulative NH3 volatilization due to its low quartz, sylvite and calcite contents, lack of-OH hydroxyl groups and high adsorbability. NH3 volatilization was positively correlated with the soil pH, SOM, urease activity, NO3-N and nitrification rate. In conclusion, four tropical crop residue biochars can increase NH3 volatilization in tropical latosols, so reducing NH3 volatilization needs to be further considered in tropical crop residue biochar applications.
Alkali pretreatment of biomass is a widely accepted method for efficient delignification causing significant recovery of pentoses and hexoses to be utilized for second generation ethanol production. Present study is investigated to optimize the conditions of liquid ammonia pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using statistical design of response surface methodology with respect to liquid ammonia concentration (15-25\% v/v), solid loading (5-20\% w/v), temperature (70-100 degrees C) and retention time (16-24 h) for maximum recovery of sugars during enzymatic hydrolysis. Optimized conditions for liquid ammonia pretreatment were found as 15.64\% (v/v) ammonia; 10.51\% (w/v) solid loading; 84.9 degrees C temperature; and 23.95 h retention time. The reducing sugar yield of 545.57 +/- 7.1 g/kg of raw biomass corresponding to 75.41 +/- 1\% of maximum theoretical sugars was achieved after 72 h of saccharification using Cellic CTec 2 (20 FPU/g pretreated biomass). Biophysical techniques further validated the efficiency of process via deeper understanding of structural and compositional changes of pretreated as well as saccharifled biomass imprinted by optimized pretreatment conditions used in the study. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Twelve samples of sugarcane bagasse, representing untreated material or bagasse irradiated with doses of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 KGy in an electron accelerator and afterwards with or without 20 g/kg dry matter (DM) of NH(3). These were analysed for changes in neutral detergent fibre (NDF), phenolic compound and reducing sugars content. DM disappearance was evaluated using both 48 h in situ and in vitro incubations, 0 h DM disappearance (washing losses) and in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. In situ disappearance was highly correlated with NDF (negatively), phenolic compound (positively) and reducing sugar (positively) content. However, washing losses were similarly correlated to NDF, phenolic compounds and reducing sugars, and little variation in either in vitro gas or VFA production was recorded. It is therefore concluded that the variations in situ disappearance observed were an artefact of washing losses and did not accurately reflect differences in rumen fermentability. These results may help to explain why the performance of animals, reported in the literature, offered treated bagasse is not as good as that anticipated from in situ analyses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Aim: To ameliorate the inland saline water through biochar for enhancing the pond water productivity and utilize the vast resources of salt affteced land and ground saline water efficiently for aquaculture. Methodology: A 50 days incubation study was conducted to understand the ameliorating effects of sugarcane bagasse biochar on the inland saline sediment and water. Biochar was applied at the rate of 100 g and 200 g in both sediment and water, respectively. Results: Significant (P <= 0.05) increase in pH,available-N, potassium, available-P and decrease in total alkalinity was observed in all the treatments. The primary productivity significantly increased (P <= 0.05) in all the treatments, and the maximum was observed in T4 treatment (0.173 mg m(-3)). Interpretation: The sediment mixing and water application differ in their effect on the primary productivity and physico-chemical properties of inland saline pond water. The study will help in developing protocol for the application of agro-waste-derived biochar in the inland saline pond aquaculture system.
Hemicelluloses are effective renewable biopolymers that can be used in many different industrial processes and preparations. In plants, the content of hemicellulose might change with different developmental stages and/or tissues. Thus, in here chemical and structural differences in hemicellulose isolated from the apical, middle and basal segments of sugarcane stem were characterized using chemical techniques. Further, difference in expression levels of genes related to synthesis of hemicelluloses from these three segments were studied by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR etc. The sugarcane hemicellulose backbone was xylose residues connected via beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages which was further substituted with arabinose, acetyl and glucuronic acid side chains. Hemicellulose content was higher in the middle and basal segments with less backbone substitutions compared to apical segments. In terms of gene expression, hemicellulose synthesis and modification genes were intensely expressed in middle and basal segments. Taken together, our research describes differences in hemicellulose content and substitutions in sugarcane during xylogenesis, which will increase our knowledge for finding more refined use of sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of herbicides clomazone and tebuthiuron in the solution in different kinds of soils saturated with water or vinasse. Samples of 30 soils with different characteristics were arranged on trays to the herbicides spraying. Then they were homogenized, placed in plastic cartridges and saturated with deionized water or vinasse, and remaining at rest during 18 hours. Two extractions were made, the first one quantified the presence of the herbicides in the soil solution and in the second one the total extraction of herbicide remaining in the soil was taken to determine the recovery percentage of each herbicide tested. For quantification, a LC-MS/MS system was used, a compound of a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) coupled to a triple quadruple mass spectrometer. Tebuthiuron was more available in the soil with the vinasse addition when compared to water. Vinasse applications resulted in no significant difference in availability of clomazone between treatments. Tebuthiuron showed the highest availability frequencies, and on average of all samples 32.49\% were extracted from total herbicide applied, while for clomazone this value was 16.50\%.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a promising source of appreciable quantities of fermentable sugars. However, the presence of lignin hinders utilization of these carbohydrates and hence pretreatment to remove lignin is necessarily carried out. Here, a biological pretreatment method was synchronized with the production of a thermostable cellulase using SB as a raw material. Initially, bagasse was fermented by a laccase producing fungus, Trametes pubescens MB 89 under solid state fermentation (SSF) and a titer of 1758 IU mL(-1) of laccase was obtained. Investigations of nine factors affecting laccase production through Plackett Burman design improved the titers to 6539 IU mL(-1). Five factors (incubation period, concentration of CuSO4, temperature, moisture content, and particle size) were found significant which were optimized through Central Composite design leading to an improvement in the titers by similar to 5 folds (8841 IU mL(-1)). Biologically pretreated SB was fermented by a thermophilic bacterium, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25, that yielded 8.64 IU mL(-1) of cellulase. Delignification and cellulose utilization were affirmed by structural analysis through FTIR and SEM. The synchronized process yielded higher titers of laccase and cellulase under SSF of SB with the minimum use of corrosive chemicals.
The building industry generates millions of tons of construction and demolition waste annually (12 million tons/year are generated in Mexico, of which only 4\% is reused or recycled). Concomitantly, the demand for goods and services by the building industry causes significant environmental impacts. On the other hand, plastic waste is also difficult to assimilate into the environment in the short term, and its recovery is of special interest. Therefore, this research focuses on the feasibility of the manufacture of Partition Blocks (essential building element) through the combination of construction and demolition waste (CDW), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic flakes, dust from tire shredding, and residue from the sugar industry (bagasse). The results of this study show that the Partition Blocks made with CDW and PET reach an average compressive strength of 115.003 kgf/cm(2) (11.278 MPa) (suitable for structural use according to Mexican regulations); the use of lime enhances the consistency of the mixture of CDW and PET (increases its cohesion and homogeneity); and finally, these Partition Blocks have a cost comparable to the current conventional Partition Blocks made with virgin material, thus, conferring them validity as a feasible recycling option for these residues.
We compare different cogeneration system scenarios for efficient energy production from bagasse fuel in an Indonesian sugar and ethanol factory. These scenarios include the use of condensing-extraction steam turbines, variable speed electric drives for process equipment, measures to reduce low pressure steam demand for process needs, and two advanced cogeneration systems. One advanced system includes an 80 bar high pressure direct combustion steam Rankine cycle (advanced SRC), while the other uses a biomass integrated gasifier combined cycle (BIGCC); both utilize fuel dryers. Using steady-state thermodynamic models, we estimate that the net electricity generation potentials of the BIGCC and advanced SRC systems are approximately seven and five times the potential of the existing factory, respectively. The maximum net electricity generation potentials for the respective systems are 170 kWh/tc (BIGCC) and 140 kWh/tc (advanced SRC). However, the BIGCC system needs a bagasse feed rate that is 50 percent higher than the advanced SRC system to satisfy the factory low pressure steam demand for sugar and ethanol processing, which may affect its ability to provide steam and electricity during the off-season. For the Indonesian sugar factory, the annual revenue potential of the BIGCC system is US\$14 million per year, approximately 50 percent higher than that of the advanced SRC system (electricity sale rate: US\$45/MsWh; carbon credit price: US\$13.60). BIGCC technology is still in an early stage of development and there are no commercial systems in sugar factories, so an advanced SRC system may be a more suitable option in the near future. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PVA/starch nanocomposite film reinforced with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) of sugarcane bagasse was developed in this study as other option of existing biodegradable plastics packaging. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is selected in this study as it is the only synthetic polymer that is able to degrade and exhibit excellent film forming properties. This nanocomposite film was prepared via solution casting method. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) via alkaline and mild acid treatment assisted with ultrasonication. The cellulose nanofiber suspension was added into PVA/starch film with different loadings from 1 to 6wt\% to determine the optimum loading that would give the best result of mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties. The thermal properties, tensile strength and elongation at break of PVA/starch/cellulose nanofiber showed improvement when the CNF of SCB loading was 4wt\%. Reinforcement of cellulose nanofiber to PVA/starch film caused a great enhancement of the tensile strength (85 MPa) which was 254\% improvement. Antibacterial properties of this composite film PVA/starch/CNF incorporated with lemongrass essential oil gave inhibition towards gram positive bacteria S. aureus. This study can be an initial step towards development of active food packaging with improved properties of biodegradable film.
Tribonema minus was cultivated in different concentrations of sugarcane wastewater (SW) diluted with mBG-11 medium to produce biomass for biodiesel, bioproduct, and biomaterial production. The results showed that T. minus grew mixotrophically in 50\%SW, with the highest biomass accumulation (7.86 g/L) and nutrient removal efficiency (84.85\% of nitrogen, 62.57\% of phosphorus, and 44.72\% of COD). Excluding 100\%SW, the chrysolaminarin and cellulose contents increased with increasing SW concentration; the highest contents of 8.11\% and 25.69\% dry weight were reached in 75\%SW, respectively. Although fewer lipids and palmitoleic acid accumulated at higher SW concentrations, their productivities were significantly higher than those in the control due to the higher contribution of biomass. Moreover, the fatty acid profiles produced at the tested concentrations showed superior biodiesel properties. These findings suggested that the addition of mBG-11 medium to SW might be an effective strategy for valuable biomass production in T. minus and SW bioremediation.
This work addresses the economic and environmental performance of integrated biorefineries based on sugarcane juice and residues. Four multiproduct scenarios were considered; two from sugar mills and the others from ethanol distilleries. They are integrated biorefineries producing first (1G) and second (2G) generation ethanol, sugar, molasses (for animal feed) and electricity in the context of Brazil. The scenarios were analysed and compared using techno-economic value-based approach and LCA methodology. The results show that the best economic configuration is provided by a scenario with largest ethanol production while the best environmental performance is presented by a scenario with full integration sugar - 1G2G ethanol production. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present work highlighted the production of violacein by the locally isolated Chromobacterium violaceum (GenBank accession no. HM132057) in various agricultural waste materials (sugarcane bagasse, solid pineapple waste, molasses, brown sugar), as an alternative to the conventional rich medium. The highest yield for pigment production (0.82 g L-1) was obtained using free cells when grown in 3 g of sugarcane bagasse supplemented with 10\% (v/v) of l-tryptophan. A much lower yield (0.15 g L-1) was obtained when the cells were grown either in rich medium (nutrient broth) or immobilized onto sugarcane bagasse. Violacein showed similar chemical properties as other natural pigments based on the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry analysis. The pigment is highly soluble in acetone and methanol, insoluble in water or non-polar organic solvents, and showed good stability between pH 5-9, 25-100 A degrees C, in the presence of light metal ions and oxidant such as H2O2. However, violacein would be slowly degraded upon exposure to light. This is the first report on the use of cheap and easily available agricultural wastes as growth medium for violacein-producing C. violaceum.
In this work, the wastewater from sugarcane molasses alcohol production was treated by the activated carbon. Effect of the activated carbon quantity, the adsorption time and the adsorption temperature as well as the initial pH of the wastewater on the degradation of and CODcr and color in wastewater was investigated. The better technical conditions were gotten as follows: (1) The activated carbon quantity was around 0.05g/ml. (2) The adsorption time was between 10-60mins. (3) The adsorption temperature was around 50degreesC. (4) The initial pH value of the wastewater was about 3. The results of experiments show that the removal efficiencies of color in the wastewater were about 22.5\%, and these of CODcr were around 21.4\%.
Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis with 2.5\% (v/v) HCl yielded 30.29 g/L total reducing sugars along with various fermentation inhibitors such as furans, phenolics and acetic acid. The acid hydrolysate when treated with anion exchange resin brought about maximum reduction in furans (63.4\%) and total phenolics (75.8\%). Treatment of hydrolysate with activated charcoal caused 38.7\% and 57.5\% reduction in furans and total phenolics, respectively. Laccase reduced total phenolics (77.5\%) without affecting furans and acetic acid content in the hydrolysate. Fermentation of these hydrolysates with Candida shehatae NCIM 3501 showed maximum ethanol yield (0.48 g/g) from ion exchange treated hydrolysate, followed by activated charcoal (0.42 g/g), laccase (0.37 g/g), overliming (0.30 g/g) and neutralized hydrolysate (0.22 g/g). (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
In this study, sugarcane molasses was explored as a sole source of nutrients for the production of a value added product (biosurfactant) using an isolated strain Bacillus subtilis RSL-2. The biosurfactant production (maximum) was scrutinized by response surface methodology-central composite design (RSM-CCD), considering molasses as the carbon source (1-5 \% w/v), pH (4-8) and temperature (25-45 degrees C), as the input parameters. At the optimized condition, remarkable biosurfactant concentration and surface tension were obtained as 12.34 +/- 0.1 g/L and 24.09 +/- 0.11 mN/m, respectively. The critical micelle concentration of the produced biosurfactant was found to be 80 mg/L. The produced biosurfactant was identified to be lipopeptide in nature and reduced the surface tension of water from 72.80 +/- 0.5 mN/m to 24.09 +/- 0.11 mN/m. The produced biosurfactant showed excellent surface activities, and thermal and colloidal stability. The present study endorsed the suitability of molasses as a suitable substrate (media) for the remarkable production of biosurfactant.
Biocomposites of waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) powder were prepared through casting technique to produce plastic films. EPS was plasticized by using dioctyl phthalate (DOP) to overcome the rigidity of the recycled polystyrene and obtain flexible films. The loadings of bagasse powder were (5, 10, 15 and 20) wt. \% with respect to polystyrene. The mechanical properties were maintained although some variations arose after loading polystyrene with bagasse. The hardness of these composites increased over that of plasticized polystyrene. The thermal stability of the prepared composites did not deteriorate upon loading EPS with SCB powder. The investigated EPS/SCB films displayed the capability to absorb moisture and to be used in packaging applications.
Continuous growing of exhaustive crops like sugarcane and imbalanced use of fertilizers would deplete the soil nutrients, degrade its health and ultimately restrict the crop growth. Biochar due to its unique nature can improve soil health, plant growth and nutrient distribution. The pot experiment was carried out with the biochar which derived from cassava straw additions of 0t/ha (C0), 10t/ha (C10) and 20t/ha (C20), respectively. The biomass, green leaf number, leaf area, shoot/root ratio, photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient contents were measured during sugarcane seedling, elongating and maturity stages to analyze the effect of biochar on sugarcane growth. The results showed that biochar application improved leaf biomass from 7.80 to 50.40\%. However, biochar addition did not show a significant increase in sugarcane total biomass except form leaf biomass. Total biomass of sugarcane showed the coherent pattern of 0.20\%, -4.24\% and 5.81\% for C10 and 1.74\%, 11.98\% and -1.83\% for C20 at seedling, elongation and maturity stages, respectively. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in leaves, shoots and roots was significantly increased at seedling, elongation and maturity stage, respectively. Furthermore, maximum total nitrogen content (4.64\%) for C10, total phosphorus content (11.47gkg(-1)) and total potassium content (76.29gkg(-1)) for C20 also were higher than those of control at elongation stage. Biochar application significantly increased net photosynthetic rate and decreased transpiration rate during all the growth stages. These findings not only lead us to know that biochar application has positive effect on sugarcane growth, photosynthetic characteristics and nutrients utilization, but also indicate that field trials for several growing cycles are needed to fully understand the effects of biochar on sugarcane growth.
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to verify the ability of Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea and Mucuna deeringiana seeds to overcome different soil depths plus sugarcane straw densities. The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 3 x 3 x 3 and four replications. The factors consisted of straw layers (0, 5, and 10 cm), Mucuna species (M. aterrima, M. cinerea and M. deeringiana) and sowing depth (1, 4 and 8 cm). The Mucuna species exceeded the sowing depth by 23 t ha(-1) straw and up to 8 cm, exposing the shoot to the surface from 10 days after emergence and also being able to develop height (> 96 cm per plant), leaf area (> 723 cm(-2) per plant) and dry mass accumulation (> 2.09 g per plant) up to 35 DAS.
Sugarcane leaves straw (SLS) consists of 30.79\% hemicelluloses, 40.84\% cellulose and 25.80\% lignin on dry solid basis and has the potential to serve as a lost cost feedstock for production of value-added products such as ethanol, xylitol, organic acids etc. by microbial fermentation based processes. This work evaluated the hydrolysis of SLS under different conditions using dilute sulfuric acid in order to obtain a xylose-rich hydrolyzate. Acid hydrolysis experiments were performed according to an experimental design considering the following factors: time, temperature, concentration of the acid solution and solid: liquid ratio. The optimum conditions found were 130 degrees C and concentration of sulfuric acid solution of 2.9\% w/v, solid: liquid ratio (1: 4) and 30 min of residence time. These optimal conditions allowed obtaining a hydrolysate with xylose concentration of 56.5 g/l, corresponding to the recovery of 85.1\% from the hemicellulosic fraction of SLS. Analysis of variance was performed for screening of the design experimental matrix. It was observed that only the factors of the acid solution concentration and temperature were significant at 95\% confidence.
BACKGROUNDEnzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in lignocellulosic materials suffers from slow reaction rates due to limited access to enzyme adsorption sites and to the high crystallinity of the cellulose. In this study, an attempt was made to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis by pretreatment of cellulosic materials using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium formate ({[
A field experiment was carried out to evaluate changes in soil physical properties over three successive years of sugarcane cultivation under burned (BH) and unburned (UH) cultivation systems. Soil samplings were collected after sugarcane planting, after the plant-cane harvest (H1) and after the first ratoon harvest (H2) in areas subjected to BH and UH. The degree of compactness (DC), macroporosity (MaP), soil penetration resistance (SPR), total organic carbon, field water content (theta) and water content at field capacity (theta(FC)) were measured. Moreover, the amount of surface straw was measured after H1 and H2. Soil physical quality was considerably reduced after H1 regardless of the harvest systems. Annual successive harvests increased DC by 10\%, reducing MaP by about 50\% and increasing SPR. The negative effects of the successive harvests were slightly greater at BH because of the lowest amount of sugarcane straw on the soil surface, which considerably reduced theta. It can be concluded that successive harvests reduce the soil physical quality in burned and unburned harvest systems after the first harvest, but the negative effect is more prominent in areas with straw burning.
Sugarcane management practices include the application of pesticides, including the herbicide 2,4-D and the insecti-cide fipronil. In addition, a by-product from the ethanol industry, called vinasse, is commonly applied to fertilize sug-arcane areas. The potential risks of these practices to the edge-of -field aquatic ecosystems were assessed in the present study. This was done by contaminating mesocosms with (single and mixtures of) both pesticides and vinasse and eval-uating the effects on the midge Chironomus sancticaroli through in-situ and laboratory bioassays. To this end, outdoor mesocosms were treated with fipronil (F), 2,4-D (D), and vinasse (V) alone and with the mixture of fipronil and 2,4-D (M), as well as with both pesticides and vinasse (MV). C. sancticaroli was deployed in mesocosms before contamination in cages, which were taken out 4-and 8-days-post-contamination. Water and sediment samples were also taken for lab-oratory bioassays on the first day of contamination, as well as 7-, 14-, 21-, 30-, 45-, and 75-days post-contamination. The responses assessed in subchronic assays (8-day) were survival, growth, head capsule width, development, and mentum deformities. Low survival occurred in the in-situ experiments of all treatments due to the low oxygen levels. In the laboratory tests, effects on survival occurred for F, V, and M over time after exposure to both water and sediment. All organisms died post-exposure to water samples from the MV treatment, even 75-days-post-contamination. Impair-ments in body length and head capsule width occurred for F, V, and M for water and F, V, M, and MV for sediment samples over time. All treatments increased mentum deformities in exposed larvae for any of the sampling periods.
Membrane separation is a promising way to recover lignin from lignocellulose biomass. In this work, the hot water prehydrolysis (PHL) treatment was performed to extract the lignin from sugarcane bagasse and groundnut shell biomass using silane-modified alumina (Si@Al) nanofiller-reinforced polysulfone (PSf) membrane. The aluminum oxide nanofiller has been functionalized with (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane at 70 degrees C by grafting method to synthesize Si @Al nanofiller. The 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 wt.\% of the Si @Al nanofiller were incorporated with PSf membrane to recover lignin using sugarcane bagasse and groundnut shell biomass. The separation efficiency of membranes was tested with the 50, 100, and 250 ppm concentrations of acridine orange dye and concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm NaCl solution. The separation of lignin and carbohydrate was evaluated through stirred cell nanofiltration at 10 bar transmembrane pressure. The higher solution flux of 46.9 L m(-2) h(-1) from sugarcane bagasse and 43.3 L M-2 h(-1) from groundnut shell was found at 2.5 loading wt.\% of the reinforced membrane. The obtained flux was higher than the pristine PSf flux of 12.6 L m(-2) h(-1) and 8.75 L m(-2) h(-1). The silane and hydroxyl group of alumina (Si@Al) can effectively hinder the foulant deposition on the membrane surface. The higher lignin recovery of 92.68\% and 88.50\% was obtained from groundnut shell and sugarcane bagasse in the 1.5 wt.\% and 2.5 wt.\% of Si @Al in PSf membrane. Thus, the higher lignin recovery confirmed the application of Si @Al-reinforced membrane to utilize biorefineries.
The experimental central composite design 2(2) was applied to optimize the acetosolv process for lignin extraction from sugarcane bagasse, with an aim to replace the petroleum-derived phenols conventionally used for resin production. The highest acetosolv extraction yield (55\%+/- 4.5\%) was achieved with an acetic acid concentration of 95\% (w/w), containing 0.1\% (v/v) HCI, at 187 degrees C for 40 min. Other optimal conditions for extraction, such as 187 degrees C, 15 min (OC187;05) and 205 degrees C, 15 min (OC205;(15)), were calculated from statistical models. The optimized acetosolv lignins were characterized by thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), size exclusion chromatography, and spectroscopic methods (FT-IR and HSQC-NMR). Compared to Kraft lignin, they exhibited higher thermal stability, low molar mass, p-hydroxyphenyl units as their major constituent, higher relative phenolic and total hydroxyl contents, and lower relative methoxyl group content. Accordingly, optimized acetosolv lignins seem to have structural features suitable for phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The aim of this research was to investigate the behavior of urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive based particleboards using sugarcane bagasse (SCB), with and without the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (NCC). In the first step of this research study, the interaction between UF and the NCC was evaluated. The NCC were dispersed in the UF, in different proportions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5\%). Subsequent to this, the mixtures were dried, milled, and put in molds, to produce flexural specimens. The second step involved evaluation of the interaction between the NCC, UF, and SCB. After sonication, the NCC and UF were applied on the SCB particles to produce particleboards. They were evaluated according to the modulus of elasticity and rupture, water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling. The viscosity of the mixture of NCC and UF increased according to the NCC increase load. At 5\% of NCC load, the viscosity increased greatly, which prevented adhesive dispersion in the particleboard. The thermogravimetric analysis of UF showed that better conditions of processing were at 160 A degrees C for 8 min, so these parameters were used to produce the specimens. SCB is a promising raw material for particleboard, and its potential to produce SCB particleboards with relatively good performance was demonstrated. For the particleboards specimens, the best performance was observed with 1\% of NCC. Particleboards did not show improvement compared with UF specimens, probably because bond links were not sufficient. Addition of NCC in UF increased the liquid suspension viscosity, and the specimens showed a better mechanical performance.
PurposeThis study aimed to present an index (IEP) to evaluate the environmental performance of the sugar-energy industrial process based on the waste generated in manufacturing operations. The residues considered in this study were: vinasse, filter cake, ash and soot, residual waters, and sewage sludge.MethodsThe index created was developed to take into account, and to be directly proportional to the environmental impact of each residue generated by the sugar-energy production, to the relative spatial dispersion that each waste can reach, and to the environmental fragility of the hydrographic basin where the plant under evaluation is inserted and works. The lower IEP, the better the company valuation.ResultsThe index was tested in a real company and exhibited an IEP Total = 1,4.1013 km2.p/yr, which shows weak waste management by the enterprise. Vinasse was responsible for 50\% of the IEP Total, while filter cake contributed 45\% to it. Ash and soot, residual waters, and sewage sludge were together responsible for 5\% of the IEP Total.ConclusionThe theoretical conception used in this study is inspiring for the development of new studies on environmental assessment measurement. The study showed that vinasse is the most problematic waste in environmental terms, a conclusion that is in line with academic studies. Nevertheless, the waste with the greatest potential impact on the environment is filter cake. Despite this, filter cake presented a lower IEP(i) than vinasse, given that its negative impact on the basin is smaller. Both wastes contributed 95\% of the IEP Total, which places them among the residues to be managed with greater attention.
In this study sugarcane bagasse was modified with succinic anhydride and EDTA dianhydride to obtain SCB 2 and EB adsorbents, respectively. These adsorbents were used to remove etherdiamine, which is used for iron ore flotation from single aqueous solutions. The removal and recovery of etherdiamine is important for environmental and economic reasons due to its toxicity and high cost. The results demonstrated that adsorption of etherdiamine by SCB 2 and EB was better fitted by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model than pseudo-first-order and Elovich models. Adsorption isotherms were better fitted by the Langmuir model rather than the Freundlich, Sips, and Temkin models. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q(max)) of SCB 2 and EB for etherdiamine adsorption were found to be 869.6 and 1203.5 mg/g, respectively. The calculated Delta G degrees values for adsorption of etherdiamine on SCB 2 (-22.70 kJ/mol) and EB (-19.10 kJ/mol) suggested that chemisorption is the main mechanism by which etherdiamine is removed from the aqueous solution for both adsorbents. The high Q(max) values showed that SCB 2 and EB are potential adsorbents for recovering the etherdiamine and treating effluents produced from iron ore flotation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission estimates are important to ascertain the greenhouse gas balance of ethanol produced from sugarcane. We quantified N2O emissions in the presence of sugarcane crop residues, N fertilizer (ammonium sulfate), and a nitrification inhibitor (NI, dicyandiamide). Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the implications of N fertilizer application during dry and wet seasons at two locations in southeast Brazil. Treatments consisted of four levels of crop residue (0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha(-1)) and three of N fertilizer (0 and 120 kg ha(-1) and 120 kg ha(-1) plus NI). N2O emission was measured using the closed chamber method and sugarcane yield via mechanical harvest. N2O emissions were higher in wet than in dry seasons following N fertilizer application, albeit affected by crop residue and NI in both. Retaining crop residues on the soil increased N2O emission and sugarcane yield. The N2O emission factor from N fertilizer ranged from 0.12\% to 1.44\% of N applied. NI reduced N2O emissions (by 87\% and 63\% in dry and wet seasons, respectively). Sugarcane yield varied from 42 to 92 Mg ha(-1) of fresh matter stalk and emission intensity from 3.7 to 22.9 kg of CO2eq, Mg of stalk(-1). The lowest greenhouse gas intensity was recorded with 5 Mg ha(-1) crop residue and 120 kg ha(-1) N supplemented with NI. Therefore, partial crop residue removal and NI addition to N fertilizer may be effective strategies to improve the sustainability index of biofuel from sugarcane and reduce N2O emissions and intensity.
The aim of this research was to enhance the survivability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL 442 against heat exposure via a combination of immobilization and microencapsulation processes using sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sodium alginate (NaA), respectively. The microcapsules were synthesized using different alginate concentration of 1,2 and 3\% and NaA:SB ratio of 1:0,1:1 and 1:1.5. This beneficial step of probiotic immobilization before microencapsulation significantly enhanced microencapsulation efficiency and cell survivability after heat exposure of 90 degrees C for 30s. Interestingly, the microcapsule of SB-immobilized probiotic could obtain protection from heat using microencapsulation of NaA concentration as low as 1\%. SEM images illustrated the incorporation of immobilized L. rhamnosus within alginate matrices and its changes after heat exposure. FTIR spectra confirmed the change in functional bonding in the presence of sugarcane bagasse, probiotic and alginate. The results demonstrated a great potential in the synthesis of heat resistant microcapsules for probiotic. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anaerobic digestion is a process to convert organic biomass into bio-methane. Plenty of produced waste in Pakistan is enough to compensate energy thirst of country and have potential to replace costly fossil fuels. The lignocellulosic biomass such as wheat straw, almond shell, sugarcane bagasse, maize straw and corn cob were subjected to bio-methane potential assay after proximate, ultimate and chemical analysis. These chemical fractions provide better understanding about theoretically predicating bio-methane potentials such as neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, carbohydrates, proteins and elemental analysis. Experimental bio-methane potentials were found, 267.74 (wheat straw), 255.32 (almond shell), 222.23 (corn cob), 247.60 (sugar cane bagasse) and 293.12 ml/g (maize straw) volatile solids and was much less than predicted methane potential. The energy content on dry basis and methane potential has been assessed to find economic feasibility of biomass. The biodegradability and methane potential inversely related to the lignin content of biomass. Bioenergy production from biomass is economically favourable. The volatile fatty acids were produced in the percentage of 53-58\% acetic acid, 30-35\% butyric acids and 6-13\% propionic acid and showed same metabolic pathway and types of bacteria involved in digestion.
Molasses is an inexpensive by-product of the refining of sugarcane into sugar. To add value of the molasses as a consequence of such advantages as an efficient low cost carbon source, viscous molasses was converted to powder form under the proper condition. Molasses carbon powder (MCP), mainly consisting of carbon, was finally obtained. Since the MCP was rich in carbon as well as carbon black reinforcing filler in rubber, a feasibility study was carried out on the utilization of MCP as a filler in natural rubber (NR). The present work aims to investigate the role of MCP on properties of NR vulcanizates. MCP was incorporated in to the NR with various loadings of 0, 10, 20 and 30 phr (parts per hundred of rubber) and also compared with carbon black (CB). NR filled with carbon fillers, MCP and CB, were examined in the term of cure characteristics, tensile properties, tear strength, abrasion resistance, hardness and swelling resistance. From the results, it was observed that the cure times decreased with the incorporation of MCP whereas torque difference, tensile strength, tensile modulus, hardness and swelling resistance increased. Additionally, results revealed that the vulcanizates containing 10 phr of MCP provided optimum properties and can also be comparable with the commercial carbon black for use as filler for the NR vulcanizates. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Science and Technology of the Emerging Materials.
Global concern on petroleum based plastics which is non-degradable in our environment has led researchers to develop biodegradable plastics. However, biodegradable plastics have poor barrier properties because of their hydrophilic character of biopolymers. It is known that incorporation of nanocellulose extracted from plant sources to improve barrier properties of biocomposites because of its nanoscopic structure. This study aims to develop biodegradable film based from PVA/Starch and nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Investigation on the effect of sugarcane bagasse nanofibre (SCB-NF) content, PVA content, starch content and water content to the water absorption property of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Starch (S) composites reinforced with sugarcane bagasse nanofibre (SCB-NF) was carried out using Design Expert Version 9.0 with a two-level factorial design (2-FI). Composition of SCB-NF, PVA, Starch and water content was varied from the range of 1 to 9\%, 3-8 gram, 1-4 gram, and 80 to 100mL. The nanofibre content was found to have significant effect (p=0.0099) on the water absorption of biocomposite film, which is in parallel to the theory of nanofillers to decrease water absorption of biocomposite. As expected, the individual and interaction effects of the compositions can have effect on the water absorption of the biocomposite because of the chemical bonds interaction that they form during the synthesis of biocomposite film.
The optimization of an alkaline pretreatment process for the delignification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to enhance the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed according to the Doehlert uniform shell design. In this experimental design, the effect of two factors-potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration and autoclaving time at 121 degrees C (1 atm)-on cellulose, hemicellulose, or the total polysaccharide and lignin content in SCB was evaluated. This response surface methodology revealed that KOH concentration is the factor that most influences the chemical characteristics of treated SCB (SCBt), with optimal conditions for the highest delignification being KOH in the range 5-10\% (w/v) and an autoclaving time of 35 min, which provides an average of 97\% total polysaccharides without inhibitor accumulation (furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural) and <= 5\% lignin. SCBt samples from two pretreatment conditions (KOH 3.25\% - 13 min; KOH 10\% - 35 min) were selected, based on the greatest delignification (70-74\%) and polysaccharide availability (95-97\%) after pretreatment, and further hydrolysed for fermentable sugar production. High sugar yields were obtained from both the pretreated samples (866 to 880 mg sugar per g biomass, respectively) in contrast with the 129 mg sugar per g raw biomass obtained from untreated SCB. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of KOH alkali pretreatments, which improves the overall digestibility of raw SCB polysaccharides from about 18\% up to 91\%. However, harsh alkali treatment (KOH 10\%) is the most effective if the highest glucose/xylose ratio in the final sugar-rich hydrolysate is the aim. Hence, the use of sugar-rich hydrolysates obtained from SCBt as the carbon source for industrial purposes may provide a sustainable and economic solution for the production of bio-based added-value products, such as second generation (2G) bioethanol.
A novel and facile synthetic route were evaluated towards the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by exploiting molasses as a biomaterial for the first time. The sugar molasses is a viscous material produced from sugarcane refining and the bio-components responsible for the formation of crystalline AgNPs validated by FTIR, UV-Vis spec., EDX, and XRD. The almost oval-shaped AgNPs with an average of 16 nm size were analyzed through DLS and TEM, respectively. Based on the significant characterization results, the AgNPs was employed for simple colorimetric detection of mercury (Hg2+) at low concentration. Here, we also described its catalytic efficacy for the reduction of 4-NP. The AgNPs found to have excellent efficacy in the detection of Hg2+ at 0.02 mu M concentration. It also proved to have a prominent role in the reduction of 4-NP with 80\% conversion efficiency even after 6 cycles. Combining highly selective and sensitive sensors as well as efficient and convenience catalysts have been proposed as detection and catalyzing nanomaterial for the environmental pollutants in water. The approach in this work is cost-effective and provides potential opportunities in environmental fields for a sustainable future.
EPS Gp CCT 7137 produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans CCT 7137 in GYM commercial medium and sugarcane molasses alternative medium showed a carbohydrate structure composed mainly of alpha-anomers with presence of carboxylic and amide functional groups. The presence of carboxyl groups can be responsible for the low pH of EPS aqueous solutions, probably associated with the protein structure, acting as binding sites for cations. This characteristic is important in emulsification applications. When produced in a GYM commercial medium, EPS Gp CCT 7137 showed superior or similar emulsifying activity than commercial surfactant Triton X-100 and a better performance than EPS produced in a SM alternative medium. The results suggest the potential of EPS Gp CCT 7137 for removal of contaminating oil. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, we proposed a short-term adaptation strategy to improve xylitol production on sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate through the maximization of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 tolerance to inhibitors. Hemicellulosic hydrolysate obtained by diluted acid hydrolysis (1.0\% (wv(-1)) H2SO4, 1:10 solid/liquid ratio, 121 degrees C, 10 min) was concentrated up to fivefold to obtain hydrolysates with different concentration factors. Yeast was cultivated in each hydrolysate for 24-h and consecutively transferred to the subsequent more concentrated hydrolysate to obtain different adaptation degrees. Adapted cells were used as inoculum in fermentations with the same hydrolysate in which they were adapted. The performance of adapted and non-adapted yeast was compared to validate the adaptation strategy employed. The beneficial effects of adaptation were more pronounced in the hydrolysates with higher inhibitor concentration (twofold concentrated and non-treated, H2N; and fivefold concentrated and treated, H5). It improved xylose assimilation and xylitol production as well as xylitol yield and xylitol volumetric productivity in both hydrolysates. A 62.5\% increase in productivity (0.24 to 0.39 gL(-1) h(-1)) and a 15.7\% increase in yield (0.51 to 0.59 gg(-1)) were observed for H5 hydrolysate, while for H2N hydrolysate these increases were 54.5 and 29.6\%, respectively. Yeast adaptation also improved arabinose consumption and reduced glycerol production. The reduction in glycerol production indicates a greater tolerance of adapted cells to the inhibitors present in hydrolysates. Short-term adaptation proved to be an efficient strategy to improve yeast tolerance as well as its fermentative performance on sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate.
Bioremediation of textile dyes adsorbed on agricultural solid wastes under solid state fermentation (SSF) Using rhizospheric plant growth promoting microorganisms pose an ecofriendly, economically feasible and promising treatment approach. The purpose of this study was to adsorb azo dye Disperse Red 73 (DR73) on ugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its further bioremediation using consortium-RARE under SSF. The particle size of SCB 0.002 mm showed maximum adsorption (65\%) for DR73. Kinetics of adsorption of DR73 on milled SCB follows pseudo-second order kinetics. The individual cultures of Rhodobacter erythropholis MTCC 4688, Azotobacter vinelandii MTCC 1241, Rhizobium meliloti NCIM 2757 and Bacillus megaterium NCIM 2054 showed 44, 28, 50 and 61\% decolorization of DR73 in 48 h respectively; while the consortium-RARB showed complete decolorization in 48 h. Optimum moisture content, temperature and pH for decolorization of DR73 was found to be 90\%, 30 degrees C and 6 respectively. DR73 biodegradation analysis was carried out using HPTLC, FUR and HPLC. Phytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies revealed detoxification of DR73. Tray.bioreactor study for decolorization of adsorbed DR73 on SCB suggests its implementations at large scale. Use of plant growth promoting bacteria's consortium under SSF for bioremediation of adsbrbed dyes gives a novel ecologically sustainable approach. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Encapsulation and release of NPK fertilizer by composite films were systematically demonstrated by casting dispersions of chitosan (CS) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) derivatives (holocellulose (HC), cellulignin (CL), and cellulose (CEL)) fibers under varied CS-to-NPK and CS-to-SCB derivatives mass ratios. SCB derivatives were obtained from sugarcane bagasse as agricultural waste by following the alkali dissolution (4\% NaOH, 70 degrees C for 5 min), sodium chlorite delignification (1.4\% NaClO2, pH 3.5, 70 degrees C, 5 h), or from a combination of both. Nutrient adsorption capacity can be tunable by the chemical composition of SCB derivatives, i.e., fibers with noncellulosics exhibited higher adsorption capacities while the absence of noncellulosics lessened their adsorption capacity. Oven-drying (60 degrees C, 5 h) of optimal 1:0.5 CS/NPK film-forming solution produced highly uniform films with shape with 0.31 +/- 0.02 mm thickness while increasing fiber content in the solution to 25 or 50\% prevents films retraction effect. The release of highly watersoluble NPK fertilizer from these composite films was lower with hemicelluloses (52-82\%) or lignin (55-92\%) contents in SCB fiber than in noncellulosics absence (71-100\%), thus could be tuned by varying the chemical composition SCB derivative, followed by a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism in water.
The torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse particles was evaluated using standard thermogravimetric equipment (TGA) and in a torrefaction reactor explicitly designed for this work. Different particle sizes (fine, large, and unground bagasse) were torrefied to examine any potential effect of particle type and size on the devolatilization process. The custom-designed reactor allowed measurement of the mass and temperature of the particle and the condensable volatiles captured through a condensation unit held at -12 degrees C during torrefaction. Final products of the process (liquids, solids, and gases) were measured and characterized to understand and analyze the processes occurring in the sugarcane biomass during torrefaction. A two-step kinetic model was fitted to experimental data on fine particles to get the kinetic parameters. A particle model was developed to understand the dynamics of biomass heating and conversion under isothermal conditions. Results of tests for large particles show an effect of particle size on the process of decomposition of the biomass. The large unground biomass showed the lowest mass loss among evaluated particles. The torrefaction process resulted in significant thermal impact for fine particles, having the highest center temperatures, devolatilization, and changes in the O-H group with FTIR tests.
Lignocellulosic materials are a valuable energy source that can be used to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, the high cost of enzymes and low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis are among the main bottlenecks regarding production of bioethanol. The purpose of the current work is to present the full use of sugarcane bagasse in the production of biofuels: as a carbon source for the production of competitive enzymes and as a platform for conversion of the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions into ethanol. Hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse, using an enzymatic cocktail from naturally occurring microorganisms, was carried out, producing cellulose hydrolysate. This hydrolysate was further fermented to ethanol, achieving a concentration of 33g/L, which corresponded to a fermentation efficiency of 89\% and a high volumetric productivity of 11g/(L.h). From the hemicellulose fraction, 18g/L of ethanol was produced, which corresponds to a fermentation efficiency of 87\%. Hence, from both cellulose and hemicellulose fractions, the overall ethanol concentration was 6.5\% (v/v). These results indicate that production of ethanol through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) is a promising strategy, since it makes it possible to achieve high productivities during fermentation. Also, the possibility of converting xylose to ethanol can lead to an increase in production.
A green synthetic protocol was developed to prepare cellulose acetate (CA) directly from sugarcane bagasse without using any pretreatments or corrosive reagents, such as strong acids, bases, or halogenated chemicals. The key in this method is to control the reactivities of cellulose and xylan-based hemicellulose in bagasse under mild conditions, making their solubilities in acetone different. Homogeneous transesterification was performed for bagasse at SO degrees C using isopropenyl acetate as an acetyl donor and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as a solvent and catalyst. By controlling the reaction temperature, the degree of substitution for cellulose was adjusted to 2.5-2.8 to maintain solubility in acetone, while the acetylation of hemicellulose was suppressed to prevent its dissolution in acetone. In the subsequent fractionation process, the hemicellulose-rich component was first precipitated in acetone and removed by filtration. The filtrate was subsequently separated into lignin- and cellulose-rich fractions by solid-liquid separation using methanol. Then, CA as the target compound was collected as the acetone-soluble and methanol-insoluble fraction, with a sufficiently high purity (similar to 90\%), according to FT-IR and H-1 NMR analyses.
Biorefineries can upgrade waste lignocellulosic biomass (LB) into soluble (C-5 and C-6) sugars that can be fermented into second-generation (2G) ethanol-based biofuels and a range of valuable byproducts derived from lignin. Research advances made in various laboratories worldwide have not been easy to translate into large-scale operations. Here, we performed a simple economic analysis of cellulosic ethanol production from a stand-alone 100ton dry sugarcane bagasse per day process, from a Brazilian market perspective, based on current state-of-the-art biorefinery process technologies. Economic analysis reveals that the cost of manufacturing (COM) of 2G ethanol in an annexed Brazilian facility is close to USD 1.33 L-1. Fixed and variable costs contributed 57\% and 24\% in COM of 2G ethanol with a high payback period of similar to 31 years and a negative net present value (NPV). Further cost reduction can be realized by continuous R\&D efforts aiming for innovation in new processing paradigms for cellulosic biorefineries. The key market players (Poet-DSM, DuPont, Abengoa, Beta Renewables, Raizen, Granbio, Praj, etc.) and other new emerging players (Global Yeast, Taurus Energy, Leaf, Mascoma-Lallemand) working on ethanologen development, and cellulase producers (Novozyme, Metgen), should also develop partnerships / joint ventures to establish a sustainable business model to develop cost-competitive 2G ethanol production from bagasse in Brazil. This paper presents additional commentary and analysis with pertinent information about the commercialization of integrated 2G ethanol biorefineries processing sugarcane bagasse, from a Brazilian perspective. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Vinasse can be a suitable alternative to improve soil attributes and increase crop yield. This study evaluated the effect of fresh and concentrated vinasse on soil chemical and biological attributes and on the yields of soybean, maize, and pasture. The design was in randomized blocks with four replications and five treatments: T1 (250 kg ha(-1) 08:28:16 at sowing + 40 kg ha(-1) K2O at topdressing); T2 (250 kg ha(-1) 08:28:16 at sowing + 2450 L ha(-1) of fresh vinasse at topdressing); T3 (250 kg ha(-1) 08:28:16 at sowing + 190 L ha(-1) of concentrated vinasse at topdressing); T4 (4100 and 2450 L ha(-1) of fresh vinasse at sowing and topdressing, respectively); T5 (315 and 190 L ha(-1) of concentrated vinasse at sowing and topdressing, respectively). These treatments were applied during the soybean growth in 2017 and 2018. After soybean harvesting and before maize and pasture in 2018, soil chemical and biological attributes were assessed. Vinasse increased the concentrations of carbon and phosphorus, while decreasing those of potassium and sulfur. Vinasse reduced the carbon concentration of the microbial biomass by 50\%, but increased the nitrogen concentration of the microbial biomass by 67\%. The activity of dehydrogenase was higher with the application of fresh vinasse. Application of vinasse for two years improves soil chemical and biological attributes and increases the yields of soybean, maize, and pasture.
This work studied the fractionation of sugarcane bagasse via Organosolv treatment using isopropanol/water in the presence of Raney-Ni and molybdenum carbide catalysts (Bulk Mo2C and Mo2C supported on activated carbon (AC) or Al2O3). The degree of delignification, the bio-oil and solid residue composition depended on the type of catalyst. A partial extraction of hemicellulose occurred followed by depolymerization, resulting in a product distribution that depended on the catalyst. Raney-Ni catalyst promoted the formation of diols and triols, while xylose, furfural, and furan were mainly produced by Mo2C based-catalysts. The Organosolv treatment without catalyst and in the presence of bulk Mo2C produced a bio-oil containing mainly 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran. Mo2C/AC and Mo2C/Al2O3 are promising catalysts for the fractionation of sugarcane bagasse that produced a bio-oil with higher yield to substituted methoxyphenols and a solid residue more easily hydrolyzed by cellulases, producing higher yield to glucose than Raney-Ni catalyst.
Lignocellulosic material can be used as biomass for power generation via biogas if it is pretreated to improve the anaerobic hydrolysis step, by either solubilising the hemicellulose (total reducing groups, TRG) or removing lignin (Lig), with consequent exposition of the cellulose fibre to anaerobic degradation. We evaluated the effects of acid, alkaline, and hydrothermal pretreatments on sugarcane bagasse to increase its anaerobic biodegradability and biochemical methane potential (BMP). The highest sugar production (31.14 g TRG/g substrate) was achieved with the acid pretreatment in 6.4 min at 138 C, with a HCl concentration of 0.63 M, and the highest lignin removal (23.24 g Lig/g substrate) was found with the alkaline pretreatment after 47 min at 184 C and a NaOH concentration of 0.8 M. However, the best values of BMP (197.5 L CH4/kg substrate) and anaerobic biodegradability (27.4\%) were achieved by the hydrothermal pretreatment after 10 min at 200 C, which was sufficient to generate power of 6.8 MJ/kg substrate. The results showed that the methane derived from the anaerobic digestion of these hydrolysates produced less energy than the direct burning of the dry bagasse. Thus, the recovered lignin, with its high added-value, may be used to improve environmental sustainability and profitability of the process. In this case, the alkaline pretreatment extracted 80.2\% of the lignin present in the bagasse, and the hydrolysate could generate 313.4 L CH4/kg substrate. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Failures in stability and COD removal performance often occurred in full-scale anaerobic reactors treating the evaporator condensate from a sulphite pulp mill due to substrate inhibition and occasional contaminations with red liquor (wood cooking liquor). With this work, the beneficial effect provided by the continuous addition of an external carbon source (sugarcane molasses) on the overall performance and stability of the biological process was evaluated. With a moderate addition of molasses the inhibition was mitigated which led to an increase of the COD removal rate from 52\% to 77\% and a methane production increase from 460 to 1650 ml d(-1) at an organic loading rate of 2.61 g COD l(-1) d(-1). A similar conclusion can be drawn for the case when contamination with red liquor occurs. These results suggest that sugarcane molasses addition may be regarded as a low-cost operational strategy for the anaerobic treatment of sulphite evaporator condensate. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present paper reports the development of nutritious substrates through the use of renewable materials via vermicomposting. Vermicomposting was carried out using stacked bin composter (14.5 cm high, 78 cm wide and 30 cm long) filled with sawdust/soil mixture, fresh wastes, Eisenia fetida and dry wastes; this led to the generation of humus with chemical composition suitable for use as nutritional component (41.9\% moisture; pH 7.3; 31.2\% organic matter; 17.5 and 3.2\% of fulvic and humic acid, respectively; NPK ratio similar to 1:1:1). Six different substrates were constructed using the humus generated from vermicomposting and sugarcane bagasse or green coconut fiber. The physical stability and nutritional capacity of these substrates, as well as their application feasibility as substrates for green roofs were evaluated using green roof prototypes. The green roof prototypes were exposed to natural environment with an inclination angle of 45 degrees. The physico-chemical analysis conducted showed that the substrates exhibited suitable field capacity (17-37\%), good nutritional properties (0.09-0.46 gkg(-1) nitrogen; 92.9-494.6 mgdm(-3) phosphorus and 7.0-37.0 mmolcdm(-3) potassium) and pH (5.4-7.2) that are ideal for plant nutrition. Comparing the substrates produced from green coconut fiber with those from sugarcane bagasse, it was found that some of those produced from sugarcane bagasse had nitrogen content closer to the range reported as ideal. The density (0.79-1.6 gcm(-3)) and physical stability of the substrates make them suitable for application as substrates in green roofs, but those from green coconut fiber have relatively lower field capacity, being considered the most suitable for this application.
A new green synthesis route is proposed for obtaining a mesoporous material using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the silica source. The material obtained was denoted by SBA-16 and its mesostructure was characterized by low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Sulfonic acid groups were introduced to the as-synthesized material, resulting in an acid catalyst denoted by SBA-16/SO3H. The catalytic activities of SBA-16 and SBA-16/SO3H were investigated in Kabachnik-Fields reactions, where alpha-aminophosphonate compounds were produced. The results show that both products can be considered as promising catalysts, where SBA-16/SO3H showed a slightly better performance than SBA-16.
Considering the recent environmental problems, it is critical to minimize our dependence on fossil fuels and maximize the utilization of sustainable and abundant lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, we present a facile approach for the green conversion of sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulose-rich agro waste, to valorized thermoplastics by utilizing its total lignocellulosic constituents. To impart adequate thermal moldability to the bagasse without sacrificing the key mechanical properties, all hydroxy (OH) groups were substituted with long- and short-chains acyl groups via one-pot and two-step reactions, allowing for a precise control of the acyl group molar ratio. The esterified bagasse with hexanoyl and acetyl groups (similar to 20:80, mol/mol) demonstrated an excellent melt-flowability at 180 degrees C, while maintaining good mechanical properties (tensile strength: 35 +/- 4 MPa and Young's modulus: 1.6 +/- 0.1 GPa), which were attributed to the plasticizer effects of the introduced long-chain acyl group as well as the retained hemicellulose and lignin components. Additionally, the material properties of the esterified bagasse were desirably tunable and dependent on the type of acyl groups and lignocellulose. Thus, these findings demonstrate the potential for lignocelluloses to be used as a high value-added biomass plastic in various fields, paving the way for the use of lignocellulosic components as polymeric materials.
The compaction of agricultural soils is a phenomenon of great concern in Soil Science. The major goal of research on the mechanical behavior of soil is to identify the least degrading soil management systems. In general, at a same compaction level, the higher content of organic matter, the lower maximum density and higher critical moisture for compaction, which consequently decreases the risk of physical degradation of the soil. The purpose of this study was to study the compressibility of a dystrophic cohesive yellow latosol of the coastal plains of Alagoas. Three areas were selected in sugarcane plantations of the sugar mill Santa Clotilde, representing three management systems: sugarcane under irrigation (IMS), sugarcane under irrigation and vinasse application (SMV) and sugarcane with vinasse and filter cake application (SMVT). The three management systems were used in the 2003/2004 growing season and the soil sampled in February 2007. These systems were compared with each other and to a control area, represented by native forest (NF). The maximum soil density and critical moisture for compaction were evaluated in the layers 0-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m. The ability of sugarcane residues to dissipate part of the compacting energy was assessed in Proctor tests at four levels of compression. The energy dissipated by crop residues was assessed in disturbed samples in the 0-0.20 m layer only. In the irrigated management system (IMS), without cane residue application, the maximum density was highest and critical soil moisture for compaction lowest. Of the different management systems, the most efficient in dissipating compression energy was the area under application of vinasse and filter cake, followed by the system of irrigation with vinasse, respectively, with respective values of 54 and 41 \% dissipation at the highest level of compression energy. It was also observed that the dissipation of compression energy was higher at higher energy levels.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and brewery spent grain (BSG) on xylanase and cellulase enzymes production using different strains: Aspergillus niger CECT 2700, A. niger CECT 2915 and A. niger ITV-01 growing up in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Both lignocellulosic residues were previously subjected to three pretreatments: alkaline, boiling water, and autoclave. The maximum cellulase activity was 6.23 U/g of a dry substrate (gds) using A. niger CECT 2700 and BSG pretreated with boiling water. Further, the highest xylanase activity (1400.80 U/gds) was obtained using BSG pretreated in autoclave with A. niger CECT 2700 strain. Also, the highest cellulases and xylanases production was recorded on day 5 with a microbial load of 5 x 10(6) spores/gds. Finally, the enzymatic extract from A. niger CECT 2700 reached maximum saccharification in alkaline pretreated SCB of 68.52 and 78.66 \% of glucan and xylan, respectively. This investigation showed the feasibility to obtain an enzymatic extract with xylanase and cellulase activity using low-cost substrates such as SCB and BSG.
This present research focuses on the effects of cement mortar by incorporating different agricultural and industrial waste materials as a partial substitute to cement. Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), Fly ash (FA), Rice Straw Ash (RSA) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) were used as waste materials. Different percentages of mineral admixtures were used by partially altering cement. Percentages used such as, 5\%, 10\%, and 15\%. Also, determined their effects on mechanical properties such as workability, strength and permeability properties in this study. Morphological details were studied by field emission gun-scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The test results indicated that, the compressive strength of mortar incorporated with FA and RHA shows growth upto 15\%, whereas, the strength of RSA and SBA increases upto 10\%. SBA shows comparatively lesser strength and higher permeability than that of other admixtures. Beside this, nondestructive tests of mortar cubes by using ultrasonic pulse velocity instrument and rebound hammer are also focused in this study which shows the enhancement of mechanical properties of cement mortar with the incorporation of these sustainable materials. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The feasibility of using a locally abundant bulking material (sugarcane bagasse) in Khuzestan province, Iran, to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from oil-based drill cuttings (OBDCs), using composting process, was investigated. OBDCs were collected from the discharge point of a drilling rig and bagasse was collected from a sugarcane agro-industry near Ahwaz. Experiments were performed in the dark and at room temperature, using different bagasse to OBDCs ratios. Degradation extent and kinetics of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as dehydrogenase and urease enzymes activities and number of heterotroph bacteria during the co-composting of OBDCs and bagasse were studied and measured. Highest PAHs and TPH removals were observed when OBDCs were composted with 15\% bagasse. After 70 days of incubation, PAHs and TPH were removed up to 24.8\% and 67.5\%, respectively. Studying the enzymes activities and number of heterotrophs with TPH and PAHs concentrations over time suggests that biodegradation is the main mechanism in the degradation process. The first-order kinetic model was fitted to the TPH and PAHs degradation data and contaminants half-lives were estimated to be in the range of 40-80 and 170-240 days respectively. DT90 values for TPH and PAHs were in the range of 120-260 and 560-1260 days, depending on the bagasse content.
The disposal of paper mill wastewater (PMW) is a serious environmental issue for the Mediterranean countries. In present study, the Box-Behnken design was used to determine the optimum experimental conditions of coproduct sugarcane bagasse, yeast extract, inoculum size, and temperature on biodegradation of PMW by Pseudomonas putida. This species has manganese and lignin peroxidase activities inducing the valorisation of the treated paper mill effluent in agriculture. The variables involved in Box-Behnken design included sugarcane bagasse (0-0.5-1 ppm), yeast extract (1-2-3\%), temperature (20-25-30 \& DEG;C), and inoculum size (0.6-0.8-1) level with bacterial-treated PMW to determine the effects on batter chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal. Predicted values of parameters using model equations were in good agreement with the experimental values with R-2 \& GE; 0.94. The maximum color and COD removal were obtained at optimized conditions of 1 ppm sugarcane bagasse at 2\% of yeast extract with 1.0 inoculum size in temperature 25 \& DEG;C. It must be noted that the valorization and exploitation of a coproduct such as sugarcane and yeast extract can have a considerable impact on the COD and color removal of PMW.
The highly efficient removal of uranium from mine tailings effluent, radioactive wastewater and enrichment from seawater is of great significance for the development of nuclear industry. In this work, we prepared an efficient U(VI) adsorbent by EDTA modified sugarcane bagasse (MESB) with a simple process. The prepared adsorbent preserves high adsorptive capacity for UO22+ (pH 3.0) and uranyl complexes, such as UO2(OH)(+), (UO2)(2)(OH)(2)(2+) and (UO2)(3)(OH)(5)(+) (pH 4.0 and pH 5.0) and good repeatability in acidic environment. The maximum adsorption capacity for U(VI) at pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 is 578.0, 925.9 and 1394.1 mg/g and the adsorption capacity loss is only 7\% after five cycles. With the pH from 3.0 to 5.0, the inhibitive effects of Na+ and K+ decreased but increased of Mg2+ and Ca2+. MESB also exhibits good adsorption for {[
In this study, an imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate ({[
The synthesis of cheap and environmental friendly adsorbent from residual sugarcane bagasse was done for the removal of naphthalene from aqueous solution. The activated carbon dot was obtained by KOH chemical activation of carbon dots. The characteristics of carbon dots and activated carbon dots were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. A series of experiments were conducted in a batch system to assess the effect of the system variables, i.e., initial pH, initial naphthalene concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The kinetic data showed better fit to the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data were better fitted to Freundlich and Temkin isotherms.
In this work, sugarcane vinasse combined with organic waste (food and wasted tea) was demonstrated to be an excellent source of biomethane synthesis from carbon-rich biowaste. The discarded tea trash might be successfully used to generate bioenergy. The uncertainties and costs associated with experimental testing were recommended to be decreased by the effective use of contemporary machine learning methods such as Gaussian process regression. The training hyperparameters are crucial in the construction of a robust ML-based model. To make the process autoregressive, the training hyperparameters were fine-tuned by employing the Bayesian approach. The value of R-2 was found to be greater during the model test phase by 0.72\%, assisting in the avoidance of model overtraining. The mean squared error was 36.243 during the model training phase and 21.145 during the model testing phase. The mean absolute percentage error was found to be under 0.1\%, which decreased to 0.085\% throughout the model's testing phase. The research demonstrated that a combination of wasted tea trash, sugarcane vinasse and food waste may be a viable source for biomethane generation. The contemporary methodology of the Bayesian approach for hyperparameters tuning for Gaussian process regression is an efficient method of model prediction despite the low correlation across data columns. It is possible to enhance the sustainability paradigm in the direction of energy security via the efficient usage of food and agroforestry waste.
Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) with tunable lignin contents from sugarcane bagasse were directly prepared by low-temperature soda-oxygen pulping combined with simple mechanical treatment. The residual lignin structure, morphology and physical dimensions of LCNFs, and properties of the relevant cellulose nanopapers (CNPs) were investigated. In situ 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) NMR spectra showed beta-O-4 linkages, ferulate, and para-coumarate were well preserved in the LCNFs. Compared with the cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), LCNFs displayed a more uniform size and narrow diameter distribution. The corresponding CNPs exhibited outstanding mechanical properties (tensile strength reached 152.9 MPa), and excellent combined optical properties both in the UV blocking and visible light transparency. Moreover, the water contact angles (50.0-80.2) of LCNFs were much higher than that of CNFs (21.7). Direct preparation of LCNFs under mild condition would unlock the full potential of cellulosic materials and provide enhanced opportunities for cellulose to fabricate multi-functional and high-value materials.
The objective of this study was to produce highly crystalline nanocellulose from cassava bagasse, which is a by-product from the cassava starch industry that contains 15 to 50 wt\% cellulose fibers. For this purpose, the lignocellulosic fiber that was isolated from cassava bagasse was bleached with sodium chlorite and hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid. The obtained suspension was spray-dried and the resulting microparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometry to determine the crystallinity index. Microcrystalline cellulose was subjected to the same processing conditions and considered as a reference. The crystallinity index of the nanocellulose extracted from the cassava bagasse was higher than the crystallinity index of the nanocellulose extracted from the microcrystalline cellulose; 84.1 and 78.7\%, respectively. No other studies have reported cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse with a high crystallinity index. The nanocrystalline cellulose produced in this study is very promising for use in innovative industrial applications.
Sugarcane-trash management has now been widely applied in sugarcane cultivation systems. One of the sugarcane-trash managements is to return sugarcane bagasse to the land. In a tropical climate with humid and hot conditions, this practice would accelerate microbial activity to degrade the bagasse. This, further, results in providing the availability of organic matter in soil nutrients. However, bagasse is also an appropriate growing medium for soil-borne fungi such as Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Xylaria warburgii. These pathogenic fungi cause leaf midrib dry rot, ribbon midrib blight, and root rot diseases, respectively. Severe infection due to these pathogenic fungi would cause plant death and so decreased sugarcane production. Sugarcane-trash management that accelerates the decomposition process of sugarcane trash and suppresses the development of soil-borne diseases needs to be developed. Integrating the techniques to accelerate the decomposition rate with sugarcane-trash management should be considered. The techniques include inundation of primary decomposers, such as earthworms, addition of promoting substrates, and introduction of antagonistic microbes and decomposers, such as Trichoderma spp.
Molasses alcohol wastewater (MAW) is difficult to be bio-treated and converted into biogas. In this study, MAW mixed with pig manure (PM) in different ratios was co-digested. Biogas production, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the structure of microbial communities were monitored in the process. Our results showed that under the optimal COD ratio of PM:MAW (1.0:1.5), CODremoval and biogas yield were the highest. And in fermentation tanks with different PM to MAW ratios, the structure and composition of bacterial communities varied in the early and late stage. Furthermore, the type of main bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) have no differences, yet the relative abundance of OTUs varied. The current research showed that there was a good potential to the use of PM as a co-digested material to anaerobic treatment of MAW and provided references for further improving bio-treatment of MAW. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The stiffness of a material greatly influences its possible use as an engineering material. Thus, despite the theoretical environmental advantages of natural fiber reinforced composites, or fully biodegradable composites, if certain mechanical properties are not achieved, a material can have fewer engineering uses. In this work, sugarcane bagasse fibers, a by-product of the sugarcane-juice extraction process, were used to obtain reinforcing fibers. Two polyolefins, a polypropylene and a high-density polyethylene, and a starch-based polymer were used as matrices. The composite materials were prepared and tested to obtain their tensile properties such as the Young's moduli. Some micromechanical models were used to obtain the intrinsic Young's moduli of the fibers and the efficiency factors. The dependence of such parameters on the matrix and fibers characteristics was studied. The fiber orientation efficiency factor was used to compute the orientation angle of the fibers inside the composite under three different distributions. Finally, the Tsai and Pagano models, and the Halpin and Tsai equations were used to compute the theoretical values of the Young's moduli of the composites.
High cost and low efficiency of lignocellulolytic enzymes are the main challenges that must be overcome to make second-generation ethanol more competitive in the fuel market. The cultivation of microorganisms using different agro-industrial wastes as substrates is one of the alternatives to reduce the process costs and obtain more efficient enzyme cocktails in the biomass hydrolysis. Since the fungus Chrysoporthe cubensis has proved to be a promising source of lignocellulolytic enzymes from wheat bran, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different lignocellulosic materials in its enzyme production and the effectiveness of a new enzymatic cocktail on sugarcane bagasse saccharification. Primarily, this fungus was grown under solid-state fermentation, using wheat bran, elephant grass, or sugarcane bagasse as carbon sources. Afterwards, the wheat bran was combined with sugar beet flour in different ratios, and both were used as carbon sources. The enzymatic profiles were investigated and the most promising enzyme extract was applied to pretreated sugarcane bagasse saccharification. A new cocktail obtained from the combination of wheat bran and sugar beet flour in ratio 1:1 showed the highest activity for almost all enzymes tested and was more efficient than extract obtained with only wheat bran, especially in saccharification of alkaline pretreated sugarcane bagasse, releasing 18 g.L-1 of glucose and 14.8 g.L-1 of xylose, which correspond to 38.5\% of cellulose and 61.6\% of hemicellulose, respectively. Therefore, the combination of both substrates is an effective strategy to induce Chrysoporthe cubensis to produce a complex and efficient enzymatic cocktail in the biomass hydrolysis.
Tifton 81 bermudagrass was harvested and ensiled either directly (D; 32.4\% DM) or wilted (W; 44.1\% DM). Four treatments applied to each harvesting method were 1) control (C), or no additive; 2) dried cane molasses (M) at 5\% of DM; 3) microbial inoculant (I; Pioneer 1174); and 4) a combination of Treatments 2 and 3 (MI). Wilting reduced the rate of decline of silage pH (P = .001) and produced silages with greater lactic acid concentrations (P = .069), lower acetic acid (P = .001) and ammonia contents (P = .001), and greater in vitro OM (IVOMD; P = .001) and ADF digestibilities (IVADFD; P = .001). These high-quality silages were less stable under aerobic conditions, as evidenced by greater average temperatures (P = .001) and greater yeast and mold counts (P = .001). Adding M to D forage resulted in silage with lower pH (P = .001), greater concentration of lactic acid (P = .001), greater IVOMD (P = .092), and lower acetic acid (P = .009) and ammonia concentrations (P = .002) than inoculated D silage. Wilted silage treated with MI averaged lower pH (P = .025), greater lactic acid content (P = .001) and IVOMD (P = .001), and lower acetic acid (P = .001) and ammonia concentrations than silages treated with M or I alone. These results indicate that wilting improved bermudagrass silage the most, and that the addition of molasses and inoculant to wilted bermudagrass further enhanced silage quality.
The partial raw sugarcane system (SCCP) involves the partial removal of sugarcane straw for the production of bioenergy. Our objective was to verify the possibility of increasing the longevity of the cane field in the partial cane system, based on evaluations of soil fertility, plant nutrient content, and productivity. A randomized block design was used in very clayey, Eutropheric Red Latosol, with three replications and five residual amounts of straw (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha(-1)). The TOC; pH; H + Al3+, P, Ca, Mg, K, and CTC (T) content; V\%; Ca, Mg, and K saturations in CTC (T); levels of macro and micronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn) in sugarcane leaves; and the productivity of stalks and sugar were analyzed for two harvests. The results of each harvest were subjected to regression (p < 0.10) and joint data analyses to clarify crop interaction with each treatment of residual straw. The results indicate that the effects on the chemical properties of soil were only in the current crop and not recurrent in the subsequent crop cycles. Regarding plant nutrients, only increases in Mn levels and a decrease in Zn levels were found. There was no increase in the productivity of stalks and sugar. Therefore, we conclude that under the SCCP there is no possibility of increasing the longevity of sugarcane fields or postponing the fallow period of crops grown in clayey soils.
Value addition to lignocellulosic biomass materials such as sugarcane bagasse to produce multiple bio-based products which includes synthesis gas is becoming a dynamic research area. Pre-treatment techniques to improve the quality of biomass are essential for the successful application of the feedstock in energy production systems. This study investigated changes in the composition of sugarcane bagasse subjected to torrefaction as a preparation of bagasse for gasification. Characterization of the torrefied bagasse was undertaken in terms of proximate and ultimate analyses as well as in terms of energy value. The results were used to conduct a computer simulation of the gasification process of the torrefied bagasse. The gasification process results confirmed that torrefied bagasse is a suitable feedstock for gasification in terms of conversion efficiency, which was found to be approximately 42\% when compared to untorrefied sugarcane bagasse, with a conversion efficiency of about 40\% achieved in our previous study.
Basidiomycetes can bioaccumulate high iron contents, but there are few studies on iron availability from the mycelial biomass in order to support their use as an iron-enriched fungal food. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro iron bioaccumulation and availability in the mycelial biomass of edible and medicinal basidiomycetes grown in two distinct culture media. Lentinus crinitus, Ganoderma lucidum, Schizophyllum commune, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes, and Agaricus subrufescens were grown in liquid culture medium of malt extract or sugarcane molasses to obtain iron-bioaccumulated mycelial biomass. P. ostreatus was the fungus that most bioaccumulated iron, followed by S. commune, and P. eryngii; they also had the highest mycelial biomass growth and iron transfer from the culture medium to the mycelial biomass. Mycelial iron availability is species-specific, regardless of the culture medium and the iron bioaccumulation capacity of the fungus in the mycelial biomass. Mycelial biomass of S. commune, followed by G. lucidum, P. ostreatus, and P. eryngii, associated with molasses culture medium, are the best choice for the production of iron-enriched mycelial biomass.
The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) reported severe threat to the environment and public health as it is considered potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. This communication demonstrates a chemical modification process of sugarcane bagasse cellulose for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse followed by succination to form cellulose succinate (CS), which was then reacted with acetic anhydride to form cellulose succinic anhydrides (CSA). The latter was then reacted with triethylenetetramine (TETA) to form CS-TETA (CST). The prepared CST was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyzer. The maximum removal efficiency of Cr(VI) by CST reached nearly 100\% after 180 min, which was obtained at pH 1.0. The adsorption process fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the rate constant was 9.13 x 10(-3 )g/mg min. The isothermal study showed that the results closely aligned with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity was 12.4 mg/g.
Acetic acid (AcH) pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with the catalysis of sulfuric acid (SA) could greatly enhance the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. However, polysaccharide dissolution happened inevitably during the pretreatment. It was found that the simplest model, which assumes that the total polysaccharides were reactive to be dissolved, could not well describe the kinetic behavior of polysaccharide dissolution. A novel pseudo-homogenous kinetic model was thus developed by introducing a parameter termed as ``potential dissolution degree{''
Vinasse is a main residue of ethanol production, generated daily in large scale in Brazil. The anaerobic processing of vinasse can be a sustainable alternative for generation of fuel and co-products. The production of hydrogen and VFAs from different concen-trations of sugarcane vinasse were evaluated by Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterococcus faecalis singly, as cocultures, in bioaugmentation and by microbial consortium. The increase of vinasse concentration positively affected the production of hydrogen. B. cereus alone showed the higher hydrogen production using undiluted vinasse (100\%) (85.41 mmol H2L-1) and higher yield (5.40 mmol H-2 g(-1) COD), for both vinasse concentration (50, 70 and 100\%). The performance of co-culture (B. cereus + E. aerogenes + E. faecalis) was similar (2.45 mmol H-2 g(-1) COD) to the microbial consortium (2.59 mmol H-2 g(-1) COD). The bioaugmentation of microbial consortium with B. cereus, E. aerogenes and E. faecalis separately did not increase hydrogen production. Total VFAs yield increased in the 30\% vinasse concentration. The main metabolite produced was butyric acid for singly microorganisms and microbial consortium. Whereas acetic acid was predominant in both co-culture and bioaugmentation assays. This study showed the potential of isolated strain B. cereus in the production of hydrogen and VFAs, using vinasse as a substrate, giving a sustainable destination for the residue of high polluting risk. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Economics of cellulosic ethanol production could be supported by high-value chemicals co-production, e.g. xylitol, which has high market value in food and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we present an integrated sugarcane bagasse processing for the co-production of ethanol and xylitol from cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively. Process integration comprised pretreatment followed by separation of hemicellulosic hydrolysate and pretreated cellulose, in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for ethanol production in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process of pretreated cellulose, and Candida tropicalis was selected for xylitol fermentation of hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Batch process parameters were systematically optimized resulting in 7.5 FPU/g optimal enzyme load, 0.03 g/L and 0.035 g/g optimal inoculum size, 89 h(-1) optimal k(L)a and 54 g/g optimal sugar-to-nitrogen ratio. Finally, fed batch strategy was accomplished yielding maximum concentrations of ethanol by S. cerevisiae and xylitol by C. tropicalis at 56.1 g/L and 24.0 g/L, respectively. Of the total glucose and xylose available in bagasse, the product yield of 0.44 g/g (ethanol) and 0.50 g/g (xylitol) were reached. Economic analysis revealed that the incorporation of xylitol with ethanol in an integrated biorefinery together with fed-batch strategy for high-titer product could improve profitability by 2.3-folds compared to base case of cellulosic ethanol production. Hence, this integrated biorefinery for co-production could be attractive to current cellulosic ethanol for advancing economic feasibility.
Supplementation of cellulase cocktails with accessory enzymes can contribute to a higher hydrolytic capacity in releasing fermentable sugars from plant biomass. This study investigated which enzymes were complementary to the enzyme set of Trichoderma harzianum in the degradation of sugarcane bagasse. Specific activities of T. harzianum extract on different substrates were compared with the extracts of Penicillium echinulatum and Trichoderma reesei, and two commercial cellulase preparations. Complementary analysis of the secretome of T. harzianum was also used to identify which enzymes were produced during growth on pretreated sugarcane bagasse. These analyses enabled the selection of the enzymes pectinase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (AF) to be further investigated as supplements to the T. harzianum extract. The effect of enzyme supplementation on the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse saccharification was evaluated using response surface methodology. The supplementation of T. harzianum enzymatic extract with pectinase and AF increased the efficiency of hydrolysis by up to 116\%. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The recycled solid-state surface fermentation (SSF) culture of Aspergillus niger KCU520 was used for repeated batch production of citric acid from sugarcane molasses. The rate of citric acid production was doubled, reducing the fermentation time to half, compared to the normal single cycle batch submerged or surface fermentation process. About 80\% sugar was converted to citric acid in rive-day batch fermentation and three batches were carried out with the same fungal mat without any significant loss of productivity.
Process integration in sugarcane biorefineries allows reducing steam consumption. As a consequence, the bagasse surplus can be diverted to second generation ethanol production. Furthermore, sugarcane plants can vary the production of ethanol and electricity, depending on the demand. For those reasons, equipment present in the plant might be required to operate under different conditions. This study presents the energy integration of a sugarcane biorefinery. A Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) optimization model is proposed to solve the problem of synthesizing a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) able to periodically operate under the distinct conditions required in the biorefinery, i.e., a multiperiod HEN. For solving the MINLP problem, a hybrid metaheuristic approach was used, which combines Simulated Annealing and Rocket Fireworks Optimization. The proposed strategy achieved lower HEN total annualized cost (TAC) when compared with the project energy integration that is commonly found in Brazilian plants. This reduction in TAC, in particular in utilities demand, allows the surplus bagasse to be available for the most suitable application: produce 2G ethanol or more electricity.
Eight different types of reagents containing chelating exchangeable groups were tested to convert sugarcane bagasse into chelating ion exchangers. Urea, melamine, thiourea, dimethylamine, polyethyleneimine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, iminodiacetic acid and glycine were irradiated with sugarcane bagasse using microwave at different reaction times. It was found that bagasse neutral chelating agents produced from thiourea (BTHI) and urea (BUREA) demonstrated nitrogen contents of 14.6\% and 14.9\% after 4 and 12 min of reaction, respectively. BTHI demonstrated maximum mercury adsorption capacity of 2.2 meq g(-1) followed by BUREA (1.5 meq g(-1)) and melamine (BMEL) (0.9 mmeq g(-1)). Among all the reagents tested, BUREA may prove to be the more ecologically benign and inexpensive alternative procedure to prepare chelating ion exchangers. Urea has been classified as a safer reagent than thiourea. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dried ground bagasse, impregnated with 50\% inorganic acids and carbonized at 500-degrees-C, showed the sequence H3PO4 > H2SO4 > HCl > HNO3, with respect to the efficiency of activation. Treatment with phosphoric acid of various concentrations (30-50 wt\%) was followed by carbonization at 300-500-degrees-C for 3 h. Pore structure parameters were determined from the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, by applying the BET and alpha(s) methods. Activated carbons obtained at low temperatures are essentially microporous with a low degree of mesoporosity. At higher temperatures products of higher surface area and total pore volume with developed mesoporosity and low microporosity are formed. An increase in the period of carbonization leads to a small decrease in both surface area and pore volume. Activated carbons with surface areas > 1000 m2 g-1 and mean pore dimensions around 2.0 nm, suitable for various purposes, are thus obtained.
Synthesize of a thermosetting resin based cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid (CSNL) using poly condensation process as composite matrix was carried out. Locally collected sugarcane bagasse fiber was dried in an oven to remove the moisture content. These fibers were then cut into specific average length of 10 mm and 20 mm and made into two different sets of cardanol based bio-composites of varying concentration of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 \% by compression moulding process. The mechanical properties were evaluated by means of tensile, flexural and impact in addition to water absorption test. Results had shown the enhancement of the mechanical properties with increase in range of bagasse fiber upto 15 weight \% in both the sets. Of the two sets, 20 mm length fiber possesses more strength comparatively.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process carried out in an aqueous medium. It is capable of converting biomass into a solid, carbon-rich material (hydrochar), and producing a liquid phase (process water) which contains the unreactive feedstock and/or chemical intermediates from the carbonization reaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of process water generated by HTC from vinasse and sugarcane bagasse produced by sugarcane industry and to evaluate its toxicity to both marine (using Artemia salina as a model organism) and the terrestrial environment (through seed germination studies of maize, lettuce, and tomato). The experiments showed that concentrated process water completely inhibited germination of maize, lettuce, and tomato seeds. On the other hand, diluted process water was able to stimulate seedlings of maize and tomato and enhance root and shoot growth. For Artemia, the LC50 indicated that the process water is practically non-toxic; however, morphological changes, especially damages to the digestive tube and antennas of Artemia, were observed for the concentration of 1000 mg C L-1.
Chlorpyrifos has label claim against sugarcane termites and is applied as a soil drench at planting. The organic manures viz., composted coir pith, farmyard manure, press mud and sugarcane trash are also applied at the time of planting mainly to conserve the soil moisture in the tropical environment. The organic manures may have some impact on the persistence of chlorpyrifos in the soil. Hence, the persistence of chlorpyrifos in the manurial soils was studied by employing the single-step sample preparation method and GC-ECD. The initial deposits of chlorpyrifos were 0.325-0.383 mu g/g across the treatments involved in the study. The residues were quantified up to 75 days after treatment (DAT) and were below 0.01 mu g/g on 90th DAT. The soil half-lives of chlorpyrifos were in the range of 19.8-21.0 days in the manured soils as against 18.7 days in the control soil. Thus, the organic manures applied at planting did not play any significant role in influencing the persistence of chlorpyrifos in the sandy clay loam soil of tropical sugarcane ecosystem. Further, the chlorpyrifos residues were not detected in the sugarcane leaf and stalk, indicating that there was no significant uptake by the plant from the soil. The calculated risk quotient values indicated that the chlorpyrifos residues may pose an unacceptable risk to earthworms during the first week of its application and thereafter, there could be a moderate level of risk in the tropical sugarcane environment.
A paucity in knowledge remains on the influence of biochar production temperature and the rate of application on greenhouse gas emissions from soil. The objective of this column experiment was to evaluate a biochar thermosequence by doses on CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions from a latosol following nitrogen fertilizer application following a pre-incubation period. Biochar was produced from sugarcane bagasse pyrolyzed at 300, 500, and 700 A degrees C (BC 300, BC 500, and BC 700, respectively). Biochars were added to air-dried latosol columns at rates of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 \% (w/w), and the water content was brought to 95 \% of water-filled pore space (WFPS). The emissions from columns were tested on days 1, 3, 7, 15, and 30 following a 30-day pre-incubation. All treatments showed a decrease in respiration across the study period. The higher doses of biochar of BC 300 and BC 700 resulted in significantly higher respiration than controls on days 15 and 30. Neither biochar dose nor temperature had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the study period. Application of all biochars suppressed the emissions of N2O at all doses on days 1 and 3, compared to the control. N2O emissions from higher temperature biochar-amended soil at 2, 5, 10, and 15 \% were greater than that from corresponding treatments of lower-temperature biochar-amended soil on days 15 and 30. Soil respiration and overall greenhouse gas emission from latosol increased with biochar dose and pyrolysis temperature in the 30-day study period due to increasing water retention facilitated by biochar. Careful consideration is needed when applying bagasse biochar as it changes N cycling and soil physical properties.
The use of whole-cell biocatalyst for production of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) eliminates the need for costly enzyme recovery and purification. In this study, a novel Aureobasidium pullulans strain (FRR 5284) was identified from seven A. pullhdans strains as an efficient whole-cell biocatalyst for FOS production. The strain had a specific intracellular transfructosylating activity of 4.44 +/- 0.18 U/mg dry cells, one of the highest transfructosylating activities thus far reported for whole-cell biocatalyst. Under optimal conditions (pH 5.5 and 55 degrees C), only 5 g/L of dry cells and 3 h reaction time were required to achieve a FOS yield of 61 \% from 50 \% (w/v) sucrose. Incubation of sugarcane molasses with an invertase-free Saccharomyces cerevisiae prior to addition of A. pullulans whole-cell biocatalyst eliminated glucose inhibition and increased FOS yield from 44 \% to 56 \% in 1 h. This study has demonstrated that the novel A. pullulans FRR 5284 was an efficient source of whole-cell biocatalyst for FOS production and a promising strategy for transformation of sucrose and sugarcane molasses into a higher-value prebiotic.
Laccases are oxidative enzymes related to the degradation of phenolic compounds, including lignin units, with concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. Delignification is a necessary pretreatment step in the process of converting plant biomass into fermentable sugars. The objective of this work was to optimize the production of laccases and to evaluate the delignification of sugarcane bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state fermentation. Among eight variables (pH, water activity, temperature, and concentrations of CuSO4, (NH4)(2)SO4, KH2PO4, asparagine, and yeast extract), copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate concentrations were demonstrated to significantly influence laccase production. The replacement of ammonium sulfate by yeast extract and the addition of ferulic acid as inducer provided increases of 5.7- and 2.0-fold, respectively, in laccase activity. Optimization of laccase production as a function of yeast extract, copper sulfate, and ferulic acid concentrations was performed by response surface methodology and optimal concentrations were 6.4 g/L, 172.6 mu M, and 1.86 mM, respectively. Experimentally, the maximum laccase activity of 151.6 U/g was produced at the 5th day of solid-state fermentation. Lignin content in sugarcane bagasse was reduced from 31.89\% to 26.36\% after 5 days and to 20.79\% after 15 days by the biological treatment of solid-state fermentation.
Obtaining low cost lignocellulolytic enzymes and efficient biomass pretreatment are key to increase the competitiveness of second-generation ethanol in comparison with fossil fuels. The enzymatic cocktail produced by the Chrysoporthe cubensis fungus as well as the mixture prepared with the cocktails of the Chrysoporthe cubensis and Penicillium pinophilum fungi have already proven to be efficient for hydrolyzing biomass pretreated with alkali. In this study, they were evaluated in saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with dilute acid or hot water at 121 degrees C using an enzyme loading equal to 8 filter paper units per gram of biomass. The most promising results were obtained from the hydrolysis of biomass pretreated with hot water by the C. cubensis-P. pinophilum enzymes blend. In this condition, the glucose and xylose production were 25.2 g.L-1 and 4.6 gL(-1), respectively, that resulted in the conversion of 68\% of glucan and 23\% of xylan in only 48 hours. This study shows that the hydrothermal pretreatment is a promising alternative to improve the enzymes performance, produced by the fungi C. cubensis and P. pinophilum, in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis without the need of chemical compounds, generally used in the acid and alkali pretreatments. Furthermore, the hydrothermal pretreatment for 60 min allowed all cocktails applied to convert the cellulose efficiently with only 24 h of saccharification, which contributes to the energy savings employed in the process.
Bioethanol production through integrated fungal fermentation (IFF), involving a unified process for biological delignification with consolidated biological processing by the white-rot fungus Phlebia sp. MG-60, was applied to sugarcane bagasse. Initial moisture content of the bagasse was found to affect biological delignification by MG-60, and 75\% moisture content was suitable for selective lignin degradation and subsequent ethanol production. Additives, such as basal media, organic compounds, or minerals, also affected biological delignification of bagasse by MG-60. Basal medium addition improved both delignification and ethanol production. Some inorganic chemical factors, such as Fe2+, Mn2+, or Cu2+, reduced bagasse carbohydrate degradation by MG-60 during delignifying incubations and resulted in increased ethanol production. The present results indicated that suitable culture conditions could significantly improve IFF efficiency. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets consisting of fresh sugarcane with urea, bagasse treated with calcium oxide, and urea ammoniated sugarcane bagasse supplemented with concentrate mixture in 50:50 ratio were evaluated. For this, 34 wethers Santa Ins in their growing phase, with an average age of 3.0 +/- 0.6 months and a mean initial live weight of 17.8 +/- 5.2 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design and subjected to visual observation periods of 5 days, for 24 h a day, during the experimental period. Dry matter (DM) intake and intake efficiency of DM were higher (P < 0.05) for animals receiving fresh sugarcane with urea. The animals which were fed with bagasse treated with calcium oxide had higher (P < 0.05) consumption of neutral detergent fiber, longer feeding and chewing time (P < 0.05), and shorter (P < 0.05) idling time. The time spent on chewing the ruminal bolus did not differ from one diet to the other (P > 0.05). Grams of dry matter per ruminated bolus were similar among animals fed with fresh sugarcane and ammoniated bagasse (P > 0.05) but lower (P < 0.05) in animals fed with bagasse treated with calcium oxide. Rumination efficiency values, in grams of dry matter per hour, and grams of neutral detergent fiber per hour for all three diets were similar (P > 0.05) to those found for feeding efficiency. The number of feeding and rumination periods was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet. Based on the intake and ingestive behavior responses, the fresh sugarcane with urea compared to bagasse treated with calcium oxide and ammoniated bagasse was found to be the better alternative feed for use in lamb diets.
Fully green nanocomposite films with excellent mechanical properties were prepared using mixed morphology nanocrystalline cellulose obtained by the dual acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse fibers as the reinforcing and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the matrix member. Sugarcane bagasse fibers were subjected to alkaline pretreatment and bleaching for de-lignification and partial acid hydrolysis resulting in the formation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was obtained by the dual acid hydrolysis of MCC using sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid followed by ultrasonication. The nanocomposite films were solution cast from chloroform in varied compositions. Mixed morphology and surface topography characteristics of NCC and PLA/NCC films were established using microscopic studies. Changes in the functionality and molecular chemistry with subsequent treatments in the fibers were evaluated using FTIR. NCC exhibited better dispersion characteristics, increased crystallinity and rendered thermally stable from room temperature to 230 degrees C. Degradation profiles of samples were obtained from thermogravimetry, while the reinforcing effects of NCC in PLA were established by analyzing crystallization characteristics from X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray diffraction was utilized to estimate the increase in crystalline constituents and their state. The increase in tensile strength of the films confirmed the increased and effective positive interaction at the matrix-filler interfaces.
The continuously growing demand for cellulosic fibers derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) has driven the development of green extraction processes to provide highly purified cellulose and reduce chemical treatment. Xylanase and laccase positively impact both delignification efficiency and fiber properties. This paper examined the effect of ultrasonic single enzyme treatment as xylanase or laccase and xylanase followed by laccase (UXL) on delignification and bleaching efficiency of cellulose microfibers from SCB. Results showed that xylanase and laccase significantly impacted delignification after ultrasonic treatment of pretreated bleached fibers. The UXL fibers exhibited highest cellulose content (67.20\%) and crystallinity index (56.06\%) due to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, as confirmed by the FTIR results. SEM analysis revealed the defibrillation of fibers after UXL treatment. Thermal analysis indicated the increased thermal stability of UXL fibers due to enzyme action, while combined xylanase and laccase treatment enhanced bleaching efficiency and cellulose properties, indicating that applying xylanase followed by laccase as part of the ultrasonic pretreatment processes increased biomass delignification efficiency. Findings increase the understanding of environmentally friendly pretreatment for cellulose extraction from SCB, which can be implemented to enhance cellulosic biorefinery in the sugar industry.
This current work is concerned with the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by mechanical activation (MA) using a self-designed stirring ball mill and surface modification of SCB using aluminate coupling agent (ACA). The untreated and differently treated SCBs were used to produce composites with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as polymer matrix. The activation grade (A(g)) measurement and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of SCB showed that MA enhanced the condensation reaction between ACA and hydroxyl groups of the SCB fibres, which obviously increased the hydrophobicity of SCB. It was found that the mechanical properties of both the PVC composites reinforced by SCB with and without ACA modification increased with increasing milling time (t(M)). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that MA pretreatment significantly improved the dispersion of SCB in the composites and interfacial adhesion between SCB and PVC matrix, resulting in better mechanical properties of the composites. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Suspended and immobilized cocultures of the thermotolerant yeast, Klauyveromyces marxianus DMKU 3-1042 and the mesophilic flocculent yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae M30 were studied for their abilities to improve production and stability of ethanol fermentation. Sugarcane juice and blackstrap molasses, at initial sugar concentrations of 220 g/L, were used as carbon sources. The results indicated that the coculture system could improve ethanol production from both sugarcane juice and blackstrap molasses when the operating temperature ranged between 33 degrees C and 45 degrees C. High temperature tolerances were achieved when the coculture was immobilized. The immobilized coculture was more effective in high-temperature ethanol fermentation than the suspended cultures. The coculture immobilized on thin-shell silk cocoon and fermented at 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C generated maximal ethanol concentrations of 81.4 and 77.3 g/L, respectively, which were 5.9-8.7\% and 16.8-39.0\% higher than those of the suspended cultures, respectively. (C) 2012, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.
Vinasse is a potassium-rich waste generated in large amounts by the ethanol production that, applied in the soil, can promote changes in water dispersible clay and in its physical quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clay dispersion of Oxisols after vinasse application and correlate it with some chemical attributes. Samples were collected in two Oxisols (155 and 471 g of clay kg(-1)), put in pots, received dosages of vinasse (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m(3) ha(-1)) and remained incubated during 120 days. Phosphorous, organic carbon, pH H2O, pH KCl, pH CaCl2, Al3+, H+Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Delta pH and the proportion between monovalent and bivalent cations have been evaluated and correlated with the clay flocculation degree. Vinasse changed almost all chemical variables in both soils and increased the flocculation in the sandy soil, but did not change the clayey one. Delta pH, Mg2+ and K+ significantly correlated with the flocculation degree in the sandy soil. It is possible to conclude that the dispersive effect of K+ added by vinasse are irrelevant, considering the flocculant effect caused by the increment in Mg2+ and Delta pH after vinasse application.
The characteristics and mechanisms of Pb sorption by biochars produced from sugarcane bagasse at 250, 400, 500, and 600 degrees C were examined. The Pb sorption isotherms, kinetics and desorption were investigated. All biochars were effective in Pb sorption and were well described by Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum sorption capacity decreased from 21 to 6.1 mg g(-1) as temperature increased from 250 to 600 degrees C. The Pb sorption was rapid initially, probably controlled by cation exchange and complexation and then slowed down, which might be due to intraparticle diffusions. FTIR data and kinetic models suggested that oxygen functional groups were probably responsible for the high Pb sorption onto low temperature biochars (250 and 400 degrees C) whereas intraparticle diffusion was mainly responsible for low Pb sorption onto high temperature biochars (500 and 600 degrees C). Decreased phosphorus concentration indicated that P-induced Pb precipitation was also responsible for Pb sorption. Pyrolysis temperature significantly affected biochar properties and played an important role in Pb sorption capacity and mechanisms by biochars. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study examines the effect of different concentrations of glandless cottonseed meal protein (GCSMP) and maltodextrin (MD) as microencapsulating agents on the shelf life stability of phenolic compounds extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Sugarcane bagasse showed high antioxidant activity, which remained stable after 30 days of storage at 4 degrees C. The best microencapsulation process was obtained with an MD and GCSMP ratio of 63.6\% and 36.4\%, respectively. The encapsulating agents' ratio affected the encapsulation efficiency (EE) (p < 0.05), while the spray-drying temperature did not show an effect on the EE of the SCB phenolic compounds (p > 0.05). The antioxidant activity of the microencapsulated phenolic compounds was affected by the MD/GCSMP ratio (p < 0.05). The combination of MD and GCSM showed a higher EE than MD (p < 0.05), while the EE was lower when the ratio of encapsulating agents consisted of either MD or GCSMP alone (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) in the microcapsules was not affected by the GCSMP ratio (p < 0.05). The TPC of microencapsulated phenolic compounds was stable up to 100 degrees C for 14 days. GCSMP containing microcapsules showed a corrugated surface compared to a more homogenized surface of MD. The resulting corrugated structure explains the higher EE showed by the GCSMP. Practical Application The use of sugarcane bagasse has been shown to add value to waste from agricultural and industrial sources. Glandless cottonseed meal protein is an excellent protective agent of antioxidants and can be extracted from agricultural waste. The encapsulated antioxidants can be used for the development of healthy, functional foods.
This aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pre-treatment on the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by hemicellulase action. It was found that pre-treatment of SCB with NH4OH removed a larger percentage of the SCB lignin and effectively increased SCB digestibility 13.13 fold. The greatest amount of reducing sugar (1194.88 mu mol/min) and largest degree of synergy (2.85) was obtained using it combination of two enzymes (25\% ManA and 75\% XynA) with NH4OH pre-treated SCB. In this study, NH4OH therefore appeared to be a more effective pre-treatment step for subsequent hydrolysis by hemicellulases. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Yeasts associated with rotting wood from four Atlantic Rain forest sites in Brazil were investigated using a culture medium based on sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. A total of 330 yeast strains were isolated. Pichia manshurica, Candida pseudolambica, and Wickerhamomyces sp. 3 were the most frequently isolated species. Fourteen novel species were obtained in this study. All isolates were tested for their ability to ferment d-xylose and to produce xylanases. In the fermentation assays using d-xylose (30 g L-1), the main ethanol producers were Scheffersomyces stipitis (14.08 g L-1), Scheffersomyces sp. (7.94 g L-1) and Spathaspora boniae (7.16 g L-1). Sc. stipitis showed the highest ethanol yield (0.42 g g(-1)) and the highest productivity (0.39 g L(-1)h(-1)). The fermentation results using hemicellulosic hydrolysate showed that Sc. stipitis was the best ethanol producer, achieving a yield of 0.32 g g(-1), while Sp. boniae and Scheffersomyces sp. were excellent xylitol producers. The best xylanase-producing yeasts at 50 degrees C belonged to the species Su. xylanicola (0.487 U mg(-1)) and Saitozyma podzolica (0.384 U mg(-1)). The results showed that rotting wood collected from the Atlantic Rainforest is a valuable source of yeasts able to grow in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, including species with promising biotechnological properties. (C) 2020 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Portland cement (OPC) production is one of the most contaminating greenhouse gas producing activities. In order to reduce OPC consumption, several alternatives are being assessed, and the use of pozzolanic material is one of them. This paper presents study on the reactivity of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a residue from sugarcane industry, as a pozzolanic material. In order to evaluate SCBA reactivity, it was mixed in pastes with hydrated lime and OPC, which were microstructurally characterised. These studies showed that SCBA presents some pozzolanic characteristics. Studies on mortars in which OPC was replaced by SCBA in the range 10-30\% were also carried out. Replacement in the range 15-20\% yielded the best behaviour in terms of compressive strength. Finally, it can be concluded this ash could be valorised despite its relative low pozzolanic reactivity.
In this work, bagasse, an agricultural waste was used for the development of environmentally benign biochar (CBG) and the thermal pyrolysis product applied for adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from water using a batch technique. The pseudo-first-order model best described the adsorption kinetics. Equilibrium adsorption data were modelled using six two-parameter and five three-parameter isotherm equations and the best-fitting models obtained using five error functions. The Sips isotherm best predicted the equilibrium data with an estimated adsorption capacity of 128.8 mg g(-1). Error analysis showed that three-parameter isotherms best explained the experimental data. The thermodynamic functions, viz. enthalpy (Delta H -24.72 kJ mol(-1)), Gibbs free energy (Delta G = -15.67 kJ mol(-1)), entropy (Delta S = 32.65 kJ mol(-1)), showed that the reaction is spontaneous and exothermic. The mechanism of adsorption involved charge-assisted hydrogen bonding (-)CAHB. The amount of CBG required for the removal of 99 \% of SMX in a given volume of effluent was predicted. The results attest that CBG is an effective low-cost adsorbent for SMX adsorption.
A high-performance bagasse-based adsorbent was prepared from agricultural waste bagasse by grafting of acrylamide and aminating with diethylenetriamine. Effects of catalyst dosage, acrylamide concentration, reaction temperature, and bath ratio on the grafting yield were investigated. The adsorption performances for mercury ions were evaluated by batch adsorption experiments and kinetic experiments. The results show that the adsorbent has high adsorption capacity for mercury in a wide range of pH values. The adsorption capacity could be as high as 813.0 mg/g, and the removal percentage for mercury ions can reach 99.9\%. The kinetic adsorption experiments show it can achieve adsorption equilibrium rapidly, which implies that the adsorbent has a strong ability to capture mercury ions. Besides, the bagasse-based adsorbent showed promising regeneration performance, and its adsorption amount of regenerated adsorbent only slightly decreased after five recycling. (C) 2019 Water Environment Federation
By-products from biofuels production, such as crude glycerol and sugarcane molasses, are interesting carbon sources for anaerobic biological production of hydrogen and metabolites. The objective of this work was to promote the co-fermentation of those two substrates in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor for obtaining biofuels and value-added products. The total and useful volumes of the reactor were 1.2 and 0.945 L, respectively. Sludge from a sewage treatment plant UASB reactor was used as the source of microorganisms. The crushed tire was applied as a support material to guarantee microbial adhesion. The molasses concentration was kept constant (4 g/L) and the crude glycerol varied (phase 1 = 1 g/L; phase 2 = 2 g/L, phase 3 = 3 g/L and phase 4 = 0 g/L) for a constant hydraulic retention time of 4 h. The highest average hydrogen yield (3.77 mol-H-2/mol(glucose)) and the highest average hydrogen production rate (0.34 L-H-2/h L-reactor) occurred in the fourth phase of operation (without crude glycerol). The main soluble metabolites produced were 1,3-propanediol (14.4-38.8\%), propionate (12.1-37.5\%) and acetate (13.2-26.9\%).
The Scan Electron Microscope Images (SEM), X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) dataset has been outlined investigating morphological features change of native sugarcane bagasse, as an agro-industrial lignocellulosic feedstock waste and a potential for cellulose biopolymer extraction, pretreated by alkali (sodium hydroxide) followed by an acid step (sodium bisulfate) in an exothermic in-situ one step, pretreated by acid (sulfuric acid) followed by residual solid fraction alkali pretreatment (sodium hydroxide) in a two separate individual steps and finally after the enzymatic cellulolysis. Data explained herein helps to extend and add to knowledge regarding the impact unlikeness of two different pretreatment methodologies utilize the same chemicals and relatively same concentrations on the cellulosic fiber morphological features and consequently its enzymatic accessibility. This data are related to Egypt Patent Office application, 1349/2017, entitled ``In-situ sodium hydroxide-sodium bisulfate sugarcane bagasse pretreatment for biofuel production{''
This study aimed to determine the effect of increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) from 60 to 90 and 120 kg COD m-3 d-1 in the co-fermentation of glycerol and sugarcane vinasse (50\%: 50\% proportion on a COD basis) in a thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (55 degrees C) at the fixed hydraulic retention time of 4 h. The highest values of hydrogen production rate (1851 mL H2 d-1 L-1bed) and yield (0.29 mmol H2 g-1 CODadded) were found at 120 kg COD m-3 d-1 and coincided with butanoate as a major liquid metabolite (2620 mg L-1). The reverse b-oxidation of lactate into butanoate contributed to its synthesis and was linked to synergism between Clostridium (relative abundance of 77.8\%) and Lacti-caseibacillus (7.2\%) in the reactor. The identification of the butyryl-CoA/acetate-CoA transferase gene, which may have catalyzed the conversion of butyryl-CoA into buta-noate using acetate as an acceptor, also supported this. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The performance of two lignocellulosic biomasses was studied in high-pressure carbon dioxide/ water pre-treatment. Sugarcane bagasse and elephant grass were used to produce C-5-sugars from hemicellulose and, simultaneously, to promote cellulose digestibility for enzymatic saccharification. Different pretreatment conditions, with combined severity factor ranging from -1.17 to -0.04, were evaluated and maximal total xylan to xylose yields of 59.2 wt.\% (34.4 wt.\% xylooligomers) and 46.4 wt.\% (34.9 wt.\% xylooligomers) were attained for sugarcane bagasse and elephant grass, respectively. Furthermore, pre-treated biomasses were highly digestible, with glucan to glucose yields of 77.2 mol\% and 72.4 mol \% for sugarcane bagasse and elephant grass, respectively. High-pressure carbon dioxide/ water pretreatment provides high total C-5-sugars and glucose recovery from both lignocellulosic biomasses; however it is highly influenced by composition and intrinsic features of each biomass. The obtained results confirm this approach as an effective and greener alternative to conventional pre-treatment processes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cachaca is a typical Brazilian distilled beverage made from fermented sugarcane juice. The copper levels in alembic cachaca are of great concern among producers, and the removal of this contaminant is important for the quality of the product. The present study aimed to remove copper ions from alembic cachaca by adsorption. Sugarcane bagasse, okara, Moringa oleifera Lam., three different types of zeolites, and two types of commercial charcoal were tested as biosorbents. The heat-treated sugarcane bagasse removed 100\% of the copper present in a cachaca sample, while other low-cost natural adsorbents had close to 50\% removal as was observed for M. oleifera seeds and okara. All adsorbents had porous and fibrous structures, favorable to adsorption. A kinetic study showed that a pseudo-second-order model was appropriate, with equilibrium times of 15 h for heat-treated sugarcane bagasse, okara, and M. oleifera seeds used as adsorbents. The Langmuir model better fitted the experimental data, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity was 17.00, 0.77, and 5.33 mg of Cu g(-1) for the heat-treated sugarcane bagasse, M. oleifera seeds, and okara, respectively. The results presented here are promising indicating three agro-industrial residues were favorable to the adsorption of copper ions from alembic cachaca.
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 4000) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated with the purpose of evaluating their influence on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Effects of these supplements were assayed for different enzymatic cocktails (Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium funiculosum) that acted on lignocellulosic material submitted to different pretreatment methods with varying solid (25 and 100 g/L) and protein (7.5 and 20 mg/g cellulose) loadings. The highest levels of glucose release were achieved using partially delignified cellulignin as substrate, along with the T. harzianum cocktail: increases of 14 and 18 \% for 25 g/L solid loadings and of 33 and 43 \% for 100 g/L solid loadings were reached for BSA and PEG supplementation, respectively. Addition of these supplements could maintain hydrolysis yield even for higher solid loadings, but for higher enzymatic cocktail protein loadings, increases in glucose release were not observed. Results indicate that synergism might occur among these additives and cellulase and xylanases. The use of these supplements, besides depending on factors such as pretreatment method of sugarcane bagasse, enzymatic cocktails composition, and solid and protein loadings, may not always lead to positive effects on the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material, making it necessary further statistical studies, according to process conditions.
It is advantageous to understand the relationship between cellulose fiber morphology and the rheological behavior of its dispersions so that their application can be optimized. The goal of this study was to produce sugarcane bagasse-sourced cellulose dispersions with different numbers of high-pressure homogenization cycles. Microfluidization produced cellulose nanofibers (between 5 and 80 nm in diameter) with similar surface charge densities and crystallinities (measured on the resulting films). Oscillatory rheology showed that TEMPO-oxidized cellulose dispersions exhibited gel-like behavior. However, not only did the samples with more microfluidization cycles present a lower storage modulus, but the sample with 100 cycles completely lost the gel-like characteristic, presenting a viscous fluid rheological behavior. Thixotropy loop tests revealed the influence of nanofiber length on the dispersion's structure, as evidenced by the decrease in the hysteresis value along with fiber breakage. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that the rheological properties of the dispersion can be tuned according to the length of the nanofibers, allowing for targeted applications.
Expansive soils are a major concern in geotechnical engineering, especially for light structures, due to swell-shrink behavior with moisture content variation. Lime is broadly used in swelling soil stabilization, but the use of industrial waste is emerging as a sustainable solution. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a by-product of the sugar and ethanol industry, with annual world production of around 10 million tons, and several times it has inadequate final disposal. So, this study presents the first evaluation of the feasibility of utilizing SCBA as a stabilizer for compacted swelling soil. For this purpose, one-dimensional swelling tests were done with compacted bentonite-sand blend/SCBA mixtures molded with distinct proportions (100/0, 93.75/6.25, 87.5/12.5, 81.25/18.75, 75/25), compacted in different dry unit weights (12.75 kN/m3, 13.75 kN/m3, 14.75 kN/m3, 15.75 kN/m3, and 16.75 kN/m3) with water content of 19.5\%. Methylene blue index tests assessed the mixture's cation exchange capacity (CEC). The bentonite-sand blend swells up to 16.15\% and continues swelling after 72 h. By adding 6.25\% or more of SCBA, little or no swelling was perceived after 24 h of testing. Furthermore, the denser the blend is, the more it will expand. However, adding 12.5\% of SCBA or more in all samples tested presents one-dimensional swelling lower than 0.5\%, with no further swell perceived. In addition, CEC agrees with blend swelling behavior. The swell mitigation is attributed to the presence of MgO and CaO in SCBA, as Mg+2 and Ca+2 can chemically alter the soil through cation exchange, replacing monovalent cations in the clay.
The use of residue of sugarcane ethanol industry named vinasse in fertirrigation is an established and widespread practice in Brazil. Both non-concentrated vinasse (NCV) and concentrated vinasse (CV) are used in fertirrigation, particularly to replace the potassium fertilizer. Although studies on the chemical and organic composition of vinasse and their impact on nitrous oxide emissions when applied in soil have been carried out, no studies have evaluated the microbial community composition and diversity in different forms of vinasse. We assessed the bacterial community composition of NCV and CV by non-culturable and culturable approaches. The non-culturable bacterial community was assessed by next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and culturable community by isolation of bacterial strains and molecular and biochemical characterization. Additionally, we assessed in the bacterial strains the presence of genes of nitrogen cycle nitrification and denitrification pathways. The microbial community based on 16S rRNA sequences of NCV was overrepresented by Bacilli and Negativicutes while CV was mainly represented by Bacilli class. The isolated strains from the two types of vinasse belong to class Bacilli, similar to Lysinibacillus, encode for nirK gene related to denitrification pathway. This study highlights the bacterial microbial composition particularly in CV what residue is currently recycled and recommended as a sustainable practice in sugarcane cultivation in the tropics.
Activated carbon (AC) prepared by physical activation with steam (named as AC-H2O) was employed for catalytic fast pyrolysis of bagasse in a hydrogen atmosphere to selectively produce 4-ethyl phenol (4-EP), a valuable phenolic compound. Lab-scale fast pyrolysis experiments were conducted to quantitatively determine the pyrolytic products and investigate several factors on the 4-EP production, including pyrolysis atmosphere, AC type, catalytic pyrolysis temperature, and AC-to-bagasse ratio. The results indicated that the AC-H2O (activated by H2O) catalyst exhibited much better performance on 4-EP production than other ACs prepared by different activation methods. Compared with the inert atmosphere, the presence of hydrogen atmosphere could significantly promote the 4-EP formation with the yield increase by over 36\%. The maximal 4-EP yield of 3.55 wt\% with the selectivity of 17.42\% was obtained under AC-to-bagasse ratio of 1.5 at 330 degrees C. In addition, the gas product produced by the pyrolysis process could be recycled to provide a hydrogen atmosphere without an additional hydrogen supply.
This work focuses a whole process assessment on post-harvesting sugarcane residues for 2G ethanol production by different saccharification-fermentation conditions at high solids loading, performed after steam explosion, alkaline and acidic pretreatments. Carbohydrate recoveries and enzymatic digestibility results showed that alkali and steam explosion pretreatments were effective for the biomass assayed. Due to a significant improvement (60\%) of the glucose released by combining hemicellulases and cellulases only after the NaOH pretreatment, the most favorable process settled comprised an alkali-based pretreatment followed by a pre-saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). The produced ethanol reached 4.8\% (w/w) as a result of an 80\% conversion of the glucose from the pretreated biomass. Finally, an ethanol concentration of 3.2\% (w/w) was obtained by means of a steam explosion followed by PSSF, representing a suitable start point to further develop a low environmental impact alternative for ethanol production.
A multilayer particleboard panels, consisted of sugarcane bagasse reinforced composite as core material and hybrid composites made with Pinus taeda particles and Malva fibres as facing materials, were designed and evaluated in this work. Tukey test was used to identify the effect of the facing material, considering different combinations of Pinus taeda particles and Malva fibres, on the bulk density, thickness swelling, flexural strength, flexural stiffness and X-ray densitometry. A spray-up process was used to spread castor oil based polyurethane ersin upon the dispersive phases followed by a hot compaction at 100 degrees C. The particleboards were classified as medium density panels in accordance to the Brazilian, American and Canadian Standards. All treatments reached the minimum strength except for elastic modulus Tukey test demonstrated the flexural strength and modulus responses for all treatments were statistically similar. Hybrid particleboard consisted of 75\% of Pinus taeda wood and 25\% of Malva fibres revealed a promising sustainable material for furniture industries, combining strength, low-cost and lower thickness swelling values.
Designing a tailor-made synergistic system is a promising strategy for developing an effective enzyme for saccharification of lignocellulosic materials. In this study, a cellulolytic enzyme mixture comprising selected core recombinant enzymes for hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by alkaline-catalyzed steam explosion was optimized using a mixture design approach. The optimized enzyme system comprised a cellobiohydrolase (Cel7A) from Talaromyces cellulolyticus, an endo-glucanase (Cel7B) from Thielavia terrestris, a beta-glucosidase (BGL) and an endo-beta 1,4-xylanase (XYN) from Aspergillus aculeatus at the ratio of 034:0.27:0.14:0.25. The maximum reducing sugar yield of 797 mg/g biomass, comprising 543 and 96.8 mg/g glucose and xylose, respectively were achieved, equivalent to 92.44\% and 47.50\% recoveries, respectively from the pretreated substrate at the enzyme dosage of 20 mg/g biomass. The sugar yield from the quaternary enzyme mixture was 17.37\% higher than that obtained with Accellerase 1500. (C) 2017, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the main greenhouse gas emitted from farming systems and is associated with nitrogen (N) fertilizer application as well as decomposition of organic matter present in the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of post-harvest straw burning and synthetic N fertilization on the dynamics of N2O emissions in the sugarcane-soil system in Tucuman, Argentina, compared with a native forest. Close-vented chambers were used to capture N2O during three consecutive growing seasons. The highest N2O emissions from the sugarcane-soil system coincided with the period of high soil and air temperatures, rainfall and soil N content. The effect of synthetic N fertilization on annual cumulative N2O emission was 7.4-61.5\% higher in straw burned than in unburned treatments, especially during a wet growing season. There was a significant effect of treatments on N2O emission factors among growing seasons: 0.58-1.67\% and 0.94-3.34\% in the unburnt and burnt treatments, respectively. The emission factors for sugarcane are highly dependent on rainfall, temperature and crop management practices; regarding the latter, avoiding straw burning and reducing N soil availability, assessing alternative N fertilizers or new application modes such as split rates, seem to be the key for mitigating N2O emissions from the sugarcane-soil system in Tucuman, Argentina. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse-a residue from sugar and ethanol production from sugar cane-is a potential raw material for lignocellulosic ethanol production. This material is high in xylan content. A prerequisite for bioethanol production from bagasse is therefore that xylose is efficiently fermented to ethanol, In the current study, ethanolic fermentation of steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was assessed in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) set-up using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB3400 a recombinant xylose utilizing yeast strain, or Pichia stipitis CBS6054, a naturally xylose utilizing yeast strain. Commercial cellulolytic enzymes were used and the content of water insoluble solids (WIS) was 5\% or 7.5\%. S. cerevisiae TMB3400 consumed all glucose and large fraction of the xylose in SSF. Almost complete xylose conversion could be achieved at 5\% WIS and 32 degrees C. Fermentation did not occur with P. stipitis CBS6054 at pH 5.0. However, at pH 6.0, complete glucose conversion and high xylose conversion (> 70\%) was obtained. Microaeration was required for P. stipitis CBS6054. This was not necessary for S. cerevisiae TMB3400.
A unique morphology-controlling protocol involving hydrothermal preprocessing before pyrolysis is presented to convert cellulosic waste in the form of sugarcane bagasse into three-dimensional (3D) interconnected, conducting, and high surface area carbon nanochannels. The large buffer spaces in such a porous carbon sample yield impressive electrochemical capacitance (C-sp) of 280 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g (and 275 F/g at 5 mV/s), with 72\% retention even at a very high current density of 20 A/g. In contrast, the non-hydrothermally treated sample exhibits a C-sp value of 180 F/g at 1 A/g and only 52\% retention at 20 A/g. The much better performance of the hydrothermally preprocessed bagasse-derived carbon (BHAC) can be ascribed to the solvent retention inside the buffer spaces created, negating the diffusional limitations of pore inaccessibility at higher scan rates. The BHAC has a high surface area of 1260 m(2)/g with a fairly good (11 wt \%) concentration of oxygen functionality. The material renders a good energy density of Wh/kg at a power density of 3.5 kW/kg and shows good cyclability of 90\% after 1000 charge/discharge cycles.
The sugar cane bagasse is the most abundant agricultural residue produced in Brazil. It can be used for the production of chipboard panels and as constructive components for several types of environments. The substitution of timber for the bagasse minimizes environmental impacts and contributes to the generation of a new product with lower density and lower thermal conductivity which can improve the thermal conditioning of buildings. This study aims at determining the heat flow through chipboard panels made of sugarcane bagasse and comparing these chipboard panels with similar ones made of Pinus and Eucalyptus. The results show that the heat flow during the heating of the panels is lower for the panels made of sugar cane bagasse and the heat accumulation promoted by this panel is greater than by others. Therefore this product may be suitable to be used as liners, between cavity walls, partition walls and more.
With the increase of the sugar and alcohol industries, alternative uses for residue are sought, and the small ruminants from the naturalized breeds of northeastern Brazil are potential groups to make use of the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in their diets. In this context, the objective was to determine the in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of SCB and ruminal parameters in Moxoto goats and Morada Nova sheep rumen fistulated. Three grams of SCB were placed in naylon bags and incubated in the rumen at 6, 24 and 96 hours, and the residues analyzed for DM and NDF. Rumen fluid was collected at zero, 6 and 12 hours after the first meal and pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were determined. DMI did not differ between goats and sheep. The maximum degradation potential of DM was similar between species and the A of NDF was higher in goats. Sheep had higher colonization time, rate of degradation and effective degradability of DM and NDF. The pH did not differ between species. The highest concentration of ruminal N-NH3 in goats was at time zero. Given the higher rate of degradation of bagasse dry matter by sheep, this specie shows a more efficient rumen microbial growth on SCB.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was selected as the supporting material for grafting maleic anhydride (MA) to obtain sugarcane-bagasse-grafting-maleic-anhydride (SCB-g-MA), which was used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) in the dye-containing wastewater. The granular morphology and functional groups of the material were characterized by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and solid-state analysis (13C NMR) methods. The effect(s) of the adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, initial concentration of MB, and the pH of solution on the MB adsorption performance of the material have been also investigated. The results showed that the adsorption capacity and removal rate of MB were found to be 82 mg/g and 98\%, respectively. It has also showed that the adsorption behavior on the MB could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model integrated with Langmuir model. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis play a critical role in the economic production of sugars and fuels from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we evaluated diverse pilot-scale pretreatments and different post-pretreatment strategies for the production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse. For the pretreatment of bagasse at pilot-scale level, steam explosion without catalyst and combination of sulfuric and oxalic acids at low and high loadings were used. Subsequently, to enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated bagasse, three different post-pretreatment process schemes were investigated. In the first scheme (Scheme 1), enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted on the whole pretreated slurry, without treatments such as washing or solid-liquid separation. In the second scheme (Scheme 2), the pretreated slurry was first pressure filtered to yield a solid and liquid phase. Following filtration, the separated liquid phase was remixed with the solid wet cake to generate slurry, which was then subsequently used for enzymatic hydrolysis. In the third scheme (Scheme 3), the pretreated slurry was washed with more water and filtered to obtain a solid and liquid phase, in which only the former was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. A 10 \% higher enzymatic conversion was obtained in Scheme 2 than Scheme 1, while Scheme 3 resulted in only a 5-7 \% increase due to additional washing unit operation and solid-liquid separation. Dynamic light scattering experiments conducted on post-pretreated bagasse indicate decrease of particle size due to solid-liquid separation involving pressure filtration provided increased the yield of C6 sugars. It is anticipated that different process modification methods used in this study before the enzymatic hydrolysis step can make the overall cellulosic ethanol process effective and possibly cost effective.
Filter paper and xylan were selected as model substrates simulating cellulose and hemicellulose components. Enzymatic hydrolysis of different substrates: pure filter paper, xylan added system, alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were studied at varying solids loading to assess the effect of hemicellulose on substrate conversion at high solids loading. Meanwhile, hydrophilic lignin (sulfonated lignin or alkali lignin) was added to 15\% (w/v) alkali-pretreated SCB hydrolysis system to investigate lignin influence on cellulose digestibility. It was found that xylan as the physical barrier had inhibitory effect on cellulose hydrolysis. Enzymatic saccharification of alkali-pretreated SCB was significantly improved by supplementing with hydrophilic lignin. The effect of lignin on substrate conversion depended not only on the hydrophilic characteristics of lignin, but also on the form of lignin present in different substrates.
In this work, TiO2-doped carbon aerogel (TiO2/CA) was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse hydrothermal, freeze-drying, and carbonization methods. The effects of the calcination temperatures of 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800(o)C were also evaluated. The obtained TiO2/CA exhibits an ultralow density (0.021-0.032 g/cm(3)) and porosity of more than 97 \%. The as-prepared TiO2/CA was applied in photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) with the effects of dose sample and pH were also investigated. The results show that TiO2/CA at 800(o)C (TiO2/CA-800) exhibits the highest MB photodegradation efficiency of 93.86 \% at pH 9. The aforementioned results affirm the potential application of sugarcane bagasse for the fabrication of environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbents for the photodegradation of MB.
This work reports the mechanical, durability and insulating properties of novel geopolymer composites made of iron-rich laterite and sugarcane bagasse fibers with sodium silicate as a hardener. The results showed that the addition of fibers was beneficial for improving the fracture behavior of iron-rich laterite based geopolymer from brittle to ductile. The 28 days compressive strength ranges from 50 MPa to 14 MPa with the content of fibers. The modulus of elasticity was improved by 50\% with only 3 wt\% of fibers. The geopolymer composites perform well after 20 wet-dry cycles with the improvement of its ductility. The 28 days thermal conductivity decreases from 0.77 W/mK to 0.55 W/mK with the fibers content.
PP/sugarcane bagasse fiber composites were prepared by injection molding from two fractions of fibers with different particle characteristics. The mechanical properties of the composites were characterized by tensile and impact measurements, while local deformation processes by acoustic emission testing and microscopy. The determination of fiber dimensions after processing showed that considerable attrition takes place during melt processing in both the length and the diameter of the fibers. Interfacial adhesion can be improved considerably by coupling. The strength of adhesion was estimated quantitatively and adhesion was ten times stronger (1600 mJ/m(2)) in the presence of the coupling agent than without it (140 mJ/m(2)) leading to larger composite strength in the former case. Local deformation processes also change with the strength of adhesion, debonding dominates without the coupling agent, while fiber fracture takes place at good adhesion. Fiber fracture consumes energy that leads to an increase in impact resistance. The size of the fibers must be reduced in order to achieve better properties, but the application of coupling cannot be avoided even in that case.
Sugarcane has emerged as a new and potential source of power and bioethanol. Harvest index is a useful parameter to assess the suitability of different varieties for various end-uses. Field studies on harvest index were carried out involving sugarcane varieties and elite genotypes representing the varietal spectrum of subtropical India. The relative contribution of various components of biological yield, such as leaf, stalk and root biomass showed substantial differences among varieties. Harvest index for cane yield was found to vary between 66-81\% for the commercial hybrids. The harvest index for sugar yield followed more or less a similar trend. Results highlighted the positive impact of inter-specific hybridization, as the current varieties had higher harvest index than the accessions of the parental cultivated species, namely, Saccharum officinarum, S. barbed and S. sinense and the wild species, S. spontaneum. The extent of variability for this important parameter provides scope for further improving the assimilate partitioning without jeopardizing the adaptability of sugarcane varieties under North Indian agro-climates.
Distillery sludge is a major source of aquatic pollution, but little is known about their microbial community and their association with the organic and metal pollutants. Sugarcane molasses-based distillery is an important industry in India, although the waste is usually treated prior to disposal, the treatment is often inadequate. The adverse effects of the organic and metal pollutants in sugarcane molasses-based distillery sludge on the microbial biodiversity and abundance in the disposal site have not been elucidated. This study aims to address this gap of knowledge. Samples were collected from the discharge point, 1 and 2 km downstream (D1, D2, and D3, respectively) of a sugarcane distillery in Uttar Pradesh, India, and their physico-chemical properties characterised. Using QIIME, taxonomic assignment for the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of 16 S rRNA was performed. The phyla Proteobacteria (28-39\%), Firmicutes (20-28\%), Bacteriodetes (9-10\%), Actinobacteria (5-10\%), Tenericutes (1-9\%) and Patescibacteria (2\%) were the predominant bacteria in all three sites. Euryechaeota, were detected in sites D1 and D2 (1-2\%) but absent in D3. Spirochaetes (5\%), Sinergistetes (2\%) and Cloacimonetes (1\%) were only detected in samples from site D1. Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and Observedspecies indices indicated that site D1 (10.18, 0.0013, 36706.55 and 45653.84, respectively) has higher bacterial diversity and richness than D2 (6.66, 0.0001, 25987.71 and 49655.89, respectively) and D3 (8.31, 0.002, 30345.53 and 30654.88, respectively), suggesting the organic and metal pollutants provided the stressors to favour the survival of microbial community that can biodegrade and detoxify them in the distillery sludge. This study confirmed that the treatment of the distillery waste was not sufficiently effective and provided new metagenomic information on its impact on the surrounding microbial community. It also offered new insights into potential bioremediation candidates.
Homogeneous sulfation of bagasse cellulose (BC) with chlorosulfonic acid-dimethylformamide was accomplished in an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
Sugarcane bagasse cellulose succinate trimellitate (SBST) was prepared by a one-pot synthesis method. The synthesis of this novel mixed ester was investigated by a 2(3)-factorial design. The parameters investigated were time, temperature, and succinic anhydride mole fraction (chi(SA)). The responses evaluated were the adsorption capacity (q(co2+) and q(Ni2+)), weight gain (wg), and number of carboxylic acid groups (n(T center dot COOH)). C-1(3) Multiple Cross-Polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy, H-1 NMR relaxometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to elucidate the SBST structure. The best SBST reaction conditions were 100 degrees C, 660 min, and chi(SA) of 0.2, which yielded SBST with a wg of 57.1\%, n(T center dot COOH) of 4.48 mmol g (-1), and q(co2+) and q(Ni2+), of 0.900 and 0.963 mmol g(-1), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q(max)) (pH 5.75, 25 degrees C) estimated by the Redlich-Peterson model for Co2+ and Ni2+ were 1.16 and 1.29 mmol g(-1). The Delta H-ads degrees values for Co2+ and Ni2+ adsorption obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry were 8.03 and 6.94 kJ mol(-1). Regeneration and reuse of SBST were investigated and the best conditions applied for fixedbed column adsorption in five consecutive cycles. SBST was fully desorbed and Q(max) values for Co2+ (0.95 mmol g(-1)) and Ni2+ (1.02 mmol g(-1)) were estimated using the Bohart-Adams model. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Ethyl acetate extraction (EAE) of the steam exploded sugarcane bagasse may be an effective and economic way to extract antioxidants as well as enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol yield from the extracted residue. Therefore, the effects of EAE on steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SESB) were studied. Under boiling solvent extraction (BSE), the efficiency of EAE for obtaining phenolics from SESB was approximately 20\%. EA extracts obtained under BSE showed an H2O2 scavenging activity (210 mu L) of 99\%. The IC50 values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power of BSE40 were 50.89 and 256.38 mu g/mL, respectively, while those of vitamin C were 24 and 112 mu g/mL, respectively. EAE improved the glucose yield by 30\% but had no significant effect on the xylose yield during the enzymatic hydrolysis obtained using Celluclast 1.5L and Novozym 188. EAE also increased the ethanol yield by 8.78\% by employing simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The present study may be of great importance in industrial bioethanol production from steam-exploded biomass environmentally friendly and economically. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The research objective was evaluate the bromatological quality of leucaena silage (Leucaena leucocephala) with different levels of powder molasses. The plants were collected, cut, ensilated and incorporated with molasses powder in the following proportions: 0, 2, 4 and 6\%. Four treatments with four repetitions were evaluated using experimental cylindrical-PVC silos arranged in a completely randomized design. After 30 days the silos were opened and pH, dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose were evaluated The use of powder molasses as an additive in the ensiling of leucaena showed desirable effects on the ensiled mass, improving the quality of the same. the increase in addition of molasses powder on silage showed a reduction in levels of ADF, NDF and pH. Additions of up to 4\% of molasses powder on the Leucaena silage are recommended for better results of MM (\%) and MS (\%).
Lindane is an organochlorine pesticide that, due to its persistence in the environment, is still detected in different matrices. Bioremediation using actinobacteria consortia proved to be promising for the restoration of contaminated soils. Another alternative to remove xenobiotics is to use agricultural residues, which stimulates microbial activity, increasing its capacity to degrade organic pollutants. The present work studies the coupling of sugarcane bagasse biostimulation and bioaugmentation with the actinobacteria consortium composed of Streptomyces sp. A2, A5, A11 and M7 on lindane removal in different soil types. In this sense, factorial designs with three factors (proportion and size of sugarcane bagasse particles, and moisture content) were employed. A response optimizer identified the combination of factors levels that jointly allowed obtaining the maximum lindane removal in the evaluated conditions. In the optimal conditions, the effect of the bioremediation process on soil microbiota was studied by evaluating different parameters. The highest lindane removal percentages were detected in biostimulated microcosms bioaugmented with the microbial consortium, which were accompanied by a decrease in lindane half-life respect to the controls. Also, the bioaugmentation of biostimulated microcosms increased the microbial counts and enhanced soil enzymatic activities, corroborating the bioremediation process efficiency. The survival of the four actinobacteria at the end of the assay confirmed the ability of all Streptomyces strains to colonize amended soils. Bioremediation by simultaneous application of biostimulation with sugarcane bagasse and bioaugmentation with the actinobacteria consortium, in the optimized conditions, represents an efficient strategy to restore lindane contaminated soils. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fast pyrolysis of giant reed Arundo (Arundo donax), fiber sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) was studied in bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Product yields were determined, and detailed physicochemical characterization for produced fast pyrolysis bio-oils (FPBOs) was carried out. The highest organic liquid yield (dry basis) was observed with sugarcane bagasse (59-62 wt \%), followed by eucalyptus (49-53 wt \%), giant reed Arundo (39 wt \%), and fiber sorghum (34-42 wt \%). After the pyrolysis experiments, produced FPBOs were gasified in an oxygen-blown autothermal catalytic reforming system for the produced synthesis gas. The gasifier consists of a partial oxidation zone where the FPBO is gasified, and the raw syngas is then reformed over a fixed bed steam-reforming catalyst in the reforming zone. The gas production (similar to 1.7 Nm3/kg FPBO) and composition (H2 similar to 50 vol \%, CO 20-25 vol \%, and CO2 25-30 vol \%) were similar for all FPBOs tested. These results show that the combination of fast pyrolysis with subsequent gasification provides a technically feasible and feedstock flexible solution for the production of synthesis gas.
This paper reports the pollutant removal efficiencies of two lab-scale hybrid wetland systems treating a textile wastewater. The two systems had identical configurations, each consisting of a vertical flow (VF) and a horizontal flow (HF) wetland that were filled with organic sugarcane bagasse and sylhet sand as the main media. The systems were operated under high hydraulic loading (HL) (566-5660 mm/d), and inorganic nitrogen (254-508 g N/m(2) d) and organics loadings (9840-19680 g COD/m(2) d and 2154-4307 g BOD5/m(2) d). Simultaneous removals of BOD5 (74-79\%) and ammonia (59-66\%) were obtained in the first stage VF wetlands, demonstrating the efficiency of the media for oxygen transfer to cope with the high pollutant loads. The organic carbon (C) content of sugarcane bagasse facilitated denitrification in the VF wetlands. Second stage HF wetlands provided efficient color removal under predominantly anaerobic condition. Overall, the wetland systems showed stable removal performances under high, and unsteady, pollutant loadings. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The paper presents an account of research findings dealing with the development of a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on chemical reactions resulting from gasification of solid wastes, apple juice waste and sugarcane bagasse. The existing data has been analyzed with respect to the effects of gasifier pressure and gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT) on the lower heating value of syngas as well as on first- and second-law efficiencies of a solid waste-fuelled combined power cycle. Both these parameters for the combined power cycle decrease with an increase in gasifier pressure but increase with an increase in turbine inlet temperature. The observations also clearly indicate that the first-law efficiency is higher than the second-law efficiency, and this may be attributed to higher exergy content (biomass fuel) compared to the energy content. Further, compared to the sugarcane bagasse-fuelled cycle, improved performance in the context of higher first- and second-law efficiencies and lower CO2 and H2O emissions results from the apple juice waste-fuelled combined cycle.
Today, the world is looking for materials that can be effectively used in construction without affecting environmental sustainability. The use of agro-industrial wastes as a constructional material will support in either way of waste handling and environmental conservation. This paper focuses on the behavior of high-strength concrete along with the durability study with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as an alternate pozzolanic material. SCBA was partially added as 10, 20 and 30\% proportions with cementitious material and compared with a control mix with 100\% cementitious material. Mechanical properties of concrete, such as workability, compression strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength, were obtained for the three mixes and compared with the control mix that shows SCBA replacement can be done partially to obtain better results. The durability properties, such as water absorption, carbonation and corrosion resistance, were obtained for the mixes that show adequate support to the replacement. Partial replacement of SCBA also supports environmental protection.
Phenolic pollutants are very toxic and their removal from aquatic resources is very important. Adsorption by activated carbon, AC, is the best method for removal of phenols from solutions. However, the high cost of AC and difficulty of its regeneration after phenol adsorption puts high demand on low price AC materials. Therefore, sugarcane bagasse as a sustainable, bulky and fibrous biomass was selected for the purpose of low-price AC formation for phenols adsorption. Sugarcane bagasse derived activated carbon, BAC, was achieved via an environmental thermo-chemical activation process using ZnCl2 followed by pyrolysis at different temperatures (400-600 degrees C). The formed BAC materials were characterized by elemental analysis, simultaneous TGA-DTA, ATR-FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption techniques. The BAC materials showed several enhanced characteristics including extra high specific surface area (up to 2046 m(2)/g), improved meso-/microporosity dual system and nanostructured graphitic-like structure composed of few graphene layers. Adsorption removal of phenol as an industrial waste pollutant was investigated from solutions of wide range of concentrations (50-1000 mg/L). The adsorption processes were characterized by (L2) class of adsorption isotherm, Langmuir isotherm model, physical-adsorption thermochemical parameters and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Adsorptions of two other substituted phenols (resorcinol and pyrogallol) were investigated. The adsorption capacity was increased with increasing of intramolecular bonding of the adsorbate in the order of phenol < resorcinol < pyrogallol. The present results emphasized the versatility of the formed BACs as environmentally sustainable adsorbent for phenolic pollutants.
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an ecologically friendly alternative energy source. Due to the typically limited electron transfer in MFC systems, co-biocatalysts are necessary to enhance their performance. Enzymes are used as co-biocatalysts due to their superior ability to generate energy, and the system is known as an enzymatic microbial fuel cell (EMFC). One of the substrates that may be used is bagasse waste extracted from sugarcane. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) serve as co-biocatalysts in the breakdown of sugarcane bagasse waste in this study, which uses single-chamber EMFCs. In EMFC using sugarcane bagasse waste extract employing S. cerevisiae biocatalyst and glucose oxidase enzyme co-biocatalyst, the open circuit voltage was 0.56 V and the maximum power density was 146.65 mW m-2, an increase of 10.4 times to MFCs that solely employed only yeast biocatalyst. In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction achieved by this technology is 75 \%. In addition, the pH of sugarcane bagasse waste extract samples treated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and GOx enzyme decreased from 4.6 to 4.2. This research demonstrates that adding the co-biocatalyst GOx enzyme may boost the performance of the traditional yeast MFC.
Sugarcane bagasse has been utilized byGanoderma lucidumin high value, but this also produces tons of spent substrate. For comprehensive exploitation of sugarcane bagasse, this study was to evaluate the potential of mycelia extract from spentGanodermasubstrate (MESGS). In vivo assays, MESGS could alleviate acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice without toxicity. Analysis revealed that MESGS could effectively relieve the histopathological lesions of liver tissue. There are significant tendencies to descend for the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase with the increasing doses of MESGS. Similarly, plasma creatinine levels of mice treating with MESGS were restored to 11.2 similar to 13.24 mu mol/L which approached to 9.48 mu mol/L of the normal control group. MESGS could mitigate symptoms of liver index raising and splenomegaly. It could be known that after acute liver injury, the mice with MESGS -treating had less side effects on liver, kidney and spleen. Meanwhile, the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase and increased malonaldehyde level were inhibited by MESGS treatment. In vitro assays, MESGS also exhibited strong antioxidant in a dose dependent manner by radicals scavenging activity with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl and 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt. Furthermore, MESGS is rich in polysaccharide (22.13\%) and polyphenolics (2.02\%). These findings demonstrated that the MESGS displayed certain hepatoprotective effect on the acute liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress. Therefore, the MESGS could be beneficial for drug development against chemical injury. It provides research basis for further improving high value conversion of sugarcane bagasse. {[
This research evaluated the effects of the new sugarcane harvesting system (without straw burning) and soil attributes on the organic carbon (OC) accumulation and sorption of alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide) and diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in highly weathered Brazilian soils. Alachlor was more likely to leach (K (d,app) = 1.0-7.0 L kg(-1) and mean K (oc,app) = 174 L kg(-1)) than diuron (K (d,app) = 6.2-116.3 L kg(-1) and mean K (oc,app) = 1789 L kg(-1)). The sorption coefficient (K (d,app)) values correlated better with soil OC contents, but the Fe-oxides also played an important role in these highly weathered soils. Sorption was enhanced in the areas without straw burning mostly due to OC accumulation that was higher in the clayey soils, but it was not enough to change their mobility classification.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different thermal pretreatments of the inoculum on the diversity of the microbial community producing hydrogen from sugarcane vinasse. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S and 18S rRNA genes was performed. The reactor samples were also selected for the isolation of strict anaerobes. Decreased microbial diversity was observed with increasing pretreatment temperatures, with Firmicutes predominating: 90\% to 97\%. The highest abundance of Staphylococcus (7.9\%) was found in pretreatment at 120 degrees C / 20 min at pH 6. The fungal analysis revealed a high prevalence of Candida (47\%), Agaricomycetes, Pezizomycotina and Aspergillus in assays with higher H-2 production (90 degrees C / 10 min at pH 6). Three species of Clostridium were isolated: C. bifermentans, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum and C. saccharobutylicum. The isolates were tested separately and in co-cultures for the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen-producing capacity by co-culture of Clostridium species was increased by 18\%. Knowing microorganisms and understanding the interaction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is essential to obtain strategies for biotransformation of vinasse for the production of bioenergy.
Simple Summary Lipid supplementation is a common practice in dairy cow nutrition to control heat stress, provide more energy, and alter the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Full-fat corn germ (FFCG)-a by-product from corn processing-has been indicated as an alternative lipid ingredient because of its positive effects on milk production and milk fatty acid profile. Yet, FFCG may cause ruminal disturbances that lead to milk fat depression (MFD) in cows fed fresh sugarcane and cactus cladodes, which are important forage resources for the supplementation of dairy herds in the semi-arid region. Our most recent results show that replacing fresh sugarcane with sugarcane bagasse in the diet prevents the MFD observed in cows fed FFCG. The association of FFCG, cactus cladodes, and sugarcane bagasse improves milk production and milk fat content and alters the composition of milk fat towards a healthier fatty acid profile. Hence, FFCG supplementation may be advantageous to milk producers through improved cow performance while promoting greater fat yield and fat quality for the manufacturing of dairy products with potential health benefits. We evaluated the performance, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of cows fed diets composed of cactus cladodes (Opuntia stricta {[
Silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica, has received attention in recent years due to wide range of capable applications including biomedical/pharmaceutical, energy, food, and personal care products. This has accelerated research in the extraction of materials from various agricultural wastes; this review investigates the extraction of silica and silicon nanoparticles from sugarcane bagasse ash with potential applications in electronic devices. Specific properties of silica have attracted the interest of researchers, which include surface area, size, biocompatibility, and high functionality. The production of silica from industrial agricultural waste exhibits sustainability and potential reduction in waste production. Bagasse is sustainable and environmentally friendly; though considered waste, it could be a helpful component for sustainable progress and further technological advancement. The chemical, biogenic and green synthesis are discussed in detail for the production of silica. In green synthesis, notable attempts have been made to replace toxic counterparts and decrease energy usage with the same quantity and quality of silica obtained. Methods of reducing silica to silicon are also discussed with the potential application-specific properties in electronic devices, and modern technological applications, such as batteries, supercapacitors, and solar cells.
alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidase (AbfB) and novel alpha-D-glucuronidase (Agu1B) enzymes were applied for selective hydrolysis of beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) xylan (Sigma-Aldrich) as well as xylans extracted from Eucalyptus grand is and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse, leading to precipitation of these carbohydrate biopolymers. Hemicellulose extraction was performed with two mild-alkali methods, Hoije and Pinto. Precipitation occurred after removal of 67,40 and 16\% 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) present in polymeric xylans from beechwood, E. grand is (Pinto) and E. grandis (Hoije), respectively. Precipitation was maximized at Agu1B levels of 3.79-7.53 mg/g(substrate) and hemicellulose concentrations of 4.5-5.0\% (w/v). Polymeric xylan from sugarcane bagasse precipitated after removal of 48 and 22\% of arabinose and MeGlcA, respectively, at optimal AbfB and Agu1B dosages of 9.0 U/g and 6.4 mg/g, respectively. Both the purity of polymeric xylans and structure thereof had a critical impact on the propensity for precipitation, and morphology of the resulting precipitate. Nano-to micro-meter precipitates were produced, with potential for carbohydrate nanotechnology applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, the mathematical modeling of acetaminophen (ACT) removal in a fixed-bed adsorption column using sugarcane bagasse (SB) as adsorbent was studied. Experimental data were fitted to six analytical models: Thomas, modified dose-response, Yoon-Nelson, Bohart-Adams, Wang, and Wolborska. Three experimental tests were carried out at 2.5 mL/min of flow rate, 57 mg/L of ACT concentration, and bed heights of 23, 33, and 43 cm. The predicted breakthrough curve by modified dose-response model agreed acceptably (R-2 > 0.91) with experimental curves. Besides, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was developed to simulate and analyze the ACT concentration inside of the adsorption column and the wall channeling effect. The simulated breakthrough curve had a good reproducibility with experimental data, the maximum error between experimental and predicted points was 7.03\%. In addition, the CFD model shows a high mass transfer zone and a slow adsorption rate in all three tests of ACT adsorption; the mass transfer zone grew as the bed height increased, whereas the wall channeling effects disappeared with increasing bed height. Also, the diffusion resistances and axial dispersion phenomenon were relevant. The results of this research work demonstrate the usefulness of computational fluid dynamics analysis to understand better the adsorption process.
Recently, the nanofiber materials derived from natural polymers instead of petroleum-based polymers by electrospinning have aroused a great deal of interests. The lignocellulosic biomass could not be electrospun into nanofiber directly due to its poor solubility. Here, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was subjected to the homogeneous esterification with different anhydrides, and the corresponding esterified products (SCB-A) were obtained. It was found that the bead-free and uniform nanofibers were obtained via electrospinning even when the mass fraction of acetylated SCB was 70\%. According to the thermogravimetric analyses, the addition of SCB-A could improve the thermal stability of the electrospun composite nanofibers. More importantly, in contrast to the pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon nanofiber, the SCB-A based carbon nanofibers had higher electrical conductivity and the surface N element content. In addition, the superfine carbon nanofiber mats with minimum average diameter of 117.0 +/- 13.7 nm derived from SCB-A were obtained, which results in a larger Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area than pure PAN based carbon nanofiber. These results demonstrated that the combination of the homogeneous esterification and electrospinning could be a feasible and potential way to produce the bio-based carbon nanofibers directly from lignocellulosic without component separation.
Functional oligosaccharides are non-digestible by human gut enzymes and provide health benefits as fibers and prebiotics. The cello-oligosaccharides (COS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are functional oligosaccharides obtained from xylan and cellulose, respectively, and are present in lignocellulosic material. The serial NF membranes process was performed to investigate the impact of the fractionation process on the prebiotic activity of oligosaccharides from xylan and cellulose. The NP030 (weight cut-off of 500-600 Da) and DK (weight cut-off of 150-300 Da) NF polymeric membranes were employed using defined operational conditions. The diafiltration (DF) was also investigated and it was determined that only a 1-time DF for NP030 was a more suitable strategy and improved the performance indices for short DP oligosaccharides. The short DP fractions obtained favored cell density for probiotic strains, which presented an increase on the optical density of up to 25 \% after the fractionating process; enabling the use of short purified fractions in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a prebiotic ingredient.
Sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum sp hibrido) is a lignocellulosic agro-waste generated in large quantities by the sugar industry in Venezuela. The objective of this work was to obtain simple sugars by means of a physical pre-treatment and subsequent enzymatic treatment on the sugarcane bagasse. The method consisted of the use of Hot Water, at different temperatures and pressure on the bagasse. The sample with the best performance in terms of the release of its sugars was selected to which later, an Enzymatic Hydrolysis was applied using a commercial type cellulase preparation from the SIGMA brand Trichoderma Reesei fungus. The method with a temperature of 110 degrees C, 15 Psi, was differentiated with exposure times of 40 and 60 min, resulting under these conditions an average of glucose released of 0.0346 and 0.0920 g / l. respectively. In the second condition, a temperature of 121 degrees C, 15 Psi with times 40 and 60 min was used; achieving an average content of glucose released of 0.2936 and 0.2946 g /l. These results led to the selection of the condition of 121 degrees C for 60 min, 15 Psi, which showed better results in the release of sugars, later it was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase, obtaining a final result of glucose concentration between 1.34 at 2.5 g / l.
S. cerevisiae was grown in a blackstrap molasses containing medium in batch and fed-batch cultures. The following parameters were varied: pH (from 4.0 to 6.5), dissolved oxygen (DO) (from 0 to 5.0 mg O-2 L(-1)) and sucrose feeding rate. When glucose concentration (S) was higher than 0.5 g L(-1) a reduction in the specific invertase activity of intact cells (v) and an oscillatory behavior of v values during fermentation were observed. Both the invertase reduction and the oscillatory behavior of v values could be related to the glucose inhibitory effect on invertase biosynthesis. best culture conditions for attaining S. cerevisiae cells suitable for invertase production were: temperature = 30 degrees C; pH = 5.0; DO = 3.3 mg O-2 L(-1); (S) = 0.5 g L(-1) and sucrose added into the fermenter according to the equations: (V - V-o) = t(2)/16 or (V - V-o) = (V-f - V-o) (e(0.6t) - 1)/10.
In this work, a novel renewable taurine-based ionic liquid (IL), {[
In an attempt to produce bioethanol as a renewable and natural energy resource and as a promising alternative/complement to conventional petrol (i.e., gasoline), 44 microbial isolates (12 yeast and 32 bacterial strains) were isolated from molasses samples obtained from some of the sugar factories in Egypt. Among the microbial isolates obtained, only two yeast isolates (HSC-22 and HSC-24) were selected from sugarcane molasses (SCM) for their high bioethanol fermentation capabilities, recording bioethanol production of approximate to 9.6 and 8.2 g/L with actual yield of 0.48 and 0.41 g ethanol/g SCM, respectively, within 48-h incubation period at 30 degrees C. Phylogenetic identification of these isolates was performed based on the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 18S rDNA gene, which indicated that these isolates can be identified as Pichia veronae and Candida tropicalis, respectively, with similarity of 99\%.
Sugarcane is currently the main renewable energy source in Brazil. Due to the importance of the cane industry and its contribution to a wide range of biobased energy and other products, LCA studies regarding cane-derived products are needed to assess their environmental benefits. The main objective of this work was the assessment of life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to cane sugar and ethanol, considering bagasse and electricity surpluses as coproducts. We performed an overall balance for the Brazilian Center-South Region, adopting different methods to evaluate sugar and ethanol production separately. The GREET 1.8c.0 model was used for the `well-to-wheels' calculations but adapted to the comprehensive set of Brazilian parameters that best represent the Center-South Region. For the reference case, fossil energy use and GHG emissions related to sugar production were evaluated as 721 kJ/kg and 234 g CO(2)eq/kg, respectively. For the ethanol life cycle, these values were 80 kJ/MJ and 21.3 g CO(2)eq/MJ. Special attention was paid to the variation of some parameters among producing units based on data collected by industry. The consequent uncertainties in ethanol life cycle emissions were assessed through a Monte Carlo analysis based on assigned distribution of probability curves for eleven selected parameters and informed by partial statistical data available from industry for distribution generation. Projections were also made for 2020 scenario parameters based on the best in current class technologies and technological improvements deemed commercially possible today. Published in 2011 by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
This work examined the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse (SB) for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CPX) from water using batch experiments and a fixed bed column and compared its adsorption performance with a powdered activated commercial carbon (PAC). Both adsorbents achieved a similar percentage removal of about 78\% with doses of 3 g L-1 of SB and 0.3 g L-1 of PAC (20 mg L-1 initial CPX concentration at 30 degrees C). The maximum removal was obtained at a pH between 6 and 8. SB adsorption isotherms were fitted to the Langmuir, BET and Freundlich models showing a maximum adsorption capacity of 13.6 mg g(-1). The kinetic data for both SB and PAC fitted the pseudo second-order model (R-2 = 0.99). The adsorption process was faster on the SB (65\% of elimination in the first 5 min) than on the PAC. The study of the adsorbent properties shows that SB is a macroporous solid with a specific surface area 250 times smaller than PAC. The thermodynamic results show that SB adsorption was physical and exothermic. The main suggested interactions between CPX and SB are electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions. The experiments carried out in a fixed bed show that the adsorption capacity at breakthrough increases with the bed height. The adsorption capacity at saturation time was 9.47 mg g(-1) at a flow rate of 3 mL min(-1), a bed height of 14 cm, and a diameter of 1.5 cm. The experimental data were fitted to the Bohart-Adams model (R-2 = 0.98). These results highlight the capacity of sugarcane bagasse to adsorb ciprofloxacin from water, illustrating its potential as a low-cost adsorbent. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Global warming can intensify the soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, damaging soil health. Crop residues left on the soil are important to maintain a positive SOM budget and nutrient cycling. But, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) straw has been removed from the field for bioenergy purposes. We hypothesize that global warming, together with straw removal, will negatively impact Brazil's ethanol carbon footprint. Thus, we conducted an experiment under controlled conditions to evaluate the impacts of warming and straw removal on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil carbon and nitrogen storage, and nutrient cycling. Two soils (Rhodic Acrisol and Eutric Nitisol) were tested with three rates of sugarcane straw removal (no removal (NR): equivalent to 12 Mg ha(-1); medium removal (MR): 6 Mg ha(-1); and total removal (TR): bare soil) and submitted to two temperatures (24 degrees C and 30 degrees C) and soil moistures (30\% and 50\%). Straw decomposition was stimulated by lower rates of straw removal, resulting in increases on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions between 5 to 14 times, and N2O between 25 and 40\%. There were no significant methane (CH4) fluxes. Soil carbon and nitrogen did not change due to straw removal, yet labile carbon fractions (living and non-living) were highly impacted, causing reductions of 15 to 40\% on the carbon management index (CMI). Furthermore, straw removal reduced nutrient cycling between 10 and 30\%. Overall, in a scenario of warming, our findings point to an intensification of SOM dynamic, resulting in increases of 35\% on the GHG emissions and a CMI reduction by 20\%. In practical terms, at least 6 Mg ha(-1)of straw should be left in the field, guaranteeing raw-material for bioenergy, without causing major impacts on the GHG emission and soil attributes.
In the present study, 11 cellulose degrading bacterial strains were isolated from water and soil samples of hot springs in the Chumathang village, Leh and Ladakh region, India. The isolated strains were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus stratosphericus, Bacillus altitudinis, and Brevibacterium frigoritolerans by biochemical and molecular approaches. All the strains were evaluated for the total cellulase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and beta-glucosidase enzyme activities. On the basis of overall individual cellulose degrading enzyme activities, three strains were selected to develop consortium to enhance their cellulase enzyme activities. The potent cellulose degraders B. stratosphericus BHUJPV-H5, B. subtilis BHUJPV-H19, and B. subtilis BHUJPV-H12 were selected for the consortium development. The effect of cellulase activities of bacterial strains were evaluated ranged up to 6.06 and 0.72 mg ml(-1) glucose by agro-residues of sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw, respectively, after 1 h of incubation. Total cellulase enzyme activity of consortia was recorded two times higher than the individual organisms. These strains can be used for enhancing bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, which can consequently boost biofuel production industry.
In this investigation, major properties in fresh state of self-compacting concrete (SCC) developed from sugarcane bagasse ash and granulated blast furnace slag as supplementary cementitious materials were examined through an experimental work. There were four mix groups (S0, BA10, BA20, and BA30) containing different cement replacing levels; and totally, 12 SCC mixtures and one control mixture were provided for the test. Fresh properties of the proposed SCC were evaluated through measurement of the density, slump, slump-flow, V-funnel test, T-500 slump, Box-test, and setting time. The testing results indicated that replacing either SBA and/or BFS to OPC in SCC mixtures led to lower density, lesser flowability, and longer hardening times.
In this study, six alternative biorefinery scenarios for the production of levulinic acid (LA), glutamic acid (GA) and/or xylitol- or a combination of these chemicals- annexed to an existing sugar mill in 1G-only (molasses feedstock) or integrated 1G2G (molasses and sugar cane lignocellulose feedstock) configurations were simulated in AspenPlus (R). Then, mass and energy balances obtained from the simulations were used for the subsequent equipment sizing and costing and to perform the economic performance assessments of the scenarios. All the investigated scenarios were identified as profitable scenarios with the internal rates of return (IRRs) ranging from 21.3\%-59.8\%. Generally, GA scenarios showed better economic outcomes compared to LA counterparts, attributed to the factors such as higher market prices, higher product throughput and less complicated processing technology which lowers the cost of production. Considering the market size and economic outcome, the 1G GA scenario producing 11.1 t/h GA showed the best economic performance with 59.8\% IRR and a minimum product selling price (MSP) of \$1687/t. However, a multiproduct facility (1G2G GA-xylitol) can result in more robust economic performance, as a result of implementing xylitol mature technology. Although all investigated scenarios showed profitability potential, life cycle analysis (LCA), social impact assessment and market analysis are required to find out the most sustainable biorefinery option.
A two-stage pretreatment process using alkaline and xylanase-assisted pretreatments was studied and compared to one-step alkaline pretreatment to investigate the effect of xylanase-assisted pretreatments on the properties of fibers and regenerated cellulose films. The alkaline-xylanase bleached fibers (AXB-fibers) could reduce bleaching time from 6 to 4 times to obtain an 83.3\% whiteness index. A substantial proportion of the cellulose content (83\%) was successfully extracted from sugarcane bagasse using the two-step process. Moreover, the fiber had an increased crystallinity index and thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that hemicellulose and lignin were removed from the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) structure during the cellulose extraction process. The alkaline bleached fibers (AB-fibers) and AXB-fibers were dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and regenerated cellulose films, AB-films and AXB-films, respectively, were prepared from the solutions. SEM images showed that both cellulose films were homogeneous and had a smooth surface. FTIR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses corroborated that the transition from cellulose I to cellulose II occurred during the dissolution and regeneration process. Furthermore, the AXB-films displayed higher thermal stability and mechanical properties (258 degrees C and 90.43 MPa for the onset temperature and tensile strength, respectively) than those of the AB-films. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to conduct an exergy analysis of sun-plant interactions in sugarcane using mathematical models, aiming to estimate plant production and exergy flows and describe their photosynthetic efficiency during sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane productivity was determined based on the Brazilian BRCANE model. The efficiency of this crop was evaluated through a simple control volume, where the exergy of solar radiation serves as the sole energy input, and the exergy of the culms and straw represents the useful exergy. The findings revealed an average second-law efficiency of 5\% for sugarcane photosynthesis production from solar radiation, with an estimated harvest of approximately 16.29 kWh/m2 of useful extended exergy after a year, and an estimated water consumption of 111.2 m3/ton of harvested stalks. Moreover, this study highlights that exergy efficiency varies significantly in response to seasonal changes. The method developed here can be utilized in future studies to estimate mass and energetic flows and exergy analyses.
Molasses-based fermentation produces a large amount of wastewater with high salinity and recalcitrant pigments, and thus alternative strategies to efficiently utilize molasses are required. In this study, the clarified molasses were treated by nonpolar resin adsorption to recover caramel pigments, and this operation also greatly alleviated fouling formation on loose nanofiltration (NF) membranes used for molasses decolorization, especially the polyethersulphone (PES) membrane. PES1 membrane (molecular weight cut-off similar to 1000 Da, AMFOR) was selected as a substitute for NF5 membrane (340-460 Da, self-made) with a polyamide (PA) separation layer thanks to its stronger long-term chlorine resistance than NF5. The short-term chlorine cleaning at pH 12 could improve the hydrophilicity of PES1 and mitigate its irreversible fouling formation, but such effect decreased color retention by PES1 because the fouling-induced pore narrowing was weakened. The decolorized molasses (the PES1 permeate) were further treated by a tight NF and ion exchange resin adsorption, and the tight NF could not only separate sucrose and reducing sugar, but also retain most divalent ions and residual pigments lessening the burden of the subsequent resin adsorption. The sucrose-rich liquid could be used for sugar crystallization while the desalted reducing sugar was expected to be concentrated to produce syrup. This work offered a complete technological route for green and sustainable utilization of cane molasses from practical application point of view.
In the present study, microwave-assisted acid pretreatment (MAAP) was employed to reduce the recalcitrance of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The pretreated SCB was subjected to catalytic copyrolysis with LDPE in a lab-scale pyrolysis reactor using ZSM-5 catalyst. The influence of operating parameters affecting the effectiveness of MAAP (pretreatment time, pretreatment temperature, level of microwave power, and sulfuric acid concentration) on (i) yields of copyrolysis products, (ii) compositions of crude bio-oil, and gasoline range oil (GRO) (a cut obtained by simple distillation of crude bio-oil having boiling point range of 25 to 230 degrees C) was optimized. Under optimum operating conditions of pretreatment (microwave power, 600 W; sulfuric acid concentration, 1.5 M; pretreatment time, 15 min; pretreatment temperature, 130 degrees C), the highest crude bio-oil yield of 43.84\% and least biochar yield of 17.65\% were observed. The crude bio-oil obtained by pretreated SCB (PT SCB) contained 25.63\% gasoline range fraction compounds (GRF), which was 1.96 times higher than the corresponding value for untreated SCB (UT SCB). GC HRMS analysis of GRO showed that it contains 33.14\% monoaromatic hydrocarbons, 28.87\% C-5-C-12 alkanes, 11.24\% C-5-C-12 olefins, 25.64\% oxygenated compounds (including phenols, furans, esters, and other oxygenated compounds), and 1.14\% naphthalenes and indanes. The fuel properties of GRO were estimated and found to be reasonably closer to properties of commercial gasoline.
Sugarcane bagasse fractionation and hydrolysis using heterogeneous catalysts in aqueous biphasic system was investigated. Carbon-based, polymer-based and metal-based catalysts were synthesized and tested for hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in a combination of solvent-based and polymer-based aqueous biphasic system at different polarities for sugar production. The results showed that acid density, functional groups and physical properties of catalysts influenced the catalytic activity on cellulose hydrolysis. From solvent screening study, nitrobenzene was the most promising solvent enhancing relatively high total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 97.4\% when hydrolysis took place at 140 degrees C for 4 h in the presence of carbon-based catalyst type 1(C-SO3H). Nevertheless in terms of recyclability, magnetic metal-based catalyst (SO42-/TiO2/Fe3O4) that yielded considerably high amount of glucose at elevated temperature and shorter time (180 degrees C 1 h) was suitable catalyst as it was easily separated from the solution. Kinetic study of cellulose hydrolysis reaction was performed, in which rate constant and activation energy of reaction catalyzed by active catalysts were compared. The results suggested an effective integrated system for cellulose fractionation and hydrolysis in which lignin-rich fraction was in solvent and polymer phases while cellulose fibers were remained in the aqueous phase and further hydrolyzed by heterogeneous catalyst. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cane molasses is mainly used for ethanolic fermentation but a large amount of wastewater with refractory pigments and highly concentrated salts limited its application. For the first time, we attempt to directly extract pigments from molasses, and an integrated process consisting of ceramic membrane clarification, nonpolar resin adsorption and loose nanofiltration purification was proposed for recovery and fractionation of the molasses pigments. A 300 KDa ultrafiltration membrane was preferred for clarification of the pretreated molasses due to high permeate flux and low irreversible fouling, which could improve the quality of the extracted pigments. The nonpolar macroporous resin was chosen for only extracting the hydrophobic caramel pigments in order to reduce the resin regeneration frequency and improve the pigment purity, where ethanol was used for resin regeneration as it was easy to separate and reuse. The resin adsorption could reduce hydrophobic fouling formation and reappear the ``salt-induced pore swelling{''
This study presents a novel multi-generation system (MGS) assisted by sugarcane bagasse to produce power, freshwater, and cooling. The proposed integrated MGS consisted of a bagasse-biomass based gasifier-Brayton cycle, a Rankine cycle, a Kalina cycle, an ejector refrigeration cycle, and a multi-effect desalination unit. Comprehensive energy, economic, exergy, exergorisk (4E) analyses of the proposed system were performed. The effects of operating parameters on thermodynamic performance and economic feasibility were investigated. An optimal configuration of the proposed system was determined via weighted multi-objective optimization approach considering exergorisk, exergy, and economic analyses. The results showed that bagasse-biomass flowrate was the dominant factor affecting variation in energy and exergy efficiencies, and total cost rate. An increase in bagasse-biomass flowrate from 1.5 kg/s to 10 kg/s led to decreases of 34.42\% and 50.75\% in overall energy and exergy efficiencies. The most substantial increase (43.07\%) in exergy efficiency occurred at a high compression ratio. The optimization results showed that the total accidental risk impact was improved by 92.59\% and energetic and exergetic efficiency was increased to 92.10\% and 77.49\%, respectively. The proposed optimum system can provide power, cooling, and freshwater at loads of 28.72 MW, 13.64 kg/s, and 3.43 MW, respectively. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present study concerns to the evaluation of non-linear empirical logistic models applied to bioprocess modeling. The substrate degradation, as a function of fermentation time, enzymatic activity, as a function of substrate degradation, and cell growth, as a function of dissolved oxygen concentration were modeled using this proposed approach. Different concentrations of sugarcane bagasse (5, 10, 13, 15, and 20 g L-1) were used in a stirred tank bioreactor with Aspergillus niger. The parameter estimation, based on assays with 5, 10, 13 and 20 g L-1 of sugarcane bagasse, was performed by non-linear least square method and one assay with 15 g L-1 of sugarcane bagasse was used for models' validation. The results obtained allow to conclude that sugarcane bagasse was efficient as carbon source for cellulases production, requiring no other carbon sources. The use of agricultural waste reduces the production costs of cellulases, making de process feasible. The non-linear empirical models proposed this work allowed to predict the variables. The use of these models could be encouraged to evaluate submerged fermentation's characteristics in new experimental works due to its mathematical simplicity and utility. Besides that, they can provide relevant information from the point of view of process control and optimization because they allow to infer about the inflection point which characterizes the maximum rate of variation of the function. {[
Lignocellulosic materials have been considered as an alternative source from which liquid biofuel and fine chemicals can be produced with a moderate environmental impact. However, they can be contaminated with metals, soil, and ash, owing incrustation and corrosion of industrial reactors and pipelines. In this work, the use of ultrasound energy was applied for the removal of metals and nonmetals (Ba, Ca, Mg, Mn, P, S, Si, and Sr) from sugarcane straw. Ultrasound-assisted demineralization (UAD) experiments were carried out in ultrasonic baths in several frequencies (from 25 up to 130 kHz). The following experimental conditions were evaluated: demineralization solution (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, H2O2, and H2O), H2O2 concentration (from 5 to 30\% v v(-1)), extraction temperature (from 30 to 70 degrees C), sonication time (from 5 to 45 min), and ultrasound amplitude (from 10 to 70\%). Better demineralization efficiencies (66\%) were obtained employing an ultrasound bath operating at 25 kHz for 30 min, ultrasound amplitude of 60\%, and using a diluted H2O2 solution (15\% v v(-1)) at 70 degrees C. When the obtained results were compared with those obtained by mechanical stirring (MS, 500 rpm), it was observed that the use of ultrasound energy increased the demineralization efficiency up to 16\%. Furthermore, acid hydrolysis was performed to evaluate the influence of US and mechanical stirring in fermentable sugars' production. The total sugars' yield (glucose, xylose, and arabinose) increased around 55\% for both systems (US and MS). To prove the applicability of the proposed process, some experiments for scaling up were performed using several reaction loads (0.5 to 3 L). An attempt for scaling the proposed process up was well succeeded up to a 3 L load. Therefore, the proposed ultrasound-assisted procedure can be considered as a suitable alternative for high-efficiency demineralization from sugarcane straw.
The lignocellulosic materials are an alternative feedstock for ethanol production, because their low cost and high availability. Sugarcane bagasse is an agroindustrial residue that has been identified as a feasible option due to its high sugar content. A second generation process of ethanol production consists of three steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Two of the most critical aspects during hydrolysate fermentation to obtain high ethanol productivity are: yeast selection and nutrient supplementation. Native yeast strains isolated from extreme environments as sugarcane distilleries could have an easy adaptation to new medium as lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate that could contains high inhibitors concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate different nutrients supplementation (ZnSO4, MgSO4, MnSO4 and KH2PO4) in a sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate to increase ethanol productivity during fermentation with a native strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (202-3). One central composite design with a response surface methodology (RSM) was performed in order to identify the optimal experimental condition. The best results were 0.480 g ethanol g glucose(-1) ethanol yield and 1.72 g(-1) L-1 h(-1) ethanol volumetric productivity on a hydrolysate supplemented with 1.0 g L-1 KH2PO4, 0.05 g L-1 MgSO4, 0.01 g L-1 ZnSO4 and 0.001 g L-1 MnSO4.
Hydrogen (H-2) production by Clostridium cellulolyticum was investigated. Anaerobic batch reactors were operated with cellobiose (2g/L) and pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) (2g/L) using a hydrothermal system to observe the effects of carbon source on H-2 production. Salts (NH4Cl, NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2) and vitamins (biotin, nicotinamide, p-aminobenzoic acid, thiamine, pantothenic acid, pyridoxamine, cyanocobalamin, riboflavin, folic and lipoic acid) were supplemented from stock solutions at different volumes percentages, ranging from 0 to 5\%. The optimal concentration was 2.5\% and the strain used both substrates and produced H-2 which was higher for cellobiose (14.9 +/- 0.2mmol/L) than for SCB (7.6 +/- 0.2mmol/L), although the phase was much smaller when SCB (59.9h) was used in relation to the assay with cellobiose (164h). H-2 was produced from SCB primarily through the fermentation of lactic and acetic acids.
Solvent extraction of steam exploded lignocellulosic biomass may be a potential way to obtain antioxidative extracts and to enhance the enzymatic convertibility of the solid residue. Boiling solvent extraction (BSE) showed higher solid and phenolic yields than room temperature extraction. Solubilities of phenolics and sugars were higher in anhydrous ethanol (AE) and deionized water (DW) than in ethyl acetate under each individual extraction condition. The antioxidant activities of the AE and DW extract obtained under BSE were better than those of 10 mM vitamin C. Conversion of the solid fractions into reducing sugar using Celluclast 1.5 Land Novozym 188 after AE and DW extraction was 95.13\% and 92.97\%, respectively, higher than that obtained with SESB (88.95\%). (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present paper reports effect of chemical modification of bagasse fibers by using oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate. The fiber modification was assessed by several techniques like Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) which provide evidences for the desired structural changes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) used to analyze the microstructure of the samples. Our studies reveal decrease in the crystallinity index of samples after treatment with dichromate solution implying effective removal of polar impurities. Raw fibers had crystallinity index of 72\% while permanganate and dichromate treated fibers showed 47\% and 50\%, respectively.
Bagasse sugarcane can be used as a solid substrate for microorganism cultivation. Despite fundamental, moisture real-time monitoring of these processes is still poorly investigated. Thus, this study aimed at developing and validating a TDR probe to estimate moisture in sugarcane bagasse, which is used as cultivation mean of microorganisms considering citric acid production. The proposed probe was physically evaluated and then used to validate the results. Calibration readings of the bagasse dielectric constant were taken up to its saturation, and subsequently compared to standard method and Topp's universal equation. In addition, we carried out studies in fixed-bed columns filled with bagasse at 80\% moisture, monitoring its moisture through TDR probe, so we could validate the technique. We concluded such technique feasibility to estimate water content. Furthermore, we proposed a calibration equation using graphical tools and linear regression (theta = 0.0253 {*
This article analyzed the application of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 for monitoring and controlling irrigation in sugarcane production by vinasse (residue of industrial ethanol-sugar manufacturing), a sub-product highly rich in organic matter and minerals, which is used as fertilizer after harvesting, during the months of drought for the plant to regrow. Irrigation with vinasse is a complex process and its lack of use or excess can causes important losses in tonnage of sugarcane. The insufficient spraying of vinasse was identified in the Sentinel-2 image of April 2017 in a farm plantation as the principal cause of stress in the development of the plant in an area representing 21\% of the plantation (100 hectares). This represented a total loss of 4335 tons of cane (approximate to\$90000). The identification of the cause of the reduced growth was made possible through analyzing a Sentinel-2 image of July 2016 that showed clearly that no vinasse was spread in the same 100 hectares with cane growing problem. The presence/lack of vinasse was easily detectable using the visible bands of the S-2 image but the difference in growth/stress was better related to the red edge and near infrared bands in the January image. To thoroughly complete our investigation we also acquired a Sentinel-1 radar image of April 2017 where the lack of vinasse could not directly be identified but the effect on the growth can be readily interpreted. This evaluation was extended to other farming facilities and a coefficient of determination of -0.7 was obtained between the production rate per hectare and the plantation where lack of vinasse could be identified in 41 fields. We proposed a systematic approach to monitor the spreading of vinasse with Sentinel-2 images and Sentinel-1 radar images in an effort to increase efficiency.
Vinasse is a by-product from ethanol industry which can be exploited in ferti-irrigation after its treatment via APBR (anaerobic packed bed reactor). Comprehensive understanding of fluid dynamics within APBR is fundamental for its design and the goal of this work was to perform CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations of a laboratory-scale APBR by the use of commercial software. Tracer concentration patterns deviated from plain plug flow behaviour.
A pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (120 L) was operated for biogas production by vinasse degradation. The reactor was operated for 700 days using a recirculation rate of 1:3 with organic loading rates (OLR) ranging from 0.5 to 32.4 kgCOD.m(-3).d(-1), upflow velocities ranged from 0.008 to 0.292 m h(-1) (feed added with recirculation) and the hydraulic retention time ranged from 33.33 to 0.86 days. The reactor demonstrated a stable performance at OLR at all applied loads. The COD removal efficiencies throughout the experiment were 87.5 +/- 5.3 and 90.5 +/- 3.6\% for raw and soluble COD, respectively. Total volatile acids ranged from 59 mg L-1 to 585 mg L-1. The concentration of acetic and propionic acids at the reactor effluent reached 28 mg L-1 on OLR 20 kgCOD.m(-3).d(-1). The methane content in the biogas was 68.8 +/- 7.14\%.The methane yield of 0.299 +/- 0.066 LCH4.g(-1)COD corresponds to about 76.4\% of the theoretical methane yield. The methane productivity reached the highest value of 8.059 LCH4.L-1.d(-1) at 32.27 kgCOD.m(-3).d(-1)., corresponding to 83.9\% of the theoretical value (9.611 LCH4.L-1.d(-1)). This result is very promising for power generation in the sugar and ethanol industry, complementing the energy balance of sugarcane, as shown by an energy balance evaluation.
Bio-ethanol production from cane molasses (diluted to 15 \% sugar w/v) was studied using the bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92 entrapped in luffa (Luffa cylindrica L.) sponge discs and Ca-alginate gel beads as the immobilizing matrices. At the end of 96 h fermentation, the final ethanol concentrations were 58.7 +/- 0.09 and 59.1 +/- 0.08 g/l molasses with luffa and Ca-alginate entrapped Z. mobilis cells, respectively exhibiting 83.25 +/- 0.03 and 84.6 +/- 0.02 \% sugar conversion. There was no statistical significant difference (Fischer's LSD) in sugar utilization (t = 0.254, p<0.801) and ethanol production (t = -0.663, p<0.513) between the two immobilization matrices used. Further, the immobilized cells in both the matrices were physiologically active for three more cycles of operation with less than 15 \% decrease in ethanol yield in the 4th cycle, which was due to some leakage of cells. In conclusion, luffa sponge was found to be equally good as Ca-alginate as a carrier material for bacterial (Z. mobilis) cell immobilization for ethanol production. Further, it has added advantages such as it is cheap, non-corrosive and has no environmental hazard.
The incorporation of residues as reinforcing fillers in polymer composites has emerged as a viable solution, enabling improvements in the mechanical properties of these materials, and has also resulted in a reduction in the cost of the final product. In this work, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) was used as a reinforcing filler in comparison with commercial silica (CS) in thermoplastic elastomers prepared from the compatibility of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with natural rubber (NR). The composites were obtained by a physical mixture of LDPE and NR with different proportions of CS and SBA using a Haake rotational rheometer. The samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile testing. The results show that SBA has similar properties to CS, thus making its use feasible as a reinforcing filler in thermoplastic elastomers. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bagasse activated carbon (BAC) was used for the purification of raw cane juice (guarapo) to improve the quality of jaggery (panela), a healthy sweetener, due to its nutritional properties, widely consumed in many parts of the world. Ultrafiltration was used to purify the cane juice, for comparison and possible complementary purification treatment. A physicochemical characterization of the treated and untreated juices was done. The purified samples were used to produce jaggery. The results showed that the color removed from guarapo treated with BAC was 95.6\% and the jaggery had a color close to white, with CIELAB system parameters of: L{*
The co-digestion of pretreated sugarcane lignocelluloses with dairy cow manure (DCM) as a bioenergy production and waste management strategy, for intensive livestock farms located in sugarcane regions, was investigated. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) increased the nitrogen content and accelerated the biodegradability of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and cane leaf matter (CLM) through the cleavage of lignin carbohydrate crosslinks, resulting in the highest specific methane yields (292-299 L CH4/kg VSadded), biogas methane content (57-59\% v/v) and biodegradation rates, with or without co-digestion with DCM. To obtain comparable methane yields, untreated and steam exploded (StEx) SCB and CLM had to be co-digested with DCM, at mass ratios providing initial C/N ratios in the range of 18 to 35. Co-digestion with DCM improved the nutrient content of the solid digestates, providing digestates that could be used as biofertilizer to replace CLM that is removed from sugarcane fields during green harvesting.
Biomass is one of the most promising raw materials used in a biorefinery, as it produces a neutral balance of CO2. While bioeconomics is a new approach that emphasizes sustainable use of biomass to produce chemicals, materials, and energy. Under this approach, this paper presents the design of a biorefinery of sugarcane molasses to produce lactic acid and a food supplement The analysis of the design is presented in two parts; first, a dynamic analysis of the fermentation reactor is done for two modes of operation (batch and fed-batch), using an enrichment factor associated with the nutrients concentration, and achieving a maximum productivity of lactic acid of 2.4 g/L/h and a yield of 0.97 kg product/kg substrate. In the second part, an industrial conceptual design of the biorefinery is analyzed, evaluating diverse technical, economic and environmental criteria to determine the sustainability of the production process. With the best process design (in mode fed-batch), a unit production cost of 0.66 US\$/kg is obtained, with a return on investment of 62.2\% in a recovery period of 1.61 years, and with a low environmental impact index of 0.18 PEI/kg.
Lignins were extracted from different hydrolysates from the cashew apple bagasse (CAB). The hydrolysates, in turn, were obtained by pretreating the CAB with diluted acid (DA), acid/alkali (AA) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP). Lignin removal levels with AA and AHP were of 98.0\% and 96.9\%, resulting in high extraction yields and highly thermostable lignins. The lowest lignin yield was observed with the acid-only pretreatment. The FT-IR results showed that there was no significant difference between the main structures of the lignin isolated from the DA and AHP pretreatments, when compared to sugarcane lignin (SCL), the only exception being the lignin from AA. An H-1-C-13 HSQC NMR analysis demonstrated that AA pretreatment reduced the syringyl (S) and hydroxyphenyl (H) units, but increased the condensed guaiacyl (G) units, which may contribute to the higher thermal stability of the isolated lignins and to the absence of attached residues of carbohydrates. The detailed structural properties of the lignins extracted from CAB will enable the efficient utilization of these macromolecules within the biorefinery concept, with a positive impact on the economy.
The effects of temperature, residence time, catalyst use, and recycling on the composition of bio-oil as a result of the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sugarcane bagasse were investigated via comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOFMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap HRMS) with electmspray ionisation (ESI). HTL bio-oils from sugarcane bagasse contain linear and branched aliphatics, aromatics, phenolic derivatives, carboxylic acids, esters, and other heterocyclic oxygen-containing compounds. The HHV from the HTL bio-oils are between 19.0 and 21.2 MJ/kg, lower than HHV of petroleum fuels. The operational parameters had different influences on the degrees of the decarboxylation and dehydration reactions. The processed water reuse has been shown to benefit deoxygenation and promoted decarboxylation reactions, while the residence time had less influence. The phenolic compounds formation was favoured by the increase in temperature and the use of catalysts, and ketone and furan concentration showed opposite results. Higher temperature and catalyst use also increased the number of detectable polar compounds with high molecular weights.
Recycling nutrients helps to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and contributes to alleviating the effects of global climate change. A recent trend in sugarcane cultivation is the application of concentrated vinasse (CV) combined with fertilizers into an organo-mineral formulation to improve logistics, reduce costs and foster the circular economy. However, the implications of the application of such organo-mineral formulation in sugarcane fields are unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the organo-mineral formulation containing granular urea (UR), and a nitrification inhibitor (NI) on crop yields, NH3 volatilization, and N2O emissions. Field experiments were conducted during two fertilization seasons, dry and wet, and the treatments were: control; UR; UR + NI; CV; CV + UR; and CV + UR + NI. CV was applied at 7 m3 ha-1. The treatments (except control and CV) were balanced to receive the same amount of N and K. Compared with UR, the organo-mineral formulation of CV + UR decreased NH3 volatilization losses from 7\% to 4\% in the dry season and from 3.5\% to 0.5\% in the wet season. Conversely, compared with UR, N2O emissions increased significantly (p \& LE; 0.05) in CV + UR in the wet season from 1\% to 2\% of applied N. In the dry season, no differences were observed. The addition of NI was effective in mitigating N2O emissions in both seasons. Emission reductions ranged from 43 to 48\% in the dry season and from 71 to 84\%, in the wet season. Fertilization with UR or the organo-mineral formulation influ-enced sugarcane yield only in the dry season, with the highest yield in CV + UR. NI did not affect crop yield. In general, emission intensities (kg CO2eq Mg-1 of stalk) were highest in CV + UR. We conclude that the organo-mineral formulation reduced NH3 losses and increased N2O emissions compared with regular solid fertilizer and that NI was effective for mitigating N2O emissions.
The present study evaluated 13 strains of yeast for ethanol and xylitol production from xylose. Among them, Spathaspora hagerdaliae UFMG-CM-Y303 produced ethanol yields (Y-P/S) of 0.25g g(-1) and 0.39g g(-1) under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions, respectively, from a mixture of glucose and xylose in flasks. A pH of 5.0 and an inoculum of 3.0x10(8) cells mL(-1)r resulted in the highest ethanol yields. These conditions were tested in a bioreactor for fermenting a medium containing an enzymatic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse with 15.5g L-1 of glucose and 3g L-1 of xylose, and achieved a Y-P/S of 0.47g g(-1), in relation to total available sugar. These results suggest that S. hagerdaliae UFMG-CM-Y303 has potential for use in second-generation ethanol studies.
The idea of utilizing waste from the agro-industrial sector to produce lightweight concrete is one of the good ideas for recycling and reusing waste materials. In a lightweight concrete production process, determining a material's optimal parameters is crucial, since it can help optimize the important properties of lightweight concrete blocks. This study introduces a novel TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) linear programming model, based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), to optimize the parameters of lightweight concrete blocks. The compressive strength, dry density, and water absorption are considered important responses, while black bagasse ash, cement with white bagasse ash, and aluminum powder are the factors considered. The proposed method successfully optimized the parameters, as confirmed by experimental results, showing a 7.22\% increase in compressive strength, a 9.19\% increase in dry density, and a 16.83\% decrease in water absorption compared to the original condition. These improvements were achieved by using the optimal mixture ratio of 6:1:0.05 by weight, which consists of sugarcane bagasse ash, cement, and aluminum powder. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows: This paper presents a novel method called the TOPSIS linear programming model, which is a modified version of the original TOPSIS method, to calculate the closeness efficiency for each run. The proposed method is simpler and more prac-tical, making it useful for solving multi-response optimization problems with large inputs. In addition, this research contributes to the advancement of sustainable materials and offers a practical solution for optimizing lightweight concrete block properties.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agro-residues product of the sugarcane industry and owing to its plentiful accessibility; it has broadly studied for lignocellulosic conversion to the production of value-added commercial products. In this context, organosolv delignification of bagasse was executed employing acetic and formic acid along with dilute H2SO4 as a promoter at 100 degrees C. Organosolv bagasse lignin (OBL) blended with renewable resource-based cellulose acetate (CA) at different ratios. Electrospinning technique has been issued for fabricating lignin nanofibers. Iodine treatment of nanofibers was inspected to assist the thermostabilization handling. The nanofibers were successfully converted into carbon fibers (CFs) through oxidative thermal stabilization in the air at 220 degrees C and subsequently carbonized at 600 degrees C. The investigated samples were identified with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and N-2 (77 K) adsorption. Tensile properties (stress, strain, young's modulus) of electrospun nanofibers were greatly ameliorated via deposition of polyaniline (m-toluidine) through the formation of (OBL/CA/P-mTol) composite via in-situ oxidative chemical polymerization technique. This study extends the potential applicability of composite for water purification and stipulates a promising approach to MB dye removal of aqueous solutions.
To decrease D-lactic acid production cost, sugarcane molasses and soybean meal, low-cost agro-industrial wastes, were selected as feedstock. First, sugarcane molasses was used directly by Lactobacillus delbrueckii S-NL31, and the nutrients were released from soybean meal by protease hydrolysis. Subsequently, to ensure intensive substrate utilization and enhanced D-lactic acid production from sugarcane molasses and soybean meal, adaptation of L. delbrueckii S-NL31 to substrates was performed through adaptive laboratory evolution. After two-phase adaptive laboratory evolution, the evolved strain L. delbrueckii S-NL31-CM3-SBM with improved cell growth and D-lactic acid production on sugarcane molasses and soybean meal was obtained. To decipher the potential reasons for improved fermentation performance, a metabolomics-based approach was developed to profile the differences of intracellular metabolism between initial and evolved strain. The in-depth analysis elucidated how the key factors exerted influence on D-lactic acid biosynthesis. The results revealed that the enhancement of glycolysis pathway and cofactor supply was directly associated with increased lactic acid production, and the reinforcement of pentose phosphate pathway, amino acid metabolism, and oleic acid uptake improved cell survival and growth. These might be the main reasons for significantly improved D-lactic acid production by adaptive laboratory evolution. Finally, fed-batch simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean meal and fermentation process by evolved strain resulted in D-lactic acid levels of 112.3 g/L, with an average production efficiency of 2.4 g/(L x h), a yield of 0.98 g/g sugar, and optical purity of 99.6\%. The results show the applicability of D-lactic acid production in L. delbrueckii fed on agro-industrial wastes through adaptive laboratory evolution.
Enzymatic hydrolysis is an important but expensive step in the production of ethanol from biomass. Thus, the production of efficient enzymatic cocktails is of great interest for this biotechnological application. The production of endoglucanase and xylanase activites from F. verticillioides were optimized in a factorial design (2(5)) followed by a CCDR design. Endoglucanase and xylanase activities increased from 2.8 to 8.0 U/mL and from 13.4 to 114 U/mL, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature were determined for endoglucanase (5.6, 80 degrees C), cellobiase (5.6, 60 degrees C), FPase (6.0, 55 degrees C) and xylanase (7.0, 50 degrees C). The optimized crude extract was applied in saccharification and fermentation of sugarcane bagasse from which 9.7 g/L of ethanol was produced at an ethanol/biomass yield of 0.19.
In this research, carbon powder produced from bagasse, solid waste of sugarcane production, was used as raw material for creating screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), which is named SPAC600. Bagasse was carbonized at 600 degrees C under N-2 flows to produce carbon. The carbonized bagasse was then treated with alkaline solution to leach out the impurities; therefore, the result, AC600, provides a significant increase in surface area from 24.8 to 197.10 m(2) g(-1). Alkaline treatment also changed the morphology of carbon powder into smaller flakes and removed C-H- aromatic vibration and C-O stretching within Fourier transformed- infrared (FTIR) spectra. The treatment also increases the electric conductivity from 10.01 S/cm to 25.39 S/cm. Alkaline leaching also increases the electrochemical performance of the electrode, proven by the significant increase of anodic current density, I-pa from 5.5 to 12.8 mu A, for screen-printed carbon without alkaline leaching (SPC600) and SPAC600, respectively. Furthermore, ferrocene addition to the working electrode (WE) part of the prepared SPCE even increases the electrochemical performance as an analytic electrode, proven by the anodic current density of 173.0 mu A. Even though the performance is still lower than a commercial SPCE which provides anodic current density up to 2000 mu A, further treatment and modification may enhance the performance of the SPAC600.
Sugarcane is one of the most important industries of the Brazilian economy, and its main products are sugar and ethanol. Most of the industrial plants produce both products in an integrated process, in which the sugarcane bagasse is a by-product that can be used as a fuel in the cogeneration system. The bagasse is used as the only fuel of the plant, supplying all energy required for the process, and also producing electricity surplus that may be sold to the grid. In this paper, exergy analysis is used to assess an integrated sugar and ethanol plant with its cogeneration system. The plant was divided into eight sub-systems to evaluate the irreversibility generation in each separately. Data from typical sugarcane factories in Brazil, which produce sugar and ethanol, were used in the process simulation. The analysis has shown that the sub-systems with the highest contribution for the total irreversibility generation of the plant were co-generation, juice extraction and fermentation. Some improvements are proposed, including process thermal integration and the introduction of more efficient equipments for prime mover and steam and electricity generation. The analysis indicated that the total irreversibility could be reduced by 10\% should those changes be implemented. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The specie Erianthus is a variety of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) that can be used as ``energy-cane{''
In this work, HCl catalyzed ethylene glycol-water pretreatment (HCl/EG-H2O) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was explored with response surface methodology (RSM) and single factor analysis, which aim to investigate the influence of pretreatment variable on pretreated solid cellulose enzymatic conversion. The result showed that HCl/EG-H2O pretreatment could selectively extract-89.9 \% xylan and-61.2 \% lignin in SCB, meanwhile maintain a relatively high cellulose retention (-86.8 \%). Pretreatment of SCB at 120 degrees C for 60 min with 1.00 \% HCl and 90 \% EG obtained the pretreated solid having maximum cellulose enzymatic conversion of 88.7 \% under 10 FPU/g enzyme dosage, this enhancement of cellulose enzymatic conversion mainly attributed to structure change of SCB in pretreatment. The adding of enzymatic additives into the hydrolysis process could not only improve hydrolysis efficiency but also lower the enzyme dosage. Besides, the linear relationship between sub-strate characteristic parameters (such cellulose content, lignin removal rate etc.) and cellulose conversion were observed.
In this study, the antibacterial polyelectrolyte carboxymethyl xylan/chitosan (CMX/CS) films incorporated with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO) were prepared and then characterized. Xylan-rich hemicelluloses (62.23\%) were extracted from sugarcane bagasse pith and then subjected to carboxymethylation. FTIR analysis revealed the successful modification of hemicelluloses. The irregular white spots in SEM images of nanobiocomposites revealed the entrance of HNTs into the polymer matrix. EDX maps manifested that the density of Si and Al atoms increased, as the amount of HNT increased. The observed discontinuities for EO-containing nanobiocomposites in the SEM images may be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of EO. The barrier properties of the nanocomposites improved by incorporation of HNTs and O. vulgare. The tensile strength of nanocomposite improved significantly by incorporating HNT. EO/HNT-containing films exhibited a higher antibacterial activity against selected bacteria than HNT-containing films. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugar factories in India commonly use bagasse, the residue after sugarcane juice extraction, as a boiler fuel. This leads to generation of large amounts of fly ash containing 16-33\% unburned carbon, which poses a disposal problem. In this study, different separation methods have been examined to separate the unburned carbon. The separated carbon has been modified for different applications and characterized. Simple methods like sieving yielded high carbon fractions. The carbon content could be increased further by treatment with acid to remove the ash present. Pellets formed from unburned carbon had calorific values ranging between 20 920 and 25 104 kJ kg(-1). Activation in steam led to increase in surface area from 90-100 m(2) g(-1) to more than 500 m(2) g(-1). These results indicate that there is potential for multiple and environmentally friendly utilization of unburned carbon in bagasse fly ash. (C) 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
This paper presents the investigation of the microstructural characteristics of the sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) and feasibility of replacement of cement by SCBA (0-25\% at the interval of 5\%) to study its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar, including the microstructure analysis. The samples were tested after curing of 3, 7 and 28 days. It was observed that sample with constant water content gives dry mix when cement was replaced above 10\% SCBA. Due to dry mix, the hydration process could not complete and the strength starts decreasing on increasing the percentage of SCBA. When the samples were prepared for checking consistency of cement at different quantities of SCBA, it was found that consistency was continuously increasing with increase in percentage of SCBA. It was observed that the compressive strength was increasing up to 10\% SCBA and beyond this percentage also had better results than the corresponding samples with constant consistency. The variation in silica content was observed at a temperature of 400 degrees C, 500 degrees C, 600 degrees C, 700 degrees C and 800 degrees C using XRF analysis technique. Peaks in XRD pattern of SCBA showed the quartzite, coesite minerals possessing crystalline nature that indicates the silica content. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of SCBA was done to investigate the weight loss per cent, and the phase transformation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) between 600 and 1000 degrees C. FESEM and EDS analysis were also done to study the microstructures in SCBA blended cement mortar cured up to 3, 7 and 28 days.
In this work, sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) was used as a low-cost starting material for synthesizing nanosized SiC powder as an alternative to existing techniques for utilizing ever increasing amounts of industrial BA wastes. Fine SiC powder was SHS-produced from BA-C-Mg mixtures and characterized by XRD and SEM. The product powder was found to contain SiC, MgO, and a minor amount of Mg2SiO4. Unwanted MgO and Mg2SiO4 were leached out with acid solutions. The leached product represented the agglomerated powder of nanoparticles with a mean size of about 50 nm. Our approach can help not only to diminish harmful effects caused by ash disposal but also to suggest a cost-effective process for production of fine SiC powder.
The sorption of artificial dye effluent made from two different dyes, Solar orange 7 GLL and Solar jade Green FFB from Clariant, onto three different agricultural residues-barley husk, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw-was studied. Twenty percent of 600-mum particle size of these agricultural residues was used as substrates and studied individually. The percentage of dye removal was observed in concentrations of dye varying from 50 to 200 mg/L. The effect of temperature ranging from 25 to 50degreesC and pH from 6.0 to 12.0 on the dye removal by the substrates was also studied. The effective adsorption of the substrates was calculated.
The aim of the study was to evaluate commercial sugarcane products from southern Brazil, including refined, crystal, demerara, brown sugars, rapadura and molasses. The physicochemical parameters (ash, pH, color, moisture); nutritional parameters (sugar composition and minerals) were assessed; bioactive (phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids) and the antioxidant activity were also evaluated. Variation in the physicochemical parameters was observed according to the type of sample and depending on the sample's processing degree. The sugar composition of the samples varied from 0.13 to 20.14\% of fructose, 1.13-29.78\% of glucose and 29.47-98.85\% of sucrose. The content of phenolic compounds ranged from 3.01 to 279.56 (mg EAG 100 g(-1)), flavonoids from 0.63 to 28.33 (mg EQ 100 g(-1)) and carotenoids from 0.18 to 4.37 (mu g g(-1) of beta-carotene). The antioxidant activities in the samples showed variations both for DPPH (9.99-275.33 mu M Trolox g(-1)) and ABTS (14.03-1263.46 mu M Trolox g(-1)) methods. The highest bioactive content, minerals and antioxidant capacity were observed in the brown sugars, rapadura and molasses samples, confirming the loss of these compounds in more processed sugars.
This document studies the stabilization of the soil used as a subgrade, by adding locally available materials such as rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). These aggregates were added to the soil in substitution by weight between 5\%, 7.5\% and 10\%. By adding these, the expansiveness is reduced while the maximum dry density increases, in addition the tendency of CBR is increasing and then tends to decrease proportionally to the addition of the aforementioned aggregates. This indicates a peak in CBR and expandability. The best result obtained from CBR was 33.75\% with the 5\% replacement mixtures.
Cationic sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose derivatives with a relatively low degree of substitution (0.01-0.54) containing quaternary ammonium groups were prepared by etherification with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride or preferably with 2,3-epoxypropyl-trimethylammonium chloride using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in aqueous solution. The extent of etherification was measured by yield percentage and degree of substitution (DS). The DS values of the products could be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of etherifying agent to anhydroxylose units in hemicelluloses and the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to etherifying reagent. In comparison, the etherified hemicellulose preparations were characterized by both degradative methods such as thermal analysis, and non-degradative techniques such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was found that a significant degradation of the hemicellulose polymers occurred during etherification under the alkaline conditions used. The thermal stability of the etherified hemicelluloses was lower than that of the unmodified hemicellulose polymers. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding a bacterial inoculum and a handmade additive to sugarcane silage (SOS) on the in situ digestibility of dry matter (DM). The treatments were: T1) sugarcane silage (SOS) and T2) sugarcane silage with 1\% inoculum and 1\% additive (SCS+). The bacterial inoculum consisted of 10.0\% molasses, 1.0\% yogurt, 5.0\% chicken manure, 0.5\% urea, and 83.0\% water, and the additive was formulated with 1.0\% urea, 0.1\% ammonium sulfate, and 0.25\% phosphorus. In situ dry matter digestibility (DMD),was determined using the nylon bag technique with four cows equipped with ruminal fistulas. Cows were fed with ensiled sugarcane supplemented with 1 kg of commercial concentrate. 5 g of ground sample for each sugarcane treatment were weighted in nylon bags and incubated for 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h in a completely randomized design with six replicates. The DMD (\%) was higher (P<0.05) for SCS+ for all incubation times when compared with SCS. There were no differences in ruminal pH between the treatments for all the incubation times. The data suggested that the sugarcane silage with bacterial inoculum and additive could be an alternative for providing forage for ruminants during the season of low growth and quality grass.
Fast pyrolysis of giant reed Arundo (Arundo donax), fiber sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) was studied in bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Product yields were determined, and detailed physicochemical characterization for produced fast pyrolysis bio-oils (FPBOs) was carried out. The highest organic liquid yield (dry basis) was observed with sugarcane bagasse (59-62 wt \%), followed by eucalyptus (49-53 wt \%), giant reed Arundo (39 wt \%), and fiber sorghum (34-42 wt \%). After the pyrolysis experiments, produced FPBOs were gasified in an oxygen-blown autothermal catalytic reforming system for the produced synthesis gas. The gasifier consists of a partial oxidation zone where the FPBO is gasified, and the raw syngas is then reformed over a fixed bed steam-reforming catalyst in the reforming zone. The gas production (similar to 1.7 Nm3/kg FPBO) and composition (H2 similar to 50 vol \%, CO 20-25 vol \%, and CO2 25-30 vol \%) were similar for all FPBOs tested. These results show that the combination of fast pyrolysis with subsequent gasification provides a technically feasible and feedstock flexible solution for the production of synthesis gas.
Controlled pyrolysis of biomass is introduced to recover substantial mesopores and relevant surface functional groups of carbon flakes needed for high energy storage of supercapacitors. The novel controlled pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with ice water effectively explored the ephemeral bonds reformation in the conventional pyrolysis of biomass to produce debilitated carbon precursor used for hydrothermal separation. Consequently, the prepared porous carbon exhibits optimized mesopores and oxygen-rich mesoporous flakes with large packing density and high specific surface area (791.20 m(2) g(-1)) at optimal temperature of 300 degrees C. Thus, the quenching effect derived from the frost improves the interaction between the debilitated carbon precursor and superheated water, which is responsible for the separated carbon layers via hydrothermal separation. The hydrothermal process doped oxygen on mesoporous carbon surfaces contributes to the increase in the charge transfer and to the decrease in the mass transfer resistance of the supercapacitor electrode. Consequently, the desired densely packed mesoporous carbon (BGC(QH)300) demonstrates a better electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance (C-s) of 314 Fg(-1) at 9 Ag-1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, which is 22\% superior C-s compared with the untreated pyro-based bagasse carbon (BGC(Q)). The charge/discharge cycling behavior represents high capacitance retention of the electrode after 20,000 cycles at 9 Ag-1. Hence, the strategy of synthesizing mesoporous carbon materials via ice water controlled pyrolysis is promising approach for preparation of low-cost electrode materials.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the recovery, by plant cane, of the nitrogen ((15)N) from urea and from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) crop residues - straw and root system - incorporated into the soil. The experiment was settled in 2005/2006 with the sugarcane cultivar SP81 3250. At planting, microplots of 2 m length and 1.5 m width were installed, and N applications were done with 80 kg ha(-1) N (urea with 5.05\% in (15)N atoms) and 14 Mg ha(-1) crop residues - 9 Mg ha(-1) of sugarcane straw (SS) and 5 Mg ha(-1) of root system (RS), labeled with (15)N (1.07 and 0.81\% in (15)N atoms, respectively). The total N accumulation by plants was determined during the crop cycle. Although the N use by shoot from crop residue mineralization (PA and SR) increased significantly over time, this source hardly contributed to crop nutrition. The recovery of the (15)N-urea, (15)N-SS and (15)N-RS by plant cane was 30.3 +/- 3.7\%, 13.9 +/- 4.5\% and 6.4 +/- 0.9\%, respectively, representing 15.9, 4.7 and 1.4\% of total nitrogen uptake by shoot.
Since sugarcane bagasse and trash are used as fuels in conventional bioethanol production, the amount of surplus lignocellulosic material used as feedstock for bioethanol production depends on the energy consumption of the production processes. Residues from the second generation process (e.g., unreacted lignocellulosic material) may be used as fuels and increase the amount of surplus bagasse, along with improved technologies. Pentose fermentation to ethanol instead of biodigestion to produce biogas will lead to higher ethanol production, increasing energy consumption of the process and consequently, decreasing the amount of surplus lignocellulosic material available. In this study different configurations of the second generation ethanol production process (e.g. pretreatment with steam explosion coupled or not with delignification, pentose biodigestion or fermentation to ethanol, solids loading on hydrolysis), are evaluated in the integrated first and second generation ethanol production from sugarcane through simulation using Aspen Plus. The results show which process alternatives, potentially, may lead to higher ethanol production, pointing towards where research should be directed in order to provide important gains on ethanol production in the integrated process. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane straw burning or removal and N fertilization are management practices that modify the input of carbon (C) to the soil affecting greenhouse gases emissions and the potential of the soil for C sequestration. This study aimed to determine the effect of post-harvest straw burning and synthetic N fertilization on the dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the sugarcane-soil system of Tucuman, Argentina; it also compared these emissions with those of a native forest and discussed a theoretical soil C balance based on C emissions. Close-vented chambers were used to capture CO2 and CH4 during three consecutive growing seasons. The higher CO2 emissions coincided with the period of high soil and air temperatures and rainfalls. There was not a clear pattern in the dynamics of CH4 flux for all sugarcane treatments, while the native forest consistently captured CH4; however, the cumulative CH4 flows were negligible in term of C mass. Annual cumulative CO2 emissions were 12.4-61.4 and 5.9-51.5\% higher (for N-fertilized and unfertilized treatments, respectively) when straw was not burned regarding to the burned treatment. However, C losses-as CO2 emissions- in unburnt treatments were lower than the C input from straw and roots, while C losses in burnt treatments were higher than C input from straw and roots. The soil-sugarcane system of Tucuman has a potential C sequestration estimated of 2.03 Mg of C ha(-1) yr(-1). The results of this manuscript highlighted the importance of preserving straw as a way to maintain or increase soil organic carbon. They also demonstrated the importance of considering management practices when measuring CO2 fluxes during the crop cycle for determining the soil C balance.
Cryptococcus albidus was used for biopulping bagasse under partially sterilized conditions to access its potential industrial application in the pulp and paper industry. Enzyme analysis of C albidus treated bagasse samples was carried out at different time periods (days 15, 30, and 60). Another set of bagasse was maintained in similar culture conditions without C. albidus inoculum (control) to assess the effect of C albidus treatment The proportion of cellulose degrading enzymes was found to be much lower (3.0-3.5\%) as compared to the control samples (21-56\%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly demonstrated surface colonization and pit formation. Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the chemical modification of bagasse. The signature peak for cellulose was found to be prominent in C. albidus treated samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) confirmed the presence of C. albidus throughout the experiments. It was evident that C albidus was able to suppress the growth of a native population. After 60 days both control and treated bagasse were given a kraft pulping treatment. The kappa number of C albidus treated bagasse decreased by 42\% while in control samples it was found to be decreased by 39\% only. There was increase in viscosity/kappa number ratio after treatment. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bagasse is a fibrous material remaining after crushing sugarcane to extract its juice; and bagasse ash is produced after burning bagasse. Improper disposal of this material can create environmental problems around sugar manufacturing plants. Bagasse ash, comprising a high percentage of silica (SiO2), is considered as a sensible pozzolanic material with non-reactive behaviour and has potential to be used in road subgrade stabilisation. One of the main challenges for transportation organisations in Australia is to treat subgrades including expansive soils. Expansive soils exhibit significant movements when the moisture content changes, and hence it causes substantial damage to road pavements constructed over these type of soils. Road engineers need to employ materials having acceptable strength, relatively low price and being eco-friendly. In order to demonstrate the potential ability of bagasse ash in curtailing the adverse effects of expansive soils on roads, an array of experimental tests using bagasse ash have been conducted. In this study to activate and improve the effectiveness of bagasse ash, hydrated lime was used and mixed with black soil samples, collected from Queensland Australia. Samples were prepared using different contents of bagasse ash and hydrated lime (0\%, 6\%, 10\%, 18\% and 25\% by the dry mass of soil), at a ratio of 3:1, respectively. The results of free swell ratio (FSR) test, unconfined compression strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests are presented for untreated and treated samples after various curing time periods of 3, 7 and 28 days. The outcomes of these tests clearly demonstrate that stabilisation of expansive soils using bagasse ash and hydrated lime not only improves the strength, but also facilitates to cope with environmental concerns through reduction of sugar industry waste material.
The enzymes have been gaining more importance in different fields, among the most important the pharmaceutical field. However, due to the protein nature of the enzymes, a significant part of them presents high instability under certain conditions of use. A great way to stabilize them is to use immobilization techniques. Bromelain from pineapple has shown potential to be used in the treatment of burn-like skin injuries and superficial injuries. Biocatalytic textile fibers from cellulose of sugarcane bagasse were prepared using surface functionalization with epichlorohydrin (4\% v/v) and glutaraldehyde (0.5\% v/v), and 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and bromelain immobilization by covalent bonding in the fibers. The best immobilization results for the bromelain enzyme immobilization were using the aminopropyltriethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde activating agent at pH 7 to values of 68.97\% and 88.14\% for total protein content and enzyme activity, respectively. Considering the approach described in this paper, others advanced materials from pulp fibers and bioprocesses might be developed using bromelain and other enzymes for the target applications.
The present survey was devoted to exergoeconomically investigating a lignocellulosic-based sugarcane biorefinery developed for cogeneration of lactic acid and power from sugarcane bagasse and harvesting residues, specifically brown leaves (trash). More specifically, this research was aimed at identifying the hotspots of the cost losses in the developed biorefinery. Exergoeconomic parameters including irreversibility-related cost rate, component-related cost rate, total cost rate, relative cost difference, and exergoeconomic factor were determined for all the nine subunits of the biorefinery. In addition, two new exergoeconomic variables called ``economic impact ratio{''
In the effort to find alternatives for low cost adsorbent, activated carbon using sugarcane bagasse (SBAC) has been introduced in this study that has undergo chemical treatment using phosphoric acid to determine the effectiveness of adsorption process in removing o-toluidine and benzidine. Throughout this study, 92.9\% of o-toluidine has been successfully removed by SBAC at optimum value of 1.1 g of dosage with contact time of 10 minutes and concentration of 10 mg/L. While benzidine was remove by 83.1\% at optimum dosage of 1.1 g with 60 minutes of contact time and at 20 mg/L concentrations. Testing of SEM proves that SBAC has high porosity and comparable to CAC. In FTIR results, shows that CAC has high number of double bond while SBAC shows no double bond at all. Presence of double bond in CAC lead to increase in percentage of removal of adsorbate. After considering other factor such as cost, energy and environmental friendly, it shows that SBAC was considerable to replaced CAC.
In this study, cellulose sulfoacetate (CSA) was produced with cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse with sulfuric acid as a catalyst under homogenous conditions so that the derivative could be applied as an additive for mortar of Portland (Cimento Portland de alta resistencia inicial, CPV-ARI) cement. The IR spectra showed that only precipitate C presented the characteristic band of sulfate groups (807 cm(-1)) and was, therefore, the sulfoacetylated derivative. CSA presented a degree of acetylation of 2.70 and a degree of sulfonation of 0.063, and the presence of sulfate groups in the derivative displaced the position of C(6) to a lower field in the C-13-NMR spectrum and influenced reduced viscosity as a function of concentration. The evaluation of CSA as an additive showed that for a polymer/cement ratio of 0.6\%, an increase of 13.80\% was achieved consistently, and an increase of 21.05\% in the potential tensile of adhesion strength was also achieved. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Astaxanthin is a potential high-value coproduct in an ethanol biorefinery. Three mutant strains of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, which were derived from the parent strain ATCC 24202 (UCD 67-210) and designated JTM166, JTM185, and SSM19, were tested for their capability of utilizing the major sugars that can be generated from cellulosic biomass, including glucose, xylose, and arabinose, for astaxanthin production. While all three strains were capable of metabolizing these sugars, individually and in mixtures, JTM185 demonstrated the greatest sugar utilization and astaxanthin production. Astaxanthin yield by this strain (milligrams astaxanthin per gram of sugar consumed) was highest for xylose, followed by arabinose and then glucose. The kinetics of sugar utilization by strain JTM185 was studied in fermenters using mixtures of glucose, xylose, and arabinose at varied concentrations. It was found that glucose was utilized preferentially, followed by xylose, and lastly, arabinose. Astaxanthin yield was significantly affected by sugar concentrations. Highest yields were observed with sugar mixtures containing the highest concentrations of xylose and arabinose. Hydrolysates produced from sugarcane bagasse and barley straw pretreated by the soaking in aqueous ammonia method and hydrolyzed with the commercial cellulase preparation, Accellerase (TM) 1000, were used for astaxanthin production by the mutant strain JTM185. The organism was capable of metabolizing all of the sugars present in the hydrolysates from both biomass sources and produced similar amounts of astaxanthin from both hydrolysates, although these amounts were lower when compared to yields obtained with reagent grade sugars.
Mechanization in the sugarcane agriculture has increased over the last few years, especially in harvesting and planting operations, in the Brazilian Center-South region. The consequences of such a technological shift, however, are not fully comprehended when multiple perspectives are considered such as economic aspects, environmental regulations, and social context. The main goal of this study is to generate comprehensive information to subsidize decision-making processes not only in Brazil but also in other countries where sugarcane production is still under development. Manual and mechanical technologies for planting and harvesting were evaluated (with and without pre-harvest burning), as well as straw recovery, seeking to identify their advantages and disadvantages, considering economic, environmental, and social aspects. Considering vertically integrated production systems (agricultural and industrial phases), sugarcane production scenarios were compared under the metrics from engineering economics, life cycle assessment (LCA), and social LCA. Manual technologies were related to the highest job creation levels; however, lower internal rates of return and higher ethanol production costs were also observed. In general, mechanized scenarios were associated with lower ethanol production costs and higher internal rates of return due to lower biomass production cost, higher ethanol yield, and higher electricity surplus. Considering the restrictions for sugarcane burning and practical difficulties of manual harvesting of green cane, environmental analysis showed that mechanical harvesting of green cane with straw recovery presents, in general, the best comparative balance of environmental impacts. A multi-criteria decision analysis was performed to generate an output rank, confirming that mechanized scenarios presented the best sustainability performances. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Eight yeast isolates identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were recovered from molasses-using Cuban distilleries and discriminated by nucleotide sequence analysis of ITS locus. The isolates L/25-7-81 and L/25-7-86 showed the highest ethanol yield from sugarcane juice, while L/25-7-12 and L/25-7-79 showed high ethanol yield from sugarcane molasses. The isolate L/25-7-86 also displayed high fermentation capacity when molasses was diluted with vinasse. In addition, stress tolerance was evaluated on the basis of growth in the presence of inhibitors (acetic acid, lactic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and sulfuric acid) and the results indicated that L/25-7-77 and L/25-7-79 congregated the highest score for cross-tolerance and fermentation capacity. Hence, these isolates, especially L/25-7-77, could serve as potential biological platform for the arduous task of fermenting complex substrates that contain inhibitors. The use of these yeasts was discussed in the context of second-generation ethanol and the environmental and economic implications of the use of vinasse, saving the use of water for substrate dilution.
The present study concerns with exploring the possibility of using of tartaric acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for removing diazonium blue (DB) from aqueous solutions. The effect of different factors on the efficiency of the adsorbent for the DB dye removal was investigated, including initial dye concentration, contact time, SCB dosage and SCB particle size. Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and D-R isothermal models have been employed to analyze the adsorption equilibrium data. It was found that the adsorption of the dye fits well with the D-R model. The adsorption kinetics was also done applying four kinetic models. The regression equation coefficients refer to fitting the data to the second-order kinetic equation for removal of the DB dye. It is probable that the rate limiting step is a chemical adsorption between the adsorbent and the dye. This chemisorption process is further confirmed from the energy value of 15.1 kJ mol(-1) deduced from the D-R isotherm.
The cogeneration of steam and electricity has become the norm in the sugarcane industry worldwide. This process has been taken further to a stage where sugar companies can export a substantial amount of energy to the grid. Mauritius and Reunion Islands have implemented state of the art technology in bagasse energy cogeneration. It is on this basis that the potential for cogeneration in Zimbabwe's sugar industry is being examined. The findings indicate that it is technically feasible to implement such a project. A full economic and financial feasibility study would still need to be done. Two plants of 105 MW each can be put in place, providing about 517 GWh of clean bagasse firm power to the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority. Bagasse would be used during the crop season and coal during the off-crop season. Coal usage during the off-season, will enable the exportation of extra power to the grid. This kind of project, which can save money for the utility, meets about 8\% of the country's electrical energy needs, reduces the amount of foreign currency needed to import electricity, results in improved efficiency in the sugar industry and can avoid the use of 293 750 tonnes of coal, hence avoiding the emission of 885 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide and the production of 47 000 tonnes of coal ash. The sugar millers would accrue revenue benefits equal to those revenues from selling sugar that accrue to the milling activities only. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Three chromatographic techniques were compared to determine the solubilized phenolic compounds, from sugarcane bagasse pith pretreatment. Reverse phase gradient system I, was chosen as a technique to be evaluated in aromatic compounds determination, because it presented good selectivity, reproducibility and percent recovery of phenolic compounds. However, gradient system II, and ionic exchange, resulted in longer resolution time, even though they had good resolution and selectivity. The amount of aromatic compounds determined by reverse phase gradient elution, were in decreasing order: 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid). Reverse phase gradient system I, can be useful to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds solubilized in other lignocellulosic materials. From the experimental design 2(3) the most important effect on total phenolic compounds solubilization, were: alkali concentration, temperature and alkali-moisture content interaction. In addition, the maximum amount of these compounds were obtained at high levels of experimental conditions, that is; 10\% NaOH (ODW), 50 degrees C of temperature, and 80\% of moisture content.
Enhanced efficiency fertilizer is a sustainable alternative to increase agricultural productivity. In this regard, the nutrient coating or encapsulation is one of the alternatives to improve the effectiveness of the fertilizer. Several matrices can be used, but predominantly the biodegradable ones, which have no environmental impacts. Chitosan has favorable characteristics, as biodegradation and harmless impacts on the soil, to use as a holder for fertilizers. In this work, microspheres of chitosan and sugarcane bagasse were prepared by the inversion phase method followed by potassium nitrate (KNO3) fertilizer sorption. The structural, morphological and thermal properties were evaluated by Fourier transformed infrared, (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XDR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) before and after release evaluation. The release profile of fertilizer ions was assessed in water and soil. The matrices served only as support for KNO3 and no chemical interaction was observed. KNO3 releasing behavior reached a plateau after one hour of test for all samples. The release process generated cavities on the surface of microspheres since these spaces were previously fulfilled with fertilizer as observed by SEM. However, in the soil, the materials were dependent on the amount of water available and we observed a diffusion process for the nutrient release. {[
Key message A transcriptome analysis reveals the transcripts and alleles differentially expressed in sugarcane genotypes with contrasting lignin composition. Sugarcane bagasse is a highly abundant resource that may be used as a feedstock for the production of biofuels and bioproducts in order to meet increasing demands for renewable replacements for fossil carbon. However, lignin imparts rigidity to the cell wall that impedes the efficient breakdown of the biomass into fermentable sugars. Altering the ratio of the lignin units, syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G), which comprise the native lignin polymer in sugarcane, may facilitate the processing of bagasse. This study aimed to identify genes and markers associated with S/G ratio in order to accelerate the development of sugarcane bioenergy varieties with modified lignin composition. The transcriptome sequences of 12 sugarcane genotypes that contrasted for S/G ratio were compared and there were 2019 transcripts identified as differentially expressed (DE) between the high and low S/G ratio groups. These included transcripts encoding possible monolignol biosynthetic pathway enzymes, transporters, dirigent proteins and transcriptional and post-translational regulators. Furthermore, the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between the low and high S/G ratio groups to identify specific alleles expressed with the phenotype. There were 2063 SNP loci across 787 unique transcripts that showed group-specific expression. Overall, the DE transcripts and SNP alleles identified in this study may be valuable for breeding sugarcane varieties with altered S/G ratio that may provide desirable bioenergy traits.
An integrated biorefining strategy was applied to fractionate Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into its major constituents, enabling high-yield conversion of the fractionated materials into high-value coproducts alongside cellulosic ethanol. Pilot-scale steam explosion produced a hydrolysate rich in low molecular weight xylooligosaccharides that had a high in vitro efficacy as a prebiotic towards different bifidobacteria. Lignin recovered after alkaline treatment of the steam-exploded SCB was converted into uniform spherical lignin nanoparticles (11.3 nm in diameter) by a green mechanical method. The resulting cellulose was hydrolyzed at 17.5\% (w/v) consistency and low enzyme loading (17.5 mg/g) to yield a pure glucose hydrolysate at a high concentration (100 g/L) and a cellulosic solid residue that was defibrillated by disc ultra-refining into homogeneous cellulose nanofibrils (20.5 nm in diameter). Statistical optimization of the cellulosic hydrolysate fermentation led to ethanol pro-duction of 67.1 g/L, with a conversion yield of 0.48 g/g and productivity of 1.40 g/L.h.
Second generation ethanol is produced from the carbohydrates released from the cell wall of bagasse and straw of sugarcane. The objective of this work is the characterization and application of a voltammetric electronic tongue using an array of glassy carbon electrodes modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes containing metal (Paladium, Gold, Copper, Nickel and Cobalt) oxy-hydroxide nanoparticles (GCE/MWCNT/MetalsOOH) towards a simpler analysis of carbohydrates (glucose, xylose, galactose and mannose). The final architecture of the back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model had 36 input neurons and a hidden layer with 5 neurons. The ANN based prediction model has provided satisfactory concentrations for all carbohydrates; the obtained response had a maximum NRMSE of 12.4\% with a maximum deviation of slopes in the obtained vs. expected comparison graph of 15\%. For all species, the comparison correlation coefficient was of r > 0.99 for the training subset and of r > 0.96 for the test subset. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Poly (hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) is a biodegradable polymer that can be obtained from both renewable and synthetic resources. There have been many attempts to improve its structure and properties by different methods. This paper, while mentioning briefly PHB and sugarcane bagasse fibers, focuses on the effect of compressive/molding pressure on its structure and thermal properties with incorporation of sugarcane bagasse fibers, with and without steam explosion treatment. Thermal behavior (thermogravimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy methods were used to understand the changes in PHB resulting from the pressure and incorporation of fibers while scanning electron microscopy is used to understand the morphology of both the fiber and PHB. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In Mexico, the possibility to exploit orange peels or sugarcane straw to generate heat has not been fully explored, even though they are major agronomic wastes generated in Mexico. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the heat generation's environmental and economic performance from these feedstocks in a fruit-processing facility located in Veracruz, Mexico. The environmental performance was assessed through the life-cycle assessment methodology, while the economic performance was estimated through the total levelized cost of energy (TLCE) considering two scenarios: (1) a base scenario where orange peels are burnt to produce process steam, and (2) a second scenario where sugarcane straw is co-fired with it. Both scenarios assume to partially displace heavy-fuel-oil (HFO) for steam generation. Results indicate that the impacts of the use of residual biomass-based heat on the potential global warming, ozone layer depletion, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, and cumulative energy demand are 34-63\% lower than when using HFO and decrease the TLCE by 18-21\%. However, there is also an increase in other environmental impact categories such as human toxicity, photochemical oxidation, or eutrophication. The use of orange from organic farms improves the environmental results in some of these categories. The drying and combustion of the biomass, as well as the waste treatment, are the major contributors to the environmental impacts. On the other hand, capital and fuel costs are the major contributors to TLCE. Overall, the use of orange peels and sugarcane straw to generate heat is attractive from the environmental and economic point of views.
Bagasse is spent fiber left after extraction of sugar. It is mainly used as a fuel to concentrate sugarcane juice. In the present work, the possibility of preparing wood adhesives from bagasse has been explored. The parameters for the preparation of a lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) adhesive, (lignin concentration, formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature) have been optimized. It was found that up to 50\% of phenol can be substituted by bagasse lignin to give LPF wood adhesive having better bonding strength in comparison to a control phenol formaldehyde (CPF) wood adhesive. Prepared resins were characterized using IR, DSC and TGA. IR spectra of LPF resin showed structural similarity with CPF resin. Thermal stability of LPF resin was found to be lower as compared to CPF resin. DSC studies reveal a lower curing temperature for LPF adhesive in comparison to CPF adhesive. A shelf-life study reveals that LPF exhibits consistent behavior as compared to CPF in respect to adhesive strength. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pulping kinetics of sugarcane straw (SCS) using the sulfur dioxide (SO2)-alcohol-water (SAW) system were investigated with different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol) in order to evaluate the effect of the solvents. The methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol SAW pulps are identified as SMW, SEW, and SPW, respectively. The pulping experiments were carried out at 135 degrees C, 145 degrees C, and 155 degrees C with cooking liquor (L/F = 4 L/kg feedstock) composition; SO2/alcohol/water of 12/44/44 w\%. The pulps were characterized in terms of yield, kappa number, viscosity, cellulose, and hemicellulose and lignin content. After a fast initial dissolution phase, two regimes of delignification were identified in all solvent systems: a bulk and a residual phase. Bulk delignification and xylan removal followed first order kinetics in residual lignin and xylan, respectively, while the cellulose hydrolysis rate was zeroth order in cellulose. Linear relationships between Klason lignin content and kappa number were developed for each solvent system after correcting the acid insoluble lignin for ash and non-oxidizable matter. The corrected lignin content on original SCS was used to develop the bulk delignification kinetics. Rate constants and activation energies for bulk delignification, xylan removal, and cellulose hydrolysis were evaluated for each pulping system. In terms of degree of delignification, the pulping systems followed the sequence of: SMW < SEW < SPW. Bleachable grade pulps with acceptable intrinsic viscosity (>800 ml/g) were produced in SEW and SPW systems, while the lower rate of delignification and higher rate of cellulose hydrolysis in SMW yielded much lower viscosity pulps of higher kappa number at the same pulping temperature and time. The results are explained in terms of the effective acidity and lignin/carbohydrate dissolution properties of the pulping liquors.
Verticillium lecanii is an entomopathogen with high potential in biological control of pests. We developed a solid-state fermentation with sugarcane bagasse as carrier absorbing liquid medium to propagate V. lecanii spores. Using statistical experimental design, we optimized the medium composition for spore production. We first used one-factor-at-a-time design to identify corn flour and yeast extract as the best carbon and nitrogen sources for the spore production of V. lecanii. Then, we used two-level fractional factorial design to confirm corn flour, yeast extract, and KH2PO4 as important factors significantly affecting V. lecanii spore production. Finally, we optimized these selected variables using a central composite design and response surface method. The optimal medium composition was (grams per liter): corn flour 35.79, yeast 8.69, KH2PO4 1.63, K2HPO4 0.325, and MgSO4 0.325. Under optimal conditions, spore production reached 1.1 x 10(10) spores/g dried carrier, much higher than that on wheat bran (1.7 x 10(9) spores/g initial dry matter).
The present paper proposes a flexible modular linear model of decision-making for the selection of processes and unit operations for lignocellulosic bioethanol production. The methodology begins by suppressing the commonly accepted bilinear restrictions for flows and compositions, and there after allows building the identity of the synthesis problem by easing the introduction of components, interconnection specifications or block characteristics and performance. A case study in second generation ethanol production using biomass from sugarcane bagasse as raw material is presented to test the developed process synthesis tool, using GAMS. Results show that the diluted acid pretreatment, the SSCF configuration for hydrolysis and fermentation, and the extractive distillation as the selected blocks. The methodology demonstrated a low computational cost and a simplified management of the problem complexity. These approach is suitable for process screening when missing or restricted data from the process alternatives is available.
In this article, a high specific capacitance biomass carbon/MnO2 nanocomposites electrode materials were prepared by hydrothermal method. The porous sugarcane bagasse based biomass carbon was used as the host to load MnO2 nanospheres. The final obtained nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacitance. Besides, the effects of different electrolytes on the electrochemical properties of sugarcane bagasse carbon (SBC)/MnO2 nanosphere composites (SBC/MnO2) were also investigated. In comparison with MnO2 nanospheres, the specific capacitances of the SBC/MnO2 composite materials are improved whether in alkaline electrolyte or neutral electrolyte. Especially, in 1MNa(2)SO(4) electrolyte, the specific capacitance of SBC/MnO2 composite is up to 747 F.g(-1) at a current density of 1 A.g(-1), which is much higher than the MnO2 nanospheres at the same current density. At the same time, after 1000 cycles of charge-discharge process in a neutral electrolyte, the specific capacitance retention of SBC/MnO2 composite reaches 77\%.
Sugarcane bagasse was fractionated by 60-90 wt\% formic acid (FA) under mild (<105 degrees C) conditions. Several pseudo-homogenous models including Saeman's model, two-fraction model and ``potential degree of reaction{''
The CO2 gasification reactivity, thermal behaviour and activation energies of sugar cane bagasse (SCB) chars prepared at 500, 800 and 900 degrees C were investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under non isothermal conditions at different heating rates of 20,30 and 40 degrees C min(-1). The characteristics (physical and chemical structures) of the sugar cane chars as a function of pyrolysis temperature have been studied by applying Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The results have demonstrated that the gasification of SCB chars took place almost completely in one-stage process as it has been shown by the presence of only one peak in DTG curve. The char reactivity is an inversely proportional to the pyrolysis temperature and directly to a gasification heating rate. As pyrolysis temperature increases, the char physical structures (BET surface area, pores characteristics) are directly proportional to the pyrolysis temperature. The hydroxyl, aliphatic C-H, carbonyl and olefinic C=C groups were lost at high pyrolysis temperatures (800 and 900 degrees C). The activation energies were estimated by using Vyazovkin and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall methods, which have resulted in the mean of activation energy values of 70.44-88.37, 89.16-101.55 and 107.20-115.29 kJ mol(-1), respectively for char prepared at 500, 800 and 900 degrees C. Finally, Vyazovkin and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall methods were effectively applied to predict the reaction mechanism of thermal gasification. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process of pretreated sugarcane bagasse by Lactobacillus pentosus was designed and optimized for lactic acid (LA) production. Different feeding schemes in SSF process were studied for their effects on LA production efficiency. In addition to feeding optimization, adaptation of seed cultivation in hydrolysates was necessary to achieve high LA yield and productivity. LA yield and productivity was enhanced by 1.43 folds with cell feeding in comparison to initial cell addition in SSF. Likewise, pulse enzyme feeding was preferred condition for high LA production efficiency. A combinatorial feeding of pretreated bagasse, enzyme and cell enables a maximum LA titer of 72.75 g/L by L. pentosus with 0.61 g/g LA yield and 1.01 g/L-hr LA productivity. The SSF process with optimizing feeding scheme of pretreated biomass, enzyme and cell could provide lignocellulose-based process platform for achieving high LA titer meeting techno-economic requirements.
This paper describes the features of binderless particleboard manufactured from sugarcane bagasse, under a high pressing temperature of 200-280 A degrees C. Mechanical properties {[
Removal of melanoidin pigment from molasses spent wash was investigated using a new adsorbent. Solid adsorbents were fabricated from charcoal fly ash and clay. The effect of various molasses concentration (6 to 12 g/l) on removal efficiency was studied. The obtained results revealed that maximum removal efficiency of 82\% was achieved at the molasses concentration of 6 g/l and contact time of 7 h. The saturated porous adsorbents were regenerated and reused to conduct similar experiments. The achieved data showed that more than 90\% of the capacity of the fresh adsorbent was recovered after regeneration. Various adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Harkins-Jura were applied to interpret the obtained experimental data. The obtained results revealed that the sorption data were well described by the Harkins-Jura model. Also, various kinetic models of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion were used to predict the characteristic parameters which are useful in process design. It was concluded that the best fit was obtained with pseudo-second order kinetic model at low molasses concentrations.
Florida has a substantial cow-calf industry and provides a major market for beef. The state also has extensive undeveloped resources with potential to produce forage-fed beef. Systems of growing beef steers (Bos taurus x B. indicus) on stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) pasture or a high-roughage diet based on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse were compared. The level of supplement fed on pasture was also evaluated. The growing period was followed by a short finishing period for all systems. In Exp. 1, cattle provided a 24\% crude protein (CP) corn (Zea mays L.)-based supplement at 1.5\% of body weight (BW) during the 161-d winter grazing period gained 0.25 lb/d more than cattle supplemented at 1.0\% of BW. Supplementation responses continued through spring, when improved pasture conditions produced much higher gains for all cattle, and even persisted through a subsequent 65-d drylot feeding period on a 40.2\%-corn ration. Carcass quality grades of high Standard indicated insufficient finish by current standards for cattle from pasture systems. In Exp. 2, cattle on the bagasse-based ration in drylot made greater (P < 0.05) daily gains (1.75 vs. 1.42 lb) than cattle receiving grain supplement on pasture over a 238-d growing period. Subsequent responses to a 74.7\%-corn finishing ration over a 100-d period apparently produced compensatory gains by cattle that had made lower gains on pasture during the growing period. Despite the potential for high yields of quality stargrass forage in spring and favorable responses to supplementation on stargrass pasture in winter and spring, the stargrass pasture systems were limited by unpredictability of spring rainfall and failure of a subsequent short feeding period ona relatively high roughage ration to produce potential compensatory growth and desired carcass characteristics.
Torrefaction is a rational method for improving the properties of biomass as a fuel. It consists of a slow heating of biomass in an inert atmosphere to a maximum temperature of 300 degrees C. Torrefaction yields a solid uniform product with lower moisture and higher energy content compared to those of the raw biomass. This work contributed to the development of torrefaction process at 300 degrees C for 1 h for cotton stalk, prosopis and sugarcane bagasse biomass which improved gross caloric value (27-41\%), decreased moisture and volatile content (3.3-5.8\% and 14-18\% respectively), improved fixed carbon (9-24\%) and reduced weight (27-46\%). Statistically significant increase in calorific value and decrease in moisture content (p = 0.015 and p = 0.024, respectively) were observed by torrefaction of the biomass. There was a marginal decrease in bulk density being highest in cotton stalk (0.08 g/cm(3)). Energy gain of 0.47 cal/g by torrefaction was noted in prosopis with no difference in ash content. Therefore, prosopis should be considered as potential biomass for torrefaction and can be used as biofuel. Further, torrefied biomass being hydrophobic in nature, is easy to handle during storage and transportation without significant changes in biofuel characteristics. (C) 2011 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Lactic acid (LA) is a promising bio-based chemical that has broad applications in food, nutraceutical, and bioplastic industries. However, production of the D-form of LA (D-LA) from fermentative organisms is lacking. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the D-lactate dehydrogenase (DLDH) gene from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was constructed (CEN.PK2\_DLDH). To increase D-LA production, the CRISPR/Cas12a system was used for the deletion of gpd1, gpd2, and adh1 to minimize glycerol and ethanol production. Although an improved D-LA titer was observed for both CEN.PK2\_DLDH Delta gpd and CEN.PK2\_DLDH Delta gpd Delta adh1, growth impairment was observed. To enhance the D-LA productivity, CEN.PK2\_DLDH Delta gpd was crossed with the weak acid-tolerant S. cerevisiae BCC39850. The isolated hybrid2 showed a maximum D-LA concentration of 23.41 +/- 1.65 g/L, equivalent to the improvement in productivity and yield by 2.2 and 1.5 folds, respectively. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using alkaline pretreated sugarcane bagasse by the hybrid2 led to an improved D-LA conversion yield on both the washed solid and whole slurry (0.33 and 0.24 g/g glucan). Our findings show the exploitation of natural yeast diversity and the potential strategy of gene editing combined with conventional breeding on improving the performance of S. cerevisiae for the production of industrially potent products.
The enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse was significantly increased by alkali pretreatment under mild conditions. The effectiveness of different concentrations of alkali and acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for improving the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose has been evaluated. The sugarcane bagasse was characterized to contain 39.52\% celluloses, 25.63\% hemicelluloses, and 30.36\% lignin. After that, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with 5 and 10\% of H2SO4 and NaOH at 121 degrees C for 60 min. FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses also showed significant molecular and surface structure changes of the sugarcane bagasse with 10\% NaOH. Maximum saccharification was 489.5 mg/g from 10\% NaOH pretreatment followed by 322.75, 301.25, and 276.6 mg/g from 10\% H2SO4, 5\% NaOH, and 5\% H2SO4, respectively, which were 55.1, 32.0, 27.1, and 20.6 times higher than the that of the control. Cellulase and xylanase produced by Pseudomonas sp. CVB-10 (MK443365) and Bacillus paramycoides T4 (MN370035) were used to hydrolyze the pretreated bagasse, and the optimal condition was determined to be 30 h of the enzymatic reaction with the 3:1 ratio of enzymes under the temperature of 55 degrees C, pH 5.0, and substrate concentration of 3\%, leading to celluloses and hemicelluloses conversion in the enzymatic hydrolysis/saccharification that is more proficient.
This study carried out an exergetic analysis of a proposed ethanol production scheme in which a new process enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse is integrated into the conventional process. Seven cases were evaluated, among them a conventional ethanol production plant without hydrolysis, a conventional plant combined with hydrolysis and hydrolysate concentration by evaporation, and a conventional plant combined with hydrolysis and hydrolysate concentration by the membrane system. Process simulations were performed to evaluate mass and energy balances,, adopting the pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse by steam explosion, and including an integrated cogeneration system. It was assumed that sugarcane trash and lignin cake, a hydrolysis residue, are available as supplementary fuel. The exergies of streams involved in the process were calculated, along with their exergetic cost. For the conventional process, in which ethanol and surplus electricity are the major products, a second-law efficiency of 28\% was found. In the integrated process, with biogas as an additional product, a higher performance in resources management was achieved, with values in the range of 35-37\%. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A process was developed for seed culture expansion (3.6 million-fold) using 5\% of the hemicellulose hydrolysate from dilute acid pretreatment as the sole organic nutrient and source of sugar. Hydrolysate used for seed growth was neutralized with ammonia and combined with 1.0 mM sodium metabisulfite immediately before inoculation. This seed protocol was tested with phosphoric acid pretreated sugarcane and sweet sorghum bagasse using a simplified process with co-fermentation of fiber, pentoses, and hexoses in a single vessel (SScF). A 6 h liquefaction (L) step improved mixing prior to inoculation. Fermentations (L + SScF process) were completed in 72 h with high yields (>80 gal/US ton). Ethanol titers for this L + SScF process ranged from 24 g/L to 32 g/L, and were limited by the bagasse concentration (10\% dry matter). (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Solid-state fermentation can be used to produce feeds for ruminants, which can provide an enriched population of yeasts to improve ruminal fermentation. Fermentation of apple bagasse was performed to obtain a yeast-rich product, with the objective of isolating, identifying, and characterizing yeast strains and testing their capability to enhance in vitro ruminal fermentation of fibrous feeds. Yeasts were isolated from apple bagasse fermented under in vitro conditions, using rumen liquor obtained from cannulated cows and alfalfa as a fibrous substrate. A total of 16 new yeast strains were isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The strains were designated Levazot, followed by the isolate number. Their fermentative capacity was assessed using an in vitro gas production method. Strain Levazot 15 (Candida norvegensis) showed the greatest increase in gas production (p < 0.05) compared with the yeast-free control and positively affected in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of alfalfa and oat straw. Based on these results, it was concluded that the Levazot 15 yeast strain could be potentially used as an additive for ruminants consuming high-fiber diets. However, further studies of effects of these additives on rumen digestion, metabolism, and productive performance of ruminants are required. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.
Liquid-liquid extraction as a detoxification process can increase productivity and product titers from lignocellulosic biomass fermentable sugars while leading to inhibitors recovery for further upgrading in sustainable chemical platforms. In this study, 14 solvents were investigated for inhibitors compounds removal. In addition to solvent solubility in hemicellulosic hydrolysate (HH) and distribution coefficients, solvent biocompatibility with S. passalidarum was determined. Considering all solvents evaluated, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) showed good acetic acid (35\%), furfural (42\%), phenolic (35\%), hydroxymethylfurfural (76\%), and formic acid (18\%) extraction. The medium presented lower HH solubility (0.93 +/- 0.08 gsol L-HH(-1)), which provided an ethanol yield (82.2 +/- 0.6\%), and productivity (0.90 +/- <= 0.1 gEtOH L-1 h(-1)) higher than those of the synthetic media (control) (79.6 +/- 0.3\% and 0.89 +/- = 0.1 gEtOH L-1 h(-1)). In addition, preliminary evaluation of the solvent health-safety-environment pointed to MIBK as one of the solvents with the least impacts on climate change and human toxicity.
Microwave assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is an efficient technology for the production of biochar. However, its large-scale application is limited due to lack of process optimization resulting in lower yield. Identification of significantly influencing parameters is essential for efficient optimization. Thus, in present study, screening of factors like the feedstock amount, feedstock size, moisture content, catalyst dosage, microwave power and exposure time using half fractional factorial screening design was done to identify the most influencing factor affecting sugarcane bagasse biochar yield. The formulated linear model was found to be significant with a regression coefficient (R-2) of 0.9365. Half normal plot and the Pareto chart analysis showed that MAP to be mostly influenced by feedstock amount, microwave irradiation time, feedstock size and microwave power. Maximum biochar yield of 44.46\% was obtained with 10 g feedstock (0.015 cm) at 720 W after 20 min, which would be optimized further to improvise the process efficiency. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Activated carbon composite was prepared from sugarcane bagasse. The X-ray diffraction revealed the evolution of crystallites of carbon and silica during activation at higher temperature. FTIR spectrum shows the presence of functional groups and silica in the carbon composite. The morphology of the carbon sample was determined by SEM. The surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution of carbon composites were measured. The dc conductivity was determined and conductivity at room temperature was found to increase from 10.22 x 10(-3) to 25.131 x 10(-3) S cm(-1). The samples show good electrochemical property and the specific capacitance in the range of 92-340 F g(-1). (c) 2013 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND: Single-cell lipids are obtained frommicroorganisms, including some species of microalgae, which under specific growth conditions are able to accumulate lipids in their biomass. Some species of Desmodesmus, a chlorophyceae microalgae, are considered potential sources of lipids and different cultivation systems, including heterotrophic growth inwastewater, have been proposed. This study evaluated the effect of temperature on heterotrophic growth and lipid productivity of Desmodesmus subspicatus in sugarcane processing wastewater and lipid extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). RESULTS: Results indicated lipid production by Desmodesmus subspicatus in the temperature range 15 and 40 degrees C, with the highest lipid productivity (similar to 1100 mg L-1 day(-1)) at 20 degrees C. Lipid extraction yield with SC-CO2 increased from 23 to 45\% by increasing pressure from 20 to 30 MPa at 60 degrees C A cell disruption pretreatment (sonication) increased the lipid extraction yield by approximately 17\%. Fatty acids profiles of the extracted lipids indicated major fractions of palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), arachidic acid (20:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4). These characteristics are interesting from the viewpoint of biodiesel production. CONCLUSION: Results suggest the feasibility of the heterotrophic production of Desmodesmus subspicatus biomass intended for lipid accumulation using vinasse, followed by SC-CO2 lipid extraction. (C) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The main byproduct of the sugarcane industry, Saccharum officinarum L bagasse (sugarcane bagasse, SCB), is widely used as lignocellulose biomass for bio-ethanol (EtOH) production. In this research study, SCB was pretreated by steam explosion (SE) method using two different impregnating agents: sulfur dioxide (SD) and hydrogen peroxide (HP). As matter of fact, the use of impregnating agents improves the performance of SE method, increasing the concentrations of fermentable sugars after enzymatic saccharification, and decreasing the inhibitor compounds produced during the steam pretreatment step. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the use of the two impregnating agents in various SE conditions in order to optimize pretreatment parameters. For every pretreatment condition, it has been evaluated: concentration of fermentable sugars, glucose and xylose yields, and the effects of the inhibitor compounds on enzymatic hydrolysis step. The obtained results allow to improve the efficiency of the whole process of bio-EtOH synthesis enhancing the amount of fermentable sugars produced and the eco-sustainability of the whole process. Indeed, the optimization of steam pretreatment leads to a reduction of energy requirements and to a lower environmental impact. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Maximising sugar recovery from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis is a determining factor in the economic viability of bio-refineries using lignocellulose as feedstock. Single-step dilute acid treatment of sugarcane bagasse was investigated at times and temperatures ranging between 12 and 22 min and 422-442 K, respectively. Maximum sugar recovery equalled 78\% of the mass fraction polysaccharides (recovered as hydrolysis products xylose and glucose) present in sugarcane bagasse. Preferred operating conditions, as determined by response surface methodology (RSM), included an acid (H2SO4) concentration range of 45-55 mmol.L (1), a time of 14.0 min and temperature of 442 K. Complete recovery of both xylose and glucose could not be achieved through the combination of single-step dilute acid treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Whereas a short pretreatment time and low pretreatment temperature process was required for maximum xylose recovery, opposing operating conditions had to be applied to maximise glucose recovery. In order to circumvent some of the limitations associated with the single-step process, the use of a two-step process was tested through RSM simulations. A 4.8\% increase in the total sugar recovery yield and a 36.1\% reduction in furfural production were calculated for the two - in lieu of the one-stage method. The improvement was attributed to the avoidance of xylose degradation reactions but also the production of low enzymatically-digestible solids. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is a by-product from the sugar and ethanol industry which contains approximately 70 \% of its dry mass composed by polysaccharides. To convert these polysaccharides into fuel ethanol it is necessary a pretreatment step to increase the enzymatic digestibility of the recalcitrant raw material. In this work, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by an alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical process for increasing its enzymatic digestibility. Na2SO3 and NaOH ratios were fixed at 2: 1, and three increasing chemical loads, varying from 4 to 8 \% m/m Na2SO3, were used to prepare the pretreated materials. The increase in the alkaline-sulfite load decreased the lignin content in the pretreated material up to 35.5 \% at the highest chemical load. The pretreated samples presented enhanced glucose yields during enzymatic hydrolysis as a function of the pretreatment severity. The maximum glucose yield (64 \%) was observed for the samples pretreated with the highest chemical load. The use of 2.5 g l(-1) Tween 20 in the hydrolysis step further increased the glucose yield to 75 \%. Semi-simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of the pretreated materials indicated that the ethanol yield was also enhanced as a function of the pretreatment severity. The maximum ethanol yield was 56 +/- 2 \% for the sample pretreated with the highest chemical load. For the sample pretreated with the lowest chemical load (2 \% m/m NaOH and 4 \% m/m Na2SO3), adding Tween 20 during the hydrolysis process increased the ethanol yield from 25 +/- 3 to 39.5 +/- 1 \%.
Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out on bagasse fibers in an aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator under a neutral atmosphere. in order to obtain the optimum condition for graft copolymerization, the effects of initiator concentration, temperature, time of reaction, and monomer concentration were studied. The maximum grafting percent was found to be 122\%. The bagasse grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) was characterized by FIR and its thermal behavior was characterized by TGA.
Lignocellulosic biomasses have a complex and compact structure, requiring physical and/or chemical pretreatments to produce glucose before hydrolysis. Mathematical modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis highlights the interactions between cellulases and cellulose, evaluating the factors contributing to reactor scale-up and conversion rates. Furthermore, this study evaluated the influence of two pretreatments (hydrothermal and organosolv) on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The kinetic parameters of the model were estimated using the Pikaia genetic algorithm with data from the experimental profiles of cellulose, cellobiose, glucose, and xylose. The model considered the phenomenon of non-productive adsorption of cellulase on lignin and inhibition of cellulase by xylose. Moreover, it included the behavior of cellulase adsorption on the substrate throughout hydrolysis and kinetic equations for obtaining xylose from xylanase-catalyzed hydrolysis of xylan. The model for both pretreatments was experimentally validated with bagasse concentration at 10\% w/v. The Plackett-Burman design identified 17 kinetic parameters as significant in the behavior of process variables. In this way, the modeling and parameter estimation methodology obtained a good fit from the experimental data and a more comprehensive model.
Holocellulase production by Aspergillus niger using raw sugarcane bagasse (rSCB) as the enzyme-inducing substrate is hampered by the intrinsic recalcitrance of this material. Here we report that mild hydrothermal pretreatment of rSCB increases holocellulase secretion by A. niger. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that pretreated solids (PS) induced a pronounced up-regulation of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases compared to rSCB, which resulted in a 10.1-fold increase in glucose release during SCB saccharification. The combined use of PS and pretreatment liquor (PL), referred to as whole pretreated slurry (WPS), as carbon source induced a more balanced up-regulation of cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases and resulted in the highest increase (4.8-fold) in the release of total reducing sugars from SCB. The use of PL as the sole carbon source induced the modulation of A. niger's secretome towards hemicellulose degradation. Mild pretreatment allowed the use of PL in downstream biological operations without the need for undesirable detoxification steps.
Water transport in edible films based on hydrophilic materials such as starch, is a complex phenomenon due to the strong interaction of sorbed water molecules with the polymeric structure. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were obtained from sugarcane bagasse. Starch and starch/CNC films were formulated and their water barrier properties were studied. The measured film solubility, contact angle, and water sorption isotherm indicated that reinforced starch/CNC films have a lower affinity to water molecules than starch films. The effects that the driving force and the water activity (a(w)) values at each side of the film have on permeability were analyzed. Permeability, diffusivity, and solubility coefficients indicated that the permeation process depends mostly on the tortuous pathway formed by the incorporation of CNC and therefore were mainly controlled by water diffusion. The interaction between CNC and starch chain is favoured by the chemical similarities of both molecules. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recently, the attempt to create adsorbents in solving various separation problems has intensified drastically. The proposal of present research lightens the way to enhance the microalgae biomass harvesting process with the addition of sugarcane bagasse-derived adsorbent in culture medium. The adsorbents were tested with several chemical activations and concentrations to determine the optimum ones. Acid modified adsorbents with concentration of 1.0M and 1.5M demonstrated the highest adsorption with attainable biomass adsorption capacities 66\% for both. The samples viewed under SEM showed 1.0M and 1.5M acid modified adsorbents have highest microalgae adsorption.
Activated carbon from pyrolysed sugarcane bagasse (ACPB) presented pore size ranges from 1.0 to 3.5 nm, and surface area between 1200 and 1400 m(2) g(-1) that is higher than commonly observed to commercial activated carbon. The ACPB material was successfully loaded with of silver nanoparticles with diameter around 35 nm (0.81 wt.\%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that the material surface contains metallic/Ag-0 (93.60 wt.\%) and ionic/Ag+ states (6.40 wt.\%). The adsorption capacity of organic model molecules (i.e. methylene blue and phenol) was very efficient to ACPB and ACPB loaded with silver nanoparticles (ACPB-AgNP), indicating that the material modification with silver nanoparticles has not altered its adsorption capacity. ACPB-AgNP inhibited bacteria growth (Escherichia coli), it is a promising advantage for the use of these materials in wastewater treatment and water purification processes. However, ACPB-AgNP showed environmental risks, with toxic effect to the aquatic organism Hydra attenuata (i.e. LC50 value of 1.94 mg L-1), and it suppressed root development of Lycopersicum esculentum plant (tomato). Finally, this work draw attention for the environmental implications of activated carbon materials modified with silver nanoparticles. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The corrosion risk in reinforced mortar slabs containing untreated sugarcane bagasse ash (UtSCBA) (0\%, 10\%, and 20\% replacement of cement) was analyzed for 75 months. The mortars were prepared with a constant 0.63 water/cementitious-materials ratio. Cylinders and reinforced slabs were cast with the mortars. Two galvanized wire meshes were used as reinforcement for the slabs. Curing regimes of 0, 7, and 28 days were applied to the samples. The cylinders were used to obtain the compressive strength (CS) and the chloride diffusion coefficient (D-eff) of the mortars. To evaluate the corrosion risk, the slabs were exposed to wet-dry cycles of 12 h each in a 3\% NaCl solution. Corrosion potential measurements and linear polarization resistance tests were taken every 28 days for that purpose. It was found that the addition of 10\% and 20\% UtSCBA reduces the workability of the mortar binders and leads to a slight decrease in the CS of hardened mortars. However, it significantly reduced the D-eff of the mortars by 50\% and 65\% (p << 0.05), respectively, and also decreased the corrosion risk of mortar slabs over time. (c) 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
The influence of independent variables (temperature and time) on the cooking of sugar cane straw with ethanol/water mixtures was studied to determine operating conditions that obtain pulp with high cellulose contents and a low lignin content. An experimental 22 design was applied for temperatures of 185 and 215 degrees C, and time of 1 and 2.5 h with the ethanol/water mixture concentration and constant straw-to-solvent ratio. The system was scaled-up at 200 degrees C cooking temperature for 2 h with 50\% ethanol-water concentration, and 1 : 10 (w/v) straw-to-solvent ratio to obtain a pulp with 3.14 cP viscosity, 58.09 kappa-number, and the chemical composition of the pulps were 3.2\% pentosan and 31.5\% lignin. Xylanase from Bacillus pumilus was then applied at a loading of 5-150 IU/g dry pulp in the sugar cane straw ethanol/water pulp at 50 degrees C for 2 and 20 h. To ethanol/water pulps, the best enzyme dosage was found to be 20 IU/g dry pulp at 20 h, and a high enzyme dosage of 150 IU/g dry pulp did not decrease the kappa-number of the pulp.
Background: Bio-waste derived biochars represent a group of low-cost and effective materials to achieve the removal of the heavy metal ions from polluted water bodies. Methods: Rotten sugarcane bagasse was firstly adopted as raw material to prepare low cost biochars based on a molten salt method for the heavy metal ion removal. Significant findings: The optimized rotten sugarcane bagasse derived biochars (RB-C) demonstrates maximum Pb2+ adsorption capacity of 339 mg g(-1), which is greatly enhanced from the bio-chars prepared from fresh bagasse (172 mg g(-1)). In addition, the RB-C shows high efficiency for the treatment of the simulated wastewater with multiple metal ions. Based on the mechanism studies, these improved absorption performances are possibly derived from the surface physical sorption and static electron interaction due to the enhanced specific surface area (391.9 m 2 g(-1)), increased pore diameter (20.9 nm) and well-developed hierarchical porous structure. Moreover, the RB-C exhibits rich mineral contents, which could further enhance the adsorption performances taking advantage of the ion exchange. In addition, the tech-economic assessment indicated the cost of RB-C (\$ 2.39 kg(-1)) is comparable with the commercial active carbon, which endows rotten bagasse a abundant raw material to prepare low cost adsorbent with high performance to remove heavy metal ions from aquatic environment. (C) 2022 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane is an important crop for the Brazilian economy and roughly 50\% of its production is used to produce ethanol. However, the common practice of pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw emits particulate material, greenhouse gases, and tropospheric ozone precursors to the atmosphere. Even with policies to eliminate the practice of pre-harvest sugarcane burning in the near future, there is still significant environmental damage. Thus, the generation of reliable inventories of emissions due to this activity is crucial in order to assess their environmental impact. Nevertheless, the official Brazilian emissions inventory does not presently include the contribution from pre-harvest sugarcane burning. In this context, this work aims to determine sugarcane straw burning emission factors for some trace gases and particulate material smaller than 2.5 mu m in the laboratory. Excess mixing ratios for CO2, CO, NOX, UHC (unburned hydrocarbons), and PM2.5 were measured, allowing the estimation of their respective emission factors. Average estimated values for emission factors (g kg(-1) of burned dry biomass) were 1,303 +/- 218 for CO2, 65 +/- 14 for CO, 1.5 +/- 0.4 for NOX, 16 +/- 6 for UHC, and 2.6 +/- 1.6 for PM2.5. These emission factors can be used to generate more realistic emission inventories and therefore improve the results of air quality models.
The present study evaluates a sugarcane biorefinery producing ethanol through juice fermentation and methanol via gasification of sugarcane lignocellulosic residues and liquid fuel synthesis. Two technologies of gasification named entrained flow and circulating fluidized bed are compared. Flowsheet modeling and thermo-economic analysis methods are applied, followed by a multi-objective optimization based on a genetic algorithm. The optimum Ethanol Methanol biorefinery design options are compared with other previously studied sugarcane biorefineries. The results show that the biorefinery's energy efficiency increases significantly with the integration of a methanol production plant in a conventional ethanol distillery. The configuration using an entrained flow gasifier presents lower conversion efficiency than the one using a circulating fluidized bed gasifier. However, for the entrained flow gasifier configuration, the size of the methanol production process could be bigger since more heat is available for the ethanol process favouring the integration with the ethanol plant. Higher energy efficiency due to increase of methanol production leads to a higher total investment for both gasification technologies. The cost analysis shows that the calculated methanol production cost is 30\% higher than its current market price. Environmental incentives for biofuels could change this scenario but are not in the scope of this study. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Three alternative processes for the production of liquid transportation biofuels from sugar cane bagasse were compared, on the perspective of energy efficiencies using process modelling, Process Environmental Assessments and Life Cycle Assessment. Bio-ethanol via two biological processes was considered, i.e. Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (Process 1) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (Process 2), in comparison to Gasification and Fischer Tropsch synthesis for the production of synthetic fuels (Process 3). The energy efficiency of each process scenario was maximised by pinch point analysis for heat integration. The more advanced bio-ethanol process was Process 2 and it had a higher energy efficiency at 42.3\%. Heat integration was critical for the Process 3, whereby the energy efficiency was increased from 51.6\% to 55.7\%. For both the Process Environmental and Life Cycle Assessment, Process 3 had the least potential for detrimental environmental impacts, due to its relatively high energy efficiency. Process 2 had the greatest Process Environmental Impact due to the intensive use of processing chemicals. Regarding the Life Cycle Assessments, Process 1 was the most severe due to its low energy efficiency. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of internal and external portions of treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solution was evaluated. In order to reuse this solid waste as an effective adsorption material, both portions were treated with three different solutions (hot water, ethanol and NaOH) to remove sugar, external gummy tissue and impurities. Adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch system at room temperature. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-second order and Elovich models for the internal portion, and to the Elovich model for the external portion reaching equilibrium times from 8 to 24h. Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich models described well the adsorption behavior of all systems. The compositional differences of the two portions of SCB and the surface chemistry were analyzed. Material characterization by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated morphologic and chemical modifications of the material after each treatment. Results showed that external SCB treated with a sodium hydroxide solution and internal SCB treated with ethanol solution were the best adsorbent materials, and provided a surface with more affinity to remove Cu(II).
Microcapsules of sugarcane bagasse lignin loaded with organic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) were prepared and evaluated as potential bioinsecticides. Lignins were extracted and modified by oxidation and acetylation reactions providing different biopolymers. Afterwards, they were characterized through several analytical techniques. The formulations were initially prepared as colloidal suspension of lignin nanoparticles, which were then spray-dried. The products were submitted to quality control protocols using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thermal and photochemical degradation studies, followed by biological assays against Spodoptera frugiperda and Diatraea saccharalis. The formulations showed increases in both thermal and photo stability of approximately 40\% compared with control samples. All the formulated microparticles were efficient against the insects evaluated and required a shorter time to achieve 100\% mortality than the controls. The use of sugarcane bagasse lignins to prepare microparticles improved the resistance of neem extracts against abiotic factors, retaining the biological activity of this biopesticide.
The present study was designed to produce ethanol from sugarcane bagasse treated with 2.5\% NaOH through a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1. Various process parameters such as incubation temperature, incubation period, initial pH and nitrogen sources were studied to achieve the maximum yield of ethanol. The results showed that the optimum ethanol yield (5.90\%) was achieved at an incubation temperature of 30 degrees C, initial pH 5.5, inoculum size 3\% (v/v), after an incubation period of 96h. Among various nitrogen sources, ammonium sulphate was found to be the most suitable source for ethanol production. These findings indicate that the optimization of process parameters is necessary to make the fermentation process economical, and the medium designed in the present study could be exploited on a commercial scale after suitable processing.
The minimization of costs in the distillation step of lignocellulosic ethanol production requires the use of a high solids loading during the enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain a more concentrated glucose liquor. However, this increase in biomass can lead to problems including increased mass and heat transfer resistance, decreased cellulose conversion, and increased apparent viscosity with the associated increase in power consumption. The use of fed-batch operation offers a promising way to circumvent these problems. In this study, one batch and four fed-batch strategies for solids and/or enzyme feeding during the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse were evaluated. Determinations of glucose concentration, power consumption, and apparent viscosity were made throughout the experiments, and the different strategies were compared in terms of energy efficiency (mass of glucose produced according to the energy consumed). The best energy efficiency was obtained for the strategy in which substrate and enzyme were added simultaneously (0.35 kg(glucose) kWh(-1)). This value was 52 \% higher than obtained in batch operation.
Bagasse conversion to H-2, CO and light gaseous hydrocarbons as gaseous fuels, and higher alcohols and ethers as liquid fuels and fuel additives were performed in a basic water medium with near-critical condition in presence of potassium promoted Cu/gamma-Al2O3-MgO catalysts. The catalysts were extensively characterized using ICP, XRD, TPR, BET, CO chemisorption and TEM techniques. In order to investigate support stability at reaction condition, XRD test also was carried out for used catalysts. Maximum dispersion of 48\% and minimum average particles sizes of 8.4 nm were obtained for Cu20-K7.5/gamma-Al2O3-MgO catalyst. Copper and potassium effects on quality and quantity of gaseous and liquid products were investigated. The maximum amounts of H-2 (10 mmol g(-1) of bagasse) and total produced gases (41 mmol g(-1) of bagasse) were obtained with unpromoted Cu20/gamma-Al2O3-MgO catalyst. Addition of K increased the bagasse conversion to liquid fuels. Potassium made the process more selective for alcohols and ethers production. Maximum amount of alcohols and ethers (83.3 mmol g(-1) of bagasse) was obtained for Cu20-K7.5/gamma-Al2O3-MgO catalyst. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An integrated microbial oil production process consisting of acidified glycerol pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse, enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial oil production by Mortierella isabellina NRRL 1757 and oil recovery by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of fungal biomass in fermentation broth was assessed in this study. Following pretreatment, the effect of residual pretreatment hydrolysate (containing glycerol) on enzymatic hydrolysis was firstly studied. The residual pretreatment hydrolysate (corresponding to 2.0-7.5\% glycerol) improved glucan enzymatic digestibilities by 10-11\% compared to the enzymatic hydrolysis in water (no buffer). Although residual pretreatment hydrolysate at 2.0-5.0\% glycerol slightly inhibited the consumption of glucose in enzymatic hydrolysate by M. isabellina NRRL 1757, it did not affect microbial oil production due to the consumption of similar amounts of total carbon sources including glycerol. When the cultivation was scaled-up to a 1 L bioreactor, glucose was consumed more rapidly but glycerol assimilation was inhibited. Finally, HTL of fungal biomass in fermentation broth without any catalyst at 340 degrees C for 60 min efficiently recovered microbial oils from fungal biomass and achieved a bio-oil yield of 78.7\% with fatty acids being the dominant oil components (similar to 89\%). HTL also led to the hydrogenation of less saturated fatty acids (C18:2 and C18:3) to more saturated forms (C18:0 and C18:1).
Hybrid combined cycles, fueled by natural gas and biomass, have been present in several power plants. As shown by different authors, it is possible to increase the overall efficiency of these plants by means of waste heat recovery from exhaust gases of gas turbines. The main disadvantage, for some cases, is the higher natural gas consumption, making some plants economically unfeasible. The present work applies the concept of a novel hybrid combined cycle (HCC), adapted for sugarcane mills, burning sugarcane bagasse and natural gas. In order to evaluate the potential of application of this concept, a new hybrid configuration, starting from an existing plant, is proposed. A thermodynamic performance study has shown an electrical efficiency improvement (from 6.8\% to 17.8\%) for the same amount of bagasse originally burnt, thus allowing the plant to operate throughout the year, increasing the electricity generation (from 108.9 to 323.0GWh(e1)) as well as meeting the same steam demands for sugar and ethanol production processes. The economic evaluation, considering investments, operating expenses and plant requisites, has pointed to an internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.89\%. Furthermore, this new configuration does not depend on a large natural gas consumption (gas share of 11.4\%), making the plant's economic feasibility less dependent on fluctuations of natural gas prices. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of four different hybrid plants have shown the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid combined cycles applied to sugarcane mills, including during the off-season period.
This study investigated the enzymatic in situ hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by Accellerase (TM) 1500, a commercial cellulose, in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate (EMIM-DEP), which is a cellulose-dissolving solvent. The sugarcane bagasse was first delignified, and the remaining cellulose was used as substrate for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The EMIM-DEP pretreatment and related enzyme-catalyzed conditions affecting the yield of glucose liberated from the delignified bagasse were optimized. The maximal hydrolysis yield of 82.86\% was obtained at an EMIM-DEP concentration of 5\% (v/v), pretreatment temperature of 50 degrees C, pretreatment time of 3 h, enzyme-catalyzed reaction temperature of 40 degrees C, and enzyme loading of 178.5 U/g-substrate. (C) 2012 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin on performance of beef heifers fed warm-season forages. Brangus heifers (n=24) were stratified by BW and BCS, and randomly assigned into 1 of 12 bahiagrass pastures (1.2ha and 2 heifers/pasture). Heifers were offered 14kg of sugarcane molasses and 3.5kg of cottonseed meal weekly from day 0 to 84. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (6 pastures/treatment) and consisted of heifers supplemented with or without 200mg/day of monensin. On d 85, heifers were allocated to individual drylot pens, provided free choice access to bermudagrass hay, and received their respective treatment for 10d of adaptation and 11d of data collection. Monensin did not impact (P0.13) heifer BW, BCS, overall ADG, bahiagrass IVDOM, CP, herbage mass, and allowance. Supplement disappearance after 10 and 34h of supplementation was greater for control vs. monensin heifers (P=0.04) and tended to be greater for control vs. monensin heifers 24h post-supplementation (P=0.07). Plasma concentrations of glucose, IGF-1, and BUN (P0.24) did not differ between treatments. From d 85 to 106, forage and total DM intake, in vivo DM digestibility, and heifer growth performance did not differ between treatments (P0.12). Therefore, adding monensin to sugarcane molasses-based supplements decreased supplement consumption rate, but did not impact growth and blood parameters of heifers grazing warm-season grasses with limited nutritive value.
The rapid, nondestructive, cost-effective NIR measurement method was used for final molasses quality monitoring to determine fermentable sugar content to optimize ethanol yield. Molasses is stored in temperature-controlled tanks during the cane crushing and remelt seasons to ensure molasses quality and availability. However, there is variation in molasses temperature during storage. The impacts of temperature variation on molasses NIR spectra and calibration performance were studied. About one hundred molasses samples were collected for spectral profiling (400-2500nm) at three different temperatures (25, 35 and 45 degrees C) using a FOSS NIR DS2500 spectrometer. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed using full cross-validation. The predictive models were developed using molasses spectra at 25, 35 and 45 degrees C and used to determine sucrose, glucose, fructose (fermentable sugars) concentrations in the molasses. External validation was achieved using thirty percent of calibration samples for each validation set, 25, 35, and 45 degrees C. Variation of the sample spectra was observed for the visible region and NIR region (1450 and 1970nm), due to O-H bonding. The root means squared standard error of cross-validation obtained varied depending on sample temperature. Root means squared standard error of prediction results for external validation samples tended to increase with increasing temperature. Predicted values were not statistically different (p>0.05) to reference values using different temperatures of models and validation. Calibration models including three temperature spectra showed potential of fermentable sugar analysis in molasses without temperature compensation.
The full utilization of carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass is essential for an efficient biorefining process. In this study, co-fermentation was performed for processing ethanol and succinic from sugarcane bagasse. By optimizing the co-fermentation conditions, nutrition and feeding strategies, a novel process was developed to make full utilization of the glucose and xylose in the hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse. The achieved concentrations of succinic acid and ethanol reached to 22.1 and 22.0 g/L, respectively, and could realize the conversion of 100 g SCB raw material into 8.6 g ethanol and 8.7 g succinic acid. It is worth mentioning that the CO2 released from S. cerevisiae in co-fermentation system was recycled by A. succinogenes to synthesize succinic acid, realized CO2 emission reduction in the process of lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery. This study provided a clue for efficient biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass and reduction greenhouse gas emissions.
The paper presents the study of pozzolanic activity and hydration of cement pastes containing sugarcane bagasse (SCBA) and bamboo leaves ashes (BLA). Pozzolanic activity of binary and ternary mixtures of ashes was investigated using electrical conductivity measurements. A kinetic-diffusive model was used to quantify the pozzolanic reaction between ashes and calcium hydroxide solution. The influence of ashes on hydration of cementitious pastes was also investigated using thermogravimetry analysis, X-Ray diffraction, isothermal calorimetry and mechanical tests. The results showed that ternary mixtures of SCBA and BLA have a higher pozzolanic activity than the binary mixture of SCBA. Binary and ternary mortars have higher compressive strengths than the control mortar without mineral additives. Moreover, the replacement of cement by 10 wt\% of SCBA and BLA leads to a decrease of the calcium hydroxide content and the heat of hydration. The results also showed that the production of 1 ton of binder with agro-industrial ashes needs lower energy than conventional cement. According to the results of the study, the use agro-industrial ashes in binary and ternary blend cements can bring economic, technical and environmental benefits for the industrial sector including fiber cement industry, precast plants and concrete producers. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) bagasse is recognized as a promising feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. The development of high-quality crop cultivars through plant breeding is a way to improve feedstock quality. This study aimed to directly and indirectly quantify the effects of agronomic characteristics on the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse samples and to identifying the characteristics that can be used as reliable tools for the selection of genotypes for a better biofuel feedstock. The lignin content was determined in bagasse samples of 286 clones from 13 half-sib families. Twenty clones showing a more contrasting lignin content were analyzed for the cellulose and hemicellulose composition in bagasse. Alley differed statistically for cellulose and hcmicellulose contents and also for the efficiency of cellulose to glucose conversion. Clones with the highest dry biomass content also had the highest fiber content and were grouped among the clones exhibiting the highest lignin content. Lignin content was statistically significant and positively correlated with fiber (r = 0.485, p < 0.05) and plant biomass (r = 0.654, p < 0.01), and hemicellulose content was statistically significant and positively correlated with number of internodes (r = 0.623, p < 0.01). Lignin content and plant biomass had large negative direct effects (0.405 and 0.784, respectively) on glucose released by enzymatic hydrolysis. Variation among clones for plant productivity parameters and chemical composition of bagasse could be exploited by breeding to increase the amount of cellulosic ethanol produced. Lignin content and plant biomass were the most important components with direct and negative influences on the conversion of cellulose to glucose.
Sugarcane bagasse is generated in large quantities in Brazil, and it could be gasified for the production of several chemicals, adding value to the sugar and ethanol production chain. The objective of this work is the simulation of an integrated plant for the production of three important chemicals through sugarcane bagasse gasification: methanol, acetic acid and DME. A sensitivity analysis was performed and showed how gasification temperature and steam-to-biomass ratio should be adjusted to favor one or another product (T = 900 degrees C and SB = 0.9 for methanol and indirect acetic acid and DME production; T = 950 degrees C and SB = 0.5 for direct DME production), and an economic analysis has shown that the installation of a multipurpose plant is feasible (paybacks of less than 5 years and multipurpose fashion not affecting the investment return) and how the process can be reconfigured depending on the economic scenario.
The IBE mixture is a potential automotive fuel, and its production by Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423, the best known natural IBE producer, is hindered by low productivity and low butanol titer. To alleviate this problem, we cultivated C. beijerinckii DSM 6423 in repeated batches using sugarcane bagasse as a low-cost immobilization agent. Experiments were conducted in 250-mL bottles containing 150 mL P2 medium, glucose, and bagasse. In a fermentation with seven batch cycles (257 h) containing 7.5 g bagasse, glucose (60 g/L) conversion varied between 38\% and 98\%. In four of the batch cycles, IBE productivity was between 0.22 and 0.28 g/L.h, and butanol titer reached 6.7-8.6 g/L. In contrast, in a free-cell single-batch cultivation, glucose conversion was limited to 35\%, IBE production was slower (0.13 g IBE/L.h), and butanol titer did not exceed 4.8 g/L. Despite the gains in productivity and butanol titer, further research is needed to elucidate the factors and mechanisms that caused IBE yield to decline during repeated-batch cultivation of C. beijerinckii DSM 6423.
In the present study, low cost media based oil sugarcane molasses and three different oils, viz. soybean oil, sunflower oil or olive oil, were evaluated for the production of sophorolipids (SLs) from the yeast Candida bombicola in batch shake flasks. At the end of 5 days fermentation period, medium containing only molasses and soybean oil gave a maximum SLs yield of 23.25 +/- 1.07 g/l compared to other media containing sugarcane molasses and either sunflower oil or olive oil. Moreover, the obtained yield was comparable to that obtained using a conventional synthetic medium having yeast extract, urea, soybean oil and glucose. Emulsification activity and stability of the produced SLs using different oils, and the effect of pH and temperature on the same were also studied. And these properties of the biosurfactant indicated good potential of the cheaply produced SLs in the pretreatment of high fats and oils containing food industry wastewaters. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
All-cellulose nanocomposite (ACNC) film was produced from sugarcane bagasse nanofibers using N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride solvent. The average diameter of bagasse fibers (14 mu m) was downsized to 39 nm after disk grinding process. X-ray diffraction showed that apparent crystallinity and crystallite size decreased relatively to an increased duration of dissolution time. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that thermal stability of the ACNC was slightly less than that of the pure cellulose nanofiber sheet. Tensile strength of the fiber sheet, nanofiber sheet and ACNC prepared with 10 min dissolution time were 8, 101 and 140 MPa, respectively. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of the ACNC film increased relatively to an increased duration of dissolution time. ACNC can be considered as a multi-performance material with potential for application in cellulose-based food packaging owing to its promising properties (tough, bio-based, biodegradable and acceptable levels of WVP). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rhodococcus opacus PD630 was used to produce biomass and lipids in molasses-based media with and without osmotic stress. In a 7-day aerobic batch culture at 30 degrees C, the biomass and lipid concentrations were maximized using an initial molasses concentration of 80 g/L and ammonium acetate (nitrogen source) concentration of 2.14 g/L. At a fixed initial molasses concentration of 80 g/L, the concentration of the nitrogen source was further fine-tuned to 2.25 g/L, to maximize the lipid content of the biomass to around 30\% by dry mass. This medium was used to test the effects of stressing salts (sodium acetate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride) on production of lipids and biomass. A two-step bolus feeding with magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate, enhanced the final biomass concentration to around 19 g/L (a 50\% increase relative to control), but the lipid content in the biomass was reduced to around 16\% w/w. A 33\% enhancement in lipid concentration relative to control, was achieved by feeding magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate. Sugarcane molasses could be effectively used to produce biomass and lipids instead of using the much more expensive pure carbon sources such as glucose and sucrose.
The phytopathogenic fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata produced an extracellular beta-xylosidase when grown in mineral medium with wheat bran as carbon source. The enzyme was purified and characterized. The molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE (161.6 kDa). The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 3.9 and 65 degrees C, and it showed to be significantly thermostable at 60 degrees C, maintaining 70\% of its maximum activity after 24 h of incubation at this temperature. The K-M and V-MAX using.rho beta rho beta Xyl were 0.326mM and 0.91 x 10(-3) mu mol/min, respectively. The beta-xylosidase was partially inhibited by 1mM of aluminum chloride, copper sulfate II, iron sulfate and SDS. The beta-xylosidase combined with a xylanase had an additive effect on beechwood xylan hydrolysis, generating xylose as a final product. The supplementation of the enzymatic cocktail Multifect CL (R) with the beta-xylosidase generated a more efficient hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse when compared to the saccharification performed only by the cocktail Multifect CL (R), showing an increase of 97.7\% and 45.7\% in glucose and xylose release, respectively.
Biomass gasification is a prominent technology for energy production at small and medium scales, especially in developing countries where biomass feedstock is abundantly available. The expansion of this technology, however, has been hindered due to the low conversion efficiency, generating important amounts of solid waste after the process. Finding suitable applications for residues after gasification is thus crucial for the sustainable development of this technology. This study investigated the characteristics of the residues after gasification of bagasse pellets on a semi-industrial scale gasifier and their potential for use as CO2 adsorbents. Results indicated a smooth operation of the 20 kWe-gasification system (PP20 - All Power Lab) with the new feedstock. The residues after gasification taken at different locations showed heterogeneity in terms of physicochemical characteristics and morphology, but still contained high carbon content and diverse carbon structure. The high specific surface area and pore volume of some residues are comparable with commercial activated carbon products. The optimum CO2 adsorption performance was 2.8 mmol g(-1) at 25 degrees C, which exceeded a wide range of other adsorbents. Under extreme industrial conditions (100 degrees C, 15\% CO2 in N-2), the CO2 capture capacity still reached 2.6 wt\% of adsorbent, thereby proving the great potential for use of residues after bagasse gasification as CO2 adsorbents in practice. The result would contribute to an idea for a ``zero-waste{''
A field trial was conducted on an inceptisol to assess the effect of different bio-manures on sugarcane yield, cane quality, and changes in soil physico-chemical and microbial properties in plant-ratoon system. Seven treatments, viz. control, vermicompost, farmyard manure ( FYM), biogas slurry, sulphitation pressmud cake ( SPMC), green manuring with intercropped Sesbania, and recommended dose of NPK ( 150: 60: 60 kg ha(-1)), were randomized within a block and replicated three times. Improvement in bulk density and infiltration rates was recorded after the addition of various bio-manures. The highest organic C was recorded in the vermicompost ( 0.54\%) and pressmud ( 0.50\%) treatments. The highest increase in soil microbial biomass C ( 185.5\%) and soil microbial biomass N ( 220.2\%) over its initial value was recorded with the addition of FYM. Dry matter production in plant, as well as ratoon crop, was significantly higher by bio-manure application over the control. Plant N uptake was highest in the pressmud treatment ( 227.7 kg ha(-1)), whereas P and K uptake were highest ( 41.4 and 226.50 kg ha(-1)) in vermicompost treatment. The highest number of millable canes ( 95.6 and 101.0 thousand ha(-1)) in plant and ratoon crop were obtained with the addition of pressmud. The highest yield ( 76.7 t ha(-1)) was recorded in planted cane with vermicompost application, whereas ratoon yield was highest ( 78.16 t ha(-1)) with pressmud application. In both planted and ratoon crop, organic amendments produced yields statistically similar to those with recommended NPK ( 76.1 and 78.1 t ha(-1) for plant and ratoon cane).
Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
The effect of Maillard reaction browning factors on the color enhancement of membrane clarification non-centrifugal cane sugar (M-NCS) in storage was explored. During storage, the color of M-NCS gradually browned and blackened. pH, the contents of glucose, fructose, protein, total amino acids and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) decreased significantly. Meanwhile, the moisture content, relative percentages of volatile Maillard reaction products (MRPs) and the content of 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) increased during storage. The sucrose content remained stable. Correlation analysis shows all browning factors were significantly correlated with color. Multivariate data analysis results demonstrated that the compound effects of volatile MRPs, 3-DG, pH, glucose and total amino acids led to the color change of stored M-NCS. The order of effect on the color change of stored M-NCS was volatile MRPs > 3-DG > pH > glucose > total amino acids.
In the present study a biodegradable and low cost sorbent was investigated for its sorptive capacity for various basic dyes in both single and binary dye solutions. As wastewaters from textile industries may contain a variety of dyes, therefore, it is of great interest to have a sorbent capable of removing dyes either singly or simultaneously. The agricultural by-product has shown its potential to remove Basic Blue 3 (BB3), Methylene Blue (MB) and Basic Yellow 11 (BY11) in both single and binary systems. The effect of pH, contact time and initial concentration, dosage and particle size was studied in batch experiments at room temperature. The optimum pH for the removal of studied dyes was observed in the pH range 4-9 and the sorption reached equilibrium at 60 min. The optimum sorbent dosage was recorded at 0.10 g. The sorption process fitted well in the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm was applicable for all the dye systems studied. Maximum sorption capacities were 23.64 mg g(-1), 28.25 mg g(-1) and 67.11 mg g(-1) for BB3, MB and BY11, respectively, in single dye system. However, a decrease in the maximum sorption capacity was observed in the binary systems and this might be resulted from the competition of the same binding sites.
The state of Sao Paulo is the largest sugarcane producer in Brazil, with a cultivated area of about 5.4 Mha in 2011. Approximately 2 Mha were harvested annually from 2006 to 2011 with the pre-harvest straw burning practice, which emits trace gases and particulate material to the atmosphere. The development of emission inventories for sugarcane straw burning is crucial in order to assess its environmental impacts. This study aimed to estimate annual emissions associated with the pre-harvest sugarcane burning practice in the state of Sao Paulo based on remote sensing maps and emission and combustion factors for sugarcane straw burning. Average estimated emissions (Gg/year) were 1130 +/- 152 for CO, 26 +/- 4 for NOx, 16 +/- 2 for CH4, 45 +/- 6 for PM2.5, 120 +/- 16 for PM10 and 154 +/- 21 for NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons). An intercomparison among annual emissions from this study and annual emissions from four other different approaches indicated that the estimates obtained by satellite fire detection or low spatial resolution approaches tend to underestimate sugarcane burned area, due to unique characteristics of this type of biomass fire. Overall, our results also indicated that government actions to reduce sugarcane straw burning emissions are becoming effective. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulosic materials have received wide interest in adsorption of contaminants in water due to their abundance, eco-friendliness, and low cost. However, the development of new adsorbents from lignocellulose with excellent performance is still a big challenge. In this work, a new bowl-shaped biosorbent (BSB) with surface functionality is prepared from lignin that is extracted from the abundant sugarcane bagasse. The product is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrum, thermo gravimetric analysis and N-2 adsorption techniques. The results show that the obtained BSB is obviously bowl-shaped in microscale with an enlarged surface area, and contains numerous oxygen and nitrogen functional groups. It exhibits an enhanced adsorption capacity toward Cd2+ that is 3.2 times of the original lignin. The adsorption process of Cd2+ by the BSB is well fitted by the Freundlich isothermal model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. The adsorption mechanism involves surface complexation, ion-exchange, electrostatic attraction, chemical precipitation and physical adsorption, etc., among them, the surface complexation is the rate-controlling step. Moreover, it shows a good reusability during five repeated cycling for Cd2+ adsorption. {[
Novel nanocomposites reinforced fibrous casing of sugarcane bagasse containing with nanocarbon and nanoclay (0.5 and 1\% wt) were developed to evaluate the adsorption effects of 4 carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons {[
Sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrid) is one of the most important commercial crops cultivated worldwide for products like white sugar, bagasse, ethanol, etc. Red rot is a major sugarcane disease caused by a hemi-biotrophic fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum Went., which can potentially cause a reduction in yield up to 100\%. Breeding for red rot-resistant sugarcane varieties has become cumbersome due to its complex genome and frequent generation of new pathotypes of red rot fungus. In the present study, a genetic linkage map was developed using a selfed population of a popular sugarcane variety CoS 96268. A QTL linked to red rot resistance (qREDROT) was identified, which explained 26\% of the total phenotypic variation for the trait. A genotype-phenotype network analysis performed to account for epistatic interactions, identified the key markers involved in red rot resistance. The differential expression of the genes located in the genomic region between the two flanking markers of the qREDROT as well as in the vicinity of the markers identified through the genotype-phenotype network analysis in a set of contrasting genotypes for red rot infection further confirmed the mapping results. Further, the expression analysis revealed that the plant defense-related gene coding 26S protease regulatory subunit is strongly associated with the red rot resistance. The findings can help in the screening of disease resistant genotypes for developing red rot-resistant varieties of sugarcane.
Biodiesel was produced by direct esterification of Cunninghamella echinulata dry mass using sugarcane molasses as substrate in the first stage of fermentation. GC/MS results for fatty acid methyl esters revealed abundant low degree unsaturated long chain fatty acids and saturated long chain fatty acids that are similar to plant oils. In the second stage, the spent medium of C. echinulata culture was used as the fermentation medium for hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The maximum total H-2 yield was 1450 ml H-2/l after 48 h fermentation. In the third stage, the spent medium of Clostridium containing volatile organic acids was used for methane production by methanogenic bacteria. The highest cumulative methane yield was 1690 ml l(-1) spent medium obtained after 48 h. The gross energy content of biodesel, H-2 and methane generated through three successive stages fermentation from 84 g molasses was 3928 kJ mol(-1). The results presented in this study suggest a possibility of interlinking biodiesel production technology by fungi with hydrogen production by C. acetobutylicum and methane production by methanogenic bacteria to exploit the residual sugars and organic acids in the spent medium and therefore increase the economic feasibility of the bioenergy production from molasses. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has opened new perspectives for the production of biofuels and functional food ingredients, such as prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS). This study aimed to improve the arabinoxylan extraction process from sugarcane straw (SS) and coffee husk (CH) to produce short-chain XOS by enzymatic hydrolysis using ideal enzyme mixture formulations. The improvement of arabinoxylan extraction process provided the highest extraction yield of about 40.35\% and arabinoxylan extraction efficiency around 82.32\% with insignificant lignin content values. In a second step, a central composite rotatable design was used to develop an enzyme mixture for XOS production from SS and CH arabinoxylan. Three commercial enzymes were tested, endoxylanase (GH11), alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase (GH51), and feruloyl esterase (CE1). An efficient enzyme mixture was developed, affording high XOS concentrations from SS arabinoxylan around 10.23 g L-1 and CH arabinoxylan 8.45 g L-1.
Elevated price of chemical fertilizers and poor nutrient content in conventional organic sources such as municipal solid waste (MSW) compost necessitate the production of nutrient enriched compost which could serve as a potential alternative organic fertilizer option. We studied three types of amended compost that were prepared by mixing 20\% mustard oil cake (MOC) and 30\% poultry manure (PM) or cow dung or sugarcane press mud (SPM) with 50\% MSW compost. Trichoderma viride was inoculated into every type of compost. The rate of amended or unamended MSW compost application was 10 t ha-1. The use of different amendments improved the nutrient level of MSW compost, of which the N increment was remarkable, ranging from 1.14\% N (unamended compost) to 2.9\%-3.22\% N depending on the types of amendment. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate performances of the amended MSW composts on the yield and nutrient content of potato (variety BARI Alu25). All compost treatments except the sole MSW compost treatment produced significantly higher tuber yields than the sole fertilizer treatment. The press mud based MSW compost + fertilizer treatment produced the highest tuber yield of 31.6 t ha-1 (65\% increase over 100\% fertilizers and 57\% increase over 100\% compost treatment). The tuber N concentration varied from 0.128\% to 0.594\%, P from 0.018\% to 0.035\%, K from 0.213\% to 0.313\% and S from 0.020\% to 0.053\%, with the highest result recorded with press mud + fertilizer treatment. The use of amended composts had residual effects on soil N, P, K and S contents. Thus, the treatment containing 50\% fertilizer+50\% compost mixture (MSW:MOC:SPM in a ratio of 5:2:3) performed the best followed by PM amended compost. It is concluded that integrated use of 10 t ha-1 organic amended MSW compost with chemical fertilizers can ensure higher crop yield, nutrient content and sustained soil fertility in nutrient-deficient sub-tropical soil.
Cashew apple bagasse is biomass rich in little-exploited lignocellulosic material. This study used this biomass as a support for cell immobilisation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For this purpose, the immobilisation technique by attachment to a surface was applied. The bagasse used in this study contained 32.6\% lignin. After delignification, the lignin content of the bagasse was 3.33\%. The cell density was 1.21 x 108 cells g-1 for the immobilised cells prepared for 24 h. For the immobilised cells prepared for 48 h, the cell density was 1.71 x 108 cells g-1. Microscopic observations showed that the adhesion of the yeast cells to the surface of the support occurred on all layers with the cells immobilised for 48 h. These results highlight the efficiency of cell immobilisation of S. cerevisiae on cashew apple bagasse.
Agroindustrial biomasses (sugarcane bagasse, green coconut husk and cashew apple bagasse) are used as substrate for producing cellulases by Aspergillus fumigants on Semi-Solid Fermentation (SSF). The untreated lignocellulosics and fermented sugarcane bagasse are characterized using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) protocols analysis as well as through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assays. A two-variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) coupled to response surface methodology (RSM) with three experiments at center point are used to investigate the influence of initial moisture and pH on carboxymethycellulose and filter paper, i.e., CMCase and FPase activities produced by the Aspergillus fumigants using all of the three lignocellulosic biomasses. Results show that sugarcane bagasse has the highest cellulose content and the cashew apple bagasse the highest lignin content, approximately 46.0\%. Additionally, pH and moisture (linear and quadratic parameters), as well as their combination, play a key role on both CMCase and FPase activities. The highest values for CMCase and FPase are 4.20 U/g and 0.64 U/g for sugarcane bagasse; 4.07 U/g and 0.28 U/g for coconut husk and 0.64 U/g and 0.32 U/g for cashew apple bagasse. The use of SSF for producing cellulases can be an option for reducing energy consumption due to reduction on the steps during biomass pretreatment.
Sugarcane bagasse and cassava bagasse are lignocellulosic industrial residues that can be used as cheap substrates for organisms' growth. These lignocellulosic residues are also suitable for inducing enzyme secretion that can be applied in different bioprocesses such as juices clarification. The goal of our work was to use Aspergillus niger LBM 134 to produce xylanases, characterize them and employ these enzymes in the clarification of apple juice and pulp. A. niger LBM 134 was isolated from a natural environment and grown on sugarcane bagasse and cassava bagasse. The highest endoxylanase and beta-xylosidase activity were 144 +/- 5,65 and 0,74 +/- 0,05 U mL(-1), respectively (p<0.05). The optimum activity and high stability at acidic pH values make these enzymes suitable for biotechnological applications in juice industries. The enzymatic cocktails produced by the fungus grown on cassava bagasse reached the major clarification of apple juice (36,66 +/- 4,01\%) and pulp (60,15 +/- 5,63\%) (p<0.05). These clarification percentages were due to the hydrolysis of hemicellulosic material carried out by the xylanases from A. niger LBM 134.
The plant cell wall is the most abundant carbon reservoir in nature and is a renewable source of biofuels. To break down this biomass and convert it into fermentable sugars, a set of multiple enzymes is needed. Here, we characterize the enzymatic repertoire necessary for the degradation of sugarcane bagasse ``in natura{''
In this paper, both infrared thermography (IRT) and terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI) were used to evaluate impacted homogeneous particleboards of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), which have the thickness of 2 cm. In this study, the THz data were processed by applying the well-known image processing algorithms used in IRT. The comparative results show that IRT can provide some finer details in the detection of shallow thermal imprints; however, it is difficult to reveal deeper (typically similar to 1 cm) information. On the contrary, THz-TDI may explore the entire thickness of the samples, although - for this specific study - its resolution is lower. In addition, THz-TDI has the advantage to detect resin-rich and fibre-rich regions.
Sugarcane bagasse is the residue produced by mills after juice is extracted from sugarcane. Other important solid residues in the sugarcane-to-sugar-and-ethanol production chain are the leaves and tops of the stalks (together referred to as cane trash). Although it represents a significant portion of the energy in sugarcane, cane trash is currently left in the fields. This paper has described and analyzed how residues (bagasse and cane trash) are produced from sugarcane and their use as an energy source in the production of ethanol. Also, it presents a review of the physical properties and characteristics of bagasse and cane trash and estimate their energy potential. Bagasse and cane trash have similar fuel characteristics to other biomasses fuels. Special attention should be given to the characteristics of cane trash ash, which has higher fusibility and alkali levels than bagasse. A flowchart of a typical mill was described and the thermal and mechanical energy consumption at various stages of the production process was determined. Of the energy consumed as work, about 58\% is accounted for by milling and juice extraction, and 33\% by the generation of electricity for use in the plant. In a typical mill using steam generators operating at average pressure and temperature (22 bar, 300-360 degrees C), about 15\% of the bagasse produced is surplus, and an average of 480 kg of steam is used per tonne of cane processed. An energy consumption analysis revealed that there was significant scope for reducing the amount of steam needed to operate the turbines in mills because of the low isentropic efficiencies identified. Cane trash, which is not yet used for energy production, also shows great energy potential because it is produced in similar quantities to bagasse, and its calorific value is only slightly lower. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The structural and physicochemical characteristics are associated with resistance of plant cell walls to saccharification by enzymes. The effect of physicochemical properties on glucose yield of bagasse from different varieties of sugarcane at low and high enzyme dosages was investigated. The result showed that glucose yield at low enzyme dosage was positively linear correlated with the yield at high enzyme dosage, for both the untreated and pretreated materials. The pretreatment significantly increased the accessibility of substrates by enzyme due to the increase of internal and external surface area. Glucose yield also showed a linear correlation with dye adsorption. However, the increase in glucose yield as a result of pretreatment did not correlate with the increases in crystallinity index and decreases in degree of polymerization. The Principal Component Analysis of infrared data indicated that lignin was the main component that differentiated the varieties before and after pretreatment. These results suggested that the key differences in pretreatment responses among varieties could be mainly attributed to their differences in the internal and external surface area after pretreatment.
In Brazil, the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, the industrial process transforms this crop into ethanol and/or granulated sugar. Some cultivars exhibit enzymatic browning in the extracted sugarcane juice at levels harmful to the manufacturing process of white granulated sugar. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sugarcane straw used as soil coverage, the use of different planting systems, and treatments with hydrogel polymer on enzymatic activity. The cultivar RB 86 7515 was sampled for 8 months; the first sample was obtained by cutting the upper portion of the stalk at the internode, which was taken to the laboratory for determination of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The soil coverage with different forms of straw as well as the planting systems did not change the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity increased with the use of a polymer due to increased polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in the groove system. The enzymes studied showed changes in activity during the experimental period. The production of sugar at the end of the season (August to November) avoids the periods of highest enzymatic activity.
The fiber characteristics (i.e., the fiber type, morphology, and dimension) and polymer melt flow index (MFI) significantly affected mechanical properties of sugarcane fiber/HDPE composites. The length and diameter of sugarcane fibers followed a lognormal distribution before and after compounding. The long fibers had a significant reduction in the dimension and aspect ratio during compounding. However, the short fibers had close values in these two properties before and after compounding. For the resultant sugarcane fiber/polymer composites, the HDPE resins with a low MFI value presented high tensile and impact strengths. Because of high sugar content, the pure rind fiber had a poor performance as filler in the HDPE resins with respect to the raw bagasse fiber and alkali-extracted bagasse fiber. On the other hand, the aspect ratio was proportional to the mechanical performance of the fibers in the HDPE resins. As a result, the fibers with a large aspect ratio and low sucrose content improved the strength properties of the resultant composites. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trichoderma reesei can be considered as a candidate for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) microorganism. However, its ethanol yield needs to be improved significantly. Here the ethanol production of T. reesei CICC 40360 was improved by genome shuffling while simultaneously enhancing the ethanol resistance. The initial mutant population was generated by nitrosoguanidine treatment of the spores, and an improved population producing more than fivefold ethanol than wild type was obtained by genome shuffling. The results show that the shuffled strain HJ48 can efficiently convert lignocellulosic sugars to ethanol under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, it was able to produce ethanol directly from sugarcane bagasse, demonstrating that the shuffled strain HJ48 is a suitable microorganism for consolidated bioprocessing.
The plant waste-products, wheat straw, corn-cobs and sugarcane bagasse took up respectively, 190, 110 and 250\% of their own weights crude oil. The same materials harbored respectively, 3.6 x 10(5), 8.5 x 10(3) and 2.3 x 10(6) g(-1) cells of hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms, as determined by a culture-dependent method. The molecular, culture-independent analysis revealed that the three materials were associated with microbial communities comprising genera known for their hydrocarbonoclastic activity. In bench-scale experiments, inoculating oily media with samples of the individual waste products led to the biodegradation of 34.0-44.9\% of the available oil after 8 months. Also plant-product samples, which had been used as oil sorbents lost 24.3-47.7\% of their oil via their associated microorganisms, when kept moist for 8 months. In this way, it is easy to see that those waste products are capable of remediating spilled oil physically, and that their associated microbial communities can degrade it biologically. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Increased production of biogas and volatile acids was evaluated by the addition of Fe0 Nanoparticles (NP) on Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR-NP) with expanded clay as support material (45.1 mg Fe0 g-1 expanded clay), fermenting vinasse, and operated at 37 \& DEG;C and 3h Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). Higher H2 percentage in the biogas composition was observed in AFBR-NP (50-65\%) when compared to AFBR without NP, AFBRControl (24-43\%). A 1.2-fold higher valeric acid production was also observed as a result of NPs supplementation. Genes related to the first steps of vinasse anaerobic degradation in AFBR-NP (beta-glucosidase, glucokinase and pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase) and the genes related to volatile acids production (L- and Dlactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, acetate kinase, pyruvate kinase and fumarate reductase flavoprotein) were observed by metagenome sequencing. A 4.2-fold higher relative abundance of Secundilactobacillus genus in AFBR-NP was evidenced. The genetic and microbial community differences observed with the addition of NP resulted in improved biorefinery products of anaerobic digestion.
Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful tool for solving real-world problems in various fields. This study investigates the simulation and prediction of nitrate adsorption from an aqueous solution using modified hydrochar prepared from sugarcane bagasse using an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVR), and gene expression programming (GEP). Different parameters, such as the solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial nitrate concentration, were introduced to the models as input variables, and adsorption capacity was the predicted variable. The comparison of artificial intelligence models demonstrated that an ANN with a lower root mean square error (0.001) and higher R-2 (0.99) value can predict nitrate adsorption onto modified hydrochar of sugarcane bagasse better than other models. In addition, the contact time and initial nitrate concentration revealed a higher correlation between input variables with the adsorption capacity.
Particleboards were made using particles from sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus residues of the pulp industry. The particleboard properties were evaluated according to ABNT NBR 14810-1 (2013), ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2013), and ANSI A208.1 (1999) standards, which compared the efficiency of castor oil-based polyurethane resin (PU-Castor) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). The particleboards were composed of 60\% wood particles and 40\% bagasse, with a 10\% adhesive dose based on the dry mass of particles. The following parameters were evaluated: apparent density, moisture content (MC), thickness swelling after 24 h, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity to static bending (MOE), and internal bond strength of panels (IB). The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of eucalyptus and sugarcane bagasse residues in the production of high-density particleboards. The panels produced with PU-Castor showed greater efficiency, and their physical and mechanical properties were compatible with the requirements of the Brazilian standard for P4 panels (structural panels for use in dry conditions) and the American standard for H-3 panels (high industrial density).
Microbial communities (MCs) create complex metabolic networks in natural habitats and respond to environmental changes by shifts in the community structure. Although members of MCs are often not amenable for cultivation in pure culture, it is possible to obtain a greater diversity of species in the laboratory setting when microorganisms are grown as mixed cultures. In order to mimic the environmental conditions, an appropriate growth medium must be applied. Here, we examined the hypothesis that a greater diversity of microorganisms can be sustained under nutrient-limited conditions. Using a 16 S rRNA amplicon metagenomic approach, we explored the structure of a compost-derived MC. During a five-week time course the MC grown in minimal medium with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a sole carbon source showed greater diversity and enrichment in lignocellulose-degrading microorganisms. In contrast, a MC grown in nutrient rich medium with addition of SCB had a lower microbial diversity and limited number of lignocellulolytic species. Our approach provides evidence that factors such as nutrient availability has a significant selective pressure on the biodiversity of microorganisms in MCs. Consequently, nutrient-limited medium may displace bacterial generalist species, leading to an enriched source for mining novel enzymes for biotechnology applications.
Solvent water is an essential factor for high solids enzymatic hydrolysis. To investigate its effect on substrate conversion efficiency in high solids hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), oleyl alcohol was used to partially substitute the solvent water. The results in batch hydrolysis tests in which diverse ratio of solvent water was replaced found that the majority of the substrate was insoluble. Then high solids fedbatch hydrolysis with the reaction solution mixed with solvent water and oleyl alcohol in the ratio of 3: 1 (solids concentration correspond to 24\% (w/v)) was carried out at the final real solids loading of 18\% (w/v). The produced sugars were found to be less than pure water system, which indicated that water played a significant role in high solids hydrolysis process, and solids effect was related to the solvent water content. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Night biomass loss due to respiratory activity can significantly impact the phytoplankton biomass productivity and the yield of specific biomolecules. A decrease in biomass loss can be achieved by cyclic two-stage cultivation (CTSC) employing an organic carbon source during the dark phase of the photoperiod. Thus, sugarcane vinasse was used as carbon supply in CTSC to influence the Arthrospira maxima growth. The impact of carbon supply on CTSC was assessed and the results show that splitting the supplementation volume of 60 mL supplemented vinasse into three doses of 20mL during the dark phase increased biomass productivity by 35.4\%, although the maximum exponential growth rate was unaffected. The cyanobacterium also takes up CO2 (supplied in the light phase) as HCO3-, high concentrations of which increase biomass loss. Thus, carbon assimilation in CTSC is higher when the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon is reduced. Optimization of organic and inorganic carbon supply in CTSC with the response surface methodology resulted in an increased growth rate (from 0.73 to 1.18-1.62 day(-1)) and a reduction of cultivation time (from 7 to 5 days), thus producing a synergistic effect of reduced night biomass loss and vinasse treatment. After cultivating A. maxima for 5days under optimal conditions (culture medium with 6.81 g L-1 of NaHCO3 and adding 1.5\% (v/v) vinasse every 4h during the dark phase), the reduction of chemical oxygen demand and electrical conductivity demonstrates that removal of organic matter present in the vinasse was due to cell growth during CTSC.
One of the most used carbonaceous materials by industry are carbon blacks, which have technological applications in polymeric composites, coatings and paints, electric and electrochemical devices. One drawback is that they are produced from fossil fuels. Although biochars are also carbonaceous materials some disadvantages like their larger particles size, high ash content and highly oxygenated surface must be overcome to enable their use as substitute of carbon blacks in composites. Sugarcane bagasse biochar was used to produce carbonaceous materials to substitute carbon blacks. Milling of biochar decreased particle size from several hundreds of micrometers to 100-500nm and narrowed its size distribution. Chemical leaching reduced the inorganic compounds and ash content by almost 20\%. Great advance was achieved when biochar was thermally annealed in alcohol vapor atmosphere which resulted in biochar-based material with very low oxygenated carbon species at particles surface and turned them hydrophobic. Almost no C-O/C=O and O-C=O peaks components were observed at the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum. Reactive thermal annealing of the biochar based additive was a key procedure to obtain polyethylene composites (5\% loading) with mechanical, thermal and colorimetric properties very close to the ones prepared with the carbon black from fossil fuels.
With growing awareness of a circular economy, it is necessary to utilize all lignocellulose biomass components as a resource to maintain sustainability. We have selectively targeted the one-step conversion of hemicellulose in sugarcane bagasse to xylooligosaccharides (XOS), which are useful dietary supplements, while keeping the cellulose and lignin relatively intact. In addition to the circular economy and green processing chemistry, we pursue plasma treatment of carbon materials as a global effort to produce metal-free carbon-based catalysts. Herein, activated carbon (AC) was subjected to two different treatments: plasma irradiation to create a porous honeycomb structure and redistribute surface oxygenate functional groups (phenolics -OH), lactonics, and (-COOH) and acid impregnation with HNO3 to enhance the overall acidic functional groups of the carbon, especially the -COOH groups. The functionalized AC was effective to selectively depolymerize sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose to XOS in water as a solvent. High XOS yields of 50.0\% (composed of xylobiose (14.1\%), xylotriose (11.9\%), xylotetraose (8.8\%), xylopentaose (9.1\%) and xylohexaose (6.0\%)), and 15\% xylose were obtained. No undesirable sugar degradation products - furans - were detected. Thus, we propose that the tandem sequence of plasma and acid modification of AC is a facile one-step new method to depolymerize hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass.
The effects of two diets based on hydrolysed sugarcane bagasse (HSB) and whole cottonseed (WCS), with or without oat hay, were analyzed for the in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM) organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of HSB. Sir mature castrated rams with a permanent T ruminal cannula were used in a complete randomized split plot design. The incubation times were 3, 6 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h. The diet with oat hay showed higher disappearance indexes for the NDF fraction. Furthermore, the maximum degradation of HSB constituents was reached around 48h of incubation. The diets were TI=64\% hydrolyzed sugarcane + 36\% whole cottonseed and T2=14\% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse + 36\% cottonseed + 50\% oat hay.
Four white-rot fungal cultures were examined for their ability to decolorize and bioremediate anaerobically digested molasses spent wash (DMSW) generated by biomethanation plants. Two cultures Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium showed an ability to decolorize and reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of diluted DMSW (12.5\% v/v). Both cultures required an additional labile carbon source to carry out decolorization while additional organic nitrogen did not significantly improve it further. Optimum growth and decolorization occurred at 35-40 degrees C, pH 5.0, glucose at 3-5\%(w/v). Maximum decolorization (71.5 and 53.5\%) and COD reduction (90.0 and 73.0\%) were achieved in 6.25\% (v/v) DMSW medium by C. versicolor and P. chrysosporium, respectively. These values decreased significantly at higher concentrations of DMSW (12.5 and 25\% v/v), nevertheless both cultures have profound potential applications in reducing the pollution of DMSW effluent prior to its disposal. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
This study evaluated the efficiency of a laboratory scale biofilter packed with a mixture of scoria-bagasse-compost to treat unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) from the air. Effect of different inlet loadings (0.44-2.68 gm(-3)h(-1) ), various EBRTs (30, 60 and 90s), bed height, and non-ionic surfactants Tween 80 on biofilter efficiency were evaluated during a long-term period (126 days). The average of removal efficiency (RE) and elimination capacity (EC) were 88\% and 0.72 g m(3) h(-1) respectively. Over 60\% of the total average of RE was related to section 1 of biofilter, where the average of bacterial population (6.74 log CFU/g) and fungi population (4.95 log CFU g(-1) ) was significantly more than in the other sections. Although the effect of surfactant on the removal efficiency was negligible, the removal efficiency of was significantly increased by increase of EBRT and reduction of inlet loading. Dominant species of bacteria in the biofilter bed included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Proteus spp; fungi species were Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. regarding to the rapid adaptation period (9 days), suitable RE and EC, low pressure drop, and negligible compactness of media, this point is inferable that the biofilter system can be a suitable method to remove UDMH from the polluted airflow. (C) 2017 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Xylitol, an alcohol sugar with diverse applications, is commonly synthesized by chemical routes on an industrial scale. This polyalcohol can also be obtained by fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. However, downstream purification is still a bottleneck that increases the costs and limits the yield of bioxylitol production. This study aimed to develop a novel approach for purification of xylitol obtained by fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hemi-cellulose hydrolysate. After nanofiltration membrane selection, process conditions were optimized by surface response methodology. Four nanofiltration membranes were tested: NF (polypiperazine amide), NF90 (fully aromatic polyamide), and NP010 and NP030 (polyether-sulfones). NF had the lowest fouling tendency and provided the highest xylitol-protein separation factor and feed-permeate color difference. Factorial design studies revealed that permeate flux and color parameter a{*
Application of advanced oxidation process for wastewater treatment has gained more attention recently. In this study, the efficiency of coagulation-flocculation pretreatment coupled with sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) in the removal and mineralization of organic matter of sugarcane vinasse was evaluated. For coagulation-flocculation, jar-test experiment was carried out with ferric chloride as coagulant and the removal of TOC, color and UV254 was determined. The results revealed that by using 15 g/L of coagulant, 70 \% of TOC removal and nearly 100 \% of UV254 and color removal were achieved. The pretreated vinasse was then subjected to SR-AOP. In this study, sulfate radical was generated using persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by Fe(II). The effect of reaction time, oxidants to Fe(II) ratio and pH on the TOC removal efficiency were investigated. For the effect of reaction time, the TOC removal was found to increase significantly for the first 5 min. TOC removal was found to increase with increasing concentration of Fe(II) for PMS. However, for Fe(II)/PS, the TOC removal efficiency was decreased with increasing Fe(II) concentration. Both Fe(II)/PMS and Fe(II)/PS showed the highest TOC removal efficiency when the oxidation was carried out at pH 7. By using the selected optimum condition, nearly 70 and 49 \% of TOC removal were achieved for PMS/Fe(II) and PS/Fe(II), respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that SR-AOP can be a promising alternative method for TOC removal from sugarcane vinasse.
Robust strains are essential towards success of n-butanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock. To find a suitable strain to convert a non-detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse, we first assessed the performance of four wild-type butanol-producing Clostridium strains (C. acetobutylicum DSM 6228, C. beijerinckii DSM 6422, C. saccharobutylicum DSM 13864, and C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923) in batch fermentations containing either xylose or glucose at 30 g L-1 as sole carbon sources. C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum was selected after achieving butanol yields as high as 0.31 g g(-1) on glucose and 0.25 g g(-1) on xylose. In a 48-h fermentation containing a mixture of sugars (93\% xylose and 7\% glucose) that mimicked the hydrolysate, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum delivered the highest butanol concentration (14.5 g L-1) when the initial sugar concentration was 50 g L-1. Moreover, the selected strain achieved the highest butanol yield (0.29 g g(-1)) on xylose-rich media reported so far. Meanwhile, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum produced 5.8 g butanol L-1 (0.22 g g(-1) butanol yield) when fermenting a non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate enriched with xylose (30 g total sugars L-1). Although sugars were not exhausted (4.7 g residual sugars L-1) even after 72 h because of the presence of lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitors, these results show that C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum is a robust wild-type strain. This microorganism with high butanol tolerance and yield on xylose can, therefore, serve as the basis for the development of improved biocatalysts for production of butanol from non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate.
Sewage sludge (SS) obtained after sewage treatment process may contain several toxic substances. Bioremediation can decrease the toxicity of the sludge, mainly when it is associated with stimulant agents, such as sugarcane bagasse (B). Samples of pure SS (SSP); SS + B; SS + Soil; and SS + B + Soil were bioremediated for 1, 3, and 6 months (T1, T2, and T3, respectively). After each period, the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potentials of the solid samples and their respective aqueous extracts (aqueous eluate and percolate water) were evaluated by the /Mum cepa test. A microbiological analysis of the samples was also performed after each period tested. All solid samples of SS + B (in T1, T2, and T3) and the solid sample of SSP (treatment T3) showed a significant decrease of cell division (cytotoxic effects). The aqueous eluate extracts of SS + B (T1 and T3) and SSP (T2 and T3) induced cytotoxic effect. The solid sample of SS + B (T2 and T3) and aqueous extracts of SSP (T1) were genotoxic, indicating a harmful effect of SS on A. cepa, even after 6 months of bioremediation. There was an alternation in the microbial community both in diversity and in abundance, with the predominance of non fermenting grain-negative bacilli. The tested bioremediation periods were not sufficient for the complete detoxification of SS, and the use of B did not seem to contribute to the degradation of the pollutants to inert compounds. These data emphasize that a specific relationship should exist between the sludge characteristic and the biostimulating agent used to promote a more efficient bioremediation. These results suggest the necessity to study longer periods of biodegradation and the use of other decomposing agents for greater safety and sustainability for the agricultural use of this residue.
Aspergillus niger was subjected to UV radiation and chemical mutagenesis to develop its hyper-producing mutants for enhanced citric acid production. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and Ethidium bromide (EB) were used for chemical mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger. UV, and chemically treated mutants of Aspergillus niger were identified by using 2-deoxy, D-glucose as selective marker. The selected mutants were cultured in solid state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane molasses medium (10\%) using corn cobs, banana stalk, sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and wheat bran as carrier substrates. After pH adjustment and sterilization, the triplicate flasks were inoculated with 5 mLof homogenous spore suspensions of selected mutants of A. niger and the flasks were subjected to SSF under still culture conditions. The mutant EB-3 (treated with 1 mg/mL ethidium bromide for 120 min) giving highest citric acid yield (64.2 mg/mL) in 72 h was selected as hyper-producing mutant. Citric acid production process using EB-3 mutant was then optimized to enhance citric acid production by the mutant in SSF. Aspergillus niger EB-3 mutant could produce 67.72 mg/mL citric acid in 72 h using banana stalks as support material under optimum conditions of pH (pH 6), incubation temperature (35 degrees C) and inoculum size (5 mL) in SSF.
The combined effects of three key ozonation process parameters on the integrated ozonation-enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were investigated, with emphasis on the relationship between sugar release and ozone consumption. A lab-scale fixed bed reactor was employed for ozonation at varying ozone doses (50, 75 and 100 mg O-3/g SCB), particle sizes (420, 710 and 1000 mu m) and moisture contents (30, 45 and 60\% w/w) in multifactorial experiments, keeping a residence time of 30 min. The ozonated SCB showed a reduction in the content of acid-insoluble lignin from 26.6 down to 19.1\% w/w, while those of cellulose and hemicellulose were retained above 45.5 and 13.6\% w/w, with recoveries of 100-89.9 and 83.5-72.7\%, respectively. Ozone-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis allowed attaining glucose and xylose yields as high as 45.0 and 37.8\%, respectively. The sugars released/ozone expended ratio ranged between 2.3 and 5.7 g sugars/g O-3, being the higher value achieved with an applied ozone input of 50 mg O-3/g SCB and SCB with 420 mu m particle size and 60\% moisture. Such operating conditions led to efficient ozone utilization (<2\% unreacted ozone) with a yield of 0.29 g sugars/g SCB. Overall, the amount of sugars released relative to the ozone consumed was improved, entailing an estimated cost of ozonation of USD 34.7/ton of SCB, which could enhance the profitability of the process.
The discharge of heavy metals from industrial effluents into aquatic system in surrounding area of Lampung bay become a serious problem today. The data shows that the concentrations of heavy metals in this area are above allowable limits for the discharge of toxic heavy metals in the aquatic systems. The most common of heavy metal pollutant is divalent metal ions. Cellulose xanthate is one of the selective adsorbent to solve this problem, since xanthate contains two negative sulfur atoms that is capable to catch divalent metal ions. Preparation of cellulose xanthate was conducted by reacting carbon disulfide (CS2) and cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. The morphological characteristics of cellulose xanthate were visualized via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the presence of sulfur groups on sugarcane bagasse xanthate were identified by FTIR spectroscopic study. The degree of substitution (DS), degree of polymerization (DP), and adsorption capacities of cellulose xanthate for Cu2+ and Pb2+ metal were studied. The results of study reveals that the maximum adsorption capacities of Cu2+ and Pb2+ metal on cellulose xanthate are 54.226 mg Cu2+/g, and 51.776 mg Pb2+/g, respectively. This study reveals that cellulose xanthate could be a solution to reduce environmental pollution caused by industrial wastewater.
Following the expansion of distillery industries, a large quantity of waste is being released to the environment containing high color-forming chemicals. This study aimed at degrading melanoidin pigment from distillery spent wash by using impregnated Sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SCBAC) and Modified Bagasse Fly Ash (MBFA) as a comparative study. FTIR has revealed functional groups responsible for adsorption. A broad peak revealing an amorphous structure was observed for SCBAC while crystalline structure was observed in MBFA using XRD. SEM micrograph revealed an irregular macro-porous structure and regular structure for SCBAC and MBFA respectively. In the adsorption, important process parameters were optimized in response to color removal efficiency. At equilibrium, adsorption isotherm models, kinetics, mechanisms, and thermodynamics of the adsorption were studied. Langmuir model and Pseudo-second order result in the best fit for both adsorbents. Thermodynamics study revealed an exothermic process, feasibility, and spontaneity of the adsorption process for both adsorbents.
It was studied the influence of sugarcane straw density and light conditions on the germination of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla under controlled conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications of 50 seeds, and the treatments were arranged in a 6 x 5 factorial, with six amount of sugarcane straw (0, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 t ha(-1)) and 5 types of light (constant light, constant darkness, alternating light and dark, short red and far red). The seeds were germinated in plastic type boxes covered by overlapping layers of straw and kept in germination. Assessments of germination were daily computing the normal seedlings, when they presented protusion roots visible and calculated the germination speed index (IGS). It was observed that the increase of different densities of straw and different wave lengths provided germination ranged from 83 to 97\% and IGS between 9.85 to 15.36. The different densities of straw and wavelength did not suppress the germination of E. heterophylla. Therefore, the species was insensitive to light, so the presence of raw sugarcane system can't be considered a potential tool for controlling this species.
Antiviral lignin was produced by acidic microwave glycerolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The lignin exhibited antiviral activity against nonenveloped (encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)) and enveloped (vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Sindbis virus (SINV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) viruses. A series of lignins with different antiviral activities were prepared by reacting bagasse at 140, 160, 180, and 200 \& DEG;C to analyze the antiviral mechanism. No difference in zeta-potential was observed among the lignin preparations; however, the lignin prepared at 200 \& DEG;C (FR200) showed the strongest anti-EMCV activity, smallest hydrodynamic diameter, highest hydro-philicity, and highest affinity for EMCV. FR200 inhibited viral propagation through contact with the virion at the attachment stage to host cells, and the EMCV RNA was intact after treatment. Therefore, the lignin inhibits viral entry to host cells through interactions with the capsid surface. The nonvolatile antiviral substance is potentially useful for preventing the spread of viruses in human living and livestock breeding environments.
l-Lysine is an essential amino acid that can be produced by chemical processes from fossil raw materials, as well as by microbial fermentation, the latter being a more efficient and environmentally friendly procedure. In this work, the production process of l-lysine-HCl is studied using a systematic approach based on modeling and simulation, which supports decision making in the early stage of process design. The study considers two analysis stages: first, the dynamic analysis of the fermentation reactor, where the conversion of sugars from sugarcane molasses to l-lysine with a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum is carried out. In this stage, the operation mode (either batch or fed batch) and operating conditions of the fermentation reactor are defined to reach the maximum technical criteria. Afterwards, the second analysis stage relates to the industrial production process of l-lysine-HCl, where the fermentation reactor, upstream processing, and downstream processing are included. In this stage, the influence of key parameters on the overall process performance is scrutinized through the evaluation of several technical, economic, and environmental criteria, to determine a profitable and sustainable design of the l-lysine production process. The main results show how the operating conditions, process design, and selection of evaluation criteria can influence in the conceptual design. The best plant design shows maximum product yield (0.31 g l-lysine/g glucose) and productivity (1.99 g/L/h), achieving 26.5\% return on investment (ROI) with a payback period (PBP) of 3.8 years, decreasing water and energy consumption, and with a low potential environmental impact (PEI) index.
Concrete is one of the building industry's most used construction materials. Reducing natural resources, enormous production costs, and environmental issues in cement production have encouraged researchers to partially explore suitable options to substitute Portland cement and the built environment. This article provides a thorough review of the research on the prudent utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a Portland cement replacement in the production of concrete. The methods used to produce SCBA, the effect of calcining temperature on bagasse ash, its physical and chemical characteristics and the strength development phenomenon are discussed. The impact of SCBA on the properties of concrete under the fresh state is also discussed. The physical and durability properties of concrete manufactured with SCBA are reviewed in-depth to understand its impending use for commercial applications. Finally, SCBA-related issues and challenges are described. A few of the outcomes are: (i) An organized incineration method is required for producing good quality SCBA, (ii) the optimum replacement level of cement by SCBA for mechanical and durability properties are 20\%, (iii) improved durability due to an impervious microstructure of SCBA-concrete to harmful agents that cause degradation. Even though there is some disagreement among researchers, the majority continue to agree that using SCBA in cementitious composites is advantageous. However, researchers do not consider its usage in reinforced concrete elements such as slabs and beams; thus, further research is recommended. Finally, the formulation of codal recommendations on technical and environmental factors calls for additional research.
The Philippines has a booming sugarcane industry contributing about PHP 70 billion annually to the local economy through raw sugar, molasses and bioethanol production (SRA, 2012). Sugarcane planters adapt different farm practices in cultivating sugarcane, one of which is cane burning to eliminate unwanted plant material and facilitate easier harvest. Information on burned sugarcane extent is significant in yield estimation models to calculate total sugar lost during harvest. Pre-harvest burning can lessen sucrose by 2.7\% - 5\% of the potential yield (Gomez, et al 2006; Hiranyavasit, 2016). This study employs a method for detecting burn sugarcane area and determining burn severity through Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) using Landsat 8 Images acquired during the late milling season in Tarlac, Philippines. Total burned area was computed per burn severity based on pre-fire and post-fire images. Results show that 75.38\% of the total sugarcane fields in Tarlac were burned with post-fire regrowth; 16.61\% were recently burned; and only 8.01\% were unburned. The monthly dNBR for February to March generated the largest area with low severity burn (1,436 ha) and high severity burn (31.14 ha) due to pre-harvest burning. Post-fire regrowth is highest in April to May when previously burned areas were already replanted with sugarcane. The maximum dNBR of the entire late milling season (February to May) recorded larger extent of areas with high and low post-fire regrowth compared to areas with low, moderate and high burn severity. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to analyse vegetation dynamics between the burn severity classes. Significant positive correlation, rho = 0.99, was observed between dNBR and dNDVI at 5\% level (p = 0.004). An accuracy of 89.03\% was calculated for the Landsat-derived NBR validated using actual mill data for crop year 2015-2016.
A total of 14 newly isolated, indigenous yeast strains from molasses and grapes, along with the control yeasts D1-D3, were investigated for ethanol production abilities and related parameters like ethanol and sugar tolerance. Strains M1, M5, M9, M12 and M15 were found ethanol resistant up to 12 \% ethanol and yeast strains G1, G2, M1, M5, M6, M11, M12 and M15 showed resistance up to 20 \% (w/v) glucose concentration. Among new isolates M12 gave maximum alcohol, {[
In the present work, the transport equations for mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species as given by the Euler-Euler formulation for multiphase flows are used together with the second law of thermodynamics to derive the entropy and exergy transport equations, suitable to the study of gas-particle reactive flows, such as those observed during pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of biomass particles. The terms of the derived equations are discussed, and the exergy destruction contributions are identified. Subsequently, a kinetic model is implemented in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) open source code for the sugarcane bagasse gasification. Then, the derived exergy destruction terms are implemented numerically through user-defined Fortran routines. Next, the second law analysis of the gasification process of sugarcane bagasse in bubbling fluidized beds is carried out. Detailed results are obtained for the local destructions of exergy along the reactor. This information is important to help improve environmental and sustainable practices and should be of interest to both designers and operators of fluidized bed equipment.
Sugarcane is a major crop in Brazil that generates huge amounts of organic residues that are usually left deposited in, or applied to the soil, and thereby affect the behavior of herbicides. This study assessed the effects of sugarcane residues (straw, ash, and compost) and residence time ({''
In this work, sugarcane bagasse was processed by H2SO4-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment (CHP). CHP was performed under various solid loadings (S-P) 10, 20 and 25 \%, acid concentrations (A) 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 \% w/v and reaction times (t(P)) 30, 60, 90 and 150 min. The results showed that more than 60 \% of the hemicellulose was removed. Cellulignin material was processed by enzymatic hydrolysis using a solid loading of 3.0 \% w/v (on a dry basis) and by the action of cellulase from T. reesei and cellobiase from Aspergillus niger. Based on this experimental dataset, three Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network-MLPN models were developed (one for each level of acid concentration (A) in CHP) for predicting total glucose yield (G(Yield)) as a function of solids loading (S-P), pre-treatment reaction time (t(P)) and enzymatic hydrolysis time (t). The prediction by the model using the test dataset gave acceptable performance measures (mean absolute error, MAE, and residual standard deviation, RSD), equivalent to those obtained for the validation and training datasets. The dynamic models developed can be used to predict G(Yield) during enzymatic hydrolysis of H2SO4-catalyzed hydrothermally (CHP) pre-treated sugarcane bagasse, which promote a successful hydrolysis process control.
Clostridium acetobutylicum B530 has ability to convert sugar into biobutanol through two phases, i. e. acidogenic and solventogenic. This fermentation process is often hampered by high raw material cost and low product yield. In order to suppress the production cost, the molasses, a byproduct of sugar cane process production, was used as carbon source in this research. Molasses has nitrogen content in a small amount, thus could be negating the beef extract component, which is expected not to affect the growth of C. acetobutylicum B530 and also can reduce the production cost. In addition, a certain amount of Fe2+ (ferrous ion), a precursor in the formation of the enzyme ferredoxin, was added to the fermentation medium to contribute in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA, so that the formation of acidogenic products such as butyric acid and acetic acid is affected. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ferrous ion and the medium composition in acidogenic phase. The addition of 20 ppm FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O in the fermentation medium without beef extract can increase the concentration of butyric acid by 20\% at a temperature of 35 degrees C, while acetic acid concentration decreased by 6\%. According to those results, it is expected that the product selectivity of butanol will increase in solventogenic phase. In addition, the removal of beef extract in the fermentation medium does not affect the kinetics of growth of C. acetobutylicum B530.
The production of sugar, ethanol and electricity from sugarcane generates by-products such as leaves, bagasse, muds, ash and vinasse that are transformed through composting processes, where the enzymatic activity of microorganisms, promotes the mineralization of organic materials. These microorganisms can be enhanced for their biotechnological use in biodegradation processes of organic matter. The present research aimed to isolate and select microorganisms with enzymatic activity from compost piles and to produce a bio-inoculant with hydrolytic activity. By enzymatic activity tests, six bacterial strains were isolated, and characterized using BIOLOG (R). Amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymatic activities were evaluated in chemically defined media, incubated at 150 rpm and 37 and 55 degrees C for 48 h. Activity was quantified by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) techniques. Finally, for the production test of microbial culture, a non-commercial medium with vinasse and molasses was used in a BioFlo (R) 110 bioreactor. The results showed that microorganisms produced amylases, cellulases, lipases and proteases as hydrolytic enzymes both at mesophilic temperatures and under thermophilic conditions with higher expression at 24 h of incubation (p=0.025). Strain P1C, identified as Bacillus racemilacticus, presented significantly higher enzyme activities, with 457.20 amylolytic units, 135 cellulolytic units and 298 proteolytic units min(-1) L-1 (alpha=0.05). In mixed culture, the microbial growth followed a Gaussian model, where the higher amylolytic activity was expressed at 15 h with 365 amylolytic units min-1 and maximum biomass of 1x10(10) CFU mL(-1).
The application of a sugarcane distillery waste known as vinasse to agricultural land has become a common practice in Brazil. The vinasse samples used in this study were collected from several sugarcane distilleries in Northeastern Brazil. These samples were fractionated into dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) fractions. Unfractionated and fractionated vinasse were studied using C-13 cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy as well as diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (DR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Approximately 79 to 92\% of the total unfractionated vinasse dry matter was in the form of DOC fraction. O-alkyl C (42-53\% of the total C) and carboxyl C (12-25\% of the total C) comprised a significant portion of the C-13 NMR spectra of the DOC fraction. The presence of carbohydrates and COOH/COO- was suggested by the DR-FTIR as well. Both C-13 NMR and DR-FTIR spectra of this fraction were generally similar to the spectra of the fulvic acid (FA) fraction of soil and sewage sludge. The spectra of DOC differed from the FA fraction in that they showed smaller amounts of aromatic C and had an absence of amide group (bands at 1650 cm(-1) and 1540 cm(-1)). In the POC fraction, O-alkyl (17-52\% of the total C) and alkyl C (15-41\% of the total C) were the major contributors. The peaks at 62 ppm, 72 ppm, 84 ppm and 105 ppm in the O-alkyl region indicate the presence of cellulose and/or hemicellulose. The alkyl group was comprised mainly of long-chain structures. The total N content in this fraction is similar to 3-7 times as much as in the DOC fraction. The presence of amino acids in the POC fraction was suggested by both C-13 NMR and DR-FTIR spectra.
This work presents a technical analysis of an Integrated Biomass Direct Gasification/Gas Turbine (BIG-GT) technology within a sugarcane industry to produce electricity and thermal energy (process heat) using bagasse as fuel. Four possible configurations for the implementation of this technology were considered. A sensitivity analysis was made to assess the risks and the uncertainty level for each proposed solution. The results indicated that with the BIG-GT implementation the power generation efficiency increases for all the studied configurations as compared to the conventional system (eta = 14.3\%). For the configurations I, II, and III the efficiency increase was 9.1\%, 11.0\% and 12.6\%, respectively. However, to support these configurations of the system, the fuel (bagasse) consumption is increased beyond the production capacity of the mill, and the additional amount of bagasse must be acquired to other mills. On the other hand, in configuration IV it is only considered the gasification of the bagasse produced in the mill, being the additional needs of thermal energy for the industrial process supplemented through the combustion of other biomass types (sugarcane straw produced in the mill plantations) in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator. In configuration IV, the electricity generation efficiency is only 5.9\% higher than the conventional cycle, this efficiency is getting without the need for an external supply of bagasse. Ultimately, the sensitivity analysis showed that the plant's energy performance with the implementation of BIG-GT technology is particularly sensitive to variations related to the gasifier's efficiency. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work aims the study of the drying (25 +/- 3 degrees C-150 degrees C) and thermal decomposition (150-900 degrees C) of sugarcane straw kinetics in inert and oxidative atmospheres by nonisothermal thermogravimetry (TG) analysis using heating rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 C/min. The drying kinetic analysis was carried out using five models, Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Midilli and Logaritmic, obtaining the activation energy of 1.25 kJ/mol, in which the Page's model showed to be the most accurate description for both atmospheres. The thermal decomposition kinetics was analyzed through three consecutive reactions scheme, obtaining activation energies of 130, 200 and 56 kJ/mol as well as 200, 350 and 100 kJ/mol for both atmospheres, respectively. The consecutive reaction scheme allowed an excellent agreement between experimental and modeled data, providing a quality of fit similar than the obtained with independent parallel reactions scheme.
The goal of this study was to sequential fermentation of hydrogen and methane from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Steam explosion conditions for pretreating SCB were optimum at 195 degrees C and 1.5 min, which yielded 36.35 g/L of total sugar and 2.35 g/L of total inhibitors. Under these conditions (all in g/L): glucose, 11.33; xylose, 24.41; arabinose, 0.61; acetic acid, 2.33; and furfural, 0.02 were obtained. The resulting hydrolysate was used to produce hydrogen by anaerobic mixed cultures. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 396.50 mL H-2/L day was achieved at an initial pH of 6 and an initial total sugar concentration of 10 g/L. The effluent from the hydrogen fermentation process was further used to produce methane. Response surface methodology with central composite design was used to obtain the suitable conditions for maximizing methane production rate (MPR). An MPR of 185.73 mL/L day was achieved at initial pH, Ni and Fe concentrations of 7.59, 3.61 mg/L and 8.44 mg/L, respectively. Total energy of 304.11 kJ/L-substrate was obtained from a sequential fermentation of hydrogen and methane. This approach will not only add value to SCB, in the form of safe and clean energy, but also provide a solution for making use of this abundant waste. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Furfuryl alcohol is extracted from the waste of sugarcane bagasse. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA), as a matrix, is obtained from the acid catalysed polymerization of furfuryl alcohol. The difficulties encountered in the conversion of furfuryl alcohol as monomers into polyfurfuryl alcohol by homopolymerization are attributed to the exothermic reaction often leading to dangerous explosion, which can be overcome by the approach presented in the South African and World Patents {[
Lignocellulosic biomasses have a very important role as a raw material to produce biofuels and biochemicals. However, a sustainable, efficient, and economically competitive process for the release of sugars from such materials has still not been achieved. In this work, the optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis cocktail was evaluated as an approach to maximize sugar extraction from mildly pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Different additives and enzymes, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), laccase, hemicellulase and the surfactants Tween 80 and PEG4000 were added to a cellulolytic cocktail with the aim of improving biomass hydrolysis. An increase of 39 \% and 46 \% of glucose and xylose concentrations, respectively, compared to the control (when only the cellulolytic cocktail (20 or 35 FPU g-1 dry mass), was obtained when H2O2 (0.24 mM) was added at the beginning of the hydrolysis. On the other hand, the addition of hemicellulase (81-162 \& mu;L g � 1 DM) increased the production of glucose up to 38 \% and xylose up to 50 \%. The findings of this study reveal that it is possible to increase the extraction of sugars from mildly pretreated lignocellulosic biomass by using an appropriate enzymatic cocktail supplemented with additives. This opens up new opportunities for the development of a more sustainable, efficient, and economically competitive process for biomass fractionation.
Five trials were developed conditions aiming to evaluate the influence of sowing depth and soil cover condition of seedling emergence of five Convolvulaceae family species (Ipomoea hederifolia. I. nil, I. quamoclit. I. triloba and Merremia cissoides). A factorial scheme was useful for sowing depths (0, 20, 40 and 80 mat) and. two soil conditions (exposed or covered with sugarcane straw in an amount proportional to 10 tha(-1)):arranged in a randomized block design and four replicates. Emerged Seedlings Were counted daily and in the end of the trials, emergence index speed Was calculated. Regarding soil-sowing depth, higher emergence was observed for seeds distributed on the soil surface, both in the presence and absence of straw. Considering emergence of I. hederifolia and I. nil. no soil cover nor even depth x cover interaction effects were observed. For I. quamoclit. isolated soil cover effects and seed distribution depth were observed. indicating better adaptability of the species to emerge in soil without the presence of straw on die surface. Also for the species L triloba and M. cissoides. emergence was lower in the plots With straw on the soil surface. compared to those Without straw. In addition, Straw distributed on the Soil surface reduced emergence speed and seedling establishment.
Laccase is among the major enzymes which plays an important role in ligninolytic system of fungi. Laccase production by Aspergillus heteromorphus was studied using anaerobically treated distillery spent wash (ADSW) and lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass (rice straw, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse) generated during biomass processing leads to solid waste and distillery spent wash is unwanted liquid waste produced by distilleries, both causes environmental pollution. Two mineral media and anaerobically treated distillery spent wash medium was tested for laccase production. Enzyme production in various media and in presence and absence of lignocellulosic biomass supplements showed that anaerobically treated distillery spent wash medium was a better laccase inducer medium than the mineral media. Addition of lignocellulosic biomass enhances laccase production and highest laccase activity was obtained in 5\% anaerobically treated distillery spent wash medium with rice straw. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulose conversion into cellulosic ethanol and coproducts starts with a pretreatment step. Most current industrial plants of cellulosic ethanol use thermochemical pretreatments under hydrothermal conditions, with or without addition of acid catalyst. Such pretreatments modify biomass chemistry and morphology, particularly at the nanoscale. In this work, we use X-ray diffraction, dynamic vapor sorption and calorimetric thermoporometry to investigate the biomass nanostructural changes promoted by hydrothermal conditions. We compare and differentiate the rind and pith fractions of sugarcane stalks in order to contribute to the understanding of rind-pith contrasting recalcitrance. Moreover, for both cane fractions our results point consistently to cellulose co-crystallization, lignin aggregation, and opening of nanoscale pores as the main nanostructural phenomena occurring during hydrothermal treatments.
Biomass enzymatic hydrolysis depends on the pretreatment methods employed, the composition of initial feedstock and the enzyme cocktail used to release sugars for subsequent fermentation into ethanol. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with 1\% H2SO4 and 1\% NaOH and the biomass saccharification was performed with 8\% solids loading using 10 FPase units/g of bagasse of the enzymatic extract from Chrysoporthe cubensis and three commercial cocktails for a comparative study. Overall, the best glucose and xylose release was obtained from alkaline pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The C. cubensis extract promoted higher release of glucose (5.32 g/L) and xylose (9.00 g/L) than the commercial mixtures. Moreover, the C. cubensis extract presented high specific enzyme activities when compared to commercial cocktails mainly concerning to endoglucanase (331.84 U/mg of protein), beta-glucosidase (29.48 U/mg of protein), beta-xylosidase (2.95 U/mg of protein), pectinase (127.46 U/mg of protein) and laccase (2.49 U/mg of protein). (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Organic acid pretreatment has generated much interest as one of the high potential methods for promoting enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials. Organic acids are preferred during pretreatment because they are less hazardous than conventional ones and produce less in-hibitory fermentation by-products. In the present study, three organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid, and acetic acid) and inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid) were studied to produce bioethanol and biogas from sugarcane bagasse. An optimization design (Box-Behnken Design (BBD)) among different optimization designs of response surface methodology (RSM) was considered to deter-mine the pretreatment optimum conditions. On this basis, citric acid (CA)pretreatment resulted in maximum glucose yield (7.93 mg/mL) during saccharification. FTIR analysis of the pretreated samples showed that the structure of lignocellulose was changed in higher proportions for the sample pretreated with an organic acid. An increase in cellulose portion and maximum removal of hemicellulose with lower furan generations was observed in organic acid samples. In this study, the maximum solubilization of hemicellulose in hydrochloric acid was also observed due to the abundance of free H+ ions to catalyze the reaction. The ethanol and biogas yield increased by 1.96 and 1.85-fold for citric acid and oxalic acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse, respectively than untreated samples. The present study concluded that oxalic acid and citric acid pretreatment showed the potential to enhance the yield of bioethanol and biogas, respectively. An organic acid in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass can replace traditional methods of using inorganic acids in biorefineries.
Pressing time and temperatures are factors that can influence positively briquettes durability characteristics. This work aimed to analyze physical-mechanical characteristics of sugarcane straw briquettes, produced with different pressing times and two briquetting temperatures, 26 degrees C and 100 degrees C. The characterization of the biomass was made through the tests of proximate analysis and higher heating value (HHV). It was used particles smaller than 1.70 mm and moisture content of 11.5\%. Four types of briquettes/treatments were prepared with 15 replicates: A (control, 26 degrees C, 30 s), B (100 degrees C, 30 s), C (100 degrees C, 150 s), D (100 degrees C, 300 s). A hydraulic press was used to briquetting and a muffle was used to heating the cylindrical mold. The longitudinal expansion was measured 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after briquetting. Briquette resistance was performed by compression and friability test. The results were 80.87 \% for volatiles, 5.41 \% for ash content, 13.72 \% for fixed carbon and 18360 J.g(-1) for HHV (in natura). The results showed that the use of temperature and the highest pressing time applied in briquetting increase the compressive strength, durability and density of the briquettes. Treatment D showed the greater resistance, apparent density and durability rating, which was 1.246 MPa, 0.979 g/cm(3), 84.41 \%, respectively.
Biodiversity in ecosystems is threatened by plastic waste, a significant pollution problem. The research aims to use plastic, Pleorotus ostreatus mycelium, and sugarcane bagasse to develop an eco-friendly biomaterial. The preparation consisted of three phases: (1) Treatment of the underlying layer, (2) inoculation of the fungus (three different concentrations: 15\%, M1; 20\%, M2; and 25\%, M3), and (3) dehydration of the biomaterial. The physical characterization results (density, water absorption, and texture) showed that the average density varies between 127.86 and 131.19 kg/m(3); also, the M1 sample had a high percentage of water absorption (23.55\%), while M2 obtained lower percentages (11.79\%). In the bending test, samples M2 and M3 showed higher structural resistance with stress values of 0.682 and 0.68 MPa, respectively. Based on the results, the produced biomaterials may serve as an alternative to expanded polystyrene (EPS). Due to their moldable characteristics, they can be used in non-structural construction, packaging, and various architectural applications. The research provided promising results; however, additional parameters must be evaluated to be able to commercialize them.
The rapid growth of aquaculture and scarcity of conventional fish feed supplements has prompted the introduction of new sustainable supplementation sources. In this study, the potential of five strains of fungal biomass of Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes edible filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia, Rizhopus oryzae, Monascus purpureus, and Fusarium venenatum, cultivated on vinasse, a by-product of the bioethanol industry, as alternative protein sources for fishmeal in the fish diet was evaluated. It was observed that 5\% vinasse with an initial pH of 5-6.5 can support fungal biomass yields of 34.3 +/- 2.4-118.5 +/- 3.9 g DM/L for A. Oryzae, N. intermedia, and R. oryzae. High protein contents of about 44.7\%, 57.6\%, and 50.9\% (w/w), and fat contents of 7.0\%, 3.5\%, and 5.5\% (w/w) were obtained for A. oryzae, N. intermedia, and R. oryzae, respectively. The latter three fungi species contained noticeable amino acid contents, including promising profiles of amino acids that are highly compatible with those of fishmeal. These findings provide evidence that fungal biomasses, with their relatively high protein content, good amino acid profiles, and other essential nutrients, are a promising supplementation alternative that can be produced from low-value by-products and organic-rich waste streams like vinasse to meet the dietary protein requirements in fish feed.
H-2-production was evaluated using a microbial consortium from sugarcane bagasse in natura (SCBn) to ferment cellulose from pretreated SCB (SCBp; steam explosion and delignification alkaline). Six batch assays were performed: (1) 0.5 g/l SCBn + 0.5 g/l SCBp; (2) 2.0 g/l SCBn + 2.0 g/l SCBp; (3) 0.5 g/l SCBn + 0.5 g/l glucose; (4) 2.0 g/l SCBn + 2.0 g/l glucose; (5) 0.5 g/l SCBn; (6) 2.0 g/l SCBn. H-2-production was verified in all assays; however, the SCBp influenced the H2-production, since that was verified a higher production. The higher H-2-yield was in assay 1 (1.2 mol H-2/g substrate). The metabolites produced were ethanol and acetic, butyric, iso-butyric, lactic and propionic acids. In assays 1, 2, 5 and 6, the H-2-production occurred primarily via acetic acid. In assays 3 and 4, the main metabolite was butyric acid. Microorganisms identified were grouped into distinct phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, with a predominance of genera Clostridium and Tepidimicrobium that produce cellulolytic enzymes favoring the H-2-production from SCB. Copyright (C) 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this work was to evaluate cellulase enzyme production by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger by solid-state fermentation of different substrates. The solid substrates sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, soybean meal, and their mixtures were evaluated. The effects of substrate moisture contents (60, 70, and 80\% in humid basis) and of the supplementation with culture media: sucrose, basic Mandels \& Weber, modified Mandels \& Weber, with the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose, and Czapeck Dox, were evaluated in substrate with 90\% bagasse and 10\% soybean meal. The highest total cellulose and endoglucanase activities, in wheat bran, were obtained after 72 hours: 0.4 and 21.0 IU g(-1), respectively. There was an expressive increase in enzymatic activities as the proportion of bran in the substrate increased, in comparison to fermentation with sugarcane bagasse only. The 50\% moisture content was insufficient to fully hydrate sugarcane bagasse, and the ideal humidity varies according to the medium used for supplementation and is between 70 and 80\%. The modified Mandels \& Weber medium shows the best result as an inductor of enzymatic activity.
This paper reveals the structural variations of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) prepared from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using different methods and the organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials were constructed with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). First, pure cellulose was extracted from SCB, and four CNCs were successfully obtained. The huge differences in structure and properties provide a choice for various applications. Subsequently, novel CNC/POSS hybrid nanomaterials were prepared from carboxylated CNC via carbodiimide-assisted coupling chemistry. The morphology and properties of hybrids were investigated in detail. The hybrids exhibit great differences in structure and properties due to the difference in CNC. The incorporation of POSS has improved the thermal performance of the CNC, and the mass ratio has a significant impact on molecular structure. This work provides useful information for the preparation of multi-type CNCs using agricultural and forestry by-products, and the novel CNC/POSS hybrid has opened up new ideas for the application of nanocellulose.
Sugarcane is one of the most important agricultural crops in the Brazilian trade economics, however, this crop presents challenges in maintaining the physical structure of the soil throughout the production cycle. The ground cover has a direct interference in the compaction processes. However, the amount to be kept in the field remains a difficult to discover unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tread-soil interaction and penetration resistance provided by 600/50-22.5 bias-ply agricultural tire, under three different amounts of straw on the surface: 0, 15 and 30 Mg ha(-1). The tests were carried out at the Nempa Center Testing of Agroforestry Machines and Tires, UNESP/Botucatu-SP. The Fixed Tire Testing Unit was used, applying a constant and controlled load to the tire on standardized soil with different amounts of straw on the surface. The response to variables analyzed was the settlement contact area and the resistance soil penetration (RSP). The findings of the study showed that amount of straw on the ground attenuates the impact of wheelset on the soil and linearly increases the area of wheelhouse-soil interaction (r(2) = 0.98), contact width (r(2) = 0.97), contact length (r(2) = 0.86) and depth (r(2) = 0.99). The RSP is linearly inverse (r(2) = 0.97) to the amount of straw in the covering, where 15 Mg ha(-1) was found adequate to maintain soil quality due to machine traffic under the conditions analyzed.
Biological pretreatment was investigated to increase ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, like sugarcane bagasse. Enzyme secretion, changes in substrate composition, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol yield after pretreatment by different basidiomycetes were evaluated. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that Pleurotus pulmonarius PS2001 and Trametes villosa 82I6 promoted more extensive selective modifications in the lignin content. Glucose release during enzymatic hydrolysis of samples pretreated with P. pulmonarius PS2001 for 35, 42, and 49 days and with T. villosa 82I6 for 21, 28, and 49 days were higher than the control (48.5 +/- 2.38 mg/g), i.e., 68.4 +/- 0.7, 76.3 +/- 1.6, and 76.5 +/- 2.1 mg/g and 70.9 +/- 8.3, 77.8 +/- 5.8, and 77.6 +/- 4.2 mg/g, respectively. During the fermentation of hydrolysates of samples pretreated with T. villosa 82I6 for 14, 28, and 49 days, a maximum ethanol yield of 17.8 +/- 1.9, 19.1 +/- 2.8, and 20.2 +/- 0.5 mg/g, respectively, was achieved. A positive effect of biological pretreatment on hydrolysis and fermentation was demonstrated.
Development of-new economically feasible ecofriendly products from agricultural wastes or byproducts for shrimp farm wastewater treatment is the objective of our continued research. Ammonia is a nitrogenous toxicant, which is commonly found in wastewater from shrimp farms' In the present study, we explored the possibility of the use of simply and inexpensively prepared bagasse products so that this abundant crop byproduct could be used to remove ammonia from shrimp farm wastewater. Bagasse, a natural highly fibrous lignocellulosic byproduct of sugarcane, was converted into five different products. Experimental results have shown that ammonia is efficiently removed from wastewater by four bagasse products with a dose of 1 to 6 g/L within 24 hours. The effect of bagasse products on other water quality parameters and growth kinetics of biofilm bacteria onto bagasse fiber have also been studied. Efficacies of products were compared by using statistical analysis. Products developed from bagasse are useful and economical.
Bagasse was modified with sodium hydroxide and silane, and the obtained three polymer composite types, namely natural fiber, sugarcane bagasse, and plaster were procured by the two-roll mill method. The characterization of the modified sugarcane bagasse was achieved with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that the presence of Si-CH(3) group occurred on the bagasse surface after chemical modification. Adhesion force of cellulose changes after chemical treatment was observed from AFM. The optimum cure time (tc(90)) and torque of the natural fiber/plaster increased with increasing plaster loading in the composite. The modulus of the resulting composite increased with both plaster and bagasse but the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of the composite decreased as a function of plaster sugarcane bagasse. The polymer composite possesses the best properties at 5 part per hundred rubber (phr) bagasse loading and 30 phr plaster.
Bagasse is the residue after juicing sugarcane, and bagasse is a recyclable biological resource that can be used in many ways. Under arid climatic conditions, the clay material shrinks and loses water. Many crisscross drying shrinkage cracks formed on the surface and inside the soil will affect the stability of the soil. In this article, the cracking characteristics of clays with different bagasse contents during the evaporation process have been studied. The cracks were extracted and calculated by digital image processing technology, and the crack characteristics of samples with different bagasse contents were studied by fractal dimension and crack entropy. The results show that when moisture content maintains 34\%, the clay material forms only one main crack without bagasse, forms no crack with bagasse content of 9\%, and forms a crack network with the bagasse content of 3\%. Adding bagasse to the clay can advance the cracking time of the clay, and different contents of bagasse have different effects on the cracking time of the clay. Among these five experimental groups, the clay was affected the most with 3\% bagasse content, while the least effect happened with 6\% bagasse content. The time can be advanced when the clay crack entropy appears and increases the size of the crack entropy.
This paper presents the compared exergy analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse through Sequential Hydrolysis and Fermentation-SHF and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation-SSF configurations to obtain lignocellulosic ethanol. Four pre-treatment processes were considered: Steam Explosion-SE, Organosolv, Liquid Hot Water-LHW, and a combined SE and LHW method. The pre-treatments analysed simultaneously with the SHF (Cases 1, 3, 5 and 7) and SSF (Cases 2, 4, 6 and 8) configurations were carried out for the overall system focus on the wine production. Processes simulations were performed by using Aspen Plus (R) to a plant with 500 t/h milling capacity. The results for SHF configurations in terms of exergy efficiency rate were 60.0\% for case 1, 56.5\% for case 3, 58.3\% for case 5 and 59.4\% for case 7. For SSF configurations, the exergy efficiency obtained in case 2, case 4, case 6 and case 8 were 62.4\%, 58.3\%, 60.3\% and 61.5\%, respectively.
Compressive strength is one of the important property of concrete and depends on many factors. Most of the concrete compressive strength predictive models mainly rely on available literature data, which are too simple to consider all the contributing factors. This study adopted a new approach to predict the compressive strength of sugarcane bagasse ash concrete (SCBAC). A vast amount of data from the literature study and fifteen laboratory tested concrete samples with different dosage of bagasse ash, were respectively used to calibrate and validate the models. The novel Gene Expression Programming, Multiple Linear Regression and Multiple Non-Linear Regression were used to model SCBAC compressive strength. The water cement ratio, bagasse ash percent replacement, quantity of fine and coarse aggregate and cement content were used as an input for models development. Various statistical indicators, i.e., NSE, R(2)and RMSE were used to assess the performance of the models. The results indicated a strong correlation between observed and predicted values with NSE and R(2)both above 0.8 during calibration and validation for the Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The outcomes from GEP outclassed all the models to predict SCBAC compressive strength. The validity of the model is further verified using data of fifteen tests conducted in the laboratory. Moreover, the cement content in the mix was revealed as the most sensitive parameter followed by water cement ratio form sensitivity analysis. The GEP fulfilled all the criteria for external validity. The simple formulae derived in this study could be used reliably for the prediction of SCBAC compressive strength.
The evaluation of hexose and pentose in pre-cultivation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 yeast on xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzymes activities was performed during fermentation in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. The xylitol production was evaluated by using cells previously growth in 30.0 gl(-1) xylose, 30.0 gl(-1) glucose and in both sugars mixture (30.0 gl(-1) xylose and 2.0 gl(-1) glucose). The vacuum evaporated hydrolysate (80 gl(-1)) was detoxificated by ion exchange resin (A-860S; A500PS and C-150-Purolite(A (R))). The total phenolic compounds and acetic acid were 93.0 and 64.9\%, respectively, removed by the resin hydrolysate treatment. All experiments were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks at 200 rpm, 30A degrees C. The maximum XR (0.618 Umg (Prot) (-1) ) and XDH (0.783 Umg (Prot) (-1) ) enzymes activities was obtained using inoculum previously growth in both sugars mixture. The highest cell concentration (10.6 gl(-1)) was obtained with inoculum pre-cultivated in the glucose. However, the xylitol yield and xylitol volumetric productivity were favored using the xylose as carbon source. In this case, it was observed maximum xylose (81\%) and acetic acid (100\%) consumption. It is very important to point out that maximum enzymatic activities were obtained when the mixture of sugars was used as carbon source of inoculum, while the highest fermentative parameters were obtained when xylose was used.
Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulose pertains to a biomass fractionation process to obtain cellulosic pulp, high-purity lignin, and hemicellulosic syrup. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse was delignified by aqueous acetic acid (AcH) under atmospheric pressure with addition of sulfuric acid (SA) as a catalyst. Based on the multilayered structure of plant cell wall and the inhibitive effect of dissolved lignin on delignification rate, a novel pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed by introducing the concept of ``potential degree of delignification (d (D)){''
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) was utilized into biochar by pyrolysis and used as adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. SB biochar was produced at temperature 500 degrees C (SB500) and was characterized by moisture and ash content analysis, pH zero charge and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of SB500 showed that the organic part of SB500 was mainly composed of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin with different functional groups such as amines, phenols, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers for MB dye adsorption. The optimum adsorbent dosage of SB500 is 0.8g and reach equilibrium within 180 minutes with 5.9825 mg/g for adsorption capacity of MB dye. The kinetics of adsorption was preferable described by pseudo-second order while adsorption equilibrium was represented by Langmuir isotherm.
Degradation of lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues by means of complex microbial community is a promising approach providing efficient biomass decomposition for subsequent conversion to value-added products. In this study, an active thermophilic lignocellulose degrading microbial consortium was bred from high-temperature sugarcane bagasse compost by successive subcultivation under aerobic static conditions. The microbial consortium showed efficient degradation activity on potential biorefinery cellulosic substrates, including bagasse, rice straw, corn stover and industrial eucalyptus pulp sludge. The consortium was structurally stable with the co-existence of eight major microbes, comprising anaerobic bacterial genera Clostridium and Thermoanaerobacterium along with an aerobic/facultative anaerobic Rhodocyclaceae bacterium, bacilli, and uncultured bacteria. Majority of the lignocellullolytic activities including endo-glucanase, xylanase and beta-glucanase was present in the crude culture supernatant compared to the cell-bound fraction. Proteomic analysis of cellulose bound fraction of the crude extracellular enzyme revealed a multi-species lignocellulolytic enzyme system composed mainly of cellulosomal components and extracellular cellulases of clostridia along with hemicellulases and a beta-glucanase from Clostridium, Bacillus, and Thermobacillus related origins. This work presents the first report on analysis of the complex structurally stable lignocellulose degrading microbial consortium together with the characterization of its lignocellulolytic enzyme system applicable for biomass degradation and conversion in biotechnological industry. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids (ILs) has been extensively studied, being regarded as one of the most promising methods for obtaining fermentable sugars. In this research, it was investigated the production of ethanol from sugars released from sugarcane bagasse pretreated with the ionic liquids {[
The use of agroindustrial wastes, such as vinasse, may alter the soil chemical and physical characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the total organic carbon and total nitrogen in a soil and the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in the sand and clay granulometric fractions, in three management systems (with and without vinasse application and with burning for harvest, in comparison with primary/native forest coverage), regarding fertilization and harvesting of sugarcane, in the Midwest region of Brazil. The use of organic wastes in the sugarcane production system may promote, even in a short time frame, conservation and improvement of the soil quality by the addition and maintenance of organic carbon. The use of vinasse favors the increase of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen in the soil, in the clay fraction, at all evaluated depths. The system with burning results in lower total carbon levels in the sand fraction, in comparison with the clay fraction, and, even with the sugarcane harvest employing burning, the most recalcitrant organic matter is associated with the clay fraction.
Sugarcane is an important crop for sugar and biofuel production in Brazil. Growers depend greatly on herbicides to produce it. This experiment used herbicide physical-chemical and sugarcane plant physiological properties to simulate herbicide uptake and estimate the bioconcentration factor (BCF). The (BCF) was calculated for the steady state chemical equilibrium between the plant herbicide concentration and soil solution. Plant-water partition coefficient (sugarcane bagasse-water partition coefficient), herbicide dilution rate, metabolism and dissipation in the soil-plant system, as well as total plant biomass factors were used. In addition, we added Tebuthiuron at rate of 5.0 kg a.i. ha(-1) to physically test the model. In conclusion, the model showed the following ranking of herbicide uptake: sulfentrazone > picloram > tebuthiuron > hexazinone > metribuzin > simazine > ametryn > diuron > clomazone > acetochlor. Furthermore, the highest BCF herbicides showed higher Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) index indicating high leaching potential. We did not find tebuthiuron in plants after three months of herbicide application.
It is well known that Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world. Nevertheless, a great concern exists about the crop system used, because the most common practice is manual harvesting with prior straw burning. The Brazilian authorities have approved a law prohibiting the burning of sugarcane crop residue before harvesting. However, mechanized harvesting creates the new problem of having to deal with the residue. Many studies have indeed proposed the use of this residue as an energy source. A major difficulty in using this residue is how to economically transport sugarcane harvest biomass from a farm to a processing centre. Besides transport costs, another concern is knowing whether the energy generated by the straw offsets the energy used, in terms of fuel, in the process. This study proposes a multiobjective integer linear programming optimization model to choose sugarcane varieties so as to minimize costs in the use of crop residue and simultaneously maximize the energy balance in such a process. Computational results are presented and discussed.
Bioethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic material, however, due to the material recalcitrance, a pretreatment step is needed to improve cellulose accessibility. Dilute acid pretreatment improves the cellulose digestibility but it generates sugar and lignin degradation products. The sugarcane leaf was subjected to different operating conditions such as reaction time (10-60 min), temperature (120-80 degrees C), and sulfuric acid concentration (2-20\%, m/m equivalent to 0.2-1.8 m/v) to evaluate the released sugars, degradation products, and pseudo-lignin formation. The conditions that resulted in higher pseudo-lignin formation were the most severe, 25.46\% of pseudo-lignin. The sample with the highest pseudo-lignin formation was among those with the lowest glucose yield after the enzymatic hydrolysis, indicating that there was a pseudo-lignin inhibition. The best pretreatment conditions to maximize the enzymatic hydrolysis was 60 min of reaction at 180 degrees C and 2\% of sulfuric acid, resulting in 94.56\% of cellulose conversion into glucose.
Growth kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose syrup from cassava starch and sugarcane molasses were studied using batch and fed-batch cultivation. The optimum temperature and pH required for growth were 30 degrees C and pH 5.5, respectively, In batch culture the productivity and overall cell yield were 0.31 g L(-1) h(-1) and 0.23 g cells g(-1) sugar, respectively, on glucose syrup and 0.22 g L(-1) h(-1) and 0.18 g cells g(-1) sugar, respectively, on molasses. In fed-batch cultivation, a productivity of 3.12 g L(-1) h(-1) and an overall cell yield of 0.52 g cells g(-1) sugar were achieved in glucose syrup cultivation and a productivity of 2.33 g L(-1) h(-1) and an overall cell yield of 0.46 g cells g(-1) sugar were achieved in molasses cultivation by controlling the reducing sugar concentration at its optimum level obtained from the fermentation model. By using an on-line ethanol sensor combined with a porous Teflon(R) tubing method in automating the feeding of substrate in the fed-batch culture, a productivity of 2.15 g L(-1) h(-1) with a yield of 0.47 g cells g(-1) sugar was achieved using glucose syrup as substrate when ethanol concentration was kept at a constant level by automatic control.
Petroleum contains carcinogens and toxic substances that can have an unfavorable impact on environmental quality and human health when the soil becomes contaminated with crude oil. BBiostimulation and bioaugmentation are the main strategies in the bioremediation of oilcontaminated soils. To decompose old-aged petroleum pollution in saline soil, a full factorial experiment was utilized. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized design with four factors: bacterial inoculum, sugarcane bagasse, chemical fertilizer, and molasses. The application of these factors was conducted in four separate experiments: pretreatment of agricultural soil and spent mushroom compost, pretreatment of spent mushroom compost, pretreatment of agricultural soil, and no pretreatment. After a 60-day incubation period at 28 C, the results showed that the organic wastes of molasses and spent mushroom compost in combination with bacterial inoculum reduced total petroleum hydrocarbons 38 and 33.3\%, respectively. Molasses had a considerable impact on increasing the efficiency of bacterial inoculum 1 and bacterial inoculum 3. Similarly, spent mushroom compost was found to significantly affect bacterial inoculum 1. In addition, bagasse was observed to accelerate the bioremediation process by improving the physical conditions of the soil. In the pretreatment of agricultural soil, bagasse in combination with bacterial inoculum 1 and chemical fertilizer reduced the total petroleum hydrocarbons significantly (38\%) compared to the control treatment. These results highlight the effectiveness of organic wastes as biostimulation agents in promoting the growth and reproduction of the soil microbial community, as well as establishing the bacterial inoculum.
Waste cooking oil is increasingly becoming a significant component of biodiesel feedstock and its conversion to FAME requires coupling of esterification and transesterification processes. In this study, new environmentally benign catalysts were prepared from oil palm trunk and sugarcane bagasse, which are sustainable because of the superfluity of oil palm trunk and abundant supply of bagasse. Effect of preparation variable, surface acidity and textural properties, pre-esterification of FFA in oil matrices and transesterification of waste oil under pseudo-infinite methanol and conventional methods were investigated. The preparation variable, H2SO4 impregnation time showed marginal effect on sulfonic acid density after 6 h, and the corresponding values for 6-10 h impregnations were 1.33 +/- 0.01-1.41 +/- 0.01mmol g(-1) for OPT and 1.44 +/- 0.01-1.48 +/- 0.01mmol g(-1) for SCB catalysts. In esterification of palmitic acid, activity of catalysts with different H2SO4 impregnation time correlates with their sulfonic acid density. The catalysts demonstrated rapid esterification of FFA in oil matrices under pseudo infinite methanol, reducing its content from 42 wt.\% to <1 wt.\% in just 15 min. Similarly, the conversions of waste oil by OPT and SCB derived catalysts were 80.6\% and 83.2\%, respectively after 4 h under pseudo-infinite methanol, and 43.7\% and 45\%, respectively after 6 h under conventional method. These catalysts have shown remarkable properties that are suitable for biodiesel production from waste oil. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the world's largest in volume agricultural waste, converting sugarcane bagasse into valuable compost is of great significance for the sustainable management of tropical soils. However, the traditional composting of sugarcane bagasse generates a low-quality compost product due to sugarcane bagasse is lignocellulose-rich agricultural waste. Moreover, the influence of compost on soil properties, and crop production in tropical soils has not been sufficiently explored yet. Consequently, the aim of this study was to 1) investigate the influence of bacterial consortium on the composting process of sugarcane bagasse mixed with chicken manure; and 2) evaluate the impact of traditional compost (CP), compost prepared by adding bacterial consortium (CP + BC), and CP + BC mixed with chemical fertilizers (CP + BC + CF) on arecanut production and soil quality. Supplementation of the compost with bacterial consortium shortened the heating period by 2 days, prolonged the thermophilic period by 8.33-12.5 \%, and reduced the temperature to near the ambient temperature on day 40. The final C/N ratio of the compost after bacterial consortium (0.4 \%) supplementation was 12.8 \% lower compared to no supplementation, and the total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen increased by 17.5 \% and 254 \%, respectively. Compared with chemical fertilizers (CF), the compost application did not significantly affect arecanut yield and leaf nutrient content, but improved the soil properties. The total nitrogen increased from 1.08 in CF to 2.11 g/ kg in CP + BC + CF, and soil organic matter increased from 20.9 in CF to 41.4 g/ kg in CP + BC, while pH increased from 4.69 in CF to 6.18 in CP + BC + CF. The compost application also reshaped soil bacterial community ecology in the arecanut orchard, and the bacterial consortium-enhanced compost mixed with a low dose of chemical fertilizers was the optimal treatment.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the fibrous material obtained from ethanol-water fractionation of bagasse as reinforcement of thermoplastic starches in order to improve their mechanical properties. The composites were elaborated using matrices of corn and cassava starches plasticized with 30 wt\%glycerin. The mixtures (0,5,10 and 15 wt\% bagasse fiber) were elaborated in a rheometer at 150 degrees C. The mixtures obtained were pressed on a hot plate press at 155 degrees C. The test specimens were obtained according to ASTM D638. Tensile tests, moisture absorption tests for 24 days (20-23 degrees C and 53\% RH, ASTM E104), and dynamic-mechanical analyses (DMA) in tensile mode were carried out. Images by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were obtained. Fibers (10 wt\% bagasse fiber) increased tensile strength by 44\% and 47\% compared to corn and cassava starches, respectively. The reinforcement (15 wt\% bagasse fiber) increased more than fourfold the elastic modulus on starch matrices. The storage modulus at 30 C (E-30 degrees C') increased as the bagasse fiber content increased, following the trend of tensile elastic modulus. The results indicate that these fibers have potential applications in the development of biodegradable composite materials. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Efficient lactic acid production from cane sugar molasses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii mutant Uc-3 in batch fermentation process is demonstrated. Lactic acid fermentation using molasses was not significantly affected by yeast extract concentrations. The final lactic acid concentration increased with increases of molasses sugar concentrations up to 190 g/liter. The maximum lactic acid concentration of 166 g/liter was obtained at a molasses sugar concentration of 190 g/liter with a productivity of 4.15 g/liter/h. Such a high concentration of lactic acid with high productivity from molasses has not been reported previously, and hence mutant Uc-3 could be a potential candidate for economical production of lactic acid from molasses at a commercial scale.
Biochars may enhance the retention capacity of metals in soils, especially in highly weathered tropical soil whose low cation exchange capacity renders heavy metals mobile, and thus be able to leach from soils. We evaluated the effect of sugarcane-straw-derived biochar on sorption and desorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) in two tropical soils in particular to distinguish primary and secondary mechanisms of metal retention. To test the efficiency of biochar to retain heavy metals, sugarcane-straw-derived biochar was mixed with a clayey Oxisol and an Entisol both from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in batch testing to obtain sorption-desorption isotherms of Cd(II) and Zn(II) and measure the release/displacement of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) or precipitation with phosphate during the sorption process. Biochar increased the sorption (including adsorption and precipitation) of both metals in both soils but that most sorption reactions were reversible under buffer acidic conditions, due to dissolution of precipitates in low pH values (< 4.9). Exchange of Cd or Zn with Ca and Mg from the biochar was found to play a minor role on the retention mechanism, whereas surface precipitation (mainly in the Entisol) of the metals (e.g. with phosphate) was likely to be the main sorption mechanism. Application of sugarcane-straw-derived biochar to heavy-metal-contaminated tropical soils seems justified because of its sorptive capacity for Cd and Zn. However, binding reactions on surfaces were reversible, mainly for Cd(II), resulting in the likelihood that repeat applications of biochar would be required to maintain reduced soil solution concentrations of Cd and Zn over time, thus avoiding phytotoxicity and associated environmental risks.
The aim of this study is to assess the possibility of increasing ethanol production by introducing the bagasse hydrolysis process into conventional distilleries. Simulations were performed for mass and energy balances using Aspen Plus (R) software. It was assumed that sugarcane trash and lignin cake-hydrolysis process residues-are available as supplementary fuel. Several cases were evaluated, including: (a) conventional ethanol distillery, (b) conventional plant combined with a hydrolysis process without heat integration, with different solid contents in the hydrolysis reactor, and (c) conventional plant combined with the hydrolysis process applying heat integration by pinch analysis. The highest ethanol yield was achieved in the case of heat integration and concentration of cellulose hydrolysate by the membrane system with a solid content of 5\% in the hydrolysis reactor. This represents an increase of 22\% over conventional distilleries currently found in the industry.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) resulting from different pretreatments was hydrolyzed by enzyme cocktails based on replacement of cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L:Novozym 188 = 1 FPU:4 pNPGU) by xylanase or pectinase at different proportions. Lignin content of NaOH pretreated SCB and hemicellulose content of H2SO4 pretreated SCB were the lowest. NaOH pretreatment showed the best for monosaccharide production among the four pretreatments. Synergism was apparently observed between cellulase and xylanase for monosaccharide production from steam exploded SCB (SESB), NaOH, and H2O2 pretreated SCB. No synergism was observed between cellulase and pectinase for producing glucose. Additionally, no synergism was present when H2SO4 pretreated SCB was used. Replacement of 20\% of the cellulase by xylanase enhanced the glucose yield by 6.6\%, 8.8\%, and 9.5\% from SESB, NaOH, and H2O2 pretreated SCB, respectively. Degree of synergism between cellulase and xylanase had positive relationship with xylan content and was affected by hydrolysis time. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In the present communication nanocellulose was prepared from agricultural waste sugarcane bagasse and used for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue. Nanocellulose was prepared using bleaching treatment of agricultural waste followed by acid hydrolysis. SEM, TEM and TGA techniques were used to characterize prepared nanocellulose particles. Adsorption studies were optimized using simple batch experiments. Maximum sorption efficiency obtained for the removal of methylene blue using nanocellulose is 35 mg/g. The adsorption process fitted well for both Langmuir and freundlich isotherms. Regeneration studies signify that nanocellulose can be used successively up to 6 cycles of adsorption/desorption.
Bagasse is a solid waste that remains after crushing sugarcane. Since bagasse is used as a fuel in sugar mills, characterization of its thermal degradation is rather important in order to use it efficiently. Thermal analysis of bagasse was carried out using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG) under oxidizing and inert atmospheres. Kinetic studies were based on weight loss obtained from TG analysis. Thermal degradation of bagasse takes place in two stages: volatilization and carbonization. The reaction rate, activation energy, entropy change, enthalpy change, and Gibbs free energy for the two thermal stages were calculated. The results indicated that activation energy for the volatilization stage is higher than that of decarbonization stage, and that both the rate constant and activation energy for combustion are higher than those of pyrolysis. (C) 1996 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.
The production of ethanol from sugarcane bagasse by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using thermotolerant Kluveromyces marxianus var. marxianus and commercial cellulase of Accellerase 1000 was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse pretreated with NaOH at the room temperature for 24 h resulted in an increase in cellulose content to 55.2\% (w/w). With 10\% of water-insoluble-solids (WIS) at pH 5.0 supplemented with 0.2 ml cellulase/g-WIS and 1 g/L of thermotolerant yeast, the SSF of pretreated sugarcane bagasse conducted in flasks led to a respective theoretical ethanol yield of 85.1\%, 92.2\% and 76.2\% under 37, 42 and 45 degrees C As the rotary drum reactor was scaled up to 100L and loaded with 10 kg alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, the SSF at 42 degrees C for 72 h along with same doses of WIS, cellulase and yeast resulted in a final ethanol concentration and the theoretical ethanol yield of 24.6 g/L and 79\%, respectively. These observations indicated that the performance and the chosen SSF operating conditions for the scale-up drum reactor was as effective as those attained from flask runs. As demonstrated, the use of rotary drum reactor for cellulosic ethanol production under SSF operating conditions is simple to scale up and shows commercial potential. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present work studied low-cost carbon sources for carotenoid and lipid production using the yeast Rhodosporidum toruloides NCYC 921. Carob pulp syrup and sugarcane molasses at different concentrations were used as low-cost carbon sources in R. toruloides batch cultivations. Carob pulp syrup containing a total sugar concentration of 75 g L-1 induced the highest total fatty acid productivity (1.90 g L-1 h(-1)) and the highest carotenoid productivity (9.79 mu g L-1 h(-1)). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that most of the yeast cells (>60\%) grown on carob pulp syrup displayed intact polarised membranes, conversely to the cells grown on sugarcane molasses, wherein a large proportion (>45\%) displayed permeabilised cytoplasmic membranes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study presents an economical and environmental appraisal of the Biomass Integrated Gasification/ Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (BIG-GTCC) introduction in a Brazilian sugarcane mill to increase the mill power generation potential. The analysis considers the introduction of torrefaction technology as a pretreatment procedure for wet bagasse to settle the feeding problems experienced during the gasifier continuous operation using this powdered feedstock. The environmental impacts after integrating the BIG-GTCC technology were determined using the life cycle assessment. When analyzed for the behavior of expected annual revenue in both configurations, the implementation of gasification of the surplus volume of the plant bagasse appears as the best option from an economic and environmental viewpoint. ? 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Greener composites, as alternatives to more common materials, should also achieve technical and economic feasibility to be commercially competitive. This study presents the results obtained from using a biodegradable starch-based matrix, and a natural fiber reinforcement coming from sugarcane bagasse, currently an agro-waste. The sugarcane bagasse biomass was treated to obtain four kinds of fibers with different morphological and chemical properties. The fibers were used to obtain composite materials, which were then tested for tensile properties. The results showed that some of the composites were suitable to replace high density polyethylene, from a technical and environmental point of view. The comparatively higher cost of the biobased matrices hinders the substitution, but the higher the fiber content, the lower the economic disadvantage. A micromechanical test and a sensitivity analysis showed that the fiber orientation had the highest impact on the tensile strength, followed by the fibers mean length and the quality of the interphase between the fibers and the matrix.
Molasses is an abundant biomass waste that remains after the manufacture of sucrose in sugar industries. This material still contains a large amount of sucrose, which is an attractive feedstock for the production of renewable chemicals. However, such real biomass often contains impurities that work as catalyst poisons in the chemical conversion, and thus the study on the effect of catalyst poisons and their removal is crucial to establish biorefinery. Herein, we report the pretreatment and catalytic conversion of sugarcane molasses to synthesize sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol) that are versatile precursors to chemicals. In the adsorption pretreatment of molasses, Montmorillonite K10 selectively reduced organosulfur and organonitrogen compounds with no adsorption of sugars. Pristine molasses gives a low yield of sugar alcohols with low selectivity in the presence of a sponge nickel catalyst, but the pretreated sample provides up to 84\% yield after optimization of reaction conditions. The correlation between the content of impurities and hydrogenation activity, controlled experiments, and density functional theory calculations show that organosulfur compounds are the main catalyst poisons due to the strong adsorption on nickel by the electron donation from S 3s3p hybrid orbitals to Ni unoccupied ones predominantly consisting of 4p.
The presence of cadmium ions (Cd2+) has been an urgent issue in water environmental protection. In this paper, sugarcane bagasse was treated with nitric acid for the preparation of an adsorbent, on which the adsorption process for Cd2+ was consistent with quasi-second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherm agreed with the Langmuir expression, and the maximum Cd2+ adsorption capacity reached 119.3 mg/g. After elution with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), the high adsorption capacity could be completely restored. As the common ions in natural hard water, Ca2+ exhibited a weak inhibition effect on the adsorption for Cd2+ while Mg2+ completely poisoned the adsorbent. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) results showed that carboxylate groups were generated after treatment with nitric acid and neutralization with sodium carbonate, and a wavenumber shift of 9 cm(-1) at the band corresponding to carboxylate groups was observed after Cd2+ doping. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) results showed that compared to that of Cd(NO3)(2) the binding energy of Cd 3d(3) and Cd 3d(5) in adsorbed Cd2+ was decreased by 0.9 eV, indicating that the electrons in carboxylate groups were captured by Cd2+ during the adsorption process. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations clarified that total energy and Gibbs free energy declined by 23.1 and 66.7 kJ/mol due to the chelation behavior between Cd2+ and carboxylate, indicating that carboxylate groups were active sites for Cd2+ removal. According to these results, carboxylate groups are highly recommended in the fabrication of Cd2+ adsorbents.
New management strategies should be identified to increase the potential of bioenergy crops to minimize climate change. This study quantified the impact of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvest systems, straw and soil management on carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes prior to crop replanting carried out on February 2010 in southern Brazil. The soil studied was classified as Haplustult (USDA Soil Taxonomy). Three sugarcane harvest systems were considered: burned (BH) and green harvest with straw maintained on (GH SM) or removed from (GH SR) the soil surface. Our hypothesis is that intensive tillage and the management of sugarcane crop straw could lead to higher CO2 emissions from soil. We measured CO2 emissions in no-till (NT) conditions and after conventional tillage (CT), and with or without dolomite and agricultural gypsum applications. Soil CO2 emissions were measured with a Li Cor chamber (Model Li-8100). Water content of soil and soil temperature readings were first taken 24 h after tillage, over the next 25 days after tillage with 18 measurement days. The removal of sugarcane straw from the soil surface resulted in the rapid reduction of water content of soil (6\% in volume) followed by a 64\% increase in soil CO2-C emissions, supporting our hypothesis. Additional soil CO2-C emissions caused by removal of crop straw were 253 kg CO2-C ha(-1), which is as high as CO2-C losses induced by tillage. Dolomite and agricultural gypsum applications did not always increase CO2 emissions, especially when applied on soil surface with crop straw and tilled. The conversion from burned to green harvest systems can improve the soil C sequestration rate in sugarcane crops when combined with reduced tillage and straw maintenance on soil surface. The effect of straw removal and related CO2 emission for electricity generation should be considered in further studies from sugarcane areas.
The downward trend of global sugar market prices, as well as rising energy prices, threaten the survival of the South African sugar industry. Operating a single-stage sugar crystallization process, which produces less crystalline sugar along with sucrose-rich A-molasses as a by-product, to which value can be added in an integrated biorefinery, could be a viable solution for the industry. It would offer a diversification option as opposed to the current three-stage crystallization process designed to achieve maximum sugar recovery. This study presents a rigorous Aspen Plus simulation development and economic assessment of different biorefinery scenarios producing succinic acid (SA) and short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) from A-molasses at target market sizes of 440 kt/year and 160 kt/year, respectively, considering the production capacity and market price interplays. In all, seven scenarios of single- or multi-product(s) biorefinery annexed to an existing sugar mill were developed and assessed. Due to the integration benefits, all scenarios studied delivered an internal rate of return (IRR) between 24.1-61.1\%, significantly above the required discount rate of 9.7\%. In particular, co-production of SA and scFOS syrup at production rates 40.5 kt/year and 13.5 kt/year from 70\% and 30\% of the A-molasses, respectively resulted in the IRR of 56.1\% and was considered the most attractive scenario based on the diverse bio-production, economic performance and easy market entry of the products determined by low minimum selling prices. The proposed integration can lead to the sustainable operation of existing sugar mills by utilizing resources more efficiently, employment of product diversification and job creation. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanocomposites reinforced by different percentages of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared using glutaraldehyde, as a chemical cross-linker, in the form of chemically cross-linked superabsorbent hydrogels (SAHs). CNFs were isolated from sugarcane bagasse fibers through the combination of chemo-mechanical pretreatments. The swelling behaviors of the resultant SAHs were studied in water, different pHs, and various salt solutions. The absorption kinetics of the as-prepared SAHs at different CNFs percentages was also investigated. SEM images showed that the addition of nanofibers into the hydrogel matrix increased the averaged-dimension of porous. The swelling capacity of SAH in water at 7 wt\% CNFs was found to be 277 g(water)/g(absorbent), which was measured to be 193 g(water)/g(absorbent) for the unreinforced SAH indicating 43\% enhancement. Based on the kinetics study, the more swelling capacity the SAHs had, the less requisite time they required to reach the equilibrium swelling. Moreover, although the swelling of SAHs in salt solutions significantly decreased, adding CNFs somewhat ameliorated their absorption capacity. On average, the hydrogel swelling increased about 47\% at all pHs after incorporation of 7 wt\% CNFs.
Mechanical sugarcane harvest without burning and continuous straw on the soil surface may affect the Rottboellia exaltata infestation dynamics in sugarcane fields. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted with the aim of studying the effects of sowing depth (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 cm), amount of sugarcane straw on the soil surface (0, 5, 10, and 15 ton ha(-1)), and residual herbicide (clomazone, flumioxazin, imazapyr, isoxaflutole, and s-metolachlor) on the emergence of Rottboellia exaltata. For each experiment, a completely randomized design with four replicates was applied. The combination of mulch on soil surface (especially with larger amounts of straw) with deeper sowing depths provides less emergence and mass accumulation of R. exaltata. In bare soil, the sowing depth did not affect the weed dynamics. Clomazone and imazapyr were effective herbicides controlling R. exaltata regardless of the amount of straw on the soil surface. Flumioxazin was also effective in controlling R. exaltata but only under bare soil conditions. Even with 60 mm of accumulated rainfall over the 4 day period after application, the amount of flumioxazin leached to the soil was not enough to ensure the same control observed when applying the herbicide on bare soil.
Molasses is a highly dense and refined byproduct produced in the sugarcane industry, and it contains high amounts of degradable compounds. Through bioconversion, these compounds can be transformed into renewable products. However, the involved biological process is negatively influenced by the high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of molasses and ion concentration. The co-digestion of molasses with rice-alcohol wastewater (RAW) was compared with its mono-digestion at an increasing organic loading rate (OLR). Both processes were assessed by detecting the COD removal rate, the methane contents of biogas, and the structure and composition of microbial communities at different stages. Results showed that the co-digestion is stable up to a maximum OLR of 16 g COD L(-1)d(-1), whereas after the acclimatization phase, the mono-digestion process was disturbed two times, which occurred at a maximum OLR of 9 and 10 g COD L(-1)d(-1). The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) observed were 2059.66 mg/L and 1896.9 mg/L, which in mono-digestion causes the inhibition at maximum OLRs. In the co-digestion process, the concomitant COD removal rates and methane content recorded was 90.72 +/- 0.63\% 64.47\% +/- 0.59\% correspondingly. While in the mono-digestion process, high COD removal rate and methane contents observed were 89.29 +/- 0.094\% and 61.37 +/- 1.06\% respectively. From the analysis of microbial communities, it has been observed that both the bacterial and archaeal communities respond differently at unlike stages. However, in both processes,Propionibacteriaceaewas the most abundant family in the bacterial communities, whereasMethanosaetaceaewas abundant in the archaeal communities. From the current study, it has been concluded that that rice-alcohol wastewater could be a good co-substrate for the anaerobic digestion of molasses in terms of COD removal rate and methane contents production, that could integrate molasses into progressive biogas production with high OLR.
Sugarcane bagasse was refined into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin using an ethanol-based organosolv technique. The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) reactions were applied for bagasse and its two components cellulose and lignin. Based on GC-MS analysis, 32 (13 + 19) organic byproducts were derived from cellulose and lignin, more than the 22 byproducts from bagasse. Particularly, more valuable catechol products were obtained from lignin with 56.8\% share in the total GC-MS integral area, much higher than the 2.263\% share in the GC-MS integral areas of bagasse. The organic byproducts from lignin make up more than half of the total mass of lignin, indicating that lignin is a chemical treasure storage. In general, bio-refinery and HTC are two effective techniques for the valorization of bagasse and other biomass materials from agriculture and forest industry. HTC could convert the inferior biomass to superior biofuel with higher energy quantity of combustion, at the same time many valuable organic byproducts are produced. Bio-refinery could promote the HTC reaction of biomass more effective. With the help of bio-refinery and HTC, bagasse and other biomass materials are not only the sustainable energy resource, but also the renewable and environment friendly chemical materials, the best alternatives for petroleum, coal and natural gas.
Disposals of agricultural waste in a large volume have an extremely harmful effect on the environment if they are ineffectively treated. To solve this, several appropriate methods has been identified to produce new recycling technique of utilizing the agricultural waste. In this study, the feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as partial replacement binder with cement to stabilized and solidified (S/S) the contaminated soil are investigated. This paper focused on the strength and the leaching characteristic of lead (Pb) contaminated soil treated with SCB and cement. Two tests, namely the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were employed to measure the strength and leaching performance of S/S samples. The experimental results demonstrated that the UCS at 28 days was in a range of 0.82 to 5.66 MPa for sample containing cement and SCB compare to 0.29 MPa of control mix at the same age. The concentration of Pb in the leachates was within the limits specified by US EPA as low as 2.11 mg/L in 28 days. This shows that, the quality of S/S sample containing cement and SCB significantly improve the strength development as well as effectively in reducing the Pb leachability. Based on the finding, SCB could be useful as cheaper, easy available alternatives binder for the treatment of contaminated soil.
Biomass particles have a wide variety of size and shape, and their characterization is fundamental for energy generation design, production of biofuels, simulation, and sizing of processes involving two-phase flow, such as fluidized bed, fixed bed, and aerodynamic transport. In order to find design data for projects involving biomass, this study characterized sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, bamboo, and cassava plant branches regarding size and shape, using two methods of particle separation: sieving and elutriation, in addition to image analysis. An experimental bench was built for the separation of biomass by elutriation. Each biomass was separated by sieving in the range 388 to 2360 mu m openings and drag velocities from 0.6 to 6 m/s. The size distribution (mass, major and minor axis length, area and volume) and the calculation of sphericity resulted in different patterns according to the method used: sieving or elutriation. Biomass portions of smaller physical size, or smaller aerodynamic size, concentrate a higher ash content than larger portions. However, some minerals, such as Fe, Si, and Cl, were more concentrated in larger particles, characteristic details that may be useful for controlling the composition of biomass ash to prevent corrosion or incrustation in thermal process equipment.
Bagasse fibers are smaller and have more hemicellulose than softwood fibers, which is expected to require less mechanical energy in cellulose nanofiber production as small size and hemicellulose benefit the disintegration of fibrils during a mechanical process. Both bagasse fibers and softwood fibers were used in this investigation for producing nanofibers with enzyme pretreatment followed by mechanical grinding. Results showed that nanofibers from bagasse had more uniform diameters about 9nm, and the films made from them were more transparent. Grinding energy consumption of bagasse fibers was significantly lower than softwood, by 7.31\%, and enzyme pretreatment further improved the energy efficiency, by 59.71\%, and the yield of nanofibers, by 30.57\%. The mechanical strength and thermal stability of nanofiber films from bagasse fibers were similar with that from softwood fibers. The results support the idea that bagasse, a waste or byproduct from sugar industry can be a promising alternative for nanofiber production. {[
Complementary enzymes can considerably enhance the hydrolysis effectiveness of cellulase. The influence of hemicellulase supplementation on high solids saccharification of alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was assessed. Hemicellulase addition of 1200 IU/g substrate with cellulase loading of 10 FPU/g substrate achieved high sugars yield with glucose and xylose conversion efficiency of 95.4\% and 87.4\%, respectively. To further improve the substrate conversion efficiency based on high sugars production, fed-batch hydrolysis was employed with high solids loading of 20\% (w/v) to 25\% (w/v). After 96 h hydrolysis with 25\% solids loading at cellulase and hemicellulase loading of 20 FPU/g and 1200 IU/g substrate, respectively, the obtained highest total sugars was 242 g/L, with glucose and xylose conversion efficiencies of 98.6\% and 94.9\%, respectively. An increase in substrate digestibility upon supplementation of mixture enzymes with high sugars production can be realized in high solids fed batch system with proper cellulase and hemicellulase synergism.
In this study, the potential of sugarcane bagasse, to remove Novacron Orange P-2R dye from aqueous solution by adsorption was investigated in batch mode. Different process parameters were optimized for biosorption process. Equilibrium biosorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were investigated in batch mode. The biosorption data were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic data obtained at different concentration have been analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The best fitted kinetic model was found to be pseudo-second-order. The FTIR spectrum was recorded to find out the functional groups involved. (C) 2013 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The structure-property relationship of sugarcane bagasse fiber-filled polyamide 6 blends at different blend compositions has been investigated. Blends were prepared in the composition of wt \% PA6/wt \% bagasse as follows: 98/2, 95/5, and 90/10 for three fiber length ranges (<100, <250, and <500 mum) using a twin-screw extruder. Thermal properties were evaluated by measuring the glass transition temperature T-g, enthalpy of fusion DeltaH(f), crystallinity X-c and thermogravimetry, TG. Results showed that T-g of the composites changed with change in fiber loading and length. The X-c as well as DeltaH(f) of the blends reduced to almost half its value for the neat PA6. The thermogravimetric curves TG showed that the thermal stability of the composites was lower than that of the neat PA6. Rheological properties were studied as a function of fiber loading, fiber length, shear rate, and temperature. The viscosity of composites increased with increasing fiber loading and length at low shear rates but decreased below that of neat PA6 at high shear rates. It was also found to be temperature sensitive, and influenced by fiber lengths particularly at higher temperatures. The morphology of the blends was studied using a Leica laser scanning confocal microscopy at two different regions: at the wall, and the core. The micrographs of the blends showed that fibers present in the form of bundles were found at the wall of the extrudates and increased in volume with increase in both length and concentration, at the same temperature and shear stress. In the core region, there is laminar flow, presenting striation morphology, with the omnipresent bundles of fibers dispersed in the matrix. At higher shear rates, the bundles were pushed to the wall. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Twenty-four granular activated carbons (GACs) made from mixtures of four binders (coal tar, sugarcane molasses, sugar beet molasses, corn syrup) and three agricultural by-products (rice hulls, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse) were evaluated for their ability to remove sugar colorants (molasses color removal, sugar decolorization). These properties were compared to the same properties of two commercial reference carbons. GACs made from sugarcane bagasse, in general, possessed the best ability to remove sugar colorants and were closest to the reference carbons in this regard. In fact, the four highest ranked GACs all used bagasse as a feedstock along with four different binders. Therefore, the ability to remove sugar colorants appears to be by-product dependent with the binder playing a minor role. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rhamnolipid biosurfactants are attracting attention due to their low toxicity, high biodegradability, and good ecological acceptability. However, production in submerged culture is made difficult by severe foaming problems. Solid-state cultivation (SSC) is a promising alternative production method. In the current work, we report the optimization of rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UFPEDA 614 on a solid substrate containing sugarcane bagasse and corn bran. The best rhamnolipid production, 45 g/l of impregnating solution used, was obtained with a 50:50 (m/m) mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn bran supplemented with an impregnating solution containing 6\% (v/v) of each of glycerol and soybean oil. This level is comparable with those of previous studies undertaken in solid-state cultivation; the composition of the biosurfactant is similar, but our medium is cheaper. Our work therefore provides a suitable basis for future studies of the development of an SSC-based process for rhamnolipid production.
This study presents the effect of ultrasound (24 kHz) on enzyme production, enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for ethanol production. Trichoderma reesei cells were cultivated with SCB to induce the required enzymes and were subjected to ultrasound to enhance the enzyme secretion. Intracellular and cell wall bound beta-glucosidase released into the extracellular extract fulfilled the bioconversion of cellulose into glucose. The hydrolysis and SSF were also investigated after treatment with ultrasound at various amplitudes and times to analyse the impact of ultrasound on the enzyme structure and biomass morphology. Ultrasound showed an effect on the secondary structural configuration of enzyme and biomass destabilization. Under optimized conditions, an ultrasound treatment at 60\% amplitude gave the maximum yield of 92\% (92.62\% for scale up) reducing sugar and 90\% (91.14\% for scale up) ethanol with a power consumption of 5.4 x 10(3) and 3 x 10(4) J g(-1) (4.9 x 10(2) and 12.3 x 10(2) J g(-1) for scale up), respectively. The contents of inhibitors present in the hydrolysate were well below the inhibitory levels which led to the high ethanol yield. Thus, ultrasound improved the sugars and ethanol yield by improving the biological mechanisms. The novelty of this work is the demonstration of improved secretion of a T. reesei multienzyme complex by ultrasound leading to an efficiently integrated hydrolysis process.
The genera Dysgonomonas, Coprococcus, Sporomusa, Bacteroides, Sedimentibacter, Pseudomonas, Ruminococcus, and Clostridium predominate in compost residue, and vadimCA02, Anaerobaculum, Tatlockia, Caloramator, and Syntrophus prevail in soil used as inoculum in batch rectors. This mixed consortium was used as inoculum for biogas production using different concentrations of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) (from 1.58 to 4.42 g/L) and yeast extract (YE) (from 0.58 to 3.42 g/L) according to a composite central design. The maximum ethanol production (20.11 mg L-1) was observed using 2.0 and 3.0 g L-1 of YE and SCB, respectively (C6). Likewise, the highest hydrogen production (0.60 mmol L-1) was observed using 3.0 and 4.0 g L-1 of YE and SCB, respectively (C1). Methane was also observed, reaching the maximum production (1.44 mmol L-1) using 1.0 and 4.0 g L-1 of YE and SCB, respectively (C2). The archaeal similarity between these conditions was above 90\%; however, the richness and diversity were higher in the C2 (12 and 2.42, respectively) than in C1 (5 and 1.43, respectively) and C6 (11 and 2.29, respectively). Equally, the bacterial similarity between C1 and C6 was 60\% while richness of 24 and 17 and diversity of 3.13 and 2.81 were observed in C1 and C6, respectively.
Loss of hemicellulose and inability to effectively decrystallize cellulose, result in low yield and high cost of sugars derived from biomass. In this work, dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment could easily remove most of hemicellulose as sugars. The sugars were successfully used for 2,3-butanediol production with relative high yield (36.1\%). Then, the remained solid residue after acid-pretreatment was further pretreated by ionic liquid (IL) to decrease its crystallinity for subsequent enzymatic saccharification. The combination of dilute acid- and IL-pretreatments resulted in significant higher glucose yield (95.5\%) in enzymatic saccharification, which was more effective than using dilute acid- or IL-pretreatment alone. This strategy seems a promising route to achieve high yield of sugars from both hemicellulose and cellulose for biorefinery. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to climb due to increases in global energy demand. Because power plants are the largest stationary source of anthropogenic CO2, developing effective and affordable post combustion CO2 capture technology has attracted substantial research attention. This study assessed the adsorption of CO2 onto biochar, a low-cost adsorbent that can be produced from waste biomass through low-temperature pyrolysis. Sugarcane bagasse (BG) and hickory wood (HW) feedstock converted into biochar at 300, 450, and 600 degrees C. Sorption of CO2 on each of the resulted biochar was measured by monitoring its weight changes in CO2 at 25 or 75 degrees C. The biochar was found to be effective for CO2 capture and the adsorption process could be described by the second-order kinetics model. In general, the biochars produced at higher temperature had better CO2 capture performance. The BG biochar produced at 600 degrees C showed the most adsorption of CO2 (73.55 mg g(-1) at 25 degrees C). However, even when the feedstock was exposed to only 300 degrees C pyrolysis, the biochar was still able to capture more than 35 mg g(-1), CO2 at 25 degrees C. Experimental results suggest that CO2 weakly bound to the surface of the biochar through physisorption, so surface area was a significant determinant of CO2 adsorption (Pearson's r = 0.82); nevertheless, the presence of nitrogenous groups also played a role, when the surface area was sufficient. Biochafs porous structure and unique surface properties enable it to be an efficient CO2 adsorbent, while being sustainable and inexpensive. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Objective. To characterize the fibrolytic enzymatic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 in sugarcane bagasse (BCA); to evaluation of the kinetics of in vitro production of BCA treated by solid fermentation (FS), crude enzyme extract (ECE) of P. ostreatus-IE8 and Fibrozyme (R). Materials and methods. In fungi measured radial growth rate (Vcr) and biomass production in two culture media (with or without nitrogen source); activity of xylanases, cellulases and FS on BCA at 0, 7 and 15 d. The chemical analysis and kinetic analysis of in vitro gas production in 4 treatments (ECE adding enzymes obtained from the direct addition FS or FS), witness (Fibrozyme (R)) and a control without addition and analyzed by a was completely randomized design. Results. Xylanases (7 d) showed 6.32 and 5.50 UI g(-1) initial substrate dry weight (SSi) for fungi P. ostreatus-IE8 and F. fomentarius-EUM1, respectively; P. ostreatus-IE8 scored higher activity of laccases (10.65 g(-1) UI SSi) and F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g(-1) SSi) cellulases. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 and commercial enzyme did not differences (p>0.05). In the chemical composition or the gas production kinetics. The 4 treatments evaluated decreased values of the variables measured in the kinetics of gas production compared to the control (p=0.05). Conclusions. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 was similar to commercial enzyme degradation in vitro, so it is feasible to use pre-digest high fiber products.
Organic residues from sugarcane crop and processing (vinasse, boiler ash, cake filter, and straw) are commonly applied or left on the soil to enhance its fertility. However, they can influence pesticide degradation and sorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of adding these organic residues on the degradation and sorption of fipronil and atrazine in two soils of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil. The degradation experiment was carried out with laboratory-incubated (40 days; 28 degrees C; 70\% field capacity) soils (0-10cm). The batch equilibration method was used to determine sorption. Fipronil (half-life values of 15-105 days) showed to be more persistent than atrazine (717 days). Vinasse application to the soil favored fipronil and atrazine degradation, whereas cake filter application decreased the degradation rates for both pesticides. Values for sorption coefficients (Kd) were determined for fipronil (5.1-13.2mL g(-1)) and atrazine (0.5-1.5mL g(-1)). Only straw and cake filter residues enhanced fipronil sorption when added to the soil, whereas all sugarcane residues increased atrazine sorption.
The current work focuses on the comparison of renewable choline cation-based ionic liquids (ILs) with imidazolium cation-based ILs for their delignification performance. Choline cation-based ILs removed a higher percentage of lignin (78.1-83.7\% vs. 51.4-64.5\%) and hemicellulose (64.7-72.8\% vs. 7.1-29.9\%) from sugarcane straw pre-treatment compared to imidazolium cation-based ILs. This was mainly attributed to the presence of fewer alkyl group and extra -OH group in choline cation. In general, ILs pre-treatment significantly increased the volatile matter and reduced fixed carbon in regenerated cellulose-rich material. Higher content of cellulose and higher crystallinity in the case of choline-based ILs enhanced the production of furfural and levoglucosenone from the pyrolysis of regenerated cellulose rich material. On the contrary, the presence of higher content of amorphous cellulose from imidazolium-based ILs, particularly 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate produced gamma-butyrolactone. Therefore, ILs pre-treatment can be favourable for the selective production of platform chemicals via pyrolysis route. {[
The conversion of biomass to green hydrocarbons offers great advantages to shorten our path to sustainability. Unfortunately, none of the existing approaches produces a biocrude that is compatible (in terms of density, viscosity, and reactivity) with current refinery processes. In this work, sugarcane bagasse was converted completely to a biocrude rich inO-isopropylidene acetals by an acetalization process using a continuous flow reactor. Hemicellulose is the first component that transformed into acetals followed by amorphous and crystalline cellulose. Hence, the composition of the biocrude to be collected under specific reaction conditions could be tuned in terms of the type of carbohydrate (pentoses and hexoses) and their derivatives. The process was also applied at a larger scale (20-fold increase) to produce a stable biocrude with density approximate to 1.2 g cm(-3), viscosity of 200 cp (60 degrees C) and specific heat 1.8 J g degrees C(-1)confirming its properties for conversion in typical refinery processes.
The behavior of the kinetics and pyrolysis of the corn and sugarcane waste (cob corn, husk corn, and bagasse) produced in Colombia have been evaluated in a thermobalance as a step toward their valorization, in order to recover this type of waste. For this, a kinetic model has been developed consisting of a multicomponent mechanism that seeks to describe the formation of volatile materials. This model evaluates the decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin from three parallel and independent reactions network. It also involves the production of other products such as fixed coal and ashes. The evaluation of the model from the kinetic parameters and the thermogravimetric curves were compared with other types of waste, in the same way the chemical characteristics of the studied waste were determined. Although the wastes of this study are completely different, it was found that the degradation behavior of the residues of this study are very similar to other lignocellulosic materials, which demonstrates again that the pyrolysis valorization is possible.
Stillage is an abundant wastewater from the sugarcane ethanol industry. It is rich in fermentable substrates and presents low-nutrient content, constituting a promising substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production by mixed microbial cultures (MMC). This work assessed the enrichment of a PHA-accumulating MMC from acidified sugarcane stillage in a sequencing batch reactor under increasing organic loading rates (OLR) and no external nutrient supplementation. The OLR was increased from 1.0 to 7.1 kg COD m(-3) day(-1) in four steps. A PHA-producing MMC with high storage response was selected in all experimental conditions. The volumetric biomass productivity and the maximal PHA storage capacity increased continuously with the OLR, reaching 0.061 g VSS L-1 h(-1) and 0.49 g PHA g VSS-1, respectively. The highest observed PHA storage yield (0.60 g CODPHA g COD.t(-1)) and specific PHA storage rate (0.169 g CODPHA g of CODX h(-1)) were obtained for the OLR of 4.5 kg COD m(-3) day(-1). The PHA produced was a co-polymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate (86-77\%mol) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (14-23\%mol). The performance of the biomass enrichment was comparable to those attained with other agro-industrial wastewaters, indicating the potential of acidified sugarcane stillage as a feedstock for MMC PHA production.
This study investigated the effects of the addition of untreated sugarcane bagasse ash (UtSCBA) on the microstructural and mechanical properties of mortars. The SCBA was sieved for only five minutes through a No. 200 ASTM mesh, and fully characterized by chemical composition analysis, laser ray diffraction, the physical absorption of gas, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Mortar mixtures with 0, 10 and 20\% UtSCBA as cement replacement and a constant 0.63 water/cementitious material ratio were prepared. Fresh properties of the mortars were obtained. The microstructural characteristics of the mortars at 1, 7, 28, 90 and 600 days were evaluated by SEM and XRD. The compressive strengths of the mortars at the same ages were then obtained. The results show that the addition of 10 and 20\% UtSCBA caused a slight decrease in workability of the mortars but improved their microstructure, increasing the long-term compressive strength.
Graphene is usually synthesized through deoxygenation of graphene oxide (GO) by hydrazine which functions as a reducing agent, but the production of graphene via this method suffers a high cost and is often regarded to be not environmental-friendly. In this work, we developed a simple and efficient method for the green reduction of GO to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) dispersed on sugarcane bagasse derived from rGO/bagasse material. The rGO/bagasse was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. All these characterization techniques clearly revealed that the rGO has been successfully prepared by reduction sugars. In addition, rGO synthesized from bagasse was considered as a promising adsorbent for removing methyl blue. Adsorption kinetics were also applied to stimulate the adsorption process, and the adsorption behavior of this new adsorbent fits well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R-2 = 0.98). Finally, the cycling experiments for MB adsorption by bagasse synthesized rGO confirmed that the as-prepared rGO was reusable. Taken together, all results in this work provided the new insights into the green reduction of GO by bagasse, and the formation of rGO/bagasse material presented a great potential in the disposal of dye waste water. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Three main components of lignocellulose (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin isolated from sugarcane bagasse (SCB)) as well as holocellulose and SCB were modified with maleic acid by mechanical activation (MA)-assisted solid phase reaction (MASPR) technology. The order of reactivity was found to be lignin > hemicellulose > cellulose. The amorphous structure of lignin and hemicellulose mainly attributed to their better reactivity, and the modified lignin could reach a maximum degree of esterification (DE) of 93.45\%. MA improved the accessibility and reactivity of cellulose, as the DE of modified cellulose gradually increased with milling time and reached the maximum value of 57.30\% at 120 min, which had significant effect on structure changes and DE of modified holocellulose and SCB. MA enhanced the esterification of all three components in lignocellulose with relatively high substituent distribution in them, and maleated SCB with a maximum DE of 64.17\% was successfully prepared by this simple, green, and effective MASPR technology.
This study investigated the impact of the potential cellulose degrading bacteria that could be bioaugmented in the solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) of bagasse to enhance the methane yield. The prospective anaerobic cellulose degrading bacteria was isolated from the soil. SSAD experiments were organized with \& without bioaugmentation with a substrate total solid (TS) of 25\%, 30\%, 40\% and 50\% at an optimized feed to microorganism (F/M) ratio of 1:1. The maximum yield of 0.44 L CH4/(g VS added) was obtained from bioaugmented bagasse at a TS of 40\% whereas it was 0.34 L CH4/(g VS added) for non-bioaugmented bagasse. The isolated bacterial strain was identified that belongs species Pseudomonas of Gamma Proteobacteria which exhibited good cellulolytic activity. Metagenomic studies found 90\% of archaeal microorganisms affiliated to Methanosaeta, a strict acetoclastic methanogen.
Crop residue and animal manure as a soil amendment have been recognized as a feasible agricultural practice owing to its contribution in improving the soil fertility (SF). The primary advantages of this practice are determined by the activities of soil microorganisms. However, goat manure (M), sugarcane straw(S), and goat manure plus straw(MS) amendments influence soil bacteria, their activities, and SF in clay-loam soil remains undefinable. Therefore, this study distinguished the efficacy of M, MS, and S amendment on soil enzyme activities and the availability of nutrients, including various bacterial populations in clay-loamy soil with respect to two different phases (50 and 100 days). In order to analyze the bacterial structure and their activities, we employed high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and soil enzyme activity (SEA) tests. Soil amended with M and MS not only significantly enhanced nutrient availability, including C, P, and N, soil pH, as well as SEA for C and N cycles in both phases. Additionally, the increase in nutrient availability was greater in M-and MS-amended soils in the second phase (100 days) compared to the M-and S-amended soils in the first phase (50 days). Moreover, plant growth promoting and lignocellulose degrading bacterial genera were enhanced under M- and MS-amended soil compared to S-amended soil in both phases. Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) showed that soil pH, carbon-nitrogen ratio (C:N), and nitrates (NO3-) were inducing the fewest changes, while total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), total phosphorus (TP), available potassium (AK), and ammonium (NH4+) were the main operators in terms of change in bacterial populations. In general, we observed that M and MS are better amendment sources as compared to S amendment in order to enhance the SF in the clay-loamy soil in both phases, but greater fertility was exhibited in the second phase.
The molecular mechanisms behind the bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse into biofuel by promising metabolic pathways were studied, suggesting that proteolytic, cellulolytic and methanogenic microorganisms such as Coprothermobacter, Clostridium, and Methanothermobacter, respectively, took an important syntrophic role in lignocellulosic-derived fuel production. The mixed acid fermentation was the main route to the acetic, formic, butyric, and propionic acid production by acid-forming bacteria. Some aspects of biotechnological application of such metabolic pathways were evaluated from a central composite design, in which the effect of incubation temperature (from 45.8 to 74.2 degrees C) and yeast extract concentration (from 0.58 to 3.42 g/L) on hydrogen production were assessed. The interaction between these factors significantly affected the hydrogen production, which reached the highest value (17.3 mmol/L) using 3.42 g/L of yeast extract at 60 degrees C, and favored a plastic and physiological diverse microbial community related to bioconversion of SCB. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Production of lactic acid (LA) from lignocellulosic materials has become increasingly prominent in the market. However, for industrial scale to be reached, several challenges in second-generation lactic acid production must be overcome. Besides obstacles such as the hydrolysis process, one of the major challenges of the lactic acid industry is the separation and purification process. This study evaluates the separation of lactic acid produced from hemicellulose hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse using a Hybrid Short Path Evaporation (HSPE) system. Results showed that a lactic acid concentration of 3.1 times the feed concentration (27.85 g/L) is achievable. Three operational parameters were studied: evaporator temperature, internal condenser temperature and feed flow rate. Maximum lactic acid concentration was 86.69 g/L with an evaporator temperature of 120 degrees C, condenser temperature of 13 degrees C, and feed flow rate of 8.27mL/min. Separation of LA from hemicellulosic sugars using HSPE was a more difficult process than separation of LA from 6-carbon sugars.
Demand for bioethanol has grown considerably over the last years. Even though Brazil has been producing ethanol from sugarcane on a large scale for decades, this industry is characterized by low energy efficiency, using a large fraction of the bagasse produced as fuel in the system to supply the process energy requirements. The possibility of selling surplus electricity to the grid or using surplus bagasse as raw material of other processes has motivated investments on more efficient cogeneration systems and process thermal integration. In this work simulations of an autonomous distillery were carried out, along with utilities demand optimization using Pinch Analysis concepts. Different cogeneration systems were analyzed: a traditional Rankine Cycle, with steam of high temperature and pressure (80 bar, 510 degrees C) and back pressure and condensing steam turbines configuration, and a BIGCC (Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle), comprised by a gas turbine set operating with biomass gas produced in a gasifier that uses sugarcane bagasse as raw material. Thermoeconomic analyses determining exergy-based costs of electricity and ethanol for both cases were carried out. The main objective is to show the impact that these process improvements can produce in industrial systems, compared to the current situation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
To improve the process efficiency for lactic acid production, catalytic conversion of raw cane sugar and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to lactic acid under subcritical water condition over Lanthanide catalysts was investigated. The effect of different types of Lanthanide (III) ion catalyst namely YbCl3, ErCl3, and CeCl3 on enhancement of lactic acid (LA) yield, se-lectivity, turnover number {[
Bioethanol production from agro-industrial residues is gaining attention because of the limited production of starch grains and sugarcane, and food-fuel conflict. The aim of the present study is to maximize the bioethanol production using cassava bagasse as a feedstock. Enzymatic liquefaction, by alpha-amylase, followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), using glucoamylase and Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 2427, was investigated for bioethanol production from cassava bagasse. The factors influencing ethanol production process were identified and screened for significant factors using Plackett-Burman design. The significant factors (cassava bagasse concentration (10-50 g/L), concentration of alpha-amylase (5-25\% (v/v), and temperature of fermentation (27-37 degrees C)) were optimized by employing Box-Behnken design and genetic algorithm. The maximum ethanol concentrations of 25.594 g/L and 25.910 g/L were obtained from Box-Behnken design and genetic algorithm, respectively, under optimum conditions. Thus, the study provides valuable insights in utilizing the cost-effective industrial residue, cassava bagasse, for the bioethanol production.
Effects of severe and mild alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment on ethanol production from sweet sorghum bagasse via pre-simultaneous saccharification fermentation, and the chemical structure changes of the substrates were investigated. The results showed that the bagasse pretreated by severe AHP could produce more ethanol than that of mild AHP. The maximum ethanol concentration of the bagasses from mild and severe AHP pretreatment with 8\% bagasse loading was 7.642 +/- 0.140 g/L and 19.330 +/- 0.085 g/L, respectively. Moreover, the FTIR and NMR analysis illustrated that the molecule and surface structures of the pretreated bagasse were significantly changed compared with the control. The potential biomass energy production of the effluent from the pretreatment was also briefly discussed for future utilization of waste solution.The heat energy potentials of waste solution with severe and mild AHP pretreatment were 367.2 kJ/L (effluent) and 327.6 kJ/L (effluent) , respectively.
Characterization and quantification of the products and byproducts of the sugar and ethanol industries is an aspect of a sustainable natural resources management. The current study applied primary and secondary data collection as well as review of scenarios to quantify and characterize the products and byproducts of these industries. It also revealed the gaps in research and the relevant policies in discussing the alternative solutions available locally and globally. Currently, Ethiopia produces close to 1.8 million tons of cane sugar with over 300,000 tons of molasses as a byproduct. Using cane molasses as a raw material and with the release of 431,000 m3 of stillage into the environment, the potable ethanol industry in the country produces over 33,000 m3 of ethanol annually. Despite the expansion of sugar and ethanol industries both by the public and private owners, the environmental performance of the sector is apparently poor. These industries discharge the energy-rich ``wastes streams{''
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was characterised as a feedstock to generate value-added products using hydrothermal pretreatments (150-210 degrees C and 10-20 minutes). The furfural production increased according to pretreatment severity, varying from 84.00 mg/L at 150 degrees C to 1.66 mg/L at 210 degrees C in the liquid phase. Furthermore, the total sugar (glucose plus fructose) increased from 65.60 mg/L, at 150 degrees C to 1.114.30 mg/L, at 210 degrees C. The Klason lignin from the solid phase varied from 19.00\% to 30.40\% in the in natura SCB and in the SCB pretreated at 210 degrees C, respectively. The highest H-2 production (109.35 mL/L) was obtained for the assay with SCB pretreated by the most severe treatment (210 degrees C for 10 minutes at 16 bar). The total organic acid concentration increased when the pretreatment temperature was increased from 150 degrees C (6.99 mg/L) to 210 degrees C (408.30 mg/L). Therefore, it can be inferred that the hydrothermal pretreatment severities affect the hydrogen and organic acids production from SCB.
The performance of asphalt concrete pavements (ACP) is greatly related to the rate of rutting. Stone dust is mostly used as a filler in ACP. Bagasse ash being cementitious in nature, and costless waste can also be used as a filler. The overall aim is to select a suitable filler for better performance of asphalt concrete pavements. The effectiveness of locally available bagasse ash is examined as a filler for asphalt concrete in terms of its effect on job mix formula, stability, rutting depth, the rise in temperature, and cost of asphalt concrete. All tests are performed as per AASHTO standards. The bagasse ash asphalt concrete showed a reduction in rutting depth, temperature rise, and cost as compared to that of the stone dust asphalt concrete without disturbing the job mix formula. Hence, bagasse ash can be helpful for the performance enhancement of asphalt concrete pavements.
Current analysis describes the capacity of Bacillus subtilis natto CCT 7712 to produce high amounts of nystose by low-cost substrates available in Brazil, such as commercial sucrose, sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice. Optimization resulted in a maximum production of 179.77 g L-1 of nystose, averaging 7.49 g L-1 hour(-1) of productivity and a 71.73\% yield in a medium with 400 g L(-1)of commercial sucrose and 0.8 g L-1 of MnSO4. Fermentations with sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice also resulted in a satisfactory production reaching 97.93 and 42.58 g L-1 nystose, respectively. High nystose production in a medium with sugarcane derivatives suggests submerged fermentation with Bacillus subtillis natto CT 7712 as a promising strategy to produce nystose at industrial level.
Bagasse pulp waste (BPW) is a material generated from the depithing of sugarcane bagasse stems prior to pulping. It was subjected to a modified oxygen delignification or ammonia catalytic steam explosion (AE) pretreatment for delignification and retaining carbohydrates of raw materials, followed by simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) to ethanol. Based on this process, an environmentally sustainable two-stage process for lignin purification was employed to obtain nontoxic ``green lignin{''
A fluidized bed reactor to gasify sugarcane bagasse was designed and built in order to produce syngas. A study of the effect of two variables -- ER ratio (defined as the ratio between the air flow introduced into the gasifier and the air stoichiometric flow required for complete combustion of the bagasse) and reaction temperature -- on the product distribution (syngas, bio-tar and char) and syngas composition have been analyzed. The ER ratio has a positive effect on gas production, increasing production when a higher ER is used. The char yield decreased at higher temperatures and yield of bio-tar remained almost invariant regardless the value of ER. The amount of bio-tar in the syngas was very small, but it was found that the bio-tar was almost water (> 95 wt\% of water). The highest ER promoted the production of larger quantities of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, while reducing the amount of carbon dioxide.
Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of replacing the neutral detergent fiber from sugarcane bagasse with soybean hulls neutral detergent fiber in high concentrate diets on lamb feeding behavior and apparent nutrient digestibility. In the first experiment, 60 ram lambs with 16.4 +/- 0.3 kg body weight and 67 +/- 2 days old were allotted to a complete randomized block design as a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments, consisting of two neutral detergent fiber sources (sugar cane bagasse or soybean hulls), two neutral detergent fiber levels (14 or 18\%) and a control diet containing 100\% concentrate. In the second experiment, five ram lambs were assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design and fed the same experimental diets as experiment one. Diets containing fiber sources increased dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber intakes and promoted longer feeding, ruminating and chewing times (minutes/day) compared to the diet containing 100\% concentrate. The diets containing sugarcane bagasse increased rumination activity compared to those with soybean hulls as fiber source. However, diets containing soybean hulls showed lower chewing activity and greater nutrient digestibility compared to the sugarcane bagasse diets. Soybean hulls can be used as the sole source of additional neutral detergent fiber for lambs fed high concentrate diets.
The content of xylan in sugarcane straw (culm top and leaves) is interesting to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS), oligomers composed of xylose, which provide numerous health benefits. XOS were produced in this study by two types of treatment using sugarcane leaves: liquid hot water (LHW) and dilute acid (sulfuric and acetic acids), aiming to minimize sugar degradation production. A central composite design with axial points was performed to evaluate the effects of the independent variables on the hydrolysis production of XOS. Hydrolysis with acetic acid resulted in the conversion of xylan into XOS of 22.78\% with 2\% (\%, m/v) of acid at 180 degrees C for 35 min. Hydrolysis with sulfuric acid resulted in XOS yield of 62.18\% with 2\% (\%, m/v) of acid at 79.55 degrees C for 35 min. The LHW treatment using leaves resulted in XOS yield of 20.71\% at 130 degrees C for 35 min. The LHW and dilute acid resulted in 0.018\% and 0.195\% (m/m) of furfural, respectively. For each ton of sugarcane leaves, an XOS production of 206.44 kg, 75.63 kg, and 68.69 kg can be estimated using sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and LHW, successively. The most effective treatment for XOS production was hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid; however, LHW generated lower degradation products.
Xylitol is a well-known sugar alcohol with exponentially rising market demand due to its diverse industrial applications. Organic agro-industrial residues (OAIR) are economic alternative for the cost-effective production of commodity products along with addressing environmental pollution. The present study aimed to design a process for xylitol production from OAIR via microbial fermentation with Pseudomonas gessardii VXIt-16. Parametric analysis with Taguchi orthogonal array approach resulted in a conversion factor of 0.64 g xylitol/g xylose available in untreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH). At bench scale, the product yield increased to 71.98/100 g (0.66 g/L h). 48.49 g of xylitol crystals of high purity (94.56\%) were recovered after detoxification with 2\% activated carbon. Cost analysis identified downstream operations as one of the cost-intensive parts that can be countered by adsorbent recycling. Spent carbon, regenerated with acetic acid washing can be reused for six cycles effectively and reduced downstream cost by about approximate to 32\%. The strategy would become useful in the cost-effective production of several biomass-dependent products like proteins, enzymes, organic acids, as well. {[
Due environmental problems related to Portland cement consumption, many studies have been performed to diminish its use. One solution is the development of alkali-activated binders, which can decrease CO2 emissions and energy consumption by 70\% when compared to Portland cement production. In addition, an alkali-activated binder presents mechanical properties similar to Portland cement mixtures, which turns into an interesting material in civil construction. Aluminosilicate-based materials are important raw materials to produce the alkali-activated binders. Therefore, two residues are presented as an aluminosilicate source in this study: fly ash (FA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). Both residues were obtained from a combustion process to generate energy, the former from coal and the latter from the bagasse of the sugarcane industry. In addition, the alkaline activating solution is an important factor to achieve improved mechanical properties. In this context, this study investigated the influence of four different SiO2/K2O molar ratios (0, 0.36, 0.75 and 1.22) in the activating solution with a constant water content, and three FA/SCBA binder proportions (75/25, 50/50 and 25/75). Microstructural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, pH and electrical conductivity measurements to study the evolution of the reaction process. The compressive strength of mortars was assessed in order to determine the optimum SiO2/K2O molar ratio and FA/SCBA ratio. The tests showed that a SiO2/K2O molar ratio of 0.75 and FA/SCBA proportion of 75/25 provided the best mechanical properties. (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The global climate crisis and the ongoing increase in fossil-based fuels have led to an alternative solution of using biomass for fuel production. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an agricultural residue with a global production of more than 100 million metric tons and it has various applications in a biorefinery concept. This review brings forth the composition, life cycle assessment, and various pretreatments for the deconstruction techniques of SCB for the production of valuable products. The ongoing research in the production of biofuels, biogas, and electricity utilizing the bagasse was elucidated. SCB is used in the production of carboxymethyl cellulose, pigment, lactic acid, levulinic acid, and xylooligosaccharides and it has prospective in meeting the demand for global energy and environmental sustainability.
Molasses is a by-product from the raw sugarcane industry with vast applications in the production of ethanol biofuel. A good knowledge of the rheological properties of this raw material is of crucial importance when designing and optimizing unit operations involved in processing it. The present work thus aims to study the rheological behavior of molasses at solid concentrations ranging from 20 to 70 (o)Brix and temperatures between 21 and 98 degrees C using a concentric-cylinder rheometer. Experimental results showed Newtonian behavior in concentrations of 20 and 40 (o)Brix and pseudo-plastic behavior in concentrations of 50 and 70 (o)Brix. For these results, the Power Law models presented the best fitting results. In addition, the dependence of the flow behavior index and the flow consistency index of the Power Law model on temperature and solid concentration was also successfully modeled through a polynomial model and an Arrhenius-type equation, respectively. (c) 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1545-1552, 2016
Pakistan annually produces approximately 50 Million tons of sugar cane and most of it is used for production of sugar. The industrial waste of sugar cane, known as bagasse, is mostly used as fuel for power generation in the same sugar industry. We have to study the properties of sugar cane bagasse ash in concrete, the main variables in this study are the amount of sugar cane bagasse ash (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent by weight of cement) as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. We conclude that to improve the quality and reduce the cost of construction material. The importance of this work is to make sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a construction material.
Sugarcane ethanol is considered to be one of the most efficient first-generation biofuels in terms of greenhouse gas (GHC) emissions. The carbon footprint (CF), however, increases significantly when taking into account emissions induced by indirect land-use changes (ILUC). This case study investigates sugarcane ethanol production in the Republic of Malawi, in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA); the research objectives were to identify and quantify direct and indirect emissions and to identify measures to optimize the CF. The CF has been calculated with a life cycle approach and with data obtained from the involved companies; our estimations with regard to ILUC take into account further expansion plans for sugarcane crop production. Under existing production conditions ethanol produced in Malawi leads to GHG emissions expressed as CO2eq of 116 g MJ(-1) of ethanol. However, high optimization potentials exist when the vinasse is used as an input for biogas production and the harvesting switches from pre-harvest burning to green harvesting. ILUC induced by prospective sugarcane expansions in the Southern Region will, according to current planning, probably not occur since these expansions are linked to the implementation of a large-scale irrigation project. However if ILUC takes place, high levels of additional CO2 emissions of about 77 g MJ(-1) of ethanol are to be expected. Although the case study results are only valid for a specific region, some of the findings, such as the high compensation potential regarding ILUC through investments in irrigation systems, may be transferable to other regions in SSA. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, we discuss the difference regarding thermo-economic and environmental (water intake) aspects between two methods of biomass hydrolysis. A thermo-economic model was developed using Aspen Plus and MATLAB software in order to analyze the energy efficiency, as well as, the economic impact of the hydrolysis process integrated into a traditional ethanol production process from sugarcane. The study aimed at comparing the enzymatic route for sugarcane bagasse ethanol production with the supercritical water-based one. The use of supercritical water hydrolysis (SCWH) process showed promising results, being the process energetically self-sufficient when considering pumping of liquid streams with biomass content of 20\% and the decompression of the steam separated after SCWH with a turbine, in order to produce electricity. In terms of economics, the biorefinery concept using enzymatic route presented the highest production costs due to the higher total investment cost and the cost for the raw materials, which is 14\% higher than the biorefinery with SCWH, giving a payback time for the investments of 7.5 years, meanwhile 6.2 for the SCWH route. Also better results were obtained for water intake for the SCWH option, being lower than the maximum permitted for a new investment on the Brazilian sugarcane sector. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Forty young Nellore bulls were used to determine the effects of different sources of forage in concentrate-rich diets containing crude glycerine on feed intake, performance, and enteric methane emissions. Ten animals (397 +/- 34 kg and 20 +/- 2 months of age) were slaughtered to estimate the initial carcass weights, and the remaining 30 animals (417 +/- 24.7) were randomly assigned to three treatments with 10 replicates. The treatments consisted of three different sources of forage {[
Can vinasse accelerate the change of minerals in rock dust to obtain fertilizers, using residues from alcohol agro-industries and mining? Answering this question was the main objective of this study. Therefore, an experiment was set up in the laboratory in a completely randomized design using Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) columns, in which the 0-50 cm layers of a clayey soil (eutroferric Red Oxisol) and sandy soil (Typic Quartzipsamment) were reproduced. We applied three different rates of basalt powder (0.0; 2.0, and 4.0 t ha(-1)) and one rate of vinasse (200 m(3) ha(-1)) to the soils. The control was made by treatments with water (200 m3 ha(-1)) with the same rates of rock powder. Samples were first collected on the surface of each column (1, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days after the application of vinasse and rock powder), and, at the end of the experiment, at the various depths and in leached water, to determine pH and the concentration of soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. There was a significant effect of the solvent and the soil on the surface layer, with higher concentrations found in the treatments with vinasse and in clayey soil, confirming the potential of vinasse to alter minerals in basalt powder. The resulting levels from the beginning to the end of the experiment suggest that sorption phenomena with neoformed mineral phases or organic acids may have occurred. It may be concluded that the use of rock powder and vinasse mixtures is a promising alternative for soil fertilization and recycling of waste from the sugarcane and mining industries.
A series of activated carbons were prepared by carbonizing sugarcane bagasse combined with surface modification, which showed an excellent performance of adsorbing toluene (522 mg g(-1)at 30 degrees C). The results demonstrated that the enhancement of the activated temperature was benefit to promote the porosity and specific surface area (BET) of ACs. Thus, AC-800 showed optimal adsorption and its toluene adsorption performance was better than that of most ACs in the literature. Five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles presented that AC-800's toluene adsorptive capacity was as high as 522 mg g(-1)(30 degrees C), and toluene adsorptive capacity was only decreased by 4.5\%. According to the fraction of N-containing functional groups and the binding energy of toluene on N-containing functional groups, pyridinic-N (N-6) was believed to contribute more to toluene adsorption. Moreover, the Bangham model was considered as the best model of describing toluene adsorption on AC-800. Therefore, both surface adsorption and pore diffusion were the two mechanisms of toluene adsorption, and the diffusion of toluene molecules in the pores was considered as the key factor that affected the adsorption rate.
The influence of 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) on anaerobic inocula, from a Wastewater Treatment Plant, was evaluated for enriching the hydrogen (H-2) production using sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The assays were carried out in 100 mL reactors at 37 degrees C under five conditions: A (without BES), B (Inoculum pretreated with 20 mM BES - 24 h), C (Inoculum pretreated with 20 mM BES - 30 min), D (10 mM BES in the culture medium) and E (20 mM BES in the culture medium). H-2 production reached the highest value (10.96 mmol/L) for condition D. Methane was detected in B (0.43 mmol/L) and C (0.73 mmol/L). The addition of BES in the culture medium inhibited the consumption of H-2 by methanogens. H-2 was produced primarily through the fermentation of acetic acid. Despite the absence of methane, Archaea was detected in sample D. The inoculum was favorable for H-2 production using SCB and the addition of 10 mM BES in the culture medium was the best strategy employed. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study aimed to prepare the sugar industry for the possible introduction of genetically modified (GM) sugarcane and derived retail sugar products and to address several potential public concerns regarding the characteristics and safety of these products. GM sugarcane lines with integrated Cry1Ab and EPSPS foreign genes were used for GM sugar production. Traditional PCR, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed in analyzing leaves, stems, and other derived materials during sugar production, such as fibers, clarified juices, filter mud, syrups, molasses, and final GM sugar product. The toxicity of GM sugar was examined with a feeding bioassay using Helicoverpa armigera larvae. PCR and RT-qPCR results showed that the leaves, stems, fibers, juices, syrups, filter mud, molasses, and white granulated sugar from GM sugarcane can be distinguished from those derived from non-GM sugarcane. The RT-qPCR detection method using short amplified product primers was more accurate than the traditional PCR method. Molecular analysis results indicated that trace amounts of DNA residues remain in GM sugar, and thus it can be accurately characterized using molecular analysis methods. ELISA results showed that only the leaves, stems, fibers, and juices sampled from the GM sugarcane differed from those derived from the non-GM sugarcane, indicating that filter mud, syrup, molasses, and white sugar did not contain detectable Cry1Ab and EPSPS proteins. Toxicity analysis showed that the GM sugar was not toxic to the H. armigera larvae. The final results showed that the GM sugar had no active proteins despite containing trace amounts of DNA residues. This finding will help to pave the way for the commercialization of GM sugarcane and production of GM sugar.
Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50-day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m(-3). Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean-to-sugarcane molasses ratios: 15-85\%, 38-62\% and 60-40\% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean-to-sugarcane molasses ratios of 38-62\% and 60-40\%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.
Lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural residues have been identified as potential sustainable sources that can replace petroleum-based polymers. This study focused on the conversion of lignin extracted from bagasse to carbon fiber (CF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The highest extraction of lignin yield was achieved at 100 degrees C using 10\% NaOH for 12h. Carbon fibers were obtained by electro-spinning of bagasse lignin blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (11 wt/v\%) followed by thermo-stabilization (250 degrees C) in an oxidizing atmosphere and further carbonization in an inert atmosphere (850 degrees C). Conventional hydrolysis process was used to extract cellulose nanocrystal from bagasse pulp. Morphological (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), spectral (Fourier transform infrared, FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal characterization and surface area measurements have been carried out. Figures originated by SEM showed that CF ranges from 145 to 204 nm, while stabilized bagasse cellulose nanocrystal (SCNC) appeared as rod-shape like structure in the range of length 600-800nm and diameter 5.33-19 mu m. Characterization results revealed that CF exhibits microporous structure, while bagasse lignin and SCNC display mesoporous structure. In addition, the results proved that SCNC exhibits a percentage removal 71.56\% for methylene blue dye in an aqueous solution.
Antagonistic yeast Pichia membranifaciens can produce killer toxins and hydrolytic enzymes to degrade pathogenic fungi cell walls. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed and used as a low-cost carbon source to produce bio-fungicide using P. membranifaciens. In a growth medium obtained from bagasse hydrolysis containing 25 g/l sugar, with optimized amounts of nitrogen sources (2\% (w/v)), NaCl and K2HPO4 (0.5\% (w/v)) and in the presence of hydrophilic surfactant, Triton X100 (0.02\% (w/v)), the yeast was able to produce 3782 mg/l bio-fungicide. The activity and toxicity of the produced bio-fungicide were tested against some post-harvest pathogenic fungi, including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, and Phytophthora capsici. Minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined to be 378.2 and 37.82 mg/l, respectively. According to the results, the produced bio-fungicide has the potential for preserving agricultural products in the warehouse.
USE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ALUMINUM POLYCHLORIDE IN THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE HYDROLYZATE PURIFICATION THROUGH COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION TECHNICS. In order to investigate the action of the flocculating agents Panfloc and Panclar a full factorial design 2(3) and a Central Composite design 2(2) were carried out. The control variables were the flocculant concentration, pH and temperature. The response variables were phenolic compounds reduction and spectral area reduction. The best conditions of treatment was hydrolyzate at pH 9 for both coagulants, but the use of Panfloc was more effective in the phenolic compounds reduction (73.9\%) and spectral area reduction (65.8\%).
The Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) have been considered worldwide as one of the major causes of acid rain; one must also acknowledge both its phytotoxic effect and it role in the ozone formation process in the stratosphere. In that way, some countries are monitoring and restricting the emission of such pollutant gases within pre-established standards. Nevertheless, in Brazil, little has been done with relation to the NOX control and the Brazilian and International technical data on bagasse-fuelled boiler emission do not suffice. This work compare measured data on performance and emissions at the Monte Alegre sugarcane mill located in Minas Gerais, with predicted values from empirical correlations of NOX emissions. The influence of both boiler control, such as excess air ratio, and boiler load on emissions was also evaluated. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Viscosity trends in alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) slurries undergoing high solids fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis were measured for a range of solids loading from 15\% to 36\%. Solids liquefaction times were related to system viscosity changes. The viscosity decreased quickly for low solids loading, and increased with increasing solids content. Fed-batch hydrolysis was initiated with 15\% solids loading, and an additional 8\%, 7\% and 6\% were successively added after the system viscosity decreased to stable values to achieve a final solids content of 36\%. Two enzyme-adding modes with 8.5 FPU/g solid were investigated. The batch mode with all enzyme being added at the beginning of the reaction produced the highest yields, with approximately 231.7 g/L total sugars and 134.9 g/L glucose being obtained after 96 h with nearly 60\% of the final glucan conversion rate. This finding indicates that under the right conditions, the fed-batch strategy might be a plausible way to produce high sugars under high solids. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study investigated the influence of printability of banana peel (BP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fractions (BP: SCB) mixed in different ratios (1:1, 1:9, 9:1) by the inclusion of guar gum (GG) for the development of customized 3D food packages. Material supply BP: SCB (in 1:1, 9:1 ratio) with added GG was found to be extrudable with the help of 1.2 mm nozzle diameter by applying 3.2 bar pressure. The speed of the motor was kept at 300 rpm to optimize the printability of extruded material. Desired extrusion for BP: SCB (1:1) and BP: SCB (9:1) with added GG was observed at 400 and 600 mm/min printing speed, respectively. Optimized printing for BP: SCB (1:1) + GG and BP: SCB (9:1) + GG was observed at nozzle height of 1.34 mm and 0.54 mm, respectively. Characterization of successfully printed samples was also performed. As a result, this research demonstrates how non-printable agricultural waste is converted into printable material that can serve as an alternative to plastic food packaging material.
Sugarcane is one of the major agricultural crop of Thailand that covers 1.762 million hectares of area across the 47 provinces of the country. A current sugarcane production of 94.05 million tons is being utilized for varieties of applications, such as production of ethanol, sugar for consumption, fuel blending, pulp paper products, use of vinasse and filter cake for fertilization. To ensure crop sustainability, multiple policies and plans are implemented. Crop zoning and breeding improvement program significantly influences an increase in crop production and yield. With upgraded equipment of co-generation system in combination with optimizing operating conditions, it is possible to achieve surplus electricity to export to national grid at 123 kWh per ton cane from sugar processing factory. Multiple collaboration were established to create a centre for communication and negotiation between grower, miller, and government. These factors are the key to success of Thailand's sugar industry.
The oily-biological sludge is one of the toxic organic sludge generated from petroleum oil refineries wastewater treatment plants. However, its low Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (C/N) need a co-substrate material to meet the requirement of anaerobic digestion process C/N. The oily-biological sludge can act as a substrate and inoculum at the same time. Sugarcane bagasse is an organic waste and has high C/N ratio. Therefore, it is a proper material which can balance the batch C/N ratio. In this study, three mixing ratios for both materials with C/N ratios 20.0, 25.10 and 30.0 respectively. The temperature, mixing and digestion duration were 37 degrees C, 60 rpm and 33 days respectively. Both materials were pre-treated under thermo-chemical conditions to increase biogas yeild. The maximum biogas yield was for the maximum C/N and cosubstrate/inoculum ratios with 9,268 mL.
The cost of commercial enzymes is a limiting factor for the production of bioproducts from lignocellulosic materials, encouraging studies of enzymatic catalysis in order to obtain cellulolytic enzymes from low cost raw materials. beta-glucosidase enzymes produced by Aspergillus niger ATCC 1004 using submerged fermentation and sugarcane bagasse as carbon source was characterized in terms of stability at different temperatures, activity by combining the effect of pH and temperature, and electrophoretic profile. The enzymatic concentrate was highly stable at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The highest enzymatic activities were achieved in the temperature and pH range between 47.0-52.7 degrees C and 3.6-5.2 respectively. Two types of beta-glucosidases were verified and their weights of 167.9 and 119.0 kDa were estimated by SDS-PAGE. The characteristics presented by the beta-glucosidase concentrate suggests its application in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes.
Concrete is the most extensively utilized construction material globally and is increasingly used due to industrialization and urbanization. Currently, most scientists worldwide are concentrating their attention on effective strategies to adopt materials from large amounts of waste resources as a partial substitute for cement in concrete production due to scarcity of resources and continuous environmental pollution. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted on the properties of concrete made from the partial replacement of cement by hybrid coffee husk ash (CHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). The study considered different percentages (0\%, 5\%, 10\%, and 15\%) of hybrid ash to assess the engineering properties of fresh and hardened concrete of C-20/25. A slump and compaction factor test was conducted to study the workability of fresh concrete. The study showed that, as the percentage of replacement increased from 0\% to 15\%, the workability of the concrete decreased up to 15.15\%. In addition, compression, split tensile, and flexural tests were done on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days to investigate the properties of hardened concrete. Based on the test result, 10\% of hybrid ash was the maximum percentage of replacement that showed a compressive and tensile strength greater than the target strength. Therefore, the study concludes that up to 10\% replacement of cement by hybrid ash may be employed in concrete production, which in turn is used to minimize the cost of construction and environmental pollution by recycling waste coffee husk and sugarcane bagasse.
Organosolv (ethanol/water and acetosolv) pulps were treated with Humicola grisea var. thermoidea and compared with Cartazyme HS xylanase-treated pulp. The ethanol/water pulps treated with H. grisea had the same viscosity as unbleached pulps (8 cP). Ethanol/water pulps treated with Cartazyme had higher viscosity than H. grisea-treated pulps (12 cP). Acetosolv pulps treated with H. grisea and Cartazyme presented a reduction in viscosity; however, the pulps treated with H. grisea had a lower reduction in viscosity than Cartazyme-treated pulps. Ethanol/water pulps treated with H. grisea had a 23\% reduction in kappa number in 4 and 8 h of treatment, compared with the unbleached pulps. Cartazyme-treated pulps had a kappa number similar to that of the control pulps for 4 h of treatment. Extending the treatment time to 12 h resulted in a reduction of 33\%. The acetosolv pulp treated with H. grisea had a kappa number reduced to 23\% in 4 h. Cartazyme treatment resulted in a reduction of 55 and 44\% in kappa number for 4 and 8 h of treatment, respectively, when compared with control pulp. Extending the treatment time to 12 h decreased the kappa number 72\%. Fourier transform infrared spectra and principal component analysis showed differences among unbleached, H. grisea-treated, and Cartazyme-treated pulps.
The esterification of sugarcane bagasse with acetic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a catalyst under mild conditions in a solvent free system has been investigated. The extent of acetylation was measured by weight percent gain, which increased with an increment of reaction temperature (30 - 120 degreesC) and time (0.5 - 72.0 h) and NBS concentration from 0.5 to 1.5\%. In comparison with four tertiary amine catalysts (4-dimethylamino pyridine, pyridine, N-methyl pyrrolidine, and N-methyl pyrrolidinone) and one acidic catalyst (0.5\% H2SO4), N-Bromosuccinimide was found to be the most effective and inexpensive catalyst for acetylation of hydroxyl groups in the cell walls of bagasse under mild reaction conditions. At a concentration of 1.5\% of the NBS catalyst in acetic anhydride, a weight percent gain of 22.3\% was achieved at 80degreesC for 2 h. FT-IR and CP-MAS C-13-NMR studies produced evidence for acetylation. More importantly, the acetylation substantially increased hydrophobic properties of the bagasse. The oil sorption capacity of the acetylated bagasse (18.8 g machine oil/g of bagasse fibre at room temperature), obtained at 80degreesC for 2 h, was approximately 1.9 times higher than those of the commercial synthetic oil sorbents such as polypropylene fibres. Cyclic sorption/desorption studies showed that a simple squeezing operation was sufficient to remove most of the oil absorbed on the fibre and the sorbents can be used several times. These novel oil sorption-active materials could be used to substitute those of non-biodegradable materials in oil spill cleanup. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Heavy metals are hazardous to health at certain levels. Currently, heavy metals are removed by physicochemical treatments, such as adsorption, flotation, and electrochemical deposition, and also biological treatments, such as algal biofilm reactor and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In this study, magnetic biochar was produced to enhance the effectiveness and performance of the adsorbent for heavy metal removal. This study aimed to synthesise high-performance magnetic biochar, to determine the optimum parameters and conditions for high yield of magnetic biochar and high removal of cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solution, and to determine the adsorption kinetics and isotherms for Cd2+ removal. Nickel oxide (NiO)-impregnated sugarcane bagasse was subjected to slow pyrolysis to produce magnetic biochar. The impregnated metal, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time were varied to determine the optimum parameters and conditions to produce high-performance magnetic biochar. The removal of Cd2+ from aqueous solution and batch adsorption study were conducted. The synthesised magnetic biochar was characterised using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The adsorption data agreed well with the pseudo-second-order model and followed the Langmuir isotherm model. This study achieved 88.47\% removal efficiency of Cd2+ from aqueous solution. Thus, the removal of this heavy metal as a human carcinogen reduces the hazardous effects on human health and reduces the toxicity in the environment.
Plant-based biofuels present a promising alternative to depleting non-renewable fuel resources. One of the benefits of biofuel is reduced environmental impact, including reduction in greenhouse gas emission which causes climate change. Sugarcane is one of the most important bioenergy crops. Sugarcane juice is used to produce table sugar and first-generation biofuel (e.g., bioethanol). Sugarcane bagasse is also a potential material for second-generation cellulosic biofuel production. Researchers worldwide are striving to improve sugarcane biomass yield and quality by a variety of means including biotechnological tools. This paper reviews the use of sugarcane as a feedstock for biofuel production, and gene manipulation tools and approaches, including RNAi and genome-editing tools, such as TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9, for improving its quality. The specific focus here is on CRISPR system because it is low cost, simple in design and versatile compared to other genome-editing tools. The advance of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has transformed plant research with its ability to precisely delete, insert or replace genes in recent years. Lignin is the primary material responsible for biomass recalcitrance in biofuel production. The use of genome editing technology to modify lignin composition and distribution in sugarcane cell wall has been realized. The current and potential applications of genome editing technology for sugarcane improvement are discussed. The advantages and limitations of utilizing RNAi and TALEN techniques in sugarcane improvement are discussed as well.
Ignition and burnout temperatures are important properties of solid fuels for their applications in industry. In this study, the thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of bamboo and sugarcane bagasse at five different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees C min(-1) are performed. The intersection method (IM) and deviation method (DM) are employed to approach the ignition temperatures of the two biomass species, while IM and the conversion method (CM) are adopted to analyze their burnout temperatures. In IM and CM, both the ignition and burnout temperatures increase with increasing heating rate, as a consequence of the pronounced thermal lag in biomass particles at high heating rates. The measured ignition temperatures based on DM are lower than those based on IM, and there is no correlation between the temperature and heating rate. The determined burnout temperatures from IM are close to those obtained from CM, while the difference in the burnout temperatures of the two biomass samples is small. The ignition temperatures of the two biomass species measured from IM are between 250 and 300 degrees C, and their burnout temperatures are close to 500 degrees C. As a whole, IM is recommended for determining the ignition temperature of biomass, while CM is a feasible and simple route to approach the burnout temperature. The heating rates in TGA between 20 and 30 degrees C min(-1) are suggested because of their accurate and time-saving operations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has emerged as a promising technology for sustainable use and waste valorization. One major challenge of HTC technology is the process water (PW) disposal or reuse, which is rich in dissolved organic carbon. This study evaluated the (i) potential of HTC to transform sugarcane industry by-products (sugarcane bagasse and vinasse) into useful materials for energy purposes, after, (ii) carry out the PW reuse in a novel HTC process with sugarcane bagasse. Relationships among composition, structure and morphology with fuel properties of hydrochars were evaluated. All hydrochars had lower volatile matter and higher fixed carbon content compared to the raw biomass. In addition, the decrease of H/C and O/C atomic ratios indicated an enhancement of the dehydration and deoxygenation reactions. Furthermore, the higher heating values (HHV) of hydrochars were in the range of 21.10-23.78 MJ kg(-1), compared to 15.43 MJ kg(-1) of the sugarcane bagasse. This result added to those from the van Krevelen diagram showed that the hydrochars presented fuel properties similar to conventional non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal. Overall, the PW reuse did not promote great differences in the hydrochar properties and, consequently, no big changes on their fuel properties. Further, the hydrochar produced with sugarcane bagasse, vinasse, and sulfuric acid showed the highest heating value, and it was the most hydrophobic hydrochar among the others investigated. Therefore, the present study showed HTC and PW reuse as promising methods to treat the sugarcane industry by-products for solid fuel production.
Furfural is a base chemical with a wide range of applications and with a great opportunity for market growth in the near term. Derived from biomass, its production may be incorporated to the Brazilian chemical industry using sugarcane bagasse as feedstock. In this context, the integration of a furfural plant to a first generation bioethanol facility, within the biorefinery concept, was simulated considering different scenarios compared to an autonomous bioethanol distillery. The economic analysis of the different scenarios showed that the revenues from furfural commercialization increase the internal rate of return of the project for maximum furfural production (22.0\%) in comparison to a conventional ethanol distillery (13.5\%), despite the decrease in electricity output. Moreover, the economic analysis of the results pointed out the possibility of lowering furfural prices to levels that could lead to its use as a precursor for biofuels.
A variety of studies have been realized with the objective of producing celulases with low cost to be used in the production of second generation alcohol (2G) from lignocellulosic residues. Among them, the use of sugarcane bagasse as carbon source for the growth of microorganisms is highlighted. Based on this, this article aimed to carry out a bibliometric review on the use of Aspergillus niger using sugarcane bagasse as a carbon source, aiming the production of cellulase, through the study of scientific and technological advances on the themes. To perform the review, we used the Web of Science database, inserting four keywords: ``Aspergillus niger{''
Biodegradable foams made from cassava starch, sugarcane bagasse fibres, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were obtained by extrusion. The effects of varying proportions of these three components on foam properties were studied, as well the relationship between their properties and foam microstructure. The addition of PVA in high proportions (40\%) increased the expansion index and led to a significant reduction in water adsorption of starch foams, generally improving foam properties. Fibre addition at low levels improved the water resistance, but at high levels, resulted in denser and more coloured foams, with a yellowish aspect. The mechanical properties of the foams were affected by both relative humidity (RH) of storage and foam formulation. In general, as the RH increased, the foam strength decreased. At high RH (90\%), fibre addition at high proportions resulted in a reinforcing effect on starch foams, improving their strength. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aluminium alloy 5056 base matrix hybrid composite is widely used in marine and aerospace application due to its low density and corrosion resistance properties. The composite is synthesized, by stir casting method, as Al 5056 with constant proportions (3\%) of Silicon Carbide and varying percentages (2, 4\%) of sugar cane bagasse ash as reinforcement particles. A varying percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash has been studied with and without the addition of Silicon Carbide and its effects were analysed. In this paper, testing of the composite was done so as to assess the mechanical and metallurgical properties. Results showed a significant increase in the wear rate and hardness value of the composites. Usage of industrial agro wastes like bagasse ash as reinforcement not only enhances the properties of the composite but also promotes sustainability through waste disposal. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
Sugar industry produces a variety of organic byproducts causing disposal as well as environmental issues. This study investigated the safe use of these byproducts in assessment of soil physicochemical properties and metal accumulation in rice. A field experiment was performed with following treatments: control only NPK (CF), NPK + sugarcane bagasse (SB), NPK + press mud (PM), NPK + sugarcane vinasse (SV), NPK + SB + PM (SB + PM), NPK + SB + SV (SB + SV), NPK + PM + SV (PM + SV), NPK + SB + PM + SV (SB + PM + SV). Total byproduct input was (1.25 t ha(-1)) as recommended for organic inputs in the local area. The results indicated that integrated use of these amendments with chemical fertilization improved soil properties and rice yield. Organic matter was significantly improved in SB + SV (191.3\%), SB + PM + SV (164.4\%), and SB + PM (150.9\%). Total N was significantly enhanced in SB + SV (193\%), SB + PM + SV (166\%), and SB + PM (152.5\%); extractable P was high in SB (103\%), PM + SV (89.7\%), and SB + PM (51\%); extractable K was significantly improved in PM (39.6\%) and SB (33.4\%); extractable Zn was significantly enhanced in SB (1172.8\%), SV (829.2\%) and PM (819.1\%) in soil. Rice grain yield was significantly enhanced in SB (213.1\%) and PM (208.8\%) while combined application also improved the yield with reference to the CF. The application of SB + PM improved N (58.7\%), P (27.4\%), K (11.5\%), and Zn (166.4\%) concentration in grain, while metal accumulation was within the permissible limit. Zn concentration was significantly enhanced in SB + PM (166.4\%) whereas the concentration of Cd and Pb was significantly reduced with the application of byproducts. Health assessment results showed no harmful effects for humans. Results conclude that these byproducts are good nutrients source and improve soil physicochemical properties without any health hazards.
The ability of supercritical/subcritical carbon dioxide (SC/Sub-CO2) to catalyze the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from fructose was studied in this paper. The optimal conditions for the conversion in SC/Sub-CO2 systems were determined, and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated with SC-CO2 using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
Latin American and Caribbean's (LAC) external dependency on fossil fuels and the pursuit for renewable energy leads to the need for a strategy to afford a cleaner and reliable domestic energy supply. Sugarcane presents high photosynthetic efficiency and it is a well-spread crop in LAC. Our study aims to explore the potential of different approaches of modern energy production from sugarcane, at a national level, and its implication to the environmental aspects. We found that Guatemala, Nicaragua and Cuba would be able to replace 10\% of the gasoline and about 2-3\% of the diesel consumption by only using the current molasses. With a slight expansion on sugarcane production, Bolivia can replace 20\% of the gasoline and diesel, besides providing surplus ethanol for exportation or other purposes. With a minor investment, bagasse may enlarge the electricity access in many countries whereas in other may represent an alternative to replace fossil fuel sources. We also found relevant potential on reducing the GHG emissions specially in Bolivia, Paraguay and Nicaragua. However, the implementation of such strategies must be supported by appropriate policies to ensure competitive prices, overcome opportunity costs, and stimulate investments. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A fungal-bacterial consortium provided by Sybron Chemicals, Inc, was used in a laboratory study in an effort to accelerate the decomposition of post-harvest sugarcane residue. The consortium includes the fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and bacterium Cellulomonas sp., which were chosen for their cellulolytic capabilities and Azospirillum brasilense, which was chosen because it is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium. Study results indicated that the consortium sprayed over the residue and mixed in soil supplemented with 0.3\% molasses showed a significant difference for several parameters. Those measurable differences included visual decomposition of residue, bacterial and fungal populations, soil pH. nitrogen. and available phosphorous when compared to control and the treatment in which the consortium was sprayed over the residue but not mixed. This study indicates that this fungal-bacterial consortium may accelerate the decomposition of post-harvest sugarcane residue provided the residue is mixed with soil. Further study is necessary to refine the process for the future application of this consortium as a possible alternative to the current practice of open air burning of sugarcane residue by fanners, (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, the sugarcane bagasse solid waste was used as raw material to prepare a novel bagasse biochar/ ferrites (BB/FE) nanocomposite by one-step microwave pyrolysis method. This nanocomposite was used to adsorb As(V) in wastewater and the maximum As(V) adsorption capacity of 12.8 mg/g was successfully achieved under the experimental conditions. The synergistic effect of bagasse biochar and ferrites on As(V) adsorption was comprehensively investigated by TEM, FT-IR, XPS, adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics analysis, and DFT calculations. The results showed that the excellent As(V) adsorption performance of the BB/FE nanocomposite was attributed to the synergistic effects including electrostatic interaction, redox reaction, and complexation. This study not only develops a new pathway for bagasse resource utilization, but also provides theoretical guidance for design and preparation of high-performance nanocomposite adsorbents.
The objective was to evaluate the production and nutritional composition of cassava (Manihot esculent a Crantz) meal under different organic fertilization rates. Twenty 10 x 10 m plots were planted with cassava and fertilized with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg plant(-1) of sugarcane filter cake (part of the waste left after processing). The variables measured were fresh and dry forage yield (FFY and DFY), fresh and dry tuber yield (FTY and DTY), meal yield (MY) and their nutritional composition. The results indicate that the organic fertilization significantly increased the FFY, DFY, FTY, DTY and MY compared to the control. Applying 1.5 kg of organic fertilizer significantly improved crude protein content (CP, 3.37\%). Organic fertilization with 1.5 kg plant 1 of compost improved forage and tuber yield, and CP content.
Retrofitting existing sugar mills to produce ethanol from sugarcane bagasse provides a significant opportunity in India to meet the nation's liquid transportation fuel demands. Utilization of sugarcane trash in the sugar mill can enhance the economic feasibility of this approach. This work developed an optimization model to determine the optimal distribution of bagasse and trash for ethanol production while simultaneously ensuring energy sufficiency of the sugar mill. A superstructure of sugar mill integrated with a second generation ethanol facility along with trash utilization and lignin valorization processes is developed. The model determines the break-even selling price (BESP) of ethanol by optimizing the distribution of bagasse and trash subjected to the mass and energy balance constraints and cost functions. The application of the model for a sugar mill with a throughput of 150 Mg (Mega grams)/h of sugarcane showed the ethanol BESP to be Rs. 63/L when trash and lignin was available along with bagasse for heat production. Trash retention on farm increased the BESP to Rs. 117/L, indicating the economic value of trash utilization. However, on-farm trash retention led to about 82\% savings in GHG emissions due to reduced fertilizer use. Lignin valorization was found to be economically infeasible. (c) 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1901-1907, 2018
Chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse fiber was achieved by mercerization reaction and esterification reaction with anhydride acetic vapor. This is a new acetylation procedure. The results show that the fiber length and diameter are reduced after the reactions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies produced clear evidence of the partial acetylation reaction. Optical microscopy revealed fibrillation in the acetylated fiber attributed to hemicellulose dissolution. The thermal stability measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) increased after acetylation and decreased after mercerization. The higher thermal stability of the acetylated fiber as compared with modified fibers in liquid medium was attributed to the small quantity of water and acetic acid present for the reaction in vapor phase. The lesser tensile strength of the acetylated fiber was due to fibrillation. The porous structure obtained favors migration of the polymer chains into the fiber acetylated, and thus it should enhance the polymer-fiber adhesion in polymer composites. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study presents a potential approach to enhance integrated sequential biohydrogen production from waste biomass using magnetite nanoparticle (Fe3O4 NPs) which is \& nbsp;synthesized through waste seeds of Syzygium cumini. Consequences of 0.5\% Fe3O4 NPs have been investigated on the thermal and pH stability of fungal crude cellulase. It is noticed that Fe3O4 NPs treated enzyme and control exhibits 100\% activity in the temperature range of 45-60 degrees C and 45-55 degrees C, respectively. Moreover, Fe3O4 NPs treated enzyme showed extended thermal stability in the temperature range of 50-60 degrees C up to 12 h. Beside this, Fe3O4 NPs treated enzyme possesses 100\% stability in the pH range of 5.0-7.0 whereas control exhibited only at pH 6.0. Enzymatic hydrolysis via Fe3O4 NPs treated enzyme has been employed which produces-68.0 g/L reducing sugars from sugarcane bagasse. Sub-sequently, sugar hydrolyzate has been utilized as substrate in the sequential integrated fermentation that produces-3427.0 mL/L cumulative hydrogen after 408 h. This approach may have potential for the pilot scale production of biohydrogen from waste biomass at low-cost in an eco-friendly manner. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.
In this work, the sugar industry by-product cane molasses was investigated as feedstock for acceptor reactions by dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides MTCC 10508, leading to the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides. The starch industry corn fiber residue was used as a source for acceptor molecules, maltose, in the reaction. Production of approximately 124 g oligosaccharides (DP3-DP6) per kg of fresh molasses was achieved. Further, cane molasses based medium was demonstrated as a sole carbon source for L. mesenteroides growth and dextransucrase production. D-Fructose released by dextransucrase activity as processing by-product was transformed into the functional monosaccharide with zero caloric value, D-psicose, by inducing its epimerization. Quantitative analysis approximated 37 g D-psicose per kg of fresh molasses. Thus, the study established a novel approach of integrated bioprocessing of cane molasses into prebiotic and functional food additives. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recently, lignocellulosic biomass-based plastics have attracted attention as alternatives to oil-derived plastics. However, the conventional production of biomass-based plastics is a multistep process, requiring harsh pretreatment, chemical modification, and purification, resulting in high costs and environmental burden. Herein, we report the direct conversion of lignocellulosic agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse, into an injection-moldable cellulosic thermoplastic having good mechanical properties. Specifically, the hydroxy groups in bagasse were substituted by long-/short-chain mixed acyl groups (20:80 molar ratio of decanoyl/acetyl groups) in a one-pot, two-step homogeneous transesterification reaction using the corresponding vinyl esters and an ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) as both solvent and catalyst. The lignin component in the bagasse derivative was separated by precipitation in methanol, and a mixed-ester derivative of cellulose and hemicellulose (polysaccharide acetate decanoate, PSAD) having long- and short- acyl chains was obtained. PSAD could be injection-molded at 205 degrees C because of the plasticizing effects of the decanoyl groups and the hemicellulose component, despite the ultrahigh weight-average molecular weight of >1.5 x 10(6) g mol(-1). The hemicellulose derivative in PSAD yielded moderate flexibility and sufficiently high mechanical strength for its use as a thermoplastic with tensile and flexural strengths of 50 and 80 MPa, respectively.
Atmospheric particulate matter, from three sites in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, and smoke samples from the burning of sugarcane leaves and bagasse were analyzed for biomass burning emissions. Samples were acquired using a standard high-volume air sampler; extracts were prepared and fractionated into aromatic and polar compounds. These fractions were subjected to gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Polar and aromatic fractions were identified and quantified. Compounds such as levoglucosan, galactosan, mannosan were found in the polar fractions, and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aromatic fractions. Concentrations of levoglucosan ranged from 0.15 to 1.65 ng/m(3), 0.36 to 6.83 ng/m(3) and 0.19 to 28.42 ng/m(3) at the downtown Corpo de Bombeiros, suburban (Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense) and countryside (Lake de Cima, LC) sites; and from 10.55 to 35.06 ng/m(3) and 2.7 ng/m(3) in the smoke samples from the burnt leaves and bagasse, respectively. The LC site is, at face value, a non-polluted countryside area, surrounded by sugarcane plantations. This fact explains why the highest concentrations of levoglucosan were detected there. Sugarcane burning is not the main source of toxic compounds, such as PAH, e.g. benzo(a)pyrene, in the atmospheric particulate matter. No or small concentrations of PAHs were found in the sugarcane leaves/bagasse burning samples. Their presence in the studied sites can be ascribed to vehicular exhaust. Therefore, these are the two major sources of atmospheric pollution in this area. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The present work is aimed at investigating nickel nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide modified electrode as an amperometric detector along with anion-exchange chromatography. The modified electrode was found to exhibit electrocatalytic oxidation efficiently in relation to amino acids with high stability. The effects of hydroxide and acetate as mobile phase on the retention time, retention factor, separation factor, and peak resolution were subjected to thorough evaluation. The proposed method presented linear ranges from 2.5 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-3) mol L-1 with excellent correlation coefficient of at least 0.9997 in optimized anion-exchange chromatographic conditions. The limits of detection for all the compounds analyzed ranged from 8.7 x 10(-7) to 2.0 x 10(-5) mol L-1. The amperometric sensitivity was found to be within the range of 3.3 x 10(5) and 5.3 x 10(6) nA ma(-1) L The recovery study showed that the method has good accuracy and repeatability, with recoveries between 95 +/- 4.7 and 100 +/- 1.7\%. Experiment results obtained demonstrated that the sensor has relatively good long-term stability, accuracy, and sensitivity, besides being devoid of interference. The proposed analytical method was applied towards the determination of amino acids in sugarcane vinasse sample obtained from a sugar and ethanol plant. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
lSugar cane bagasse is an industrial waste which is used worldwide as fuel in the same sugarcane industry. The combustion yields ashes containing high amounts of unburned matter, silicon and aluminium. oxides as main components. These sugar-cane bagasse ashes (SCBA) have been chemically, physically and mineralogically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use as a cement-replacing material in the concrete industry. Determination of parameters such as carbon content (by thermal analysis methods), presence of crystalline material (by X-ray diffractometry), granulometric distribution (by laser diffraction in water suspensions), morphology of particles (by scanning electron microscopy) and reactivity towards lime (pozzolanic activity by thermogravimetric monitoring in lime/SCBA and cement/SCBA pastes) have been carried out. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.
Production of cellulase enzyme by Trichoderma reesei using cheap lignocellulosic material sugarcane bagasse was studied. Enzyme production from lignocellulosic biomass required pretreatment to decrease the cellulose crystallinity where inhibitors are released in hydrolysate. Strategies for solid bagasse feeding and pH shifting during fermentation have been developed for cellulase production enhancement by T. reesei NCIM 1186. To improve the cellulase production along with xylose utilization from the hydrolysate various feeding approach of pretreated solid bagasse in liquid hydrolysate grown culture has been investigated. This T. reesei has shown the capability of complete consumption of acetic acid, furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl, furfural and formic acid along with enzyme production. The maximum cellulase production of 1.5 U/ml CMCase and 1.01 U/ml FPase was obtained using a solid bagasse strategy developed here where T. reesei was grown in sugar rich hydrolysate followed by early feeding of pretreated solid bagasse along with pH shifting strategy in a stirred tank bioreactor. This production was almost fivefolds increment of both FPase and CMCase compared to culture grown in whole slurry mixture.
An attractive application of crude glycerol is in the generation of biomethane by means of anaerobic co-digestion. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of neural networks and fuzzy logic to predict the production of biomethane from the anaerobic co-digestion of glycerol and/or sugarcane molasses. Firstly, a reactor model was implemented using Scilab (v. 6.1.1), considering the Monod two-substrate with an intermediate (M2SI) kinetic model proposed by Rakmak et al. (Rakmak, N.; Noynoo, L.; Jijai, S.; Siripatana, C. Lecture Notes in Applied Mathematics and Applied Science in Engineering. Melaka, Malaysia, p. 11-20, 2019), to generate a database for subsequent fitting and evaluation of neural and fuzzy models. The neural network package of Matlab was used. Fuzzy modeling was applied using the Takagi-Sugeno approach available in the ANFIS package of Matlab. The biomethane production data simulated using Scilab were considered in neural network modeling and validation, firstly employing a ``generic{''
Feedstock particle size can influence the lignocellulosic conversion yields and the energy costs of second generation ethanol production. In this work the influence of bagasse particle size on pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated. Bagasse was ground using a knife mill equipped with screens to obtain particles of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm (sieve opening). Unmilled and milled samples were pretreated using dilute sulfuric acid in different conditions of temperature and time. The pretreated bagasses were subject to enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 hours. The pretreatment yield was determined from the mass loss during pretreatment for each assay and sample. The chemical compositions of untreated and pretreated bagasse were used to evaluate hemicellulose solubilization in pretreatment; and hydrolysis conversion was measured to assess the effect of particle size enzymatic saccharification. The higher mass loss and hemicellulose solubilization (39 and 87 \%, respectively) occurred for the more severe conditions of pretreatment, 140 degrees C for 30 min. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p=0.05) of mass loss for the samples with different particle sizes. In enzymatic hydrolysis, the higher percentage of hydrolyzed mass was also for the pretreatment at 140 degrees C for 30 min (58-60), which was obtained >90 \% of the sugars conversion. There was no significant difference (p=0.05) for hydrolyzed mass of samples with different particle sizes.
Butanol was produced commercially from cornstarch and sugarcane molasses (renewable resources) until 1983, when production of these plants was forced to cease because of unfavorable economics of production caused in part by escalating prices of these feedstocks. During recent years, the focus of research has been on the use of economically available agricultural biomass and residues and cutting-edge science and technology to make butanol production a commercially viable process again. In this study, we produced butanol from sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) by employing high concentrations of SSB solids and integrated process technology through which simultaneous saccharification, fermentation, and recovery (SSFR) were conducted as one unit operation. The concentrated SSB (16-22\% dry wt. basis or 160-220 gL(-1)) was used to reduce reactor size and potentially reduce fixed and operational costs. Indeed, ABE productivity and yield of 0.21 gL(-1)h(-1) and 0.39 were obtained, respectively, when 160 gL(-1) SSB (16\%, dry wt.) was used in the SSFR process. In nonintegrated systems, use of >90 gL(-1) solid loading is improbable and has not been done until this study.
A rapid research method using microwave-assisted probe ultrasonication was developed to quantify total, insoluble, and soluble starch in various sugar crop products. Several variables affecting starch solubilisation were evaluated, (1) heating method, (2) boiling time, (3) probe ultrasonication time, (4) water loss, (5) concentration, (6) sample colour, and (7) sample. The optimised method solubilises <40,000 ppm insoluble starch with microwave-assisted sonication in 6 min, has acceptable precision (<6\% CV), accuracy (>= 95\%), uses a corn starch reference, and incorporates a colour blank to remove contribution from natural colourants found in industrial samples. This method was validated using factory samples and found applicable to sugarcane and sweet sorghum bagasse (3\% CV), mixed juices (2\%), massecuites (4\%), molasses (7\%), and raw sugars (12\%), 100\% satisfactory performance z-scores were also obtained. Total starch values obtained with this method were significantly higher than those measured using other methods presently accepted by the sugar industry. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Biorefineries processing lignocellulose will produce chemicals and fuels from chemical constituents, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin to replace fossil-derived products. Fractionation of sugarcane bagasse into three pure streams of chemical constituents was addressed through dissolution of constituents with the ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
The operational conditions for xylitol production by fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate in a fluidized bed reactor with cells immobilized on zeolite were evaluated. Fermentations were carried out under different conditions of air flowrate (0.0125-0.0375 vvm), zeolite mass (100-200 g), initial pH (4-6), and xylose concentration (4060 g/L), according to a 2 4 full factorial design. The air flowrate increase resulted in a metabolic deviation from product to biomass formation. On the other hand, the pH increase favored both the xylitol yield (Y-P/S) and volumetric productivity (Q(P)), and the xylose concentration increase positively influenced the xylitol concentration. The best operational conditions evaluated were based on the use of an air flowrate of 0.0125 vvm, 100 g of zeolite, pH 6, and xylose concentration of 60 g/L. Under these conditions, 38.5 g/L of xylitol were obtained, with a Y-P/S of 0.72 g/g, Q(P) of 0.32 g/L(.)h, and cell retention of 25.9\%.
Cellulose enzymatic hydrolyzability and fermentability of sugarcane bagasse was well improved to produce bioethanol by H2SO4-catalyzed atmospheric acetic acid (AA) pretreatment, which was mainly ascribed to delignification and modification of lignin structure. Crude bagasse milled lignin (CBML) was further used to investigate the structural changes of lignin macromolecule. Results showed that lignincarbohydrate complex (LCC) underwent significant cleavage by acid hydrolysis as revealed by the reduction of polysaccharide content after AA treatment. The cleavage of beta-O-4' aryl ether bond was the predominant reaction responsible for lignin depolymerization. After AA treatment the negative effects of CBML were greatly weakened mainly due to the acylation of hydroxyl groups. The phenolic hydroxyl group mediated non-productive adsorption of cellulases was primarily attributed to hydrogen bonding interaction for endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase, but both hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction played important roles for the adsorption of beta-glucosidase on lignin. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic material to sugars can provide a carbon source for the production of energy (fuels) and a wide range of renewable products. However, the efficiency of this conversion is impaired due to product (sugar) inhibition. Even though several studies investigate how to overcome this challenge, concepts on the process to conduct the hydrolysis are still scarce in literature. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) can be applied to design an extractive reaction due to their capacity to partition solutes to different phases in such a system. This work presents strategies on how to conduct extractive enzymatic hydrolysis in ATPS and how to explore the experimental results in order to design a feasible process. While only a limited number of ATPS was explored, the methods and strategies described could easily be applied to any further ATPS to be explored. We studied two promising ATPS as a subset of a previously high throughput screened large set of ATPS, providing two configurations of processes having the reaction in either the top phase or in the bottom phase. Enzymatic hydrolysis in these ATPS was performed to evaluate the partitioning of the substrate and the influence of solute partitioning on conversion. Because ATPS are able to partition inhibitors (sugar) between the phases, the conversion rate can be maintained. However, phase forming components should be selected to preserve the enzymatic activity. The experimental results presented here contribute to a feasible ATPS-based conceptual process design for the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic material.
This paper presents the properties of low-fines self-consolidating concrete (LF-SCC) incorporating industrial by-products such as fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash as cement replacing materials at 20, 30, 40 and 50\%; and 10, 20, 30 and 40\%, respectively. The suitability of the LF-SCC so produced as a pavement quality concrete is assessed by testing for its strength and durability. The fresh properties such as slump-flow, V-funnel, T50 and L-box ratio are determined. The mechanical properties such as compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength are evaluated. The durability of mixes is assessed by water absorption, water penetration, and rapid chloride penetration tests (RCPT). The results show that the workability of the LF-SCC is well satisfying the EFNARC guidelines. The mixes showing compressive and flexural strengths not less than 30 and 3.8 MPa can be used for rural roads and those showing these values above 40 and 4.5 MPa, can be effectively used for the construction of urban roads as per Indian Road Congress specifications. The maximum water absorption among all the mixes is 3.56\% and the maximum water penetration is 35 mm. The RCPT values at 90 days curing are found to be in the range of 788-1393 coulombs.
Many different amendments, stabilizers, and conditioners are usually applied for soil and water conservation. Biochar is a carbon-enriched substance produced by thermal decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen with the goal to be used as a soil amendment. Biochar can be produced from a wide range of biomass sources including straw, wood, manure, and other organic wastes. Biochar has been demonstrated to restore soil fertility and crop production under many conditions, but less is known about the effects of its application on soil erosion and runoff control. Therefore, a rainfall simulation study, as a pioneer research, was conducted to evaluate the performance of the application of vinasse-produced biochar on the soil erosion control of a sandy clay loam soil packed in small-sized runoff 0.25-m(2) plots with 3 replicates. The treatments were (i) no biochar (control), (ii) biochar (8 t ha(-1)) application at 24 h before the rainfall simulation and (iii) biochar (8 t ha(-1)) application at 48 h before the rainfall simulation. Rainfall was applied at 50mmh(-1) for 15min. The mean change of effectiveness in time to runoff could be found in biochar application at 24 and 48 h before simulation treatment with rate of +55.10\% and +71.73\%, respectively. In addition, the mean runoff volume 24 and 48 h before simulation treatments decreased by 98.46\% and 46.39\%, respectively. The least soil loss (1.12 +/- 0.57 g) and sediment concentration (1.44 +/- 0.48 g l(-1)) occurred in the biochar-amended soil treated 48 h before the rainfall simulation. In conclusion, the application of vinasse-produced biochar could effectively control runoff and soil loss. This study provided a new insight into the effects of biochar on runoff, soil loss, and sediment control due to water erosion in sandy clay loam soils. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The development of industrial process in line with the circular economy and the environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) is the foundation for sustainable economic development. Alternatives that make feasible the transformation of residues in added value products are promising and contribute to the repositioning of the industry towards sustainability, due to financial leverage obtained from lesser operational costs when compared with conventional processes, therefore increasing the company competitivity. In this study, it is presented a promising and innovative technology for the recycling of agro-industrial residues, the sugarcane bagasse and the high-pressure water boiler effluent, in the development of a low-cost adsorbent (HC-T) using the hydrothermal carbonization processes and its application in the adsorption of herbicide Diuron and Methylene Blue dye from synthetic contaminated water. The hydrothermal carbonization was performed in a Teflon contained inside a sealed stainless-steel reactor self-pressurized at 200 \& DEG;C, biomass-to-effluent (m/v) ratio of 1:3 and 24 h. The synthesized material (HC) was activated in an oven at 450 \& DEG;C for 10 min, thus being named adsorbent (HC-T) and characterized by textural, structural and spectroscopic analyses. The low-cost adsorbent HC-T presented an 11-time-fold increase in surface area and \& SIM;40\% increase in total pore volume in comparison with the HC material. The kinetic and isotherm adsorption experiment results highlighted that the HC-T was effective as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of herbicide Diuron and Methylene Blue dye from synthetic contaminated waters, with an adsorption capacity of 35.07 (63.25\% removal) and 307.09 mg g(-1) (36,47\% removal), respectively.
Considering the lignocellulosic biorefinery, the present work evaluated the energy potential related to biogas production from the anaerobic digestion (both at one- and two-stage) of the main residues derived from sugarcane bagasse (SB) pretreatment with ozone aiming its further use for 2G ethanol. The results showed that 2G ethanol production was maximized under mild ozonation conditions (7.5 mgO(3) gSB(-1)), generating 30 L ethanol tonSB(-1), which corresponds to a revenue of 17 USD tonSB(-1) with sale. Despite not leading to profits, the use of electric energy generated through CHP system (by burning the biogas produced at two-stage anaerobic digestion) covered the energy costs involved in SB ozonation. A combined pretreatment consisting of SB ozonation followed by alkaline extraction (AE) provided the highest 2G ethanol production (66 L tonSB(-1)) under the most severe conditions (97.5 mgO(3) gSB(-1)), and resulted in 37 USD tonSB(-1) with ethanol sale. Despite this, process sustainability was only achieved when the anaerobic digestion of main residues was taken into account and the combined O-3+AE was used under the mildest SB ozonation. At these conditions, the surplus energy (similar to 30 MW per harvest) had the potential to supply about 320,000 inhabitants during the crop harvest.
Activated carbon was prepared from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with phosphoric acid at 500 degrees C activation temperature and 2 h activation time, resulting in the carbon yield of 27.13\%. The prepared activated carbon has high BET surface area (671.54 m(2)/g) and the maximum adsorption of iodine is 602.23 mg/g. The adsorption characteristics of the obtained carbon towards both Fe(II) and Mn(II) at different experimental conditions were conducted by means of batch and column methods. The adsorbent showed high affinity for the removal of both Fe(II) or Mn(II) from aqueous medium, where an uptake values of 7.01 and 5.40 mg/g were reported for Fe(II) and Mn(II), respectively, at 25 degrees C. Various parameters such as pH, agitation time and speed, adsorbent dose, metal ion concentration, temperature, and ionic strength had been studied. The kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the adsorption reaction was defined, these data indicated pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption is endothermic in nature and mainly physical. Breakthrough curves for the removal of Fe(II) or Mn(II) were studied. Regeneration and durability of the loaded carbon toward the successive cycles were clarified. The adsorbed Fe(II) or Mn(II) was eluted from the column effectively using 0.5 M hydrochloric acid.
This study compared the fundamental properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) extracted from sugarcane bagasse. Conventional hydrolysis was used to extract CNC while ball milling was used to extract CNF. Images generated by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope showed CNC was needle-like with relatively lower aspect ratio and CNF was rope-like in structure with higher aspect ratio. Fourier-transformed infrared spectra showed that the chemical composition of nanocellulose and extracted cellulose were identical and quite different from bagasse. Dynamic light scattering studies showed that CNC had uniform particle size distribution with a median size of 148 nm while CNF had a bimodal size distribution with median size 240 +/- 12 nm and 10 mu m. X-ray diffraction showed that the amorphous portion was removed during hydrolysis; this resulted in an increase in the crystalline portion of CNC compared to CNF. Thermal degradation of cellulose initiated at a much lower temperature, in the case of the nanocrystals while the CNF prepared by ball milling were not affected, indicating higher thermal stability.
Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is an emerging contaminant due to the runoff of CPS from agricultural fields, which find its way to nearby water sources. CPS requires to be removed to ensure the availability of safe drinking water. In this paper we report the experimental investigations carried out for the removal of CPS from waste water streams using bagasse based biochar as an adsorbent. Three different types of biochar were prepared from bagasse through different treatment to the raw bagasse. After identifying the best of the three types of biochar through iodine and methylene blue uptake, experiments were carried out to assess the removal of CPS from the aqueous systems containing 10-50 ppm. The results indicate about 89 \% removal from an initial concentration of 10 ppm CPS. The bagasse was also characterized for its morphological and physiochemical characteristics. The optimal conditions for maximum uptake with respect to contact time, pH, initial CPS concentration, initial adsorbate concentration and temperature were studied. The isotherm models were evaluated and the results from error function analysis indicated Freundlich isotherm to be the most suitable model. The maximum adsorption capacity (q(m)) of the biochar for CPS was 3.20 mg g(-1). The kinetics data was best fitted with the pseudo second order model. CPS adsorption onto the biochar occurred in a spontaneous manner, was exothermic and involved physisorption.
Vinasse has been successfully used as carbon and non-metals precursor for the synthesis of N-S-doped nanoporous carbon materials. The procedure involves the hydrothermal treatment of vinasse (HTV), and subsequent physical activation with CO(2 )in absence (VP) and presence of cobalt (VPCo). The N-2 physisorption and SEM images showed the development of porous in the material, with BET surface area values ranging from 7.17 (HTV) to 734 m(2) g(-1)(VPCo), and the formation of carbon-spheres. Spectroscopy techniques (FTIR and XPS) demonstrated the insertion of nitrogen and sulfur elements, as well as the presence of cobalt into the carbon lattice. The electrocatalytic activity experiments toward the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, and hydrazine oxidation reaction were superior for VPCo, which gave onset values of 0.91, 1.60 and 0.36 V us. RHE, respectively. Additionally, VP was selective for H2O2, while VPCo catalyzed ORR We a four-electron pathway. (C) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, cellulose was obtained from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and treated with xylanase to remove residual noncellulosic polymers (hemicellulose and lignin) to improve its dyeability. The cellulose fibers were dyed with natural dye solutions extracted from the heart wood of Ceasalpinia sappan Linn. and Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman analysis, and whiteness index (WI) indicated successful extraction of cellulose by eliminating hemicellulose and lignin. The FTIR analysis of the dyed fibers confirmed successful interaction between natural dyes and cellulose fibers. The absorption (K) and scattering (S) coefficient (K/S) values of the dyed fibers increased in cellulose treated with xylanase before dyeing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the surface of alkaline-bleached fibers (AB-fibers) was smoother than alkaline-bleached xylanase fibers (ABX-fibers), and the presence of dye particles on the surface of dyed fibers was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a higher crystallinity index (CrI), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) also presented higher thermal stability in the dyed fibers with good colorfastness to light. Therefore, xylanase treatment and natural dyes can enhance dyeability and improve the properties of cellulose for various industrial applications.
The aim of this research was to investigate sugarcane bagasse (SCB) particleboards, using two kinds of particles, from pith and fibers, reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (NCC). The NCCs were dispersed in the adhesive urea formaldehyde (UF) using a sonificator in two proportions (0 and 1\%). The NCCs and UF were applied in the SCB particles using a rotary blender. The particleboards were produced in three layers using two kinds of particles: pith and fibers. After dispersion of the adhesive, the mixture was compressed to produce the particleboards, which were characterized by physical, mechanical and thermal properties. The anatomical and chemical features relating to pith and fiber were very similar. The particleboards made with and without NCCs did not differ statistically for most properties: modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), water absorption (WA) thermal conductivity (TC), and the volume heat capacity (VHC). Particleboards made only with fibers and without NCCs showed higher internal bond (IB). In the other hand particleboards made only with fibers in the face and pith in the core (without NCCs) showed lower thickness swelling after 24 hours (TS24h). Probably, the NCCs did not improve the particleboards performance, because less links were available for SCB to interact with the adhesive. For the others properties the particleboards made with pith and fibers did not showed statistical difference (MOE, MOR, TC, WA, TC and VHC), demonstrating that separation of pith and fiber are not significant and does not affect the final properties of particleboards.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass accounts for 20-30\% of the total cost of second-generation bioethanol production and many efforts have been made in recent years to overcome the high cost of enzymes. Using cello-oligosaccharides (COS), intermediates in cellulose conversion to glucose, may provide advantages over monomeric glucose fermentation, such as lower risk of growth of process contaminants, shorter fermentation time and limited process inhibition by high concentrations of glucose. In addition, COS are also useful as functional oligosaccharides in the food and feed sectors. This study aimed to optimize COS production for further industrial applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has used a design of experiments approach to analyze the synergism between endoglucanases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), cellobiose dehydmgenase (CDH) and different additives during the hydrolysis of a pretreated sugarcane straw for COS production. After optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis, a combination of the endoglucanases CaCel and CcCel9m, the LPMO TrCe161A, the CDH NcCDHIIa, with lactose and copper as additives, produced 60.49 mg of COS per g of pretreated sugarcane straw, 1.8-2.7-fold more than the commercial enzyme cocktails Cellic (R) Ctec2 and Celluclast (R) 1.5 L. The COS/glucose ratio achieved was 298.31, an increase of 3314 and 2294-fold over the commercial enzymatic cocktails, respectively. These results open a new perspective regarding COS production and its industrial application.
Effect of ionic liquid pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated in terms of the changes in the chemical and physical structure of the preparation. In this case, original cellulose isolated from sugarcane bagasse was subjected to ionic liquid ({[
The fractionation of sugarcane bagasse (SB) by hydrothermal pretreatment (HP, autohydrolysis) followed by alkaline extraction (AE) and advanced oxidative pretreatment (AOP) for production of second-generation ethanol and biogas was investigated. The AOP of SB was optimized using a Doehlert design, varying the applied H2O2 load, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and time. The responses evaluated were yield (Y), residual cellulose (RC), delignification (DE), and enzymatic conversion (EC). The AE of SB pretreated by HP led to 61.8\% DE (using 0.2 mol L-1 NaOH). This high lignin removal enabled substantial savings of H2O2 in the AOP. The optimized AOP conditions led to 78\% Y, 82.2\% RC, 42.7\% DE, and 88.9\% EC (overall glucose yield of 60.9\%). Fermentation of the enzymatic hydrolysate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 190.8 L-ethanol ton(S)(B)(-1). Biogas production by anaerobic digestion of residual liquid streams of the pretreatment steps yielded 27.46 NLCH4 kgs(SB)(-1). An energy balance was estimated for the SB fractionation.
The Brazilian ethanol industry is very relevant in the global market; however, vinasse is generated in significant amounts and its management has become costly for distilleries. In this study, the aim was to evaluate vinasse as basal culture medium for P(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biosynthesis. Two bacterial strains were evaluated, a sucrose-consuming halophilic strain, Halomonas sp. HG03; and Ralstonia eutropha L359PCJ, which used glycerol from vinasse as carbon source. Firstly, shake flask bioprocesses analyzed cellular growth and PHB biosynthesis in vinasse-based media: in natura and concentrated vinasses were both evaluated in volumetric dilutions of 50\% and 75\% in mineral medium. Increasing vinasse concentration improved cellular growth rather than PHB accumulation for both bacteria. In vinasse-based treatments, Halomonas sp. HG03 had PHB content between 19.6 and 75.2\% and R. eutropha L359PCJ, 48.4-68.5\%. Further experiments in CSTR bioreactors used concentrated vinasse-based medium and R. eutropha L359PCJ had PHB content of 66.3\%, concentration of residual cell dry weight (rCDW) = 9.4 g L-1, PHB = 18.6 g L-1, Y-X/S = 0.16 g(rCDW) g(GLYCEROL)(-1), Y-P/S = 0.32 g(PHB) g(GLYCEROL)(-1), and 0.25 g(PHB) Lh(-1). Halomonas sp. HG03 had PHB content of 42.2\%, rCDW = 10.2 g L-1, PHB = 7.4 g L-1 and Y-X/S = 0.22 g(rCDW) g(SUCROSE)(-1), YP/S = 0.16 g(PHB) g(SUCROSE)(-1) and 0.14 g(PHB) Lh(-1). Finally, cost reductions by concentrated vinasse-based medium were evaluated. As glycerol source for PHB production by R. eutropha L359PCJ, vinasse reduced overall production costs by 22.2\%. Unit production costs between US\$ 2.8 and 5.4 kg(PHB)(-1) were determined for scenarios that combined vinasse-based medium with high cell density culture and improvements of productivity. The investment payback times ranged from 1.6 to 4.5 years.
The promotion of cellulose-based paper straws is one of the important ways to improve white pollution nowa-days. However, developing composite straws that are simultaneously highly biocompatible, safe, and non-toxic and that overcome the low water stability and physical strength problems caused by the inherent hydrophilicity of the raw material cellulose has become an important challenge in the development process. In this study, a new all-natural superhydrophobic straw (CFS) made of a composite of cellulose nanofibers and stearic acid was introduced. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid derived from plant and animal oils. Inspired by the specific hydrophobicity of sugarcane cane peel, a green straw with both superhydrophobicity (water contact angle up to 153) and remarkable mechanical strength (tensile strength up to 67.15 MPa) was developed by controlling the hydrophobic modification conditions of stearic acid through solvent vaporization. Furthermore, the composite straws under wet conditions had lower water absorption and exhibited excellent wet tensile strength compared to commercial paper straws. In addition, the composite straw without the addition of chemical binders avoids the defects of non-renewable products, fits into the global green development concept, and brings new strategies for the development of cellulose-based materials.
Different lignocellulosic biomasses are found worldwide and each country has its own important industrial crop that can be converted into high-value products, such as ethanol. Therefore, evaluation of new biomasses to be used in biorefineries is important to decrease the dependence on non-renewable resources and to guarantee sustainable development. This work evaluated Brachiaria brizantha, a grass commonly used as animal forage, and the standard biomass for 2G-ethanol, sugarcane bagasse. The chemical compositions of both biomasses were determined and different times and temperature of acid pretreatment were tested. Morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy showed more deconstructed fibers after harsher biomass pretreatments. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated Brachiaria brizantha presented higher efficiency than when using sugarcane bagasse as the carbon source. A biomass conversion of 46 \% was achieved when Brachiaria brizantha grass was pretreated with 2\% sulfuric acid for 60 minutes. Moreover, fermentation was not impaired by the inhibitors furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural. It was concluded that Brachiaria brizantha is a promising biomass for ethanol production.
The objective of this trial was to evaluate weight gain and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore fed diets containing sugarcane bagasse and one of the following concentrate Sources: corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp that partially (50\% DM) replaced-round corn in the diet. The four experimental diets were formulated to yield a forage:concentrate ratio of 39:61. Forty Nellore animals averaging 340 kg of body weight and 32 months of age at the beginning of the trial were used. No significant differences on final weight (470.8, 478.6, 476.4, and 475.3 kg), weight gain (1.1, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.2 kg.animal(-1)day(-1)), carcass yield (55.3, 55.3, 54.0 and 54.8\%), Longissimus area (24.2, 23.0, 25.0, and 23.2 cm(2).100 kg(-1) of carcass), and backfat thickness (4.4, 5.6, 4.7, and 4.4 mm) were observed among the four concentrate sources. The lowest cost per arroba was observed when ground corn was partially replaced by citrus Pulp (R\$ 44.20) followed by corn germ meal (R\$ 48.80) and soybean hulls (R\$ 50.80) the diet containing only g-round corn as the energy source had the greatest cost per arroba produced (R\$ 51.80). It can be concluded that ground corn call be partially replaced by corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus Pulp in diets for feedlot Nellore also receiving hydrolyzed sugar care bagasse with no detrimental effects in weight gain and carcass traits.
The feasibility of second-generation (2G) processes still highly depends on improvements in the hydrolysis and fermentation steps, ensuring the whole use of biomass sugars in an integrated approach. The main bottlenecks are the differences between the optimal conditions for both steps, limitations for high solid load (HSL) hydrolysis, and hexoses and pentose co-fermentation. To overcome these problems, the present work explored a feeding strategy to improve HSL enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrother-mally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (PSB), at optimal and suboptimal temperatures, further integrated with a non-recombinant yeast co-culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus) for sugar co-fermentation. The entire PSB fraction was used without conditioning. Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved using a feeding strategy in a helical stirred bioreactor (64 and 75\% cellulose conversion with 22.5\% of solids, 72 h at 35 and 50 degrees C, respectively), obtaining hydrolysates with high glucose and xylose concentrations (100 g/L). Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) provided high glucose (98\%) and xylose (52\%) conversion in 24 deep-well plates, with ethanol yield of 0.23 getOH/gS, but faced problems of cell viability loss in the bioreactor. Sequential SCF (SqSCF) co-culture stood out as a promising strategy for the use of biomass sugars. The results of this study provide significant contribution to the intensification and feasibility of 2G production, in addition to highlighting the difficulties faced for process integration aiming at the full conversion of sugars coming from high solid load enzymatic hydrolysis.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
This work aimed to evaluate the influence of sowing depth and soil cover conditions on the emergence of Merremia cissoides, Mucuna aterrima and Neonotonia wightii. Two experiments were carried out for each species. In the first experiment, the treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme 4 x 2, considering four sowing conditions (sown in the soil, and without straw; over the straw; under the straw and over the soil; and under the straw and sown in the soil) and two amounts of sugarcane straw (10 and 15 t ha(-1)). The treatments of the second experiment consisted of five levels of sowing depth (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mm). Seedling emergence was evaluated weekly up to 21 days after sowing (DAS). Higher emergence of M. cissoides and N. wightii was identified in the plots without straw and at lower depths of seed allocation in the soil. The species M. aterrima showed higher emergence in all treatments, proving to be highly adapted to the conditions of mechanized harvest and seed allocation.
Melanoidins are natural condensation products of sugar and amino acids produced by non-enzymatic Maillard amino-carbonyl reaction taking place between the amino and carbonyl groups in organic substances. Melanoidins extensively exist in food products, drinks and wastewaters released from distilleries and fermentation industries. Melanoidins are very important from the nutritional, physiological and environmental aspects and due to their structural complexity, dark colour and offensive odor, these pose serious threat to soil and aquatic ecosystem that release of melanoidins cause increased load of recalcitrant organic material to natural water bodies. This then causes the problems, like reduction of sunlight penetration, decreased photosynthetic activity and dissolved oxygen concentration whereas on land, it causes reduction in soil alkalinity and inhibition of seed germination. Further, due to the possibility of complexation reactions of introduced melanoidins with metal ions, they could influence the biogeochemical cycle of many constituents in natural waters. This review presents an overview to dramatic progress to understand the synthesis, chemical structure and degradation pathway of melanoidins as well as microbial strategies for the degradation and decolourisation of melanoidins. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bagasse ash is an abundantly available combustion by-product in the sugarcane industry. We examined the effect of adding limestone powder to self-compacting concrete mixtures in which large amounts of bagasse ash were employed as a fine aggregate replacement. A Type 1 Portland cement content of 550 kg/m(3) was maintained in all of the mixtures. The fine aggregate was replaced with 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100\% bagasse ash and limestone powder by volume. Mixtures were designed to yield a slump flow diameter of 70 +/- 2.5 cm. The workability (slump flow, T-50cm slump flow time, V-funnel flow time, and J-ring flow) and hardened properties (ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength) of each mixture were measured, and blocking assessments were performed. The volumetric percentage replacement of 20\% limestone powder in fine aggregate incorporating 20\% bagasse ash effectively enhanced the workability and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulosic agricultural waste is an abundant renewablefeedstockthat can be utilized as a sustainable source of biomass-based plastics.Ideally, it is used without discarding any components, including cellulose,hemicellulose, and lignin. However, their utilization as lignocellulose-basedplastics has been limited because of the low compatibility betweenthe polysaccharides and lignin derivatives and the resulting poormechanical properties of the final products. Here, we demonstratea facile but highly controllable conversion of sugarcane bagasse intovaluable thermoplastics by utilizing the excellent solubility andunique organocatalytic abilities of an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumacetate. In a homogeneous and one-pot chemical modification reactionsystem, the substitution ratio of an aromatic benzoyl group to analiphatic hexanoyl group in the bagasse derivative was adjusted bythe ratio of acyl reagents used. Moreover, the allocation of thesetwo acyl groups to polysaccharide and lignin components in bagassewas successfully controlled only by exchanging the order of the acylreagents introduced into the reaction system. The controlled introductionof the acyl groups into bagasse achieved a homogeneous polymer phasein the resultant multicomponent hot-pressed film, resulting in enhancedmechanical properties such as sufficient tensile strength (similar to 20MPa) and excellent ductility with a high strain energy density (similar to 5MJ m(-3)).
A hydrodynamic cavitation reactor with a Venturi tube was modeled through a computational fluid dynamics approach in order to evaluate the influence of pressure ratio, diameter and length of the throat zone. A cavitation reactor equipped with a Venturi tube was built in accordance with the computational modeling results. Hydrodynamic cavitation assisted alkaline pretreatment was performed to evaluate the influence of NaOH concentration (1-5\%), the weight to volume percentage of solid in liquid (1-5\%) and the reaction time (20-60 min.) in the lignin removal. The response surface methodology was used to optimize pretreatment parameters for maximum lignin removal. The optimal condition was 4.90\% of NaOH and a solid weight percentage in liquid of 2.03\% in 58.33 min, resulting in a maximum removal of 56.01\% of lignin. Hydrodynamic cavitation can be easy to employ, an efficient and promissory pretreatment tool.
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenethyl acetate (2-PEA) are important aroma compounds widely used in food and cosmetic industries due to their rose-like odor. Nowadays, due to the growing demand for natural products, the development of bioprocesses for obtaining value-added compounds has become of great significance. 2-PE and 2-PEA can be produced through the biotransformation of L-phenylalanine using the generally recognized as safe strain Kluyveromyces marxianus. L-phenylalanine bioconversion systems have been typically focused on submerged fermentation processes (SmF), but there is no information about other alternative productive approaches. Here, the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse supplemented with L-phenylalanine was investigated as a sustainable alternative for producing 2-PE and 2-PEA in a residue-based system using Kluyveromyces marxianus as inoculum. An initial screening of the operational variables indicated that air supply, temperature, and initial moisture content significantly affect the product yield. Besides, it was found that the feeding strategy also affects the production and the efficiency of the process. While a basic batch system produced 16 mg(products) per gram of residue (dry basis), by using split feeding strategies (fed-batch) of only sugarcane bagasse, a maximum of 18.4 mg(Products) g(residue)(-1) were achieved. Increase in product yield was also accompanied by an increase in the consumption efficiency of nutrients and precursor. The suggested system results as effective as other more complex SmF systems to obtain 2-PE and 2-PEA, showing the feasibility of SSF as an alternative for producing these compounds through the valorization of an agro-industrial residue.
There is much agriculture and non-agricultural waste that contains pozzolanic material, which can be recommended to use as a partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). One of the waste products from sugar industries, which possess pozzolanic properties, is Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA). Because of the negative impact associated with cement production, OPC is being replaced by several supplementary cementitious materials / pozzolanic materials. In the current study, an effort has been made to use the SCBA by partially replacing the OPC for mortar studies. SCBA has been processed to enhance the chemical and physical properties. OPC is partially replaced by Processed Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (PSCBA) up to 30\% by a 5\% increment. PSCBA blended cement mortar contains different proportions of PSCBA blended cement: river sand as 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 with different water-to-binder (W/B) ratios based on the flow studies. Experimental research was done to determine the effects of the W/B ratio, river sand, and PSCBA on the formation of the cube compressive strength of PSCBA blended cement mortar for curing times of 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112 days. An increase in compressive strength about 6.4\%, 9.3\%, and 8.2\% for 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 with different W/B ratios for 28 days is reported. Based on the investigational results, the coefficients of strength for various relationships proposed by different researchers have been calculated for the binder: sand ratio as 1:3 and 28 days curing period. Various relationships, including Abraham, Feret, Singh, and Bolomey law are used to validate the mixes of the PSCBA blended cement for different water-to-binder ratios and different curing periods. A novel relation has been developed through the extension of studies to forecast the compressive strength of PSCBA blended mortar mixes with various W/B ratios for various curing times.
Valorisation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and grape pomace for potential biomedical applications as drug delivery system was investigated in the present study. SCB based pristine cellulose hydrogel for the controlled delivery of polyphenol drug derived from grape pomace was developed. Hydrogel was prepared by dissolving treated SCB cellulose in urea/NaOH aqueous solution followed by crosslinking with epichlorohydrin through heating method. The degree and kinetics of swelling were estimated by swelling measurements. FTIR spectroscopy, TGA and SEM techniques were used for the characterisation of the developed hydrogel drug delivery system. The adsorptive loading and in-vitro release kinetic studies of the drug were reported by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The effect of polyphenol drug concentration on drug loading was investigated and found constructive on the drug loading efficiency. Langmuir adsorption Isotherm was found to provide a good fit with experimental results. The release of polyphenols under various drug concentrations were studied at pH 6.8 and room temperature notably considering skin applications. Kinetic models were applied to evaluate the release mechanism of drug. The cumulative drug release showed a better fit to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model at lower concentrations and Higuchi model at higher concentrations. The cellulose hydrogel before/after polyphenol loading were tested against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by disc diffusion method which confirmed the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity.
Here we demonstrate that by using sugarcane bagasse as a carbon precursor, highly crystalline diamond films possessing H3 {[
Synbiotic formulations and microencapsulation techniques have been explored in food industries to guarantee the viability of probiotic organisms; playing an important role in microbiota balance. Microparticles of alginate, gelatin and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) were produced by external gelation with the purpose of enhancing the survival rate of the probiotic L. acidophilus. XOS was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan extracted from sugarcane straw, achieving more than 70\% conversion and used for microparticle preparation. Microparticles containing 3\% XOS provided greater cell protection during exposure to the gastrointestinal tract and during refrigerated storage; keeping 97.86 +/- 0.44\% of viability during 28 days of storage and enabling 87.50 +/- 0.02\% survival after digestive simulation. However, particles without XOS showed 84.49 +/- 0.59\% of viability after storage and 68.45 +/- 0.03\% after digestion assay. These results lead to promising applications in synbiotic and functional food formulations comprised of components requiring extended shelf-life, protection from gastrointestinal conditions and gradual bioactive delivery.
The goals of this study were to describe a comprehensive taxonomic profile of bacterial communities endogenous from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and from a thermophilic sludge formed mainly by Proteobacteria Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phylum and its potential as a bioaugmented inoculum for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Batch assays were performed using SCB as substrate at different condition: (RC) 2gL(-1) glucose, (R1i) 2gL(-1) unpretreated SCB, (R2i) 2gL(-1) hydrothermally pretreated SCB (at 210 degrees C for 15min), (R3i) 2gL(-1) hydrothermally pretreated SCB (at 210 degrees C for 15min) followed by alkaline delignification (NaOH1M), (R4i) 1gL(-1) unpretreated SCB plus 1gL(-1) hydrothermally pretreated SCB (at 210 degrees C for 15min) followed by alkaline delignification. Hydrogen, methane and organic acids were the main metabolites produced during the fermentation. Maximum hydrogen (2.01 and 1.09mol H(2)mol(-1) consumed soluble carbohydrates) were obtained in R1i and R2i, respectively. The highest organic acid (1051mgL(-1)) and methane (0.92 mmoL(-1)) production were obtained in R4i.
Enterococcus sp. has been used as starters in food fermentation due to their probiotic and antimicrobial properties in food biopreservation. The antimicrobial properties were mainly contributed by the bacteriocin called enterocin. Hence, the availability of a cost-effective pilot-scale cultivation conditions is a necessity for the production of probiotic bacteria. This study aims to investigate optimization of medium composition using sugarcane molasses as a carbon source using response surface methodology and the potential use of fed-batch cultivation for improvement of the cell viability of Enterococcus faecium CW3801 for the use as a probiotic starter culture. Two feeding strategies (ramp and constant) were applied in fed-batch cultivation for enhancement of the production of E. faecium in a 2-L stirred tank bioreactor using the optimized medium and scaled up to a 15-L bioreactor. Optimized fermentation medium which comprised of 10\% (v/v) of molasses and 10 g/L of yeast extract at pH 7 yielded maximum cell viability of 29.4 x 10(11) CFU/mL with 3900 AU/mL of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) activity. In the fed-batch, the cell viability (8.4 x 10(13)) and dry cell weight (6.34 g/L) reached the highest in optimized medium when the ramp (stepwise) feeding was applied. In scaling up to 15-L bioreactor, the growth of E. faecium was achieved at 2.3 x 10(13) CFU/mL with the dry cell weight of 5.28 g/L under the same condition. The BLIS in 15-L bioreactor was 6\% higher than the 2-L bioreactor. This study demonstrated that molasses and yeast extract are good feedstock for the growth of E. faecium. The E. faecium, a non-vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) was successfully produced by a fed-batch cultivation approach and scaled up to a 15-L bioreactor using a ramp feeding strategy. Results from this study revealed that the fed-batch cultivation using molasses-based medium has industrial potential for the production of probiotics.
In this study, effect of various parameters on sophorolipid (SL) production by the yeast Candida bombicola was investigated for the enhancing of its production by employing L18 orthogonal array design of experiments. At optimum conditions of sugarcane molasses 50 gl(-1), soybean oil 50 gl(-1), inoculum size 5\% (v/v), temperature 30 C, inoculum age 2 days, and agitation 200 rpm, the yeast produced almost equal amounts of the product in batch shake flasks and in a 3-l fermentor without any pH control (45 and 47 gl(-1), respectively). However, the yield increased to 60 gl(-1) in the fermentor under controlled pH environment. Time course of SL production, yeast biomass growth, and utilization of sugarcane molasses and soybean oil at these optimized conditions were fitted to existing kinetic models reported in the literature. Estimated kinetic parameters from these models suggested that conventional medium containing glucose can very well be replaced with the present low-cost fermentative medium.
To overcome the biological barriers formed by the lignin-carbohydrate complex for releasing fermentable sugars from cellulose by enzymolysis is both imperative and challenging. In this study, a strategy of intergranular swelling of cellulose combined with hydrolysis and oxidation was demonstrated. Pretreatment of the bagasse was evaluated by one bath treatment with phosphoric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical composition, specific surface area (SSA), and pore size of bagasse before and after pretreatment were investigated, while the experiments on the adsorption equilibrium of cellulose to cellulase and reagent reuse were also performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed for microscopic morphology observations and glucose analysis, respectively. The results showed that pretreated bagasse was deconstructed into cellulose with a nanofibril network, most of the hemicellulose (similar to 100\%) and lignin (similar to 98\%) were removed, and the SSA and void were enlarged 11-and 5-fold, respectively. This simple, mild preprocessing method enhanced cellulose accessibility and reduced the biological barrier of the noncellulose component to improve the subsequent enzymolysis with a high glucose recovery (98.60\%).
Sugarcane straw is a potential feedstock to increase bioenergy production. However, leaving straw on the soil surface is important to sustaining soil organic matter (SOM). We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the impacts of two years of straw removal on SOM in a sugarcane area - on an Eutric Nitisol in south-eastern Brazil - with low straw production (7 Mg ha(-1)). The experiment was a randomised complete block design (four blocks) with four rates of straw removal: (i) no removal, (ii) medium removal, (iii) high removal and (iv) total removal. We evaluated straw decomposition, soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stock (0-30 cm), labile C, and microbial biomass C and N (0-10 cm). Increases in the straw removal rates reduced decomposition, with 30-42\% of the initial straw amount remaining on the soil after one year (first year) and 33-38\% remaining at the end of the second year. During the first year, no effect was found on soil C (8 kg m(-2)) and N (0.7 kg m(-2)) stocks; however, during the second year, total straw removal reduced soil C stock by 10\% (0-30 cm) compared with no straw removal. Straw removal rates negatively affected the labile C (6-10\% and 20-25\%, first and second year respectively) and microbial C (correspondingly 10-15\% and 21-27\%). Microbial N was not altered in the first year, but decreased 26\% due to straw maintenance (no removal) during the second year. Total straw removal decreased the C management index (CMI) by 15\% (first year) compared with no straw removal. However, during the second year, all rates of straw removal decreased the CMI: by 15\% for medium, 22\% for high and 26\% for total removal. Our findings indicate that any straw removal in areas with low straw production negatively affects SOM, initially through reduction in labile C pools. Although slight impacts on soil C and N stock were detected, reduction in straw-derived inputs stimulates microbial utilisation of soil C pools, and consequently reduces SOM over time.
To enhance the enzymatic digestibility of cashew apple bagasse (CAB) feedstock in order to produce sugar fermentation-derived bioproducts, the CAB was subjected to three different pretreatments with the ionic liquid 2-hydroxyl-ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA) and characterized by FTIR, NMR and chemical methods. All conditions were able to delignify CAB, however the best lignin removal (95.8\%) was achieved through the method performed with 8.7\% w/w of CAB/2-HEAA ratio at 130 degrees C for 24 h. Although the cellulose crystallinity has been increased in CAB treated with the ionic liquid, but this fact did not influence its digestibility. Nevertheless, the pretreatment with 2-HEAA enhanced significantly the cellulose digestibility, increasing the glucose yield from 48 to 747.72 mgglucose/gCAB. Furthermore, 2-HEAA pretreatment was efficient even with reused ionic liquid, obtaining high glucose concentration. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Natural fruity aroma was produced during submerged fermentation by Pichia fermentans using sugarcane molasses as a cultivation broth. The aroma compounds were recovered from the fermentation by a pervaporation process using a polydimethylsiloxane membrane (Pervap 4060-Sulzer). Isoamyl acetate, a characteristic compound associated with fruity aromas, was the major compound produced. The pervaporation module was fed at three different temperatures to test the best conditions to recover the natural fruity aroma. The total flux (J (T)), partial fluxes of each component (J (i)), and enrichment factors (beta) were determined within the tested ranges. The process was performed at 45 A degrees C, a feed flow of 1.5 mL/min and 0.1 kPa, for a duration of 13 h to concentrate the natural flavor. The pervaporation process can concentrate the isoamyl acetate from fermented broth from 9 to 61.8 mg/L in the first hour of pervaporation. As a single step of downstream operation, pervaporation was efficient for recovering and concentrating the natural fruity aroma. The obtained product was colorless and had a characteristic banana flavor.
The construction industry demands a huge extraction of natural resources along with ample energy consumption; hence the search for new technologies is essential to minimize environmental impacts. The incorporation of natural by-products as reinforcement elements in cement matrix composites production has been studied as an alternative to reduce the use of non-renewable raw materials. The most common natural by-products in Brazil are coffee husk and sugarcane bagasse, which, despite their use by some industries, have yet large non-used amounts, needing adequate disposal of and new ways to add value to waste. This work aimed at evaluating the feasibility of producing concrete blocks partially replacing the crushed stones by sugarcane bagasse and coffee husk agricultural waste. For each residue, the replacement percentages of 2.5\%, 5\%, 7.5\% and 10\% (V/V) were evaluated (separately), in addition to a formulation without the use of agricultural residues. Agricultural waste was treated for extractive removal and later evaluated based on their morphological, chemical and physical characterization. The mass mix used was 20: 100: 170: 17.05 (cement: sand: crushed stone: water). The blocks were evaluated for their bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength, thermal and microstructure properties. Agricultural waste used as reinforcement improved physical, mechanical and thermal properties of concrete blocks. Sugarcane bagasse showed a greater potential for its use as reinforcement in concrete blocks than coffee husk. The formulation using 5\% sugarcane bagasse offered the best results, which allowed the blocks to present the lowest water absorption values and the highest compressive strength values, as well as being one of the best treatments when evaluating thermal properties, meeting all the commercialization standards criteria.
Background: The disposal of biomass waste from the agro-industry is a global challenge due to its negative environmental impacts. The global fishing industry and aquaculture in 2018 produced around 180 million tons of capture; however, similar to 50\% of fish tissues are disposed of. On the other hand, bagasse isa major by-prod-uct of the sugar industry. This study aims to valorize fish waste and bagasse.Methods: We managed to establish a Bacillus megaterium-based protein overexpression system using prote-ase-hydrolyzed fish viscera as the growth medium for B. megaterium strain YYBM1 and using sugarcane bagasse-derived xylose to induce protein overexpression. Green fluorescent protein served as the model to optimize the system. Subsequently, we overexpressed a recombinant Alcalase, a thermostable alkaline prote-ase, in strain YYBM1 following the optimized conditions.Significant findings: We achieved a maximum yield of 2.5 g Alcalase per kg fish viscera (dried weight), with a corresponding 20-fold reduction in production cost. The recombinant Alcalase efficiently hydrolyzed both strain YYBM1 cells and fish viscera at pH 9 and 60 degrees C, which allows a medium manufacturing process using autolyzed strain YYBM1 cells carrying Alcalase, bypassing the use of purified proteases. Our protein overex-pression system represents an addition to the circular bioeconomy, buttressing the global call to develop innovative industries based on responsible consumption and production.(c) 2022 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study is to produce Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) with an improved pozzolanic reactivity. Inert particles and impurities present in the initial SCBA were removed by sieving. Resulting sieved SCBA was mixed with hydrated lime to obtain SCBA-lime binders. These prepared alternative SCBA-lime binders were physically, chemically and mechanically characterized. Their thermal conductivity and moisture buffer values were compared to cement, concrete and other metakaolin-lime binders ones.Selection of SCBA particle size leads to (1) an increase of 50 \% of pozzolanic reaction kinetics between ash and lime compared to un-sieved SCBA, to (2) an increase of 30 \% of SCBA-lime binder compressive strength and to (3) a decrease of alkalinity of the interstitial solution present in SCBA-lime binders. Indeed, their alkalinity is around 3 \% lower than the cement binder interstitial solution one after 10 days of hydration at 55 ?.Thermal conductivity lambda of studied SCBA-lime binders is 0.8 to 2.2 times lower than cement-based or lime -based mortar materials of the literature. More, the ability of SCBA-lime binders to regulate relative humidity is excellent, that is to say 2 to 10 times better than concrete materials, which present negligible to moderate capacity to regulate.
Many organic materials have been used to decrease heavy-metal bioavailability in soil via in-situ remediation due to its high efficiency and easy operation; meanwhile, cheap materials have also been pursued to decrease the cost of remediation. Agricultural wastes exhibit their potential in remediation materials due to their low cost; however, raw agricultural wastes have a low ability to immobilize heavy metals in soil. Attempts have been made to modify agricultural wastes to improve the efficiency of heavy-metal passivation. In this study, novel agricultural waste-based materials, raw sugarcane bagasse (SB), citric acid modified (SSB) and citric-acid/Fe(3)O(4 )modified (MSB) sugarcane bagasse at 0.5\% and 1\% addition rates, were compared for their effectiveness in soil Cd passivation and Cd accumulations in pakchoi plants in a 30-day pot experiment. The addition of SB did not decrease soil bioavailable Cd effectively and slightly decreased Cd accumulation in plant roots and leaves. In comparison, SSB and MSB exhibited a great potential to decrease the transformation, translocation and accumulation of Cd with the decrease being greater at 1\% than 0.5\% rate in the soil-pakchoi system. For example, the addition of SSB and MSB at 0.5\% decreased the concentration of Cd in leaves by 10\%, and 16\%, and at 1\% decreased the concentration by 25\% and 30\%, respectively. High pH and abundant functional groups of three amendments played important roles in Cd immobilization. The enhanced microbial activities might also contribute to Cd passivation. However, plant growth was decreased in the amended treatments except SSB at 0.5\% rate. The results suggest that citric-acid-modified sugarcane bagasse at addition rate of 0.5\% has a potential to immobilize Cd in soil and decrease Cd accumulation in edible part of pakchoi effectively without decreasing vegetable growth.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a very important tool for the analysis of a process/system from its cradle to grave. This technique is very useful in the estimation of energy usage and environmental load by a product/system. The demand of sugar is very high in the world market. So sugar industry is the leading industry, which produces sugar with the help of sugarcane mostly. In sugar industry, different sizes of sugar crystals and also some by-products such as bagasse, molasses, filter cake and ash are produced. Out of these, some are used an input resource in other plants like power plant and distillery for optimal utilization of waste produced in sugar industry. The outputs of power plant (electricity and steam) used in mills, distilleries, residences of sugar industry and supply to grid for sell. The molasses is the waste of sugar which is used for the production of ethanol, so molasses is a by-product of sugar industry. LCA and waste management methods are very helpful to analyse and reduce the environmental effects. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulosic residues obtained from crops cultivation form useful sources to be used as substrate for bioconversion processes. Sugarcane bagasse, which is a complex substrate obtained from the processing of sugar cane, is an important biomass among such sources. Due to its abundant availability, it can serve as an ideal substrate for microbial processes for the production of value added products. This paper reviews recent developments on biological processes developed on production of various products in solid state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse as the substrate and describes production of protein enriched feed, enzymes, amino acid, organic acids and compounds of pharmaceutical importance, etc. through microbial means.
In this study, aluminium matrix (A6063) composites reinforced with titanium nitride and sugarcane bagasse ash were fabricated using liquid metallurgy technique. Reinforcements were added to a maximum of 10 wt\% in aluminium alloy. The composites were then subjected to various mechanical properties study. Microscopic examinations were employed to analyse the distribution of reinforcement and phases in the composites. The tensile and impact test specimen after fracture was exposed to scanning electron microscopy to study the fracture mechanism. The tensile strength, hardness, yield strength and flexural strength of composites increased to a maximum of 29.7\%, 31\%, 34\% and 7.7\%, respectively. Ductility and impact strength decreased to a maximum of 47\% and 11.5\%, respectively. The presence of dimples, shearing, tearing microcracks, pull-out, stress concentration, hillock and particle fracture influenced the tensile and impact fracture mechanisms. Contribution of titanium nitride was higher in influencing the tensile strength, hardness, flexural strength and impact strength than that of bagasse ash.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with acid-catalyzed alcohols, i.e., ethanol (AE), ethylene glycol (AEG) and glycerol (AG) to prepare pulps for producing lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) with tailored properties, such as hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and dispersion stability. The results showed that AGLCNF had the highest lignin content of 16\% but relatively low hydrophobicity while AE-LCNF had a low lignin content of 11\% but the highest hydrophobicity. LCNF diameter distribution, crystallinity, zeta potentials and thermal stability were also determined to understand the effects of pretreatment solvent. NMR analyses revealed that alcohols modified lignin at alpha-position by etherification and gamma-position by esterification of aliphatic chains, subsequently affecting lignin oxidation by TEMPO in the LCNF production processes, LCNF properties and LCNF dispersion in different solvents. This study provided fundamental information in the design and tailored production of LCNF for various applications, such as manufacturing polymer composites and Pickering emulsions.
Bioethanol as fuel oxygenator is currently being introduced in Mexico with an estimated yearly demand of 3 billion liters expected to be produced mainly from sugarcane. This paper studies how to employ some of the expertise acquired by Brazil during its transition from typical mills into advanced biorefineries to retrofit the Mexican sucroalcohol industry. A typical Mexican sugarcane factory design is retrofitted to three biorefinery designs commonly found in Brazil, which are an autonomous distillery, a biorefinery with 50:50 feedstock ratio for ethanol and sugar production and a molasses distillery. The results of a techno-economic analysis considering these four designs under Mexican conditions are presented, followed by an economic comparison of the autonomous distillery design operating under Mexican and Brazilian conditions. Sustainability analysis is then carried out to identify the advantages and drawbacks of each design. The analysis compares an environment-driven scenario promoting bioethanol production and use for phasing out fossil fuels, against a commercially focused framework considering only environmental and economic issues affecting stakeholders' profit. Results show in monetary terms the impact of each indicator of a retrofitting path from currently profitable biorefineries coproducing sugar and alcohol to sustainable distilleries using molasses and juice as feedstock to produce bioethanol. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, cellulase, low-concentration cold alkali and cellulase combined with cold alkali were used to pretreat unbleached bagasse pulp from which cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), about 30 nm in diameter, were successfully prepared through ultrafine grinding and high-pressure homogenization. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that cellulase pretreatment increased the crystallinity of CNFs. After low-concentration cold alkali pretreatment, the crystallinity of CNFs significantly reduced and the crystal structure of the cellulose changed from type I to type II. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that CNFs prepared by cellulase combined with cold alkali treatment produced more regenerated cellulose and had lower thermal stability. The use of cellulase and low-concentration cold alkali pretreatments combined with ultrafine grinding and high-pressure homogenization is an environment-friendly method for preparing CNFs. The use of low-concentration cold alkali reduces the consumption of alkali and clean water.
The current study was undertaken to identify the most promising combination of the additives which reduce the ensiling duration and improve silage quality in terms of microbial succession and fermentation profiles of sugarcane tops silage. Fresh sugarcane tops were ensiled in 3-L laboratory silos in four treatment groups supplemented with enzymes (cellulase + xylanase), enzymes plus Lactobacillus plantarum (C + X + LP), enzymes plus Lactobacillus fermentum (C + X + LF) and enzymes + Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus fermentum (C + X + LP + LF) for 15, 25, 35, and 45 days. Urea (0.5\%) and molasses (1.5\%) were added to all treatment groups. The silages were tested for microbiological and chemical parameters after storage. Results indicated that, in the first 15 days of ensiling, higher LAB counts were observed and thereafter decreased. The highest LAB count was observed in C + X + LP + LF treatment. Among all the durations of ensiling, the yeast and moulds count was lower at day 25. NH3-N, acetic acid (AA), and butyric acid significantly increased with increasing the days of ensiling. All additives improved lactic acid concentration relative to the enzymes (C + X) treated silage. The concentration of lactic acid (LA) in all silages soared to grasp a peak at day 35 and then decreased at the end of the ensiling days. The LA: AA ratio in all silages peaked at day 25 and then decreased with increasing the duration of ensiling. Consequently, among all treatments, exogenous enzymes and LAB-treated silages (C + X + LF and C + X + LP + LF) were the best combination based on LAB count, lactic acid, yeast-mould counts, and LA:AA ratio at days 15 and 25 of ensiling. The combined effect of LAB and enzymes can reduce the ensiling period and improve silage quality.
Low-temperature depolymerization of biomass sugars is a less capital-intensive way to produce secondary fuel precursors. Solvolysis of bagasse using polyol cosolvents reduces sugar dehydration and limits unwanted side reactions. Ethylene glycol (EG) as cosolvent (50 v/v\%) was found to increase formic acid, levulinates, and furfural yields from 71 to 100 mol \%, 59 to 70 mol \%, and 44 to 59 mol \%, respectively, based on the theoretical yield of the cellulose component of bagasse. The exceptionally high formic acid yield is attributed to it being produced not only from cellulose but also via hemicellulose and EG conversion pathways. Increasing concentrations of EG proportionally reduced furfural yield. Delignification of bagasse prior to solvolysis with 50 v/v\% EG decreased the yields of both formic acid (84 mol \%) and furfural (52\%) but increased the levulinates yield to 80 mol \%.
The National Alcohol Program - ProAlcool, created by the government of Brazil in 1975 resulted less dependency on fossil fuels. The addition of 25\% ethanol to gasoline reduced the import of 550 million barrels oil and also reduced the emission CO2 by 110 million tons. Today, 44\% of the Brazilian energy matrix is renewable and 13.5\% is derived from sugarcane. Brazil has a land area of 851 million hectares, of which 54\% are preserved, including the Amazon forest (350 million hectares). From the land available for agriculture (340 million hectares), only 0.9\% is occupied by sugarcane as energy crop, showing a great expansion potential. Studies have shown that in the coming years, ethanol yield per hectare of sugarcane, which presently is 6000 L/ha, could reach 10,000 L/ha, if 50\% of the produced bagasse would be converted to ethanol. This article describes the efforts of different Brazilian institutions and research groups on second generation bioethanol production, especially from sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this paper, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed as a tool to assist in deciding for the proper utilization scheme of excess bagasse produced in sugarcane industry. Two major scenarios for excess bagasse utilization are considered in the optimization. The first scenario is the typical situation when excess bagasse is used for the onsite electricity production. In case of the second scenario, excess bagasse is processed for the offsite ethanol production. Then the ethanol is blended with an octane rating of 91 gasoline by a portion of 10\% and 90\% by volume respectively and the mixture is used as alternative fuel for gasoline vehicles in Thailand. The model proposed in this paper called ``Environmental System Optimization{''
A method for avoiding excessive amount of alkali compounds and carryover particles in producer gas from gasification of sugar cane residue has been studied and evaluated. The cane sugar residue is gasified in a two-stage combustor at atmospheric pressure, where the first stage is a cyclone gasifier. The cyclone works as particle separator as well. This paper covers the results obtained for gasification of bagasse. Bagasse powder was injected into the cyclone with air and steam as transport medium. The gasification tests were made with two feeding rates, 39 and 52 kg/h. Seven experiments were conducted with the equivalence ratio being varied. The heating values of the producer gas are sufficient for stable gas turbine combustion. About 60-70\% of the alkali input with fuel was separated from the producer gas in the cyclone. However the total alkali contents of the producer gas was found to be higher than in ABB Stal PFBC gas turbines and at least an order of magnitude higher than what is required by most gas turbine manufacturers for operation of a gas turbine. The carryover particles concentrations in the producer gas were found to be in the range of that for PFBC gas turbines, but higher than what is required by most gas turbine manufacturers for operation of a gas turbine, Samples studied with scanning electronic microscope give indication that most of the carryover particles are below 10 mum in size. Fly ash-melting tests have not shown any major ash melting up to 1200degreesC, but it was found that some of the particles entrained with producer gas were partially melted. Integrated experiments with a gas turbine need to be done for accurate evaluation of the possibilities to use the producer gas from the gasification of bagasse to run a gas turbine without problems of hard deposits and corrosion on the turbine blades. In part 2 of this two-part paper the results from cane trash gasification tests are reported. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) gasification is a promising method that used in energy generation field. The impurities of SCB such as moisture content, ash and volatile maters will disturb the gasification process and decrease yield and quality of syngas. Pre-treatment, such as pelleting and torrefaction, can be applied on SCB to improve gasification performance in a gasifier. The aims of this experiment were to study non-catalytic gasification of Indonesian SCB for syngas production in a downdraft gasifier. This experimental investigation was focused on gasification temperature effect (800, 950 and 1050 degrees C) and pm-treatment methods (pelleting and torrefaction) of Indonesian SCB on carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), syngas volumetric percentage and lower heating value (LHV). The result showed that the highest CCE was 88.16\%, obtained at 1050 degrees C of torrefied SCB gasification. Meanwhile, the highest LHV of syngas was 4.48 MJ/Nm(3), obtained at 1050 degrees C of pelletized SCB gasification.
Sugarcane molasses stillage contains a very high concentration of organic matter and toxic/recalcitrant compounds. Its improper disposal has become a global problem and there is very scanty information about its treatment using phytotechnologies. This work aimed at evaluating the performance of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs) mesocosms planted with Pontederia sagittata and operating at two hydraulic retention times (HRTs), compared to an unplanted SSF CWs, for the treatment of diluted stillage subjected to no pre-treatment apart from an adjustment to pH 6.0. CWs were fed with very high surface COD loading rates (i.e. 47.26 and 94.83 g COD/m(2) d). The planted CWs were able to remove COD in the range of 80.24-80.62\%, BOD5 in the range of 82.2-0-87.31\%, TKN in the range of 73.42-76.07\%, nitrates from 56-58.74\% and sulfates from 68.58-69.45\%, depending on the HRT. Phosphate and potassium were not removed. It was concluded that this type of CWs is a feasible option for the treatment of diluted stillage. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microbial reduction of black strap molasses (BSM) by Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 11,274 was performed for the production of biobutanol. The optimum fermentation conditions were predicted using one factor at a time (OFAT) method. The identification of significant parameters was performed using Plackett-Burman Design (PBD). Furthermore the fermentation conditions were optimized using central composite design (CCD). The kinetics of substrate utilization and product formation were investigated. Initial pH, yeast extract concentration (g/L) and total reducing sugar concentration (g/L) were found as significant parameters affecting butanol production using C. acetobutylicum MTCC11274. The maximum butanol production under optimal condition was 10.27 + 0.82 g/L after 24 h. The waste black strap molasses obtained from sugar industry could be used as promising substrate for the production of next generation biofuel.
Bagasse, a by-product from raw sugar factories, is conventionally burned for energy production. In this study, bagasse extracts from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) treatment (160 degrees C, 1 MPa and 30 min) with a carbohydrate content of 510.3 mg g(-1) and 0.5 mg g(-1) of total phenols were applied as emulsifiers in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Bagasse extracts from HTL (0.5-4 wt\%) lowered the interfacial tension between oil-water interphase from 19.8 to 14.0 mN m(-1), owing possibly to the surface-active hydrophilic carbohydrate-hydrophobic lignin complexes in the extracts (lignin content: 7.1\% w/w). Emulsions stabilised by bagasse extracts from HTL with average droplet size, d(av) of 0.79 mu m were comparable with gum arabic (GA), d(av) of 2.24 mu m after 11 days at 25 degrees C. Bagasse extracts containing biopolymers have the potential for industrial applications involving emulsion systems; therefore, HTL treatment of bagasse without any solvents can be regarded as an effective tool for producing natural emulsifiers.
Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) is a tropical and subtropical C4 plant with a high photosynthetic and carbon assimilation efficiency that stores sucrose. Culm biomass is also composed of bagasse fibre, a by-product of the sugarcane industry. This high-yielding grass, high in sucrose and lignocellulosic biomass, is considered an optimal feedstock as an alternative to fossil fuels and to produce a broad range of high-value biomaterials. The ideal sugarcane production system would optimise the relative production of sugar and these new products. Multi-omics correlation analysis was used to generate a global view of the essential metabolic pathways identifying critical genes involved in carbon partitioning during different stages of development. This research employed an unprecedented metabolic and transcriptomic dataset of 360 samples from a selection of 1440 culms of 24 genotypes at five different development stages. Chemical composition and metabolome analysis showed an increase through the culm development of lignin, sucrose, carbon, and amino acids such as aspartic acid, serine, alanine, methionine, threonine 3-cyano-L-alanine, and citric acid. Transcriptome analysis revealed functionalities such as transcription, nucleotide transport and metabolism, and the biosynthesis of amino acids that are highly activated during the immature stage and highly down-regulated during the most mature age.
In this work, PHBV composites were prepared by melting extrusion using triethyl citrate (TEC) as a biodegradable plasticizer and sugarcane bagasse fibers (SBF) as reinforcement. The plasticizer TEC played a crucial role in the preparation of the formulations by extrusion, reducing the viscosity of the melt and minimizing the thermomechanical degradation of PHBV. Moreover, TEC was an efficient plasticizer for the composites, reducing the glass transition and melting temperatures of PHBV and making the specimens ductile. The increase in the concentration of TEC led to an enlargement of the interlamellar spacing and larger PHBV spherulites without changing the cell parameters. In contrast, the introduction of the SBF elevated the viscosity of the molten during extrusion, leading to thermomechanical degradation of PHBV. The SBF acted as a nucleation agent for the PHBV crystallization and oriented the growth of the PHBV crystals due to the transcrystallization, which contributed to the matrix-filler adhesion, the increase in the lamellae thickness, and changes in the thermal properties of PHBV. The SBF acted as a reinforcing agent, increasing the tensile properties of the matrix. Therefore, TEC and SBF had antagonistic effects on the properties of the formulations, opening opportunities to tune their properties by varying the composition.
In this study, the lactogenic Escherichia coli strain JU15 was used and modified to produce D-lactate (D-LA) from plant hydrolysates with a minimal nutrient addition in pH controlled fermenters. Results showed that strain JU15 produces D-LA with high yield and productivity in laboratory simulated hydrolysate media and actual sugar cane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Strain JU15 showed sequential carbon source utilization and acetic acid production. The L-lactic and acetic acid production pathways were deleted in JU15, resulting strain AV03 (JU15 Delta poxB, Delta ackA-pta, Delta mgsA), which showed simultaneous consumption of glucose and xylose and no acetic acid production in the simulated hydrolysate. The D-LA yield from hydrolysate sugars was close to 0.95 g(D-LA)/g(sugars') in all cases. Our results show that D-LA can be produced from plant hydrolysates in simple batch fermentation processes with a high productivity using engineered E. coli strains at fermenter scales from 0.2 up to 10 L. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lignocellulosic crop residues have a high energy potential through anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD), due to their carbon content. The lignin content makes them recalcitrant to digestion thus pretreatment is essential. Biological pretreatment (application of enzymes) is of growing interest due to its environmental friendly process. A few studies have been conducted on the direct addition of enzymes. Hence, this study has evaluated the impacts of addition of laccase and lipase- followed by alkaline pretreatment- in the AcoD of highly lignocellulosic substrate- sugarcane bagasse (SB) and readily degradable cosubstrate- fruit vegetable waste (FVW). Batch digesters were set-up for digestion at same initial conditions and mesophilic temperature range for both enzymes. Till the end of 81-days long process, lipase produced 1093.6 ml/g-VS cumulative biogas and 80.8\% VS reduction. In comparison, laccase produced 988.6 ml/g-VS cumulative biogas (11\% less than lipase) and 72.6\% VS reduction. The application of lipase enzyme was, therefore, more effective for the stated substrate, as compared to laccase enzyme. Lipase remained more effective, because the concentration of VFA produced in laccase digester was higher, causing lower pH, and hence, process inhabitation. {[
Saccharification is a pivotal step in the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and chemicals. In this study, crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was used in pretreatment to facilitate efficient and clean pyrolytic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. Delignification, demineralization, destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex structure, and cellulose crystallinity improvement in crude glycerol pretreated biomass could enhance levoglucosan producing reactions against competitive reactions, and therefore facilitate a kinetically controlled pyrolysis with apparent activation energy increased by 2-fold. Accordingly, selective levoglucosan production (44.4\%) was promoted by 6-fold whilst light oxygenates and lignin monomers were limited to <25\% in bio-oil. Owing to the high-efficiency saccharification, life cycle assessment suggested that the environmental impacts of the integrated process were less than those of typical acid pretreatment and petroleum-based processes, especially on the acidification (8-fold less) and global warming potential. This study provides an environmentally benign approach to efficient biorefinery and waste management.
The production of high-purity xylobiose from lignocellulose is an expensive and tedious process. In this work, the production of xylobiose from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline oxidation pretreated sugarcane bagasse was investigated. Furthermore, a simple process for the separation of xylobiose from enzymatic hydrolysate by activated carbon absorption, water washing, and ethanol-water desorption was developed. Under the optimized separation conditions, 96.77\% xylobiose was adsorbed at 16\% activated carbon loadings. Moreover, xylose and acetate could not be detected after washing by 3-fold volume of water. Xylobiose with 80.16\% yield was eluted by 5-fold volume of 5\% (v/v) ethanol-water. The reusability of activated carbon was evaluated by 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption process, suggesting that the activated carbon exhibited good reusability. The separated xylobiose sample with high-purity (97.29\%) was confirmed by HPLC, ESI-MS, and NMR. Overall, this study provided a low-cost and robust technology for the production and separation of high-purity xylobiose from lignocellulose.
Application of biochar has been suggested to improve water- and fertilizer-retaining capacity of agricultural soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bagasse charcoal (sugarcane {[
In the present study, Plackett-Burman design has been used to identify the significant factors affecting the removal of basic dyes using agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse (natural sugarcane bagasse). The effect initial dye concentration and sorbent dosage were identified to be the variables responsible for affecting the percentage uptake of Basic Blue 3 (BB3) and Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Meanwhile, none of the studied variables were found to be significantly affecting the percentage uptake of Basic Yellow 11 dye. The interaction between the factors and their optimum levels for maximum percentage uptake of dyes were determined using Response Surface Methodology. Both models were highly significant with correlation coefficients (R-2) of 0.9947 and 0.9967 for BB3 and MB dye solutions, respectively. For BB3, the percentage uptake of 98.59 was obtained with optimized conditions at 50mgL(-1) initial dye concentration and 0.13g sorbent dosage. Whereas for MB, under the optimum of 72mgL(-1) of initial dye concentration and 0.18g of sorbent dosage, the percentage uptake was recorded to be 95.19. The experimental values agreed well with the predicted values with percentage errors less than 3\%.
Internal structural and dynamics of untreated and the enzyme treated natural cellulose were studied by C-13 cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) spectral analysis and relaxation measurements. C-13 spectral analysis indicates the susceptible degradation of the amorphous region of cellulose-microfibril due to enzyme-treatment. Spin-lattice relaxation time of chemically different carbon sites is decreased in enzyme-treated cellulose, which suggests that the polysaccharide chain becomes depolymerised. Relaxometry measurement also suggests that rice straw is more susceptible for degradation than sugar cane bagasse.
Spent coffee grounds (CG) is a beverage waste derived from the drinking coffee. Bagasse ash (BA) is the residue obtained from the burning of sugarcane for electricity. This paper aims to create and assess the feasibility of a recycled construction material formed by binding CG with a BA geopolymer, through the alkaline activation of BA using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Slag (S), an industrial waste, was used to supplement CG+BA mixes. The mass ratios of the granular solids used were 70CG:30BA, 70CG:10BA:20S, 70CG:20BA:10S, and 70CG:30S. Strength development was assessed using the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test. Microstructural analyses were done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were cured at 21 degrees C and 50 degrees C, for durations of 7, 28, 60, and 90 days. This study found that 50 degrees C curing was necessary to adequately strengthen the mixes and inhibit organic content growth at long curing durations. Conclusively, this CG+BA geopolymer requires extended curing periods to achieve high UCS. The maximum recorded UCS in this study was 1482 kPa, achieved by 70CG:20BA:10S cured at 50 degrees C for 90 days. 70CG:20BA:10S provided the optimum aluminosilicate-to-alkali ratio for geopolymerization. Under optimum curing conditions, the geopolymer mixes were found to meet the minimum specified UCS requirements for subgrade materials in various countries. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials typically form carbonaceous residues (chars) with structures similar to the starting material. However, previous studies reported in the literature have shown that fast pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin form a molten intermediate liquid resulting in chars with smooth surfaces and evidences of intense bubbling. The fraction responsible for morphology conservation during pyrolysis is not known. In this article, pyrolysis visualization studies were carried out with a fast camera on cellulose, xylan, Organosolv lignin (OL), milled wood lignin (MWL), and lignocellulosic sugarcane bagasse to identify the component responsible for morphological conservation. The materials were heated using a modified Pyroprobe with measured sample heating rates close to 100 degrees C/s. Our studies confirm that cellulose, lignin, and deashed xylan are completely transformed into an intermediate liquid; the intensity of bubbling for lignin was far superior that of cellulose. Xylan as received, however, only forms a small amount of intermediate liquid; it does not fully melt and maintains its general shape during pyrolysis. These results suggest that the presence of mineral matter is critical for lignocellulosic materials to retain their original morphology. We repeated the studies on raw bagasse and acid washed bagasse. The raw bagasse retains its morphology; the acid washed bagasse shrank dramatically, but was not completely converted into a liquid. Our results suggest that in addition to hemicellulose with the presence of ash, other biomass fractions or the different temperatures at which the different fractions melt and solidify could also be contributing to maintain the structure of the lignocellulosic material during pyrolysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The present study deals with the adsorption of brilliant green (BG) on carbon rich bagasse fly ash (BFA). BFA is a solid waste obtained from the particulate collection equipment attached to the flue gas line of the bagasse-fired boilers of cane sugar mills. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like initial pH (pH(0)), contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration (C-0) on the removal of BG. Optimum conditions for BG removal were found to be pH(0) approximate to 3.0, adsorbent dose approximate to 3 g/l of solution and equilibrium time approximate to 5 h. Adsorption of BG followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Intra-particle diffusion does not seem to control the BG removal process. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of BG on BFA were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, Dubnin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherm models using non-linear regression technique. Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir isotherms were found to best represent the data for BG adsorption onto BFA. Adsorption of BG on BFA is favourably influenced by an increase in the temperature of the operation. Values of the change in entropy (Delta S-0) and heat of adsorption (Delta H-0) for BG adsorption on BFA were positive. The high negative value of change in Gibbs free energy (Delta G(0)) indicates the feasible and spontaneous adsorption of BG on BFA. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The distribution of ash-forming elements in dried vinasse was characterized by sequentially leaching it in H2O, NH4Ac, and HCl. In addition, the release of inorganics during combustion and CO2 gasification of the vinasse at 900 degrees C in a single particle reactor was determined. Furthermore, the vinasse was ashed at 500 degrees C, and the melting behavior of the ash as a function of temperature was first predicted using FactSage thermodynamic calculations and then validated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements. The fuel fractionation results revealed that almost all of the ash-forming elements, except Si, Al, and Fe, in the vinasse were completely water-soluble. Moreover, unlike other solid fuels, significant portions of Si, Al, and Fe in the vinasse were water-soluble, owing to its origin, juice from water extracted cane stalks, and acidic nature. Analysis results of the ashes from the combustion and gasification experiments showed that none of the water- and acetate-soluble Si, AI, Fe, and P in the vinasse was released during combustion and gasification. However, significant levels of the water- and acetate-soluble K, Na, Ca, Mg, S, and Cl were released during the vinasse thermal conversion in both gas conditions, with the release levels being higher in CO2 than in O-2. The thermodynamic calculation and DSC-TGA measurement results showed that the initial melting temperature of the vinasse ash was 640-645 degrees C, and the temperatures corresponding to 15 and 70\% melt fractions were 650 and 670-690 degrees C, respectively. The low-temperature melting ash and the release of significant amounts of water- and acetate-soluble alkali and alkali chlorides during thermal conversion suggest that vinasse is a challenging fuel for combustion and gasification in conventional boilers and gasifiers.
Lignocellulosic sulfate-reducing bioreactors are an inexpensive passive approach for treatment of mininginfluenced water (MIW). Typically, microbial community acclimation to MIW involves bioreactor batch-mode operation to initiate lignocellulose hydrolysis and fermentation and provide electron donors for sulfatereducing bacteria. However, batch-mode operation could significantly prolong bioreactor start-up times (up to several months) and select for slow-growing microorganisms. In this study we assessed the feasibility of bioreactor continuous-mode acclimation to MIW (pH 2.5, 6.5 mM SO42-, 18 metal(loid)s) as an alternate start-up method. Results showed that bioreactors with spent brewing grains and sugarcane bagasse achieved acclimation in continuous mode at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 7-12-d within 16-22 days. During continuousmode acclimation, extensive SO42- reduction (80 +/- 20\% -91 +/- 3\%) and > 98\% metal(loid) removal was observed. Operation at a 3-d HRT further yielded a metal(loid) removal of 97.5 +/- 1.3 -98.8 +/- 0.9\% until the end of operation. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms were detected closer to the influent in the spent brewing grains bioreactors, and closer to the effluent in the sugarcane bagasse bioreactors, giving insight as to where SO(4)(2- )reduction was occurring. Results strongly support that a careful selection of lignocellulose and bioreactor operating parameters can bypass typical batch-mode acclimation, shortening bioreactor start-up times and promoting effective MIW metal(loid) immobilization and treatment.
A simple numerical model is presented to simulate the combustion of a biomass particle in a vertical stream. Emphasis focuses on the trajectories of spherical and cylindrical particles in the furnace. Combustion is modeled in three sequential stages: drying, pyrolysis and char combustion. Biomass consumption is determined by correlations based on Arrhenius kinetics and mass transfer parameters. Pyrolysis is modeled using five first-order kinetic equations considering the following products: volatiles, char and tar. The char consumption rate is modeled by three first-order kinetic equations, considering that char reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. The model is validated by comparing the duration of each simulated stage against experimental data taken from the literature. It is validated for spherical particles of up to 5 mm in diameter using a shrinking core model and for cylindrical particles of up to 3 mm using an ash-segregated model. Particle trajectory results are presented in order to determine the geometry and functional parameters of the combustion chamber that ensure complete suspension-firing. The combustion chamber geometry and biomass distributor height are determined as a function of airflow velocity and biomass characteristics for the combustion of bagasse with moisture contents of 30\%-50\% and particle diameters of 0.5 mm-3.5 mm. This study also allows the airflow velocity to be determined based on the boiler dimensions and the biomass characteristics to ensure that no particle ends up on the grate. After establishing the velocity, it is possible to determine what particle size will reach the top of the chamber or burn completely in suspension. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Controlled release formulations help to encapsulate agrochemicals and deliver at a sustained rate. Growing environmental challenges have increased the need for controlled release systems based on sustainable feed-stocks. To this end, we report here the preparation and properties of a monolith-type controlled release granular formulation based on two ubiquitous biopolymers, starch and cellulose. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) derived from waste sugarcane bagasse were mixed with gelatinized maize starch and urea formaldehyde to yield nanocomposite granular formulation. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was used as model encapsulant. The morphology of CNFs and CNFreinforced starch granules was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, BET porosimetry, and X-ray tomography. Incorporation of only 2-4 wt \% CNFs led to a significant reduction in porosity as compared to that for neat starch granules, while the water uptake was enhanced by 20-30\%. Reinforcing starch with CNFs led to a significant reduction in initial release rate and yet higher overall release of DMP, thereby allowing effective utilization of entrapped chemicals. This interesting release behavior could be attributed to two competing factors, water uptake-induced diffusion and barrier effects rendered by nanocellulose network.
Thermal degradation, reactivity and kinetics for biomass materials cotton stalk (CS), sugarcane bagasse 1 (SB1), sugarcane bagasse 2 (SB2) and shea meal (SM) have been evaluated under pyrolysis (N-2) and oxidising (dry air) conditions, using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method (TGA). In the cases of CS and SB1 the peak temperatures were 51 degrees C higher for pyrolysis compared with oxidative degradation, whereas for SB2 and SM the difference was similar to 38 degrees C. However, the differences in the rates of weight loss were significantly higher under oxidising conditions for all the materials studied. Maximum rate of weight loss (\% s(-1)) under pyrolysis conditions ranged from 0.10 to 0.18 whereas these values accelerated to the range of 0.19-0.28 under oxidising conditions, corresponding to respective peak temperatures. Samples ranked in order of reactivity (R-M x 10(3)) (\% s(-1) degrees C-1) are CS = 1.31 approximate to SM = 1.30 > SB2 = 1.14 > SB1 = 0.94 for air and CS = 0.54 > SB2 = 0.49 > SB1 = 0.45 > SM = 0.31 for nitrogen. Shea meal exhibited a complex char combustion behaviour indicating that there may be two distinct types of char derived from fibrous and woody components in the original material. Activation energy calculations were based on the Arrhenius correlation. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A 3-year field trial of sugarcane, comprising 11 treatment combinations of different organic manures with and without Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (Gd), NPK and an absolute control, on an inceptisol was conducted to assess the effect of these treatments on sugarcane total and economic yield, the benefit:cost ratio, nutrient balance and soil quality in a sugarcane plant-ratoon system. The highest cane yield (78.6 t ha(-1)) was recorded in the plant crop given vermicompost + Gd, whereas ratoon yields (first and second) were highest (80.8 and 74.9 t/ha(-1), respectively) with sulphitation press mud cake (SPMC) + Gd. In both plant and ratoon crops, a number of different organic manures produced the highest cane yield that was also statistically similar to those obtained with using the recommended NPK levels (76.1, 78.2 and 71.7 t/ha for plant crop and subsequent two ratoons, respectively). The highest benefit:cost (B:C) ratio in the plant and two ratoon crops (1.28, 2.36, 2.03 respectively) were obtained with the addition of SPMC + Gd. The nutrient balance for NPK in the soil was highest in the SPMC + Gd treatment. The highest increase in organic C (94\%) and total N (87\%), in comparison to the initial level, and soil microbial biomass C (113\%) and soil microbial biomass N (229\%), in comparison to the control treatment, was recorded with the addition of SPMC + Gd. The maximum decrease in soil bulk density (BD) (12\%) with an increase in soil aggregate (17\%) and water infiltration rate (35\%) was obtained with the addition of SPMC. Overall, the sugarcane crop responded well to different organic manures in a multiple ratooning system with a better economic output and improved soil quality. Strategic planning in terms of an integrated application of these manures with inorganic chemicals will not only sustain our soils but will also be beneficial for our farmers in terms of reducing their dependence and expenditure on chemical fertilizers.
Pseudo-lignin derived from the condensation of carbohydrate degradation products can retard the bioconversion of lignocellulose. In this work, liquid hot water (150 to 190 degrees C) and 1\% H2SO4 pretreatments (130 to 190 degrees C) were used on sugarcane bagasse holocellulose for 3 h to generate pseudo-lignin. The effects of pseudo-lignin generation on structural characteristics and bioconversion of substrates were evaluated. The results showed that the formation of pseudo-lignin increased the hydrophobicity of the substrates. After LHW pretreatments and acid pretreatments at low temperatures (<150 <degrees>C), most of the xylans were removed, yielding 2.1 to 5.4\% pseudo-lignin. Increasing acid pretreatment temperature to 170 and 190 degrees C yielded 34.3\% and 93.6\% pseudo-lignin, respectively. After pretreatment, the accessibilities and bioconversions of substrates were enhanced by degradation of xylans, increasing glucose conversions and bioethanol productions of substrates from 53.2 to 85.3\%, and 9.9 to 13.1 g/L, respectively. However, large amounts of pseudo-lignin were generated during acid pretreatments at 170 degrees C, reducing glucose conversion and bioethanol yield to 45.6\% and 6.3 g/L, respectively.
Mechanized operations in sugarcane areas cause gradual soil compaction. On the other hand, the maintenance of straw on the soil can preserve the soil ` s structural quality, increasing the productivity and longevity of sugarcane fields. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maintaining different levels of straw, on the decomposition dynamics, soil ` s physical quality, Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) and sugarcane yield under different edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiment was conducted in Iracemapolis and Quata, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replications. The plots were composed of 10 lines of sugarcane, with spacing of 1.5 m and 10 m in length. The sandy soil showed greater sensitivity to the maintenance of straw on the soil ` s surface, where levels between 10 and 15 Mg ha(-1) provide higher yield. The 0 Mg ha(-1) dose reduced yield in both clayey soil (101 Mg ha(-1)) and sandy soil (98 Mg ha(-1)) during the 2013/14 crop. For the 2014/15 crop, in the sandy soil the lowest yield was achieved with the maintenance of 0 Mg ha(-1) of straw on the soil ` s surface (54 Mg ha(-1)). Regardless of the soil type, the removal of sugarcane straw does not influence the soil ` s physical attributes and the LLWR, in the short term. However, higher doses of straw on the soil ` s surface accelerated the rates of residue decomposition, induced by the maintenance of higher soil moisture associated with a lower temperature. So, maintaining straw levels between 10 and 15 Mg ha(-1), contributed to greater productivity of sugarcane yield.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse (SB) addition on chemical, physical, and sensory properties of the oat flour and banana cakes. The SB was added in the amount of 3 g and 6 g/100 g solids (BC3 and BC6) to obtain cakes considered ``source of fiber{''
The potential to produce a high calorific value bio coal from sugarcane bagasse for alternative use to coal (which is used for energy generation in the sugar industry) was investigated. Bagasse (being a lignocellulose waste material generated from sugar processing) has energy potential to produce eco-friendly bio coal. The bagasse was first dried to reduce the moisture content and then was subjected to carbonization at 250-400 degrees C for conversion of the bagasse to bio char. Bio char yield observed during torrefaction was 70\%. The bio char was then ground to a 300 micron particle size sand, and then compacted to bio coal at 2-8MPa using molasses in the ratio 70:30. The bio coal had a calorific value of 28.2 MJ/kg, moisture content of 6.3\%, fixed carbon of 74.6\% and ash content of 1.4\%. The properties of the bio coal make it makes it usable as an alternative to coal and can be re-integrated back into the sugar processing industry as a substitute to coal. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The aim of this work is to improve some of the less desirable properties of bio-oil via the catalytic fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using a novel supported molybdenum carbide (20 wt.\% MO2C/Al2O3) catalyst. Proximate and elemental analysis of the bagasse were carried out to determine the moisture, ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen content. The ground pellets were classified in sieves to a size range of 0.25-1 mm and were pyrolysed in a 300 gh(-1) fluidised bed reactor at 500 C. MO2C/Al2O3 replaced the sand in the fluidised bed reactor in different proportions (0 wt.\%, 12 wt.\%, 25 wt.\% and 50 wt.\%) to investigate the effect of this catalyst on the pyrolysis products. Bio-oil yield results showed that ground sugarcane bagasse pellets gave high organic yields in the bio-oil of 60.5 wt.\% on dry feed with a total liquid yield of 73.1 wt.\% on dry feed without catalyst. Increasing the catalyst proportions in the fluidised bed reduced bio-oil yields, significantly reduced sugars (as alpha-levoglucosan) concentration and increased furanics and phenolics concentration in the bio-oil. It was observed that the higher the concentration of the 20 wt.\% MO2C/Al2O3 catalyst in the fluidised bed the lower the viscosity of the bio-oil. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Environmentally-friendly organic adsorbents with strong stability, magnetic property and great adsorption capacity for heavy metals have obtained great attention recently. We developed the citric acid- and Fe3O4-modified sugarcane bagasse (MSB) to investigate its behaviors and mechanisms of Cd and Pb adsorption in aqueous systems in comparison with sugarcane bagasse (SB). The MSB showed the highest adsorption capacity of 33.2 mg g(-1) for Cd and 116.7 mg g(-1) for Pb, which was mainly attributed to its O-containing functional groups (e.g. hydroxyl and carboxyl) and aromatic rings. In the binary system, Pb significantly suppressed the adsorption of Cd by MSB whereas Cd had weak inhibitive effects on Pb adsorption. The presence of Ca and Mg competed with the Cd and Pb for adsorption sites and their competition was stronger for Cd than Pb. Furthermore, MSB was easily regenerated and reused for three cycles with a higher adsorption capacity compared with SB. These findings provide new insights for development of novel adsorbents to remove heavy metals in aqueous systems.
Spent mushroom substrate of different edible mushrooms is a nutrient-rich biomass associated with mycelial metabolic activity in the growth substrate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the nutritional content and physical properties of a sugarcane bagasse substrate after the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes. Strains of both species were first propagated in potato dextrose agar culture medium, then in wheat grains, and finally inoculated in sterile sugarcane bagasse. Determinations of macronutrients, pH and C:N ratio were carried out at 0, 30 and 60 days after mushroom mycelium growth in the bagasse-based substrate. After 30 and 60 days of inoculation, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) recorded increases of 0.26\%, 0.06\% and 0.14 with Pleurotus ostreatus, and increases of 0.33\%, 0.05\%, and 0.11\% with Lentinula edodes, respectively. Regarding micronutrients, there was an increase in Calcium (Ca) and Sulphur (S) in both substrates, but amounts varied during the time evaluated. Additionally, an important increase in hydrogen ion concentration was observed when both species were inoculated, with final values of 4.26 and 3.9 for Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes species, respectively. In conclusion, this biomass presents a high percentage of the essential micro and macro elements required in a fertilizer.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with filter cakes enriched with soluble phosphate on sugarcane ratoons. The experiment was performed from November 2007 to December 2009 at Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in a completely randomized block design in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, with the first factor consisting of doses of filter cake (0, 1, 2 and 4 Mg ha(-1)) and the second doses consisting of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha(-1) of P2O5) with 4 replicates. The following variables were evaluated: the number of tillers per meter, the leaf area index, soluble solids (degrees Brix), stalk and sugar yield in the second crop cycle. We found a residual effect in the sugarcane ratoon after applying filter cakes enriched with soluble phosphate in the planting furrow. The initial tillering, leaf area index, stalk and sugar yield in the cane ratoon benefit from the application of filter cakes and soluble phosphate in the planting furrow. The best combination is filter cakes at a dose between 1.0 and 2.0 mg ha(-1) with 100 to 200 kg ha(-1) soluble phosphate applied at planting. This method obtains higher stalk and sugar yields for sugarcane ratoons.
To study the impact of land use change (LUC) from native vegetation and pasture to sugarcane cultivation as well as to evaluate the effect of different management practices on long-term SOC dynamics using the CENTURY ecosystem model. A soil data set of 85 study areas including sugarcane, pasture and annual crops from eleven counties distributed over the south-central region of Brazil was used for model validation and three future scenarios of sugarcane management were simulated: i) green harvesting (SC1); ii) green harvesting plus organic amendments (SC2) and iii) green harvesting plus low N inputs (SC3). Sugarcane harvest with burning was simulated as the baseline system (SCB). The model performance was good (R-2 = 0.79) in replicating measured C stocks as well as reflecting the main trends of C stock changes due to LUC. Long-term simulations suggested that changes in the sugarcane harvest from burning to green harvesting would increase soil C stocks by an average of 0.21 Mg ha(-1) year(-1). The potential of C accumulation was projected to be higher when vinasse and filter cake are added to the soil, varying between 0.34 and 0.37 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) in SC3 and SC2 respectively. The Century model can be used as tool to study the impact of different soil managements in the SOC dynamics in sugarcane. C losses due to the conversion from pasture to sugarcane can be totally restored after 24, 17 and 18 years under SC1, SC2 and SC3, respectively.
Biomass is considered as the largest renewable energy source in the world. However, some of its inherent properties such as hygroscopicity, lower energy content, low mass density and bio-degradation on storage hinder its extensive application in energy generation processes. Torrefaction, a thermochemical process carried out at 200-300 degrees C in a non-oxidative environment, can address these inherent problems of the biomass. In this work, torrefaction of bagasse was performed in a bench-scale tubular reactor at 250 degrees C and 275 degrees C with residence times of 30, 60 and 90 mins. The effects of torrefaction conditions on the elemental composition, mass yield, energy yield, oxygen/carbon (O/C) and hydrogen/carbon (H/C) ratios, higher heating values and structural composition were investigated and compared with the commercially available `Thar 6' and `Tunnel C' coal. Based on the targeted mass and energy yields of 80\% and 90\% respectively, the optimal process conditions turned out to be 250 degrees C and 30 mins. Torrefaction of the bagasse conducted at 275 degrees C and 90 min raised the carbon content in bagasse to 58.14\% and resulted in a high heating value of 23.84 MJ/kg. The structural and thermal analysis of the torrefied bagasse indicates that the moisture, non-structural carbohydrates and hemicellulose were reduced, which induced the hydrophobicity in the bagasse and enhanced its energy value. These findings showed that torrefaction can be a sustainable pre-treatment process to improve the fuel and structural properties of biomass as a feedstock for energy generation processes.
A novel approach including only one stage of ecofriendly treatment, by sodium bicarbonate, followed by mechanical grinding was used to isolate the nanofibers from waste sugarcane bagasse subjected to its characterization for the packaging applications. The result of dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was found in line with the result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the nanosize of developed nanofibers. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed the highest crystallinity of nanofibers than those of untreated and treated fibers. The removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from treated fibers and nanofibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Moreover, a good thermal stability of nanofibers was also confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The optical properties (ie, absorbance and transmittance) in wavelength range 200 to 700 nm were also measured using UV-visible spectroscope. An excellent optical and antibacterial property againstEscherichia coli(E. coli) and Bacillus bacteria along with better strength and stiffness was offered by the isolated nanofibers, which makes them the most suitable reinforcement to be used in polymeric composites for the packaging applications.
Functional beverages obtained using medicinal plants and fermented with lactic acid bacteria are gaining much interest from the scientific community, driven by the growing demand for food and beverages with beneficial properties. In this work, three different batches of medicinal plants and organic sugarcane molasses, named FB-lc, FB-sp and FB-lcsp, were prepared and fermented by using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121, Bifidobacterium breve B632 and a mix of both strains' culture, respectively. The three fermented beverages revealed a high level of polyphenols (expressed as gallic acid equivalent), ranging from 182.50 to 315.62 mu g/mL. The highest content of flavonoids (152.13 mu g quercetin equivalent/mL) and tannins (93.602 mu g catechin equivalent/mL) was detected in FB-lcsp trial. The IR spectroscopy analysis showed a decrease in sugar (pyranose forms, D-glucopyranose and rhamnosides). In addition, the aromatic compounds of the fermented beverages, detected by GC-MS headspace analysis, showed twenty-four interesting volatile compounds, which could give positive aroma attributes to the flavor of the beverages. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the beverage obtained by the mix culture strains. Accordingly, the production of these beverages can be further investigated for considering their well-being effects on human health.
This present study investigates the role of adding sugarcane bagasse biosilica (SBB) fine particle on Opuntia dillenii fibre (ODF)-reinforced epoxy resin composite and its mechanical, thermal and laminar shear strength properties. In this study, the biosilica particles were prepared from Indiana sugarcane bagasse via thermo-chemical process. The fibre and particles were silane surface-treated (SST) using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane via acid hydrolysis process. Hand layup was used to create the composites, which were then post-cured at 120 degrees C for 48 h. The composites were characterized using ASTM standards in order to evaluate the mechanical, thermal and laminar shear strength properties. The tensile strength of SST fibre and particle produced the highest strength of 178 MPa for 40 vol.\% of fibre and 2 vol.\% of particle in epoxy resin. Similarly, the SST fibre and particle retained high thermal stability than as-received fibre and particle in the composite. The laminar shear strength of SST fibre shows the highest value of 33 MPa against shear load. The SEM morphology shows highly adherence surface between SST fibre and resin. Thus, in the process of making biocomposites using plant-based fibres, the silane treatment is mandated in order to achieve high performance.
An on-farm study with periphyton based culture systems was conducted for 90 days in 16 m(2) soil-based and fertilized out-door cement tanks. The objective was to evaluate the effect of provision of feed and orientation of substrate on the water quality and taxonomic composition and biomass of periphyton and free plankton. Fertilization of tanks was done with cattle dung applied at 4.5 t/ha, followed by single super phosphate (SSP) and urea, each at 50 kg/ha. Fortnightly fertilization schedule included cow dung at 2.25 t/ha, urea and SSP, both at 50 kg/ha each. The treatments consisted of tanks receiving no feed and no substrate (NFNS), receiving only feed (FNS) and those receiving only sugarcane bagasse as periphyton substrate at 2 t/ha (3.2 kg/tank) either vertically suspended in water column (NFSV) or applied to tank bottom (NFSB). Fish in three tanks of FNS treatment were fed daily at 5\% of body weight with a 25\% crude protein pelleted feed. Fingerlings of Labeo fimbriatus were stocked at 10,000/ha 10 days after manuring. The percentage weight gain of fish was 425.08 +/- 23.51, 597.41 +/- 60.11, 659.17 +/- 73.43 and 676.95 +/- 22.41 g, respectively, in NFNS, FNS, NFSV and NFSB tanks. Principal component analysis revealed higher plankton density in FNS tanks and ``moderate negative loading{''
Technoeconomic analysis of renewable aviation fuels has not been widely considered, despite the increasing global attention that the field has received. We present three process models for production of aviation-fuel from microalgae, Pongamia pinnata seeds and sugarcane molasses. The models and assumptions have been deposited on a wiki (http://qsafi.aibn.uq.edu.au) and are open and accessible to the community. Based on currently available long-term reputable technological data, this analysis indicates that the biorefineries processing the microalgae, Pongamia seeds, and sugarcane feedstocks would be competitive with crude oil at \$1343, \$374, and \$301/bbl, respectively. Sensitivity analyses of the major economic drivers suggest technological and market developments that would bring the corresponding figures down to \$385, \$255, and \$168/bbl. The dynamic nature of the freely accessible models will allow the community to track progress toward economic competitiveness of aviation fuels from these renewable feedstocks. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
In this study, an oleaginous yeast Trichosporon dermatis was mutated by a sequential plasma and chemical mutagenesis approach. The best mutant (L7) was investigated to produce lipid from enzymatic hydrolysates derived from pretreated sugarcane bagasse at different scales and cultivation modes. The results showed that in shake flasks, L7 produced 26.7 g/L cell mass with 14.0 g/L lipid from the hydrolysate medium containing 80 g/L glucose/xylose (mass ratio of 2:1) in batch mode, and 34.9 g/L cell mass with 20.2 g/L lipid from the medium containing a total of 120 g/L glucose/xylose (2:1) in fed-batch mode, respectively. In a 5 L fermenter, L7 produced 33.3 g/L cell mass with 18.1 g/L lipid in batch mode and 51.5 g/L cell mass with 31.3 g/L lipid in fed batch mode, respectively. This study demonstrates that L7 is highly efficient T. dermatis strain to produce lipid using glucose and xylose mixture derived from lignocellulose.
The hybrid nanocomposite was prepared by in situ intercalative polymerization of acrylamide in a fine dispersion of the sugarcane bagasse, chitin and fuller's earth by microwave irradiation. The product was very efficient as an adsorbent for metal ions and organic dye. It was mechanically stable in wet condition, resistant to fast microbial attack and released no leachates. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
In the present article, the optimization of removal of Cu2+, Ni (2+), and Pb (2+) using sugarcane-based activated carbon was studied. The activated carbon synthesized from low-cost sugarcane bagasse via ZnCl2 activation process was found to possess surprisingly high surface area (> 1500m(2)/g). In adsorption study, the individual and interactive effects of three critical parameters including initial concentration, pH of solution, and activated carbon dosage on removal efficiency of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ were assessed by applying the response surface methodology combined with central composite design. The established second-order polynomial regression models provided an excellent interpretation of experimental data with acceptable coefficients of determination (R-2) and analysis of variance demonstrated statistical significance of the model terms. In the examined region, the predicted maximum removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were found in the order: Ni2+ (66.4\%, 2.99 mg/g)< Cu2+ (90\%, 13.24 mg/g)< Pb2+ (99.9\%, 19.3 mg/g), which were also confirmed in the verification experiments.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an agricultural waste, and it is well recognized as pozzolanic material after calcination. However, it's potential to be used as precursor in geopolymerization; in raw form, after calcination or chemical treatment, along with the cold pressing is not being investigated in depth. Therefore, this experimental work was designed in which initially, the reactivity of SCBA was assessed by a modified Chapelle test, TGA, and XRD analysis. And later a paste was formed by mixing FA with different dosage of SCBA (10-30 wt\%) in an alkaline environment and then further activated mechanically. Afterwards dune sand, another industrially discarded material, was also mixed to formulate mortar and to get benefits of its natural fineness. For mechanical activation, 20 MPa molding pressure was applied and a reduction in strength was observed by increasing SCBA contents. Whereas an increase in strength was observed when calcined SCBA was used (thermo-mechanical activation). The 20 \% SCBA has almost the same results under both activation modes and therefore this percentage was selected for mortar formulation and a further increase in strength (up to 73 \%) was observed. The strength gain mechanism was discussed at the molecular level by conducting FTIR analysis. Among all techniques, the mechanical activation and incorporation of dune sand was found to be the best choice. Furthermore, the physico-mechanical relationship was established, and the developed block was compared with the fired clay brick. It was observed that developed block has a lower density (1600 kg/m(3)), lower water absorption (less than 15 \%), and more strength than the limit specified (10.7 MPa) by ASTM standards. Moreover, by incorporating sand the strength criterion (21.3 MPa) for severe weathering condition was also achieved.
The use of extractives-free SCB (eSCB) as a renewable adsorbent for removing rhodamine B (RhB) in water was explored to contribute to strategies for conserving the environment and better use of natural resources. Different initial pH (3-9) and RhB concentrations (10-1100 mg/L) at various temperatures (303-333 K) during adsorption were carried out to assess the uptake kinetics and equilibrium uptake. The Elovich and the multi-mechanistic models best describe the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption of RhB on eSCB is primarily physisorption but may also involve chemisorption under certain conditions. The adsorption process co-occurs within and on the surface of the eSCB matrix. The adsorption capacity of eSCB for RhB is 88.71 mg/g at 318 K, and the Brouers-Sotologo model best describes the equilibrium uptake isotherm. The adsorption of RhB on eSCB is a spontaneous and exothermic process. This study is the first to report on the regeneration and reuse of eSCB as an adsorbent for RhB. Extractives-free SCB can be reused for at least 7 cycles, using 95\% ethanol to remove the adsorbed dyes between cycles. The reused eSCB adsorbent retains 80 \% of its adsorption capacity even after its 7th reuse.(c) 2023 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The aim of this work was to obtain experimental data in order to generate the kinetic model that showed the effect of the particle size on the performance of the pretreatment process. Data were obtained from the pretreatment kinetics process of sugarcane bagasse with dilute sulfuric acid in concentration of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0\% (w/v). The pretreatments were carried out at temperature of 121+/-1 degrees C varying time and milling size, The studied times were 0, 15, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes and particle average diameter of 0.11, 0.25 and 0.50 mm. All the experiments were performed using a solid load of 15\%.
Fast pyrolysis of biomass produces a liquid with a diverse spectrum of compounds. This work describes impact of adding calcium oxide as a catalyst for fast catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in a fluidized bed reactor at pilot plant scale. The product distributions, bio-oil physical characteristics, and elemental analysis of products were determined. Rapid aging tests were performed on the oils at 80 degrees C to evaluate the impact of the catalyst on long term storage properties. Results showed that the presence of the catalyst ( 10 wt\% loading) reduced the bio-oil oxygen content by 14\%. The catalyst decreased the total bio-oil yield by 17 wt\%, but reduced the water content in that oil and increased the gas yield. The presence of the catalyst did not affect the char yield. Over 150 compounds were identified by GC/MS and the distribution of the main functional groups was analyzed.
A small scale sugarcane juice extractor using a screw pressing system was designed, constructed and tested. Consideration was given to the techno-economic status of the micro and small scale sugarcane farmers and juice processors who are the intended users of the machine. The functional parts of the machine included grating unit, extraction unit, prime mover, pulley, transmission belts, bearings and frame. The machine was tested with two varieties of sugarcane each at three levels of moisture content and results showed that average grating efficiency and juice yield of 87.8 \% and 2.5 \% respectively were obtained. Powered by a 3 hp single-phase electric motor, the machine was constructed with materials being available locally at affordable costs. A cottage sugarcane juice extraction plant based on this technology could provide employment and at the same time produce sugarcane juice and bagasse at low costs for sugar and biofuel industries. An improvement in the design, analysis and optimization of the worm shaft and press cage is expected to improve the juice yield and extraction efficiency; hence, this is highly recommended.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a by-product from sugar industry, has been evidently reported as a potential alternative cementitious material that can partially replace cement. In spite of its high valorization potential in cement production, the large quantity of bagasse ash generated from Indian sugar plants (44,220 tonnes/day) is entirely unutilized and disposed as waste. Lack of comprehensive SCBA availability and accessibility studies are the major deterrents for the effective utilization of SCBA in industrial scale applications. This study investigated the availability of bagasse ash, fly ash, and slag in India, and their accessibility to existing cement plants. A comparative network analysis using ArcGIS was adopted, to assess the benefits of using bagasse ash in cement plants. Bagasse ash was found to be a potentially viable supplementary cementitious material in three out of the five major sugar-producing states of India. It is shown that switching over to bagasse ash results in significant reduction of carbon emissions associated with logistics (5.41 million tonnes/year). Strategic locations for new cement plants were identified based on availability of bagasse ash, using location-allocation analysis. A practical framework has also been presented for the effective utilization and recycling of sugar industry wastes in the construction sector.
Leachability of nitrogen forms, cations, and metals was evaluated in an entisol amended with compost. In this study, sugarcane filter cake (SF) and municipal solid waste plus biosolids (MSW + BSD) compost were applied to a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments) at rates equivalent to 200 kg N ha(-1) (on air-dry weight basis) and intermittently leached with deionized water in 220 mL fractions for a total of 1,760 mL. The concentrations of NO3-N in leachate were below 10 mg L-1 (maximum contaminant limit of NO3-N; drinking water quality standards) for both compost sources. Leaching of most elements was greater from the soil amended with SF as compared to that with MSW + BSD. The highest concentrations of most elements. (except P, Fe and Al) were observed in the second or third leachate fractions. The cumulative amount of NO3-N recovered in 1760 mL leachate accounted for 2.9 and 2.7\% of total N applied using. SF and MSW + BSD, respectively.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an attractive lignocellulose feedstock for biofuel production due to its high organic content and biomass yield, and ease of collection and storage. SCB-based biofuel production through the biochemical route is considered to be an eco-friendly option. However, the sustainability of this green technology is still questionable for some technoeconomic challenges associated with the pretreatment, detoxification, microbial tolerance to inhibitors, and conversion of SCB hydrolysates into biofuels. Researchers have attempted to overcome these issues, particularly by developing cost-effective pretreatment methods and engineered strains capable of tolerating inhibitors and converting SCB-derived components more efficiently. This review aims to present the current status and challenges in the conversion of SCB into biofuels like biohydrogen, biomethane, biomethanol, bioethanol, and biobutanol. The major economic and environmental perspectives are also discussed to assess the economics and eco-friendliness of SCB as the feedstocks for biofuel production. In addition, this paper also highlights existing knowledge gaps that might inspire the readers to fine-tune their research, innovations, and business plan for the development of cost-effective technologies for SCB-based biofuel production.
Industrialization and urbanization are the key drivers to threaten the environmental quality and natural resources. Traditionally, pulp and paper industry has been highly reliant on forest based resources for its escalation. Shortage of forest based raw materials, strict environmental regulations and policies have compelled the industry to seek for alternate raw materials for its production. Mills are now focusing on exploring the potential of different agro wastes such as cereal straws and bagasse etc. In present research, sugarcane trash, one of the most abundant agro residues in India, was investigated for its capability in pulping and bleaching. Chemical characterization of sugarcane trash showed that it contains 40.4\% cellulose, 33.2\% hemicelluloses, 17.4\% lignin and 6.45\% ash content with 2.76\% silica. To cook sugarcane trash with soda pulping method, 14\% alkali charge, 15 min time and 162 degrees C temperature was found to be optimum and pulp of kappa no. 19.8 was prepared that exhibited good strength properties. Bleaching of pulp was carried out using elemental chlorine (Cl-2), hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) based sequences. Replacement of Cl-2 with ClO2 has significant impact on strength properties and effluent characteristics. Oxygen delignification stage was incorporated prior to ClO2 that resulted in improved optical properties of pulp with noticeable reduction in wastewater load. This paper elaborates the need of using sugarcane trash in paper mills with environment friendly pulping and bleaching processes to combat with the problem of waste management, wastewater load reduction during bleaching and substitute for wood based raw materials in papermaking. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recently, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have captured the interest of researchers and industries. In this study, CNCs were isolated from four abundant lignocellulosic byproducts: teff (Eragrostis tef, Poaceae) straw, enset (Ensete ventricosum, Musaceae) fiber (EF), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae) bagasse and coffee (Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae) hull (CH). Cellulose fibers were obtained using chlorine-free extraction with 5\% sodium hydroxide pretreatment followed by delignification (with formic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and bleaching (with alkaline hydrogen peroxide). CNCs were then isolated following hydrolysis of the cellulose fibers with 64\% sulfuric acid. The as-obtained CNCs were investigated and characterized in terms of yield, crystallinity, chemical functionality, morphology, particle size, zeta potential (ZP) and thermal stability. The CNCs displayed a typical crystal lattice of I-beta-type based on XRD patterns, d-spacings and Z-values. The highest yield (similar to 70\%), CrI (similar to 86\%), and crystal size (similar to 6 nm) were observed in EF-CNCs, and the least in CH-CNCs (yield: similar to 25\%, CrI: similar to 77\%, crystal size: similar to 4 nm). FTIR spectra of all CNCs indicated typical chemical composition of cellulose. TEM observations revealed that the CNCs were needle-shaped nanoscale structures with different aspect ratios (17.32-36.67) and dimensions (average length: 154.28-193.06 nm; diameter: 5.16-11.79 nm), while the DLS measurements provided the hydrodynamic sizes, 96.96-184.90 nm. The thermal studies by TGA/DTG revealed the CNCs had a two-step decomposition process at T-max 215-225 degrees C and 340-355 degrees C. This study showed that the CNCs isolated exhibited high crystallinity, aspect ratio, colloidal and thermal stability although differences were observed due to variations in cellulose sources.
Previous kinetic modelling for dilute H2SO4-acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse operated using batch reactor led to conclude that hemicellulose conversion, about 75 \% of theoretical, was possible to be reached using 1.0 \% w v(-1) solution, solid load equal to 20 \% and 80 min of operation. The present study aims to expand the fundamental understanding of the kinetic involved in this process. A continuous process isothermally performed in a plug flow reactor at dynamic was proposed and studied. H2SO4-acid hydrolysis of 200 kg h-1 of sugarcane bagasse using 1.0 \% w v(-1) H2SO4 solution, solid load equal to 20 \%, 60 min and a reactor length of 1.30 m (with a cross-sectional area equal to 1 m2) at 121 degrees C resulted in yields of 59.70 \% for xylose, 2.00 \% for arabinose, 8.46 \% for glucose, 8.42 \% for acetic acid, 0.73 \% for furfural, 0.12 \% for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 0.00 \% for levulinic acid which means more than 72 \% of the hemicellulose (related to 30.99 \% in the raw material) was easily hydrolyzed with similar inhibitors yields values when compared to process in batch configuration reported as: 8.43 \% acetic acid, 0.96 \% furfural, 0.16 \% 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 0.29 \% levulinic acid. Hence, both reactors are equivalent in terms of the influence of the acid solution concentration and solids loading. However, plug flow reactor configuration reduces the time required to proceed with the H2SO4-acid hydrolysis.
Five sugarcane hybrids plus a reference material were evaluated according to the glucose yields obtained after alkaline-sulfite pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Sugarcane hybrids with varied original chemical compositions were used to assess how contrasting samples might influence the integrated pretreatment and hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis efficiency of six samples treated at three different chemical loads, suggested that lignin and hemicellulose removals during the pretreatment were not the single factor necessary to reach high cellulose conversion levels in the enzymatic hydrolysis step. Pretreated samples with the highest total acid contents (mainly sulfonic acids) were also the most digestible materials. The glucose yields were heavily dependent not only on the digestibility of the pretreated materials but also on the field productivity of the plants. One of the hybrids, presenting high glucan yields after pretreatment and high digestibility, produced low glucose yields because it presented very low biomass productivity. In contrast, one of the hybrids that presented low glucan yield after pretreatment, but was highly digestible and presented high biomass productivity, provided the highest glucose yields in the data set, producing 4192 and 5629 kg of glucose per hectare after enzymatic hydrolysis for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An attempt was made to use cane molasses as a culture medium for epsilon-PolyLysine (epsilon-PL) production by a natural bacterial isolate. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus sp., as confirmed by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A BLAST result of the sequence indicated that the closest relative of this Bacillus BHU strain was B. thuringiensis, with 97 \% homology. The molasses was found to be a better culture medium compared to commonly used culture media comprised of either glucose or glycerol as a carbon source. The various physicochemical parameters were studied for culture growth and polymer production, and were further optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The correlation coefficient of the resulting model was found to be R (2) = 0.9828. The RSM predicted optimum conditions for epsilon-PL production (2.46 g/l) by the Bacillus strain was achieved by using molasses, 59.7 g/l; yeast extract, 15.2 mg/l; pH, 6.8 and fermentation time, 42 h at 30 A degrees C. This study represents the first report on the potential application of cane molasses (a byproduct of sugarcane industries) as a culture medium for epsilon-PL production by Bacillus species. The specific Bacillus strain used in the present study can be exploited for developing a novel technology using inexpensive renewable resources for epsilon-PL production, a polymer of commercial interest.
We studied the effect of reactor filling time (T) (3-5 h), initial mass of inoculum (M) (1000-2100 g), and exponential time decay constant for the substrate feed rate (K) (0.6-1.6 h(-1)) on ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in sugarcane blackstrap molasses through a fed-batch culture. The highest ethanol productivity (16.9 g/{[
Efficient utilization of biomass as an alternative energy resource to fossil fuel has been considered the most promising clean energy option. Gasification technology is at the forefront of biomass conversion amidst other technologies due to its high flexibility in utilizing various kinds of biomass feedstocks. In this study, a thermodynamic model of gasification of sugarcane bagasse with air as the gasifying agent is developed to predict the composition of syngas in a downdraft gasifier using Aspen Plus software at various operating conditions. The model is validated with published experimental results from previous studies. A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the influence of the main operating parameters, namely; gasification temperature, moisture content (MC), and equivalence ratio (ER) on the syngas composition, syngas yield (Q(yield)), lower heating value of syngas (LHVSyngas), cold gas efficiency (CGE), and carbon conversion efficiency (CCE). Furthermore, response surface methodology is applied to study the combined effects of the main operating parameters and thus determine the optimized zone of the operating condition for maximumLHV(Syngas), CGE, hydrogen production, and minimum carbon dioxide production. The regression models for lower heating value, cold gas efficiency, and the concentration of syngas (CO2, and H-2) generated from the ANOVA tool are found to have a high degree of accuracy. The optimal operating condition of the gasification temperature, equivalence ratio, and moisture content for maximumLHV(Syngas), CGE,H-2 concentration and minimum carbon dioxide concentration is found to be 877.27 degrees C, 0.08, and 10\%, respectively with the corresponding optimal product values of 7.92 MJ/Nm(3), 74.22 \%, 31.24\%, and 3.91\%. The findings of this study show that a blend of simulation with advanced optimization tools can indeed achieve optimal operating conditions of a gasification system at a more refined precision.
Attempts to use bagasse ash (BA) as a filler in natural rubber (NR) have been made. Acidolysis/alkaline extraction method was used to purify BA. The purified BA (PBA) was subsequently characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and so forth. After the purification, PBA had a lower particle size and a higher specific surface area. XRD results showed that silica was the main composition of PBA while FTIR results revealed the existence of hydroxyl groups on the PBA surface. The reinforcement magnitude of PBA in NR was subsequently evaluated both without and with the addition of surface modifying agents, namely, bis-3-triethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulfide (TESPT) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). Due to its large particle size, PBA acted as a semi-reinforcing filler for NR, that is, the small increases of hardness, modulus and tensile strength were observed in the presence of PBA. As TESPT and ENR could improve the extent of rubber-filler interaction, mechanical properties of the NR vulcanizates filled with PBA-TESPT and PBA-ENR were slightly higher than those of the PBA-filled NR vulcanizate. For instance, tensile strength exhibited approximately 22\% increase after the surface treatment. In this study, both PBA-TESPT and PBA-ENR showed comparable degree of reinforcement.
The favourable climatic, edaphic and topographic conditions make the southern parts of Nepal a suitable region for sugarcane farming. However, upon global comparison, Nepal ranks 41st in sugarcane production (2.93 million tons), 35th in harvested area (64,483 ha) and 67th in sugarcane yield (45.4 t/ha). This study aims to assess the current and potential financial standings of sugarcane production, explore the challenges that sugarcane farmers face and discuss potential solutions to such challenges. The study was conducted in Nawalparasi, one of the largest sugarcane-producingdistricts in Nepal. Data was collected through different methods, namely: (1) expert-level meetings; (2) focus group discussions with sugarcane farmers; and (3) sugar producer- level meetings. The collected information was supplemented by literature reviews, field observations and sugar mill visits. Under current cost and pricing conditions, sugarcane production is profitable and is a `no-other-option' business for farmers. However, an increase in costs of farm inputs may be detrimental for sugarcane production. If additional benefits from sugar industry by-products were realised and shared amongst stakeholders, there is potential for the Nepalese sugarcane industry. However, there are currently numerous challenges for the sugarcane industry. Our present study has identified 12 issues/challenges. Among these, three major issues demand immediate attention: bitter relationships between farmers and sugar producers, the randomised process of determining sugarcane price, and delayed payment for sugarcane. This paper discusses how an enabling environment between sugarcane producers and buyers (sugar mills) can be developed and how the price of sugarcane can be logically fixed to create a win-win outcome.
Aiming towards zero waste management of Paddy straw (PS), the study offers a novel route for production of cellulase-free xylanase, using consortia of Trichoderma spp. under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of PS valorized using nitrogen rich de-oiled neem cake (NC). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for enzyme production, performed using SimaPro software, depicted adverse impacts due to electricity consumption (92.84\%) and use of ammo-nium sulphate salt (6.17\%). Nonetheless, employing renewable energy and reducing salt consumption could help minimize these impacts. OHR-LCMS study of the partially purified enzyme revealed the presence of beta-xylanase and alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidase. Enzymatic saccharification of various substrates enhanced the release of reducing sugars (mg/g) from corn cob (137.54 +/- 0.96), pine needle (41.43 +/- 1), sugarcane bagasse (105.17 +/- 0.7), and PS (76.66 +/- 1.29), demonstrating its applicability in the biofuel domain. LC-MS, ICMPS, and EDX profiling of the residual spent unravelled the manifestation of bioactives, minerals, and silica, playing an essential role as bio-pesticide and biofertilizer.
The choice of pretreatment is a very important in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. This helps to eliminate lignin partition between cellulose and hemicellulose. However, various methods generate diverse effects on the material structure and composition. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to delignify sugarcane bagasse by ozonolysis, followed by hydrolysis and fermentation. Also, the morphology of the samples was analyzed using SEM, while hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content were characterized by the Chesson process. The sample was hydrolyzed using 1\% (v/v) sulfuric acid and the bioethanol fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was detected by gas chromatography. Furthermore, ozone was applied for 90 minutes at pH 3.0 in the delignification process. This produces cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin estimated at 59\%, 22\%, and 6\%, respectively. However, ozonolysis was employed to reduce lignin for up to 217\%. Meanwhile, the hydrolysed samples were known to rapidly decrease the reducing sugar from 19.342 to 2.86 mg/L after heating at 100C. Subsequently, the fermentation stage recorded the highest ethanol production, estimated at 0.79\% (v/v). The result showed lignin removal was conducted in an eco-friendly and efficient condition. Therefore, the need for further study is possible in order to optimize certain parameters for maximum bioethanol production.
Previous studies of agave bagasse (AGB-byproduct of tequila industry) presented unidentified crystalline peaks that are not typical from common biofuel feedstocks (e.g sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass or corn stover) making it an important issue to be addressed for future biorefinery applications. Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of AGB was performed using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
The decentralization of the Brazilian electricity sector in association with the internal electricity supply crisis has encouraged companies in the sugarcane industry to produce electricity by burning sugarcane bagasse in cogeneration plants. This approach reduces the environmental impact of the sugarcane production and has opened up opportunities for distilleries and annex plants to increase their product portfolios. Potential scenarios for technically and environmentally improving the cogeneration performance were analyzed by using thermodynamic analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method used in this study aimed to provide an understanding and a model of the electrical and thermal energy production and the environmental impacts of conventional vapor power systems which operate with a Rankine cycle that are commonly used by Brazilian distilleries. Vapor power system experts have suggested focusing on the following technical improvement areas: increasing the properties of the steam from 67 bar and 480 A degrees C to 100 bar and 520 A degrees C, regeneration, and reheating. Eight case scenarios were projected based on different combinations of these conditions. A functional unit of ``To the delivery of 1.0 MWh of electricity to the power grid from a cogeneration system{''
The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese SaanenxTokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/W-0.75), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage {[
Fungal endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (endo-xylanases) can hydrolyze xylan into xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and have potential biotechnological applications for the exploitation of natural renewable polysaccharides. In the current study, we aimed to screen and characterize an efficient fungal endo-xylanase from 100 natural humus-rich soil samples collected in Guizhou Province, China, using extracted sugarcane bagasse xylan (SBX) as the sole carbon source. Initially, 182 fungal isolates producing xylanases were selected, among which Trichoderma sp. strain TP3-36 was identified as showing the highest xylanase activity of 295 U/mL with xylobiose (X2) as the main product when beechwood xylan was used as substrate. Subsequently, a glycoside hydrolase family 11 endo-xylanase, TXyn11A, was purified from strain TP3-36, and its optimal pH and temperature for activity against beechwood xylan were identified to be 5.0 and 55 degrees C, respectively. TXyn11A was stable across a broad pH range (3.0-10.0), and exhibited strict substrate specificity, including xylan from beechwood, wheat, rye, and sugarcane bagasse, with K-m and V-max values of 5 mg/mL and 1250 mu mol/mg min, respectively, toward beechwood xylan. Intriguingly, the main product obtained from hydrolysis of beechwood xylan by TXyn11A was xylobiose, whereas SBX hydrolysis resulted in both X2 and xylotriose. Overall, these characteristics of the endo-xylanase TXyn11A indicate several potential industrial applications.
Replacement of a novel candidate ethanol fermentation-associated regulatory gene, PHO4, from a fast-growing strain MC15, as determined through comparative genomics analysis among three yeast strains with significant differences in ethanol yield, is hypothesised to shorten the fermentation time and enhance ethanol production from sugarcane molasses. This study sought to test this hypothesis through a novel strategy involving the transfer of the PHO4 gene from a low ethanol-producing, yet fast-growing strain MC15 to a high ethanol-producing industrial strain MF01 through homologous recombination. The results indicated that PHO4 in the industrially engineered strain MF01-PHO4 displayed genomic stability with a mean maximum ethanol yield that rose to 114.71 g L-1, accounting for a 5.30\% increase in ethanol yield and 12.5\% decrease in fermentation time in comparison with that in the original strain MF01, which was the current highest ethanol-producing strain in SCM fermentation in the reported literature. These results serve to advance our current understanding of the association between improving ethanol yield and replacement of PHO4, while providing a feasible strategy for industrially engineered yeast strains to improve ethanol production efficiently.
Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from bagasse using ZnCl2 as the activator. The new type of activated carbon (KAC) was prepared from AC using KOH as the second activator. CO2 adsorption/desorption properties were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis method (TGA). The activated carbon materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), N-2 adsorption-desorption and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that CO2 adsorption quantities of KAC and AC were 3.45 mmol/g and 1.79 mmol/g, respectively at 60 degrees C. KAC has a better adsorption capacity than AC. The CO2 adsorption capacity after five adsorption/desorption cycles showed no obvious changes, display the materials good regeneration performance. The results of FTIR spectra showed that the characteristic peaks of the two activated carbon materials were almost the same. The polarity of the activated carbon surface increased with the increase of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on activated carbons. N-2 adsorption-desorption spectra and SEM images demonstrated that all the two kinds of materials had abundant pores, and KAC had much more pores which resulted in better adsorption capacity.
The agro-industrial wastes, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and asparagus peel (AP), were used to enhance the properties of biodegradable foam trays based on sweet potato starch-based foam trays (starch/SB and starch/AP trays, respectively). Starch/SB and starch/AP trays containing different concentrations of SB and AP (0\%-40\%, w/w) were prepared, and their microstructure and physical, thermal, and mechanical properties were characterized. The addition of fibers wastes allowed obtaining a yellowish foam tray with lower luminosity and higher porosity, mechanical resistance, deformability, and better ability to absorb water as compared with the sweet potato starch foam trays without fibers. The addition of SB yielded foam trays less porous, with lower water absorption capacity and greater tensile strength than the addition of AP. Higher concentrations of AP fibers (greater than 30\%) generate more extendible foam trays. The addition of fibrous wastes improved the thermal stability of the sweet potato starch foam trays. The composite foam trays produced in this work could be used as substitutes for expanded polystyrene in dry food packaging.
The maleation of bagasse could greatly increase the compatibility between bagasse and composite matrixes, and the percentage of substitution (PS) of bagasse maleates could be regulated in the homogeneous system. However, due to the complicated components and the linkages of bagasse, it was difficult to control the reaction behaviors of each component. In this paper, the detailed structural changes of bagasse during the homogeneous maleation in ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) were comparatively investigated with the three main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) from bagasse. The PS of the maleated bagasse was 12.52\%, and the PS of the maleated cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin were 13.50\%, 10.89\%, and 14.03\%, respectively. Fourier translation infrared (FT-IR) and NMR analyses confirmed that the three main components were all involved in the homogeneous maleation. H-1-C-13 HSQC analysis indicated that the predominant monoesterification of cellulose, diesterification of hemicelluloses and lignin, and the degradation of the three main components simultaneously occurred. Besides, the quantitative analysis from 1H-13C HSQC revealed the relative PS of reactive sites in each component. P-31 NMR results showed that the reactivity of lignin aliphatic hydroxyls was higher than that of phenolic ones, and the reactivity of phenolic hydroxyls followed the order of p-hydroxyphenyl hydroxyls > guaiacyl hydroxyls > syringyl hydroxyls.
Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SCBH) is a low-cost substrate for single-cell oil (SCO) production. However, this hydrolysate has an undesirable low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and contains inhibitors. Yeast adaptation is a simple strategy to overcome the presence of inhibitors, while the concentration of the hydrolysate and glycerol supplementation are alternatives to solve the low C/N limitation. This work aimed to investigate the adaptation of the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides in undetoxified SCBH and its use in SCO production. The adapted strain produced more lipids than the parental strain: the concentration of SCBH or the addition of glycerol increased the lipid content, concentration, and productivity to at least 108\%, 175\%, and 118\%, respectively. Lipid production in SCBH was done without salts or nitrogen supplementation. Transcriptomic study showed that hydrolysate-tolerance- and lipid accumulation-related genes were strongly induced. These genes can be targets for metabolic engineering. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study looked at the mechanical, electrical, and thermal surface conductivity of a polyester composite reinforced with flax fiber and thermally reduced carbon quantum dots. The primary objective of this work was to ascertain how incorporating carbon dots from thermally reduced biomass sugarcane bagasse enhanced the qualities of the polyester composite and resulted in its development as a sustainable material for cutting-edge applications. By pyrolyzing sugarcane bagasse, carbon dots were produced, and then hand layup was used to create the composites. After that, the effects of the addition of carbon dots were evaluated by testing the composite material in accordance with the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) criteria. The findings demonstrated that increasing the amount of carbon dots in a polyester composite by up to 5 vol.\% increased its tensile, flexural, and impact strength. However, the properties changed when the carbon dots content was raised to 7 vol.\%. The highest hardness of the 7 vol.\% carbon dots distributed composite, in contrast, was 82 shore-D, and its specific wear rate was reduced at 0.005 mm(3)/Nm. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are both at their maximum values in the 7 vol.\% carbon dots dispersed composite, at 4.1 and 0.15, respectively. This polyester composite also exhibits excellent thermal conductivity (0.394 W/mK), demonstrating effective heat transfer bridge development. Thus, these polyester composites with better surface conductivity (electrical, thermal, and hydrophobicity) and mechanical properties could be employed as a functional material for electrical and thermal applications.
Sugarcane bagasse is gaining attention as a potential solution to the ongoing climate crisis. Due to various constraints limiting power generation facility experimentation, numerical analysis can aid in predicting physical phenomena. In this study, the internal flow and combustion characteristics of a cyclone-based biomass combustion furnace, with four combustion chambers, are examined using numerical analysis on a bench-scale model. The injected air flow ratio for each combustion chamber serves as a variable. Differences in flame size, temperature, chemical species, and particle trajectory, resulting from swirl and rising airflow generated by injected air, were analyzed. With respect to the four model cases, CO levels decreased by up to 19.75, while CO2 levels increased by up to 13.17 based on case 4. The findings suggest that various factors, such as combustibility and environmental impact, should be considered when designing a furnace.
Preparation of bagasse carbon-red mud (BCRM), a low-cost adsorption material used in wastewater treatment, from red mud and bagasse has been studied. Effects of most important conditions in preparation process on the adsorption capability of BCRM were investigated. The optimal preparation parameters for BCRM were obtained. BCRM had a high surface area and a good mesoporous structure and exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity. The used BCRM could be regenerated via simple calcination at 573K in air for 1h. BCRM was an effective, economic, and regenerable material for adsorption of organic contaminants in wastewater.
This study focuses on improving the quality of dissolving pulp (DP) from sugarcane bagasse (SB) prepared by a non-sulfur cooking method and totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching sequences. First, the effects of prehydrolysis and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) cooking conditions on brightness and viscosity were studied. Second, a novel five-stage TCF bleaching sequence, which employs oxygen (O) bleaching, peroxymonosulfuric acid (P-sa) treatment and alkali extraction with hydrogen peroxide (E-p) in the sequence O-P-sa-E-p-P-sa-E-p was applied to SB pulps. The maximum brightness and viscosity of unbleached pulp were 46.3\% ISO and 34.1 cP, respectively, whereas after the final bleaching stage, the maximum qualities (brightness: 89.1\% ISO, viscosity: 6.4 cP, glucan content: 95.7\%, and ash content: 0.12\%) met the standard requirements. For comparison, the effects of TCF bleaching on oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp were investigated. The proposed TCF bleaching shows a potential as a bleaching method to produce high-quality DP from SB.
One of the major process bottlenecks for viable industrial production of second generation ethanol is related with technical-economic difficulties in the hydrolysis step. The development of a methodology to choose the best configuration of impellers towards improving mass transfer and hydrolysis yield together with a low power consumption is important to make the process cost-effective. In this work, four dual impeller configurations (DICs) were evaluated during hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) experiments in a stirred tank reactor (3 L). The systems tested were dual Rushton turbine impellers (DIC1), Rushton and elephant ear (down-pumping) turbines (DIC2), Rushton and elephant ear (up-pumping) turbines (DIC3), and down-pumping and up-pumping elephant ear turbines (DIC4). The experiments were conducted during 96 h, using 10 \% (m/v) SCB, pH 4.8, 50 A degrees C, 10 FPU/g(biomass), 470 rpm. The mixing time was successfully used as the characteristic parameter to select the best impeller configuration. Rheological parameters were determined using a rotational rheometer, and the power consumptions of the four DICs were on-line measured with a dynamometer. The values obtained for the energetic efficiency (the ratio between the cellulose to glucose conversion and the total energy) showed that the proposed methodology was successful in choosing a suitable configuration of impellers, wherein the DIC4 obtained approximately three times higher energetic efficiency than DIC1. Furthermore a scale-up protocol (factor scale-up 1000) for the enzymatic hydrolysis reactor was proposed.
This study aims to investigate the ability of the fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis 2OI2A1M to produce enzymes that act in the depolymerization of the lignocellulosic biomass of agro-industrial by-products and its application in the saccharification of barley bagasse. The production of xylanase by the fungus T. koningiopsis 2OI2A1M using the barley bagasse provided the highest activity (53.6 U/mL). The CMCase activity was obtained with carboxymethylcellulose (2.1 U/mL). Among the best inducers for beta-xylosidases were sugarcane bagasse (11.8 U/mL) and for beta-glucosidases were carboxymethylcellulose (36.4 U/mL) grown for 120 h in submerged culture. The higher production of fermentable sugars from the enzymatic saccharification of in natura barley bagasse, yielded a concentration of total reducing sugars (10.7\%), glucose (5.9\%) and xylose (1.6\%) after 24 h. The comparative analysis of the morphological structure of the barley bagasse by scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the simultaneous action of T. koningiopsis 2OI2A1M enzymes does not require previous structural modifications in the barley bagasse for effectiveness in the saccharification process. Thus, barley bagasse is a candidate for a sustainable alternative to produce fermentable sugars, a primary focus in the production of second-generation fuels. {[
The aim of this study was to investigate and fabricate a Ti64-bagasse ash (BA) composite using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Accordingly, the samples were fabricated under partial densification. XRD analysis, optical and electron microscopy (SEM), hardness measurement, and bending test were used to study the phases formed, the morphology of powders, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the samples, respectively. The results showed that increasing the volume percentage of bagasse ash affected the mechanical properties of the samples in addition to the microstructure. It was also observed that in the samples containing 5 vol.\% bagasse ash, in addition to a significant decrease in the value of elastic modulus, the sample fabricated contained pores with a wall composed of ceramic and metal.
Best management practices for N fertilization should increase yields while reducing negative environmental effects such as losses by ammonia (NH3) volatilization and emission of greenhouse gases, especially nitrous oxide (N2O). We studied the impact on sugarcane of two N sources (UR: urea and CAN: calcium ammonium nitrate) in three N rates (30, 60, and 90 kg N ha(-1) in the plant cane cycle and 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha(-1) in ratoons) on a sugarcane field grown on a Red Latosol soil in southeastern Brazil. We measured sugarcane yields and N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions in three crop cycles (plant cane, 2nd and 3rd ratoons), and NH3 in two crop cycles (2nd and 3rd ratoons). The accumulated emission of N2O from UR was significantly higher in comparison with those of CAN in all three crop cycles. The average emission factors for UR were 0.8\% (plant cane), 1.1\% (2nd ratoon) and 0.8\% (3rd ratoon) and the corresponding figures for CAN were 0.4\%, 0.7\% and 0.5\%, respectively. The N2O intensity was higher for UR (20.3 mg N-N2O kg(-1) sugarcane stalk) than CAN (16.2 mg N-N2O kg(-1) sugarcane stalk). The NH3 volatilization losses for CAN were less than 1\% compared to 5-16\% of the N applied as UR. Stalk yield increased with N application, but no difference was observed between UR and CAN. We concluded that CAN has the potential to reduce both NH3 and N2O losses compared with urea and is the preferred N source for sugarcane.
An experimental study has been carried out to find out impact resistance of the material and to observe the surface property of various particulate fibre combinations of reinforcement material and hardener of a particular size range. These composites are obtained by reinforcing bagasse (Dry, pulpy residue of sugarcane after extracting its juice) and coir (Natural fibre extracted from the outer husk of the coconut) at different percentage of compositions, both individually and as a combination, inside the epoxy resin matrix, with and without a hardener as a catalyst. This fabricated composite is subjected to Drop Weight impact test to determine the sample's resistance to sudden external force and study the surface properties of various particulate fibre combinations using Optical Microscopy. Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Advanced Research in Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering-2021
The valorization of abundant agrowastes into chemicals and advanced materials is of key importance in the context of the circular bioeconomy and biorefinery. Herein, we report the ionothermal carbonization (ITC) of sugarcane bagasse, a fibrous residue made of lignocellulose, to engineer advanced carbonaceous materials, namely ionochars. We prepared a series of imidazolium tetrachloroferrate ionic liquids (IL) bearing modular substituents, e.g., alkyl chains with different lengths or benzyl groups. The effect of the cation on both textural and morphological properties is highlighted. Ionochars with high specific surface area (up to 800 m(2) g(-1)), tuneable pore volume (up to 0.8 cm(3) g(-1)), singular nanostructures and adjustable CO2 uptake/retention were obtained.
Biomass torrefaction is a thermal pre-treatment technique that improves solid fuel properties in relation to its efficient utilization for energy generation. In this study, the torrefaction performance of sewage sludge, a non-lignocellulose biomass and sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulose biomass were investigated in an electric muffle furnace. The influence of torrefaction temperature on the physiochemical properties of the produced biomaterial were examined. Characterization of the raw and torrefied biomass material were studied using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and scanning electron microscopy. From the result obtained, it was evident that an increase in torrefaction temperature up to 350 degrees C caused a 33.89\% and 45.94\% decrease in volatile matter content of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. At a higher temperature of 350 degrees C, the peak corresponding to OH stretching of hydroxyl group decreased in intensity for both biomasses, showing a decomposition of the hydroxyl group as a result of torrefaction. This enriched the lignin content of the torrefied samples, thus making these solid fuels good feedstock for energy production.
Agricultural and industrial by-products are commonly used in concrete production as cement replacement materials (CRMs) or as admixtures to enhance both fresh and hardened properties of concrete as well as to save the environment from the negative effects caused by their disposal. Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is one of the promising CRMs, it is used as a partial replacement of cement for producing concrete; properties of such concrete depend on the chemical composition, fineness, and burning temperature of SCBA. Approximately 1500 Million tons of sugarcane are annually produced over all the world which leave about 40-45\% bagasse after juice crushing for sugar industry giving an average annual production of about 600 Million tons of bagasse as a waste material. This paper presents some findings on the effect of SCBA on workability, compressive strength and microstructure of interfacial zone of concrete and its performance is compared to some of the established CRMs namely Densified Silica Fume, Fly Ash and Microwave Incinerated Rice Husk Ash.
The present study investigates the effects of particle size on chemical and structural features of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-assisted 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ({[
The state of Sao Paulo is the leader in the sugarcane production in Brazil. However, the expansion of this culture has been associated with environmental impacts. In this scenario, the determination of growth vectors contributes to establishing areas of higher vulnerability and risks. This research assesses the development of sugarcane cultivation in the state of Sao Paulo between 1999 and 2019 from an environmental point of view, reviewing its environmental impacts associated with processing. Maps generated compiled information from different Brazilian databases, and the SWOT matrix (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) was considered for the areas. The state's land use maps showed the pasture conversion, with a 53.5\% reduction in pasture areas and a 143.8\% increase in sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane cultivation and mills are located mainly in the Northwest and West of the state of Sao Paulo, especially in the administrative regions of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Barretos, Franca, and Ribeirao Preto, which agrees with the state's Agro-environmental Zoning that guides agricultural land use. Such areas are themost susceptible to the immediate environmental impacts of sugarcane cultivation and processing in sugarcane mills and should be priorities for environmental management. The SWOT matrix highlighted the potential for sugarcane production in the state, considering the perspectives to overcome most weaknesses and threats. However, better land-use practices should be applied to sugarcane crops towards outweighing their limitations. (C)022 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
To minimize the degradation of soil organic matter (SOM) content in conventional sugarcane cropping, it is important to understand how the fungal community contributes to SOM dynamics during the decomposition of sugarcane leaf litter. However, our knowledge of fungal diversity in tropical agroecosystems is currently limited. Thus, we determined the fungal community structure on decomposing sugarcane leaf litter and their response to different soil management systems using the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) amplicon sequencing method afforded by Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). The results indicate that no-tillage had positive effects on the relative abundance of Zygomycota and of some taxa that may prefer a moist environment over conventional tillage, whereas bagasse mulching decreased the richness of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and had positive effect on the relative abundance of slow-growing taxa, which may prefer poor nutrient substrates. Furthermore, a combination of no-tillage and bagasse mulching increased the abundance of unique OTUs. We suggest that the alteration of fungal communities through the changes in soil management practices produces an effect on litter decomposition.
Lignocellulosic wastes such as straw are attractive resources for biofuel production when subjected to biological treatment (hydrolysis). However, their complex lignocellulosic structure can hinder saccharification. The urgent need for microbial groups with high levels of straw saccharifying activities is therefore a key step in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic straw into fermentable monosaccharides. Existing traditional methods of qualitative and quantitative screening of lignocellulolytic microbial isolates are costly, time consuming and largely not environmentally friendly. In this study, a Biolog (MT2) microplate-based assay was evaluated for potential use as an alternative screening method. This was carried out using three commercially available substrates (cellulose, xylan and lignin) and four native lignocellulosic straws (wheat, rice, sugarcane, and pea ball-milled straws). Selected bacterial isolates from soil, compost and straws were screened quantitatively using both traditional crude enzyme and Biolog (MT2) microplate methods. Positive correlations (R-2 values up to 0.86) between Biolog and the traditional enzyme methodologies were observed with respect to these isolates and their lignocellulosic activities. Quantitative assays were less labor intensive and faster (3-7 days) in Biolog microplates than in traditional assays which lasted for 12-15 days. Ballmilled rice and sugarcane straws were bio-converted to monosaccharaides more readily than wheat and pea straws and the commercially available substrates (cellulose, xylan and lignin). Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis of ball-milled rice and sugarcane straws suggested that this was due to their higher silica content. Overall, the Biolog (MT2) microplate system was shown to be an effective, time saving and inexpensive alternative method for the screening of both lignocellulose-degrading bacteria and different substrates for saccharification.
Background The mixed-feedstock fermentation is a promising approach to enhancing the co-generation of cellulosic ethanol and methane from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and molasses. However, the unmatched supply of the SCB and molasses remains a main obstacle built upon binary feedstock. Here, we propose a cellulose-starch-sugar ternary waste combinatory approach to overcome this bottleneck by integrating the starch-rich waste of Dioscorea composita Hemls. extracted residue (DER) in mixed fermentation. Results The substrates of the pretreated SCB, DER and molasses with varying ratios were conducted at a relatively low solids loading of 12\%, and the optimal mixture ratio of 1:0.5:0.5 for the pretreated SCB/DER/molasses was determined by evaluating the ethanol concentration and yield. Nevertheless, it was found that the ethanol yield decreased from 79.19 +/- 0.20 to 62.31 +/- 0.61\% when the solids loading increased from 12 to 44\% in batch modes, regardless of the fact that the co-fermentation of three-component feedstock was performed under the optimal condition defined above. Hence, different fermentation processes such as fed-batch and fed-batch + Tween 80 were implemented to further improve the ethanol concentration and yield at higher solids loading ranging between 36 and 44\%. The highest ethanol concentration of 91.82 +/- 0.86 g/L (69.33 +/- 0.46\% of theoretical yield) was obtained with fed-batch + Tween 80 mode during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation at a high solids loading of 44\%. Moreover, after the ethanol recovery, the remaining stillage was digested for biomethane production and finally yielded 320.72 +/- 6.98 mL/g of volatile solids. Conclusions Integrated DER into the combination of SCB and molasses would be beneficial for ethanol production. The co-generation of bioethanol and biomethane by mixed cellulose-starch-sugar waste turns out to be a sustainable solution to improve the overall efficacy in biorefinery.
This study describes the performance of four different resins, in sequence, to detoxify sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate and to improve xylitol production by calcium alginate-entrapped Candida guilliermondii FTI20037 cells under conditions of low oxygen concentration. The treatment resulted in a removal of 82.1\% furfural, 66.5\% hydroxymethylfurfural, 61.9\% phenolic compounds derived from lignin degradation, 100\% chromium, 46.1\% zinc, 28.5\% iron, 14.7\% sodium and 3.5\% nickel. On the other hand, the removal of acetic acid was not significant. A xylitol yield factor (Y-P/S) of 0.62 g g(-1) and a volumetric productivity (Q(p)) of 0.24 g dm(-3) h(-1) were attained in the fermentation process for xylitol production from detoxified hydrolysate. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.
The compression and injection molding processes were performed in order to evaluate the better mixer method for fiber (sugarcane bagasse, bagasse cellulose and benzylated bagasse) and matrix (polypropylene). The samples (composites and polypropylene plates) were cut and submitted to mechanical tests in order to measure flexural and tensile properties. The morphological and microstructural analyses of fracture surface and specimens from composites can be easily evaluated by microscopic techniques. The fracture surface was evaluated by SEM and selected specimens from composites were analyzed by reflected light in OM. The better tested method for composites obtainment was the injection molding under vacuum process, by which composites were obtained with homogeneous distribution of fibers and without blisters. The mechanical properties show that the composites did not have good adhesion between fiber and matrix; on the other hand, the fiber insertion improved the flexural modulus and the material rigidity. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
We developed in this study an efficient production process of SCO from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates using Y. lipolytica. We described a dynamic flux balance model strategy based on a genome-scale metabolic model of Y lipolytica and SCO fermentation kinetics that applied for rational design of optimized fed-batch process with high single cell oil accumulation. Furthermore, metabolic evolution approach with buoyancy screening was implemented for selecting a high lipid producing yeast strain. The efficient conversion process combined model-based fed-batch process design and evolution-based strain optimization enabling high SCO titer of 45 g/L, and 0.25 g-SCO/g-glucose yield from hydrolysates, a 6-fold improvement in titer and 1.4-fold improvement in yield over batch wild-type process. Through this combinatorial optimization effort, we demonstrated the cost-effective, lignocellulose-based SCO process that could meet techno-economic feasibility providing a sustainable alternative to vegetative oils for biofuels and oleochemicals synthesis. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study used three types of agricultural waste, Citrus maxima peel, passion fruit shell, and sugarcane bagasse, to produce biosorbents for copper(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II), and lead(II) metal ion removal in a fixed-bed column. The biosorbent properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cation exchange capacity. The adsorption capacities were determined using the Thomas model for various pH values and flow rates. The results indicated that biosorbents possess carboxylic acid groups, which function as exchangeable cation and complexation sites for removing heavy metals. The biosorbents exhibited great adsorption capacity. (C) 2013 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A newly isolated acidophilic bacterial strain from waste sugarcane bagasse was identified as Klebsiella species by biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing methods. Klebsiella sp. strain L1 was selected for its ability to produce extracellular levansucrase. The optimization of carbon source, nitrogen source, sucrose concentration, NaCl concentration, initial pH and temperature of the growth medium in the flask fermentation medium. In the investigation, sucrose acts as a superior carbon source whereas yeast extract act as the best nitrogen source for Klebsiella sp. strain L1. 10\% sucrose concentration and 2\% sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration act as an inducer for levansucrase production. Isolate growing and produce optimum levansucrase under acidic condition (pH 5.0) with normal temperature range (40 degrees C). Synthesis of levan polymer by isolate was detected using thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate method. SDS PAGE result shown that the molecular weight of levansucrase from Klebsiella sp. strain L1 was 43 kDa. Moreover, isolate has a.-hemolysis reaction on blood agar which indicated their non-pathogenic nature.
Citric acid is in greater demand globally as a result of both population growth and industrialization. Aspergillus niger is a workhorse for the production of citric acid. Cane molasses have been chosen as a novel and economically viable substrate as a result of the rising demand for citric acid and the need for substitute materials as substrates in recent years. Therefore, the present study was conducted to improve citric acid production from A. niger using by-product of sugar (sugarcane molasses) through gamma radiation. Aspergillus niger was isolated from soil and confirmed by molecular identification based on beta tubulin gene sequencing which compared with available beta tubulin gene sequencing in the NCBI database. The NCBI database showed the highest percentage of similarity being 100 with A. niger. The fermentation process was performed in shaking flasks using sugarcane molasses. Data revealed that significantly highest production of citric acid (31.30 +/- 0.17 g/L) was obtained in a medium containing (15\%) substrate level. In addition, the maximum productivity of citric acid was achieved at pH 6. Spore suspensions of A. niger were subjected to different doses of gamma radiation. Results clarified that the maximum amount (42.82 +/- 0.62 g/L) of citric acid was observed at 1.0 KGy. The amount of acid produced was increased by 1.11 fold higher than the control by the addition of 3\% (v/v) ethanol after 24 hour of fermentation time. Moreover, the addition of 0.15\% K4Fe (CN)6 enhanced the citric acid manufacturing. Furthermore, citric acid productivity from immobilized gamma irradiated A. niger spores was increased by 1.2 times more than that of the free ones. Citric acid was separated from the fermentation broth by precipitation method using CaCl2. In addition, FT-IR Analysis of the extracted citric acid from A. niger confirmed that there is no change in the main characteristic absorption bands of the standard citric acid.
Cellulose I is not completely saccharified to glucose at a low cellulase concentration. In this study, sugarcane cellulose saccharification residues were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the cellulose microfibrils became shorter in the early stages of saccharification and gradually became narrower. The degree of polymerization also decreased in the early stages of saccharification. Cellulose saccharification residues were deuterated by immersing them in deuterium oxide. Infra-red spectra of the deuterated residues indicated that the deuterated hydroxyl group ratio decreased as saccharification progressed. This indicated that cellulose microfibrils were hydrolyzed in their hydrophobic planes by cellulase as if the surfaces were scraped. The increase of hydrophobic planes caused microfibril aggregation, poor accessibility of cellulase to the microfibrils, and a low saccharification rate.
Biosorption of the red 4B dye was evaluated using non-colonized sugarcane bagasse and colonized by Pleurotus ostreatus. The fungal colonization caused an increase in the acid and phenolic groups, making the biosorbent surface more positive, with lower thermal stability due to decomposition of lignocellulosic compounds, lower pHpcz, and smaller pores. The biosorbents showed better adsorption at pH 2.0 and required 260 min to reach equilibrium. The kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order mathematical model, which predicts strong chemical interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. The mathematical models that best fit the isothermal data were the combination of Langmuir for low dye concentrations and Freundlich for high dye concentrations in the solution for the non-colonized biosorbent, which predict that adsorption occurs in monolayer and multilayer, respectively. For the colonized biosorbent, the model that best fits the isothermal data (25 degrees C and 40 degrees C) was the Freundlich model, showing that the adsorption for this case occurs in multilayers. Thermodynamic studies (25 degrees C, 40 degrees C and 50 degrees C) show that increasing temperature decreases the biosorption capacity (exothermic process for both biosorbents), and the system shows low spontaneity with increasing concentration. Also, the entropy for non-colonized sugarcane bagasse increases at low concentrations, however after fungal colonization, it decreases for both. In industrial effluent, the non-colonized biosorbent presented a higher biosorption capacity, but fungal colonization demonstrates greater sustainability by initially allowing the production of mushrooms.
Agave bagasse (AB) is the main solid waste generated by the tequila industry in Mexico, which is an environmental concern due to its considerable volume of production (377,000 Ton in 2016). AB is a lignocellulosic biomass that has been considered as a potential feedstock for different industrial uses in the framework of lignocellulosic biorefinery concept. The lignocellulosic biomass is a complex structure constituted by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Therefore, for a complete waste revalorization, different processing steps would be required. In this work, the scientific advances toward the AB biorefinery composed by three sequential stages: pretreatment, treatment and biofuels production were reviewed. Moreover, the by-products of the process could also be recovered and used for the synthesis of value-added products. This integrative approach of AB in the conceptualized biorefinery generates positive impacts on environment as well as on local and regional economies. {[
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an industrial waste that consists of silicon oxides, calcium, aluminum, iron, magnesium, and alkali metal oxides. The composition and structure of thermomechanical treated SCBA was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Thermomechanical treated SCBA was mixed with clay, quartz and feldspar at different compositions according to an appropriate mixing ratio and using this mixture for the production of dry pressed ceramic tiles. The physic mechanical properties (surface quality, water absorption, modulus of rupture, linear thermal expansion and frost resistance) of the ceramic tiles were test according to ISO 13006:2018 and ISO 10545 standards. The results demonstrated that test ceramic have characteristics adequate for its use as ceramic tiles classified as BIII.
A lignin resulting from acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in the process of bioethanol production from biomass (M(w) = 1890g mol(-1)) was purified and carboxy-methylated to obtain a macromolecule (CML), soluble in water at pH >= 4.5, with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.46 +/- 0.01 relative to C(9) - the basic unit of lignins. This modified lignin was complexed with the Fe(3+) ion (CML-Fe) and used as an adsorbent for the successful removal of Brilliant Red 2BE textile dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterised by infrared spectroscopy and scanning differential calorimetry. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage and shaking time on adsorption capacity were studied. In pH 2.0 the adsorption of the dye was maximum. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 12 h for the CML-Fe adsorbent. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. For Brilliant Red 2BE dye, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Today, mechanized harvesting is a reality in almost all commercial sugarcane fields in Brazil. In the last 20 years, government policies and public-private initiatives have given appropriate support to adopting green cane fields, associated with less environmental impact, soil conservation, and human health protection. Even though, some production regions remain with burning straw practice before of mechanical harvest. In order to better comprehend why pre-harvest burning still being applied at mechanized harvest of sugarcane in Brazil? The objective was performing an analysis of performance and quality of mechanized harvesting of sugarcane, considering areas with a burnt cane and green cane. For this, two similar commercial fields were selected for performing a comparison. In the two harvest areas (burnt cane and green cane), quality indexes and performance measured were: cutting height, damage in cut culms, visible losses, and effective field capacity. At comparison, better quality indexes were achieved at harvest in the green cane (shorter cutting height: 5.5 versus 6.5 cm; less damage index in cut culms: 0.37 versus 0.45; lower visible losses: 3.0 versus 6.24 t ha(-1)). These results were associated with a lower average forward speed of the machine at harvest in green cane (1.88 m s(-1) against 1.32 m s(-1)). On the other hand, the greater effective field capacity developed by the harvester in the burnt cane (1.02 versus 0.71 ha h(-1)) helped to understand one reason that sustains the resistance on banning of pre-harvest burning before of mechanical harvesting in sugarcane fields.
Cellulose triacetate (CTA) films were produced from cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse. The films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical properties (MP), enzymatic digestion (ED), and mucoadhesive properties evaluation (MPE). WVP showed that more concentrated films have higher values; asymmetric films had higher values than symmetric films. MP showed that symmetric membranes are more resistant than asymmetric ones. All films presented high mucoadhesiveness. From the WVP and MP results, a symmetric membrane with 6.5\% CTA was selected for the coating of gellan gum (GG) particles incorporating ketoprofen (KET). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the CTA coating does not influence the thermal stability of the particles. Coated particles released 100\% of the KET in 24 h, while uncoated particles released the same amount in 4 h. The results highlight the CTA potential in the development of new controlled oral delivery systems. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this paper, we report on the economic and environmental issues associated with a pyrolysis plant for processing sugarcane residues. The analyses consider four scenarios: (i) raw sugarcane bagasse (SCB), (ii) raw sugarcane trash (SCT) and acid-leached (iii) sugarcane bagasse (L-SCB) and (iv) sugarcane trash (LSCT). The systems were studied by integrating a comprehensive mathematical model and experimental data. The environmental impact assessment was performed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, including agriculture and sugar industry stages into the system boundaries. The results demonstrate that the process economy heavily depends on the bio-oil composition, yield, feedstock cost, and leaching conditions. Bio-oil from L-SCT and L-SCB contained more than 30 wt\%. levoglucosan, which made it a candidate to produce fermentable sugars or other valuable chemicals instead of being burnt in low-efficiency boilers. The unitary cost of bio-oil produced from L-SCT (0.89 USD/L) and L-SCB (0.75 USD/ L) was below that obtained for raw biomass, even when the Total Investment Costs behaved differently. The environmental impacts, expressed in damage categories, associated with L-SCB and L-SCT, were nearly 86\% higher than for SCB and SCT. The highest impact could be attributed to the citric acid (CA) production chain, biomass transport, and harvesting operations. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical modification of fiber surfaces can increase wettability of composites reinforced by vegetal fibers and, consequently, the dispersion of the fiber in the matrix and mechanical properties can be improved. Although there are some studies about agents for chemical modifications of vegetal fiber surfaces, there are few data and discussion about the usage of lignin. In the present work, chemical modifications of sugarcane bagasse and sisal fibers using lignin (previously hydroxymethylated) were carried out under different reaction times (15, 30, and 60min). The composition (holocellulose, hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin contents) of the treated and untreated fibers was evaluated. Phenolic composites were prepared using unmodified and modified fibers via compression molding process under temperature. Izod impact, water absorption tests, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate composite properties. The resin and lignin were characterized by size exclusion chromatography. Results showed that there was a tendency of reducing water absorption for composites prepared from modified fibers. Impact strengths of composites reinforced with sugarcane bagasse with modified fibers were similar to the ones with unmodified fibers (around 20J/m). However, impact strengths for composites reinforced with modified sisal fibers (around 104J/m for 15min of reaction time) were higher than the ones with unmodified fibers (around 95J/m). Therefore, the usage of lignin as a modifier agent of vegetal fiber surfaces to increase fiber-matrix adhesion for phenolic composites is a strategic alternative for improving products through simple, eco-friendly, and low-cost procedures.
Biochar-based fertilizers prepared through co-pyrolysis of biomass with phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) present an attractive alternative over conventional fertilizers to improve P delivery to crops. Here, sugarcane filter cake was treated with MgO and H3PO4 at different Mg:P ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2) followed by pyrolysis at 600 degrees C. The resulting modified biochars were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and total Mg and P. The extractable P was measured in deionized (DI) water and 2\% formic acid, and the kinetic phosphate release in DI water was monitored over 240 h. Increasing the Mg:P ratio in the biochar greatly increased the total and extractable P in 2\% formic acid but resulted in a lower kinetic phosphate release in DI water. This was explained by a change in P speciation (from crystalline pyrophosphate towards amorphous orthophosphate) and increase in biochar pH with increasing Mg contents. The higher 2\% formic acid-extractable P and lower water-soluble P at high Mg:P ratios suggested that the P is potentially highly available to crops while having a reduced risk for P loss to surface waters. Their high pH makes these Mg- and P-rich biochar-based fertilizers potentially attractive for application in acidic soils.
Ethanol produced by a fermenting renewable crop such as sugarcane molasses is a very cheap source of alternative fuel. All the developed and some developing countries have taken up bioethanol as an alternative energy source. This situation arises because of the depletion of the fossil fuel reserves, rising costs, and environmental impacts. This study shows that a newly indigenous strain isolated as a mutant strain of thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus M15 produced a maximum production of ethanol in 48 h. The kinetic parameters have been studied for cell growth, substrate consumption, and ethanol production for wild and mutant strains of K. marxianus M15. It has been observed that the wild strain was growing up to 55 degrees C, while the mutant strain was growing up to 65 degrees C. In this study, the mutant strain M15 was proved to be stronger than its parental culture due to its microbial activity. K. marxianus were grown in a 23-1 fermentor (working volume 15 1) on different substrates, including glucose, sucrose, and molasses at concentrations of 10, 12, 15, and 17\%. Total sugars were tested for their ability. M15 produced maximum ethanol of 72.5-75.2 g l(-1) with concentration of 15\%, and beta-fructofuranosidase (F-Fase) at 72 and 48 h, respectively.
The pre-treatment of lignocellulose material towards cellulosic bioethanol production releases microbial inhibitors that severely limit the fermentation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study evaluated to what degree robust xylose-capable strains may improve the fermentability of non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) slurries derived from steam explosion (StEX) and further compared this to slurries derived from ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) pre-treatment. Initial screening in separate hydrolyses and co-fermentation processes using StEx-SCB hydrolysates identified S. cerevisiae TP-1 and CelluX (TM) 4 with higher xylose consumption (>= 88\%) and ethanol concentrations (>= 50 g/L), and ethanol metabolic yields (>= 89\% relative to theoretical maximum), even in the presence of approximately 8 g/L of acetic acid. Under industrially relevant pre-hydrolysis simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (PSSCF) conditions of high solids loading (15\%, w/w) and low enzyme dosage (8 mg protein per gram untreated biomass), the fermentation of StEx-treated SCB whole slurry achieved ethanol yields of 208 and 224 L per Mg raw dry SCB using S. cerevisiae TP-1 and CelluX (TM) 4, respectively. Under the same solids loading and enzyme dosages, the PSSCF of ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX (TM)) pre-treated SCB achieved ethanol yields of 234 and 251 L per Mg raw dry SCB using TP-1 and CelluX (TM) 4, respectively. The study achieved non-detoxified whole-slurry co-fermentation using StEx pre-treated SCB, with higher ethanol yields than previously reported, by utilising robust xylose-capable strains. The results of this work provide insights into the potential use of inhibitor-tolerant S. cerevisiae strains TP-1 and CelluX (TM) 4 as ethanologens for the fermentation of steam-exploded and undetoxified SCB whole slurries.
Nowadays, the use of organic fillers in polymer composite materials is on the rise due to ecological concerns. Natural additives are cheap and plentiful in India. Sugarcane is indeed the main staple crop in India. Bagasse is a leftover pellet fiber produced from sugar beet shattered as in the factory. This can be used for the production of biofuels and for certain other purposes. This paper reports the mechanical properties of the manufacturing of epoxy resin fiberglass laminates, including sugar cane and glass fibers mixed with composite resin. Each composite material should be developed and then the step-up produced in line with the ASTM requirements. Each sample will then conduct mechanical properties, including tensile strength, compressive strength and impact strength checking. The findings of the experiment would be correlated between fiber resin laminates and fiber resin blended with sugarcane fiber powder. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical, Electronics and Computer Engineering 2020: Materials Science.
Saccharum biomasses (Saccharum munja and sugarcane bagasse) were subjected to different physical, chemical and biological pretreatment methods. Physical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses was carried out by using steam treatment and microwave. Chemicals pretreament of lignocellulosic biomasses were optimized by using different chemicals like alkalies and acids. Among all chemicals, ammonia treatment significantly removed lignin (approx. 77\%) and removed high amount of phenolic compounds and enhanced saccharification of Saccharum munja and sugarcane bagasse. Lactase pretreatment significantly removed lignin and enhanced the reducing sugar production by 2-fold corresponding to approx. 60\% saccharification of pretreated biomass as compared to other methods. Fourier-transform infrared (FIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the removal of lignin due to pretreatments. Bio-ethanol production carried out using hydrolysate of both substrates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis at 30 degrees C and 150 rpm after 72 h produced high amount of ethanol (25.06 g/L and 24.56 g/L for S. munja and sugarcane bagasse, respectively). Enzymatic hydrolysate fermented by the co-culture of S. cerevisiae and P. stipitis produced 30.78 g/L. and 31.56 g/L. of bioethanol from S. munja and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, respectively. Results indicated enhanced bioethanol production by co-culturing of pentose and hexose fermenting yeasts. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work presents a techno-economic and environmental assessment for a biorefinery based on sugarcane bagasse (SCB), and coffee cut-stems (CCS). Five scenarios were evaluated at different levels, conversion pathways, feedstock distribution, and technologies to produce ethanol, octane, nonane, furfural, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). These scenarios were compared between each other according to raw material, economic, and environmental characteristics. A single objective function combining the Net Present Value and the Potential Environmental Impact was used through the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach to understand and select the best configurations for SCB and CCS cases. The results showed that the configuration with the best economic and environmental performance for SCB and CCS is the one that considers ethanol, furfural, and octane production (scenario 1). The global economic margin was 62.3\% and 61.6\% for SCB and CCS respectively. The results have shown the potential of these types of biomass to produce fuels and platform products. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recent tailings dam failures have attracted special attention to the mining sector. These incidents pressured the mining industry to develop more secure and sustainable practices. Geotechnical techniques, such as soil stabilization with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), have been explored as alternatives to this problem. However, OPC production is associated with high energy consumption, exploration of natural resources, and greenhouse gases emission. Thus, alternative materials to OPC, with lower environmental impacts and similar mechanical performance, are growing in interest for stabilization techniques. The present study describes the mechanical behavior of gold tailings stabilized with alkali-activated carbide lime and sugarcane bagasse ash. As a control group, the gold tailings were also stabilized with high initial strength Portland cement (type III). The specimens were tested regarding their unconfined compressive strength, stiffness, and durability. All results were correlated with the porosity/binder index to create a rational dosage methodology for the tailings-cement mixtures. Results have shown that Portland cement mixtures resulted in more expressive strength, stiffness, and durability results when compared to the alkali-activated cement. Nevertheless, the alternative cement was also able to improve the mechanical behavior of the gold tailings. Reduction in porosity and increase in cement content led to the improvement of the mechanical behavior of all specimens. A direct correlation was established between strength, stiffness, and durability. The porosity/binder index was shown to be a viable dosage method to predict the mechanical behavior of stabilized gold tailings, allowing the unification of the results in a single relation, replacing trial and error conventional strategies.
The influence of available low-cost carbohydrates as carbon sources on Brettanomyces bruxellensis growth, acetic acid and ethanol production was studied in order to ascertain the viability of this yeast to eventually become an industrial acetic acid producer. Six different raw materials were included as carbon sources (glucose, sugarcane molasses, refined cane sugar, pineapple, sugarcane and beet juices). B. bruxellensis develops in a complex culture medium like plant juices and sugarcane molasses better than in a medium with a simple carbohydrate such as glucose. The maximum acid acetic yield (0.24 g/g) and productivity (0.14 g/L/h) were attained in tests carried out with sugarcane molasses containing 60 g/L sucrose. The strain produced low levels of ethanol in a refined sugarcane medium, but was able to produce a substantial quantity of acetic acid (13 g/L).
Cellulase production studies were conducted with Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 under solid state fermentation (SSF), and optimal parameters were conclusively selected via saccharification of acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Various physicochemical parameters affecting cellulase production under SSF were optimized. Endoglucanase and cellobiase production responded differently under individual growth conditions. Maximum endoglucanase and cellobiase activity of >= 250 U/g and >= 45 U/g respectively was obtained when the strain was grown at 24 degrees C for 4 days with an initial moisture content of 62.5\% on wheat bran supplemented with 1.62\% ammonium chloride. The enzyme cocktail obtained from these optimized growth conditions yielded 8.37 +/- 0.75 g L-1 reducing sugar from acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse after 72 h at 60 degrees C and pH 4.0. With the addition of Avicel PH-101 at 5\% concentration in wheat bran, the cellulase cocktail of Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 released 9.17 +/- 0.60 g L-1 and 7.82 +/- 0.06 g L-1 of total reducing sugars and glucose respectively at 60 degrees C (pH 4.0) after 72 h. The addition of glucose and other simple sugars did not repress the cellulase production under SSF conditions, making Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 an attractive candidate for cellulase production and its application for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Locally isolated fungus, Neurospora discreta, was evaluated for its ability to degrade lignin in two agricultural residues: cocopeat and sugarcane bagasse with varying lignin concentrations and structures. Using Klason's lignin estimation, high-performance liquid chromatography, and UV-visible spectroscopy, we found that N. discreta was able to degrade up to twice as much lignin in sugarcane bagasse as the well-known white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and produced nearly 1.5 times the amount of lignin degradation products in submerged culture. Based on this data, N. discreta is a promising alternative to white rot fungi for faster microbial pre-treatment of agricultural residues. This paper presents the lignin degrading capability of N. discreta for the first time and also discusses the difference in biodegradability of cocopeat and sugarcane bagasse as seen from the analysis carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
The carbohydrate composition of lignocellulosic biomass is normally obtained by the quantification of monomers after two stages of hydrolysis in H2SO4. A new two-stage hydrolysis protocol has recently been developed but so far only results for temperate hardwoods have been reported. In this investigation the new protocol was used in the analysis of depithed sugarcane bagasse, Eucalyptus grandis and bamboo. The results were compared to those from the traditional hydrolysis protocol. Sugar monomers were quantified by H-1 NMR and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and there were no significant differences between the two techniques. The new and traditional hydrolysis protocols gave nearly identical results for the bagasse and bamboo samples both of which contain < 0.10 uronic acids per xylose unit. However, the new protocol gave a higher xylan yield (13.2\% vs. 12.1\%) for the E. grandis that contained > 0.20 uronic acids per xylose units. For both hydrolysis protocols, summative analyses in the range of 97.5-101.0\% were obtained for the three biomass samples. However, the range was narrower (98.6-99.5\%) for the new hydrolysis protocol coupled with H-1 NMR analysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane mill mud/filter cake is an activated sludge-like byproduct from the clarifier of a raw sugar production factory, where cane juice is heated to approximate to 90 degrees C for 1-2 hr, after the removal of bagasse. Mill mud is enriched with organic carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient minerals; no prior report utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbial composition. Mill mud could be applied to agricultural fields as biofertilizer to replace or supplement chemical fertilizers, and as bio-stimulant to replenish microorganisms and organic carbon depleted by erosion and post-harvest field burning. However, mill mud has historically caused waste management challenges in the United States. This study reports on the chemical and microbial (16S rRNA) characteristics for mill muds of diverse origin and ages. Chemical signature (high phosphorus) distinguished mill mud from bagasse (high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio) and soil (high pH) samples of diverse geographical/environmental origins. Bacterial alpha diversity of all sample types (mill mud, bagasse, and soil) was inversely correlated with C/N. Firmicutes dominated the microbial composition of fresh byproducts (mill mud and bagasse) as-produced within the operating factory. Upon aging and environmental exposure, the microbial community of the byproducts diversified to resemble that of soils, and became dominated by varying proportions of other phyla such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Planctomyces. In summary, chemical properties allowed grouping of sample types (mill mud, bagasse, and soil-like), and microbial diversity analyses visualized aging caused by outdoor exposures including soil amendment and composting. Results suggest that a transient turnover of microbiome by amendments shifts towards more resilient population governed by the chemistry of bulk soil.
Historically, the roughening of the surface of sugarcane mill roller shells has been done by a shielded metal arc-welding process (SMAW), which is called ``arcing{''
In the present work, the natural composites based on sugarcane bagasse fiber and/or coconut shell powder were processed using hand lay-up technique. The matrix selected was polyester. Three different types of composites were considered: polyester matrix + sugarcane fiber, polyester matrix + sugarcane fiber + metal mesh and polyester matrix + sugarcane fiber + coconut shell filler. The sugarcane fibers were used in three forms: (1) chemically treated by NaOH, (2) chemically treated by HCl, and (3) untreated condition. In total, 9 types of composites were developed and studied for tensile, flexural and impact properties. The fracture surface of the tensile and flexural test samples was examined with the aid of scanning electron microscope to understand the bonding characteristics and the mode of failure. The key-findings from the present work are: (1) the composites reinforced with the NaOH treated sugarcane fiber and the metal mesh show superior tensile and impact properties whereas the composites reinforced with the NaOH treated sugarcane fiber show the best flexural properties, (2) NaOH treatment of sugarcane fibres has a significant effect in improving the mechanical properties by surface modification of fibres through OH- functional groups. In contrast, HCl treatment of sugarcane deteriorates the surface of the sugarcane by absorbing the electrons. The damaged surface results in weak bonding causing poor mechanical properties, (3) From the SEM analysis of the surface of the sugarcane fiber, it may be concluded that the surface condition of the sugarcane fibres decide the bonding with the matrix. The fiber pull-outs and porosities are less in the NaOH treated sugarcane reinforced composites. The fiber failure is the main mechanism of failure in the tensile test whereas the fiber debonding from the matrix is the main source of failure in the flexural test.
The present study is aimed at analysing the feasibility of bioelectrochemical treatment of bagasse-based paper mill wastewater. Bioelectrochemical treatment was carried out in dual-chambered microbial fuel cell with plain graphite plates as electrodes. Wastewater from sugarcane bagasse storage and washing units of paper mill was used as anolyte. High power density and current density of 53 mW m(-2) and 173 mA m(-2) at 470 Omega, respectively, could be produced with wastewater treatment efficiency of 85\% and coulumbic efficiency of 6\%. Whereas, wastewater from pulping and bleaching units of bagasse-based paper mill was not suitable for bioelectrochemical treatment, yielding low power density and current density of 4 mW m(-2) and 16 mA m(-2) respectively at 10,000 Omega. Later, treating blended wastewater containing bagasse wash water and pulping wastewater in the ratio of 9:1 v/v generated higher power density and current density of 73 mW m(-2)/202 mA m(-2), respectively, at 470 Omega, with wastewater treatment efficiency and coulumbic efficiency of 82\% and 18\%, respectively. Lignin and its derivatives present in pulping wastewater mediated electron transfer leading to high power density. Further, compounds in pulping wastewater were also toxic to methanogens growth in anode chamber of MFC, resulting in improved coulumbic efficiency of the blended wastewater treatment.
Anaerobic digestion appears to be a favorable option to optimize the energetic exploitation and reduce the environmental impacts of bioethanol waste products. Some analytical characteristics of these waste products are available in various sources. However, these data are too incomplete and unsystematic to be compared among the bioethanol industries. Design of biogas processes based on such data has to deal with considerable unknowns regarding the technical feasibility and operating costs. Therefore, to better understand and assess the applicability of these bioethanol waste products in anaerobic digestion, the micro- and macro-element concentrations, the physicochemical parameters, and the methane potential were analyzed. In addition to the assessment of seasonal variations, the effect of alkaline and mechanical treatments was also investigated for lignocellulosic bagasse samples. Possible deficiencies of the trace elements Ni, Co, Mo, Se, and W in vinasse as a substrate for anaerobic digestion were recorded. The correlation between the gradual increase in methane yields of vinasse and filter cake along the bioethanol operating season and the dynamic changes in the substrate characteristics was shown. Moreover, the methane yield of raw bagasse increased by 50\% after applying both treatments in combination.
To improve decision-making, sustainability-based approaches to impact assessment demand that we move beyond narrowly defined considerations to address the full suite of requirements for sustainability, as well as the interconnections, feedbacks and uncertainties that typify complex socio-ecological systems at all scales. This paper applies a sustainability assessment framework to assess a sugarcane-ethanol mill in sao Paulo state, Brazil, seeking to identify opportunities for improvements towards sustainability. The analysis highlights the importance of broader strategic planning for providing an appropriate context for more sustainable sugarcane-ethanol production at the watershed, municipal, and mill level. Five particularly important multi-scalar issues that were identified are (1) the maintenance of long-term water availability and quality; (2) the enhancement of biodiversity and reversal of ecological fragmentation; (3) the planned elimination of sugarcane straw burning and subsequence increase in mechanized harvesting; (4) the impacts of indirect and direct land-use change; and (5) the quality, availability and durability of livelihood opportunities. To address these issues requires long term integrated planning and monitoring, better understanding of cumulative impacts and thresholds, recognition of important tradeoffs, and a credible and collaborative decision-making process that involves and empowers stakeholders to set the agendas and seek common goals. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
It is evident that sugarcane/bagasse is a highly potential natural composite fiber. In this study, the correlation of composition fiber amount to the mechanical strength was presented. Bagasse was treated with alkali and then reinforced in polypropylene by means of hot pressing. Fiber loading was set to be varied from 10 to 20 wt\%. Composite samples were subjected to tensile, hardness, and flexural characterization. Composites with 30 wt\% of fiber loading registered maximum tensile strength while with 10 wt\% fiber loading registered the minimum. Hardness increases with the amount of fiber. Flexural strength and flexural modulus were found to be greater than original polypropylene. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed the mechanisms of the strength gain in morphological point of view. The findings give manufactures and engineers a sound basis decision whether to apply the use of this composite for weight reduction especially in automotive applications or not.
The conception of materials with fewer carbon dioxide emissions, using natural fibers, and recycling resources, is of increasing relevance to the world today to combat climatic change and pollution. This is a significant step toward reducing the environmental effect of building materials and addressing a multitude of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in a direct or indirect way. This research investigates using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a local green base material in Egypt for creating composite fiberboard that can be used in a multitude of architectural applications as an interior cladding board and was found to have thermal insulation qualities, achieving a dual aim of aesthetically pleasing interiors, in addition to a step towards thermal comfort, thus, enhancing human well-being. At the same time, this will cut down on energy use and carbon emissions. Finally, creating a partially green cladding particleboard will decrease the environmental impact two-fold, utilizing abundant agro-waste and hence, eliminating its disposal hazards, and simultaneously decreasing the environmental impact of construction material in its life cycle. Relevant mechanical and physical properties of the developed board were experimentally tested to investigate and characterize its material, hence, validate its potential operability.
A model based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict the concentration of ethanol, substrate and cells from secondary measurements (pH, turbidity, CO2 and temperature) was developed in this work. A second generation ethanol production from hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse was considered as a study case. Experimental data were obtained from fermentation in the range of 30 to 38 degrees C with cell recycle. The fermentation feedstock is a mixture of molasses and hydrolyzated bagasse from the alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment at 25 \% of volume and 75 \%, respectively. The accuracy of prediction of the ANN model is evaluated by its precision in describing experimental observations, and by the challenges involved in the use of online measurements. The model used to describe the fermentation provided a good prediction of concentration of cell, substrate and ethanol.
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are usually synthesized with pure enzymes using highly concentrated sucrose solutions. In this work, low-cost aguamiel and molasses were explored as sucrose alternatives to produce FOS, via whole-cell fermentation, with an Aspergillus oryzae DIA-MF strain. FOS production process was optimized through a central composite experimental design, with two independent variables: initial sucrose concentration in a medium composed of aguamiel and molasses (AgMe), and inoculum concentration. The optimized process-165 g/L initial sucrose in AgMe (adjusted with concentrated molasses) and 1 x 10(7) spores/mL inoculum concentration-resulted in an FOS production of 119 +/- 12 g/L and a yield of 0.64 +/- 0.05 g (FOS)/g (GFi). Among the FOSs produced were kestose, nystose, 1-fructofuranosyl-nystose, and potentially a novel trisaccharide produced by this strain. To reduce the content of mono- and disaccharides in the mixture, run a successive fermentation was run with two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Fermentations run with S. cerevisiae S227 improved FOS purity in the mixture from 39 +/- 3\% to 61.0 +/- 0.6\% (w/w) after 16 h of fermentation. This study showed that agro-industrial wastes such as molasses with aguamiel are excellent alternatives as substrate sources for the production of prebiotic FOS, resulting in a lower-cost process.
This study assessed the viability of utilizing post-processed bagasse ash (PBA) along with Class F fly ash (FA) to partially replace cement in engineered cementitious composites (ECCs). Field-collected sugarcane bagasse ash was processed by sieving, burning, and grinding to produce PBA. Cement replacement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) was kept constant at 60\% (by mass) in all composites. However, the composition of the SCMs was varied as follows: (1) 100\%FA as control; (2) 75\%FA/25\%PBA; (3) 50\%FA/50\%PBA; (4) 25\%FA/75\%PBA; and (5) 100\%PBA. Fresh and hardened properties of the composites were evaluated through a flow table, uniaxial tensile tests, surface resistivity, and compressive strength. Furthermore, single-crack tensile tests were conducted to evaluate fiber-bridging properties, and fracture toughness tests were conducted to determine fracture toughness. Results showed that the incorporation of PBA decreased workability. Furthermore, using PBA produced a negligible impact on the compressive strength, yet significant improvements in surface resistivity. Whereas the tensile strain capacity of the composites decreased for PBA contents greater than 25\%, the tensile strength was not significantly affected. The decrease in ductility was mainly attributed to the decrease in pseudo-strain-hardening performance indexes. Overall, results suggest that producing ECCs using combined systems of FA and PBA as partial cement replacement is feasible. Yet, achieving high ductility of the composites is challenging when utilizing high content of PBA (i.e., more than 25\% of FA replaced with PBA by mass).
Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes are essential to make feasible the fully biochemical route for second-generation ethanol production. Solid-state fermentation figures as a low-cost and sustainable way of obtaining such enzymes by using agro-industrial by-products as substrates. In the current paper, thermal conditions and enzymatic activities from the cultivations of Myceliophthora thermophila, Trichoderma reesei, and Aspergillus niger were evaluated. Mixtures of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as fibers or powder and wheat bran (WB) were used as substrates within a packed-bed bioreactor with variable packing density, as well as under two fluid flow configurations. Using SCB as fibers and WB 7:3 w/w (packing density 0.1 g/cm(3)) for M. thermophila, endoglucanase and xylanase activities overcame 850 and 3850 U/g, with temperature rise < 1 degree celsius. Cultivations of M. thermophila and T. reesei in pure WB or with SCB as powder led to temperature rises of 7 to 16 degree celsius, due to lower bed porosity. A. niger cultivations provided endoglucanase activities around 15 U/g under 8 oC of maximum temperature rise, with no difference among percolating air and jacket water flowing in co- or counter current. The reported results address the importance of a strategic definition of the porous media composition and packing technique for a successful scale-up of the bioprocess, while giving operational flexibility in terms of fluid flow configuration.
With the objective to study the control of Brachiaria decumbens and Panicum maximum by herbicide S-metolachlor as influenced by the time interval between the herbicide application the occurrence of rain and the amount of sugarcane straw on the soil, two experiments were conducted in pots under greenhouse conditions. In the first, the factors were the amount of sugarcane straw left on the soil surface (0, 3, 6, 10, or 15 ton. ha(-1)) and the S-metolachlor applied at doses of 0, 0.96, 1.44, 1.92, or 2.40 kg ha(-1). In the second, the factors were the amount of sugarcane straw left on the soil surface (0 or 10 ton. ha(-1)), the interval of time elapsed between the application of S-metolachlor and simulated rain, which took place 1 day before and 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 days after the application. The herbicide doses were not affected by the amounts of straw left on the soil surface. When straw was not left on the soil surface, the control of the weeds by the herbicide was not influenced by the time interval up to 20 days after herbicide application. With 10 ton. ha(-1) of straw, the control exerted by S-metolachlor was equally efficient whether it rained up to 12 days after the herbicide application. P. maximum was controlled even when the rain fell one day before the herbicide application.
Agricultural waste in the form of sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed fire-tube heating reactor under different pyrolysis conditions to determine the role of final temperature, sweeping gas flow rate and feed size on the product yields. Final temperature range studied was between 375 and 575 degrees C and the highest liquid product yield was obtained at 475 degrees C. Liquid products obtained under the most suitable conditions were characterized by physical properties, elemental analysis, GCV. FT-IR, (1)H NMR analysis and distillation. The empirical formula of the bio-oil with heating value of 23.5 MJ/kg was established as CH(1.68)O(0.557)N(0.012). Comparison with other approaches showed that the liquid product yield by this simpler reactor system was higher with better physico-chemical properties as fuel. These findings show that fixed-bed fire-tube heating pyrolysis is a good option for production of bio-oils from biomass solid wastes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Porous carbon spheres were fabricated from sugarcane bagasse using a sustainable hydrothermal carbonization process followed by alkali impregnation inert atmosphere activation. Developed spheres were technically analysed for their chemical science, structural morphology, texture, porosity with respect to size distribution, and thermal degradation. Spheres are functionally enriched with oxygenated groups showing amorphous nature portraying as a smooth surface. After activation, intensity of functional groups is reduced due to reduction reaction by KOH thereby yielding highly rich porous carbon. The active surface area developed on spheres is 111 m(2) g(-1) holding pores that are mesoporous in nature. Resistance to thermal exposure using TGA showed that decomposition of hemicelluloses followed by cellulose yielded aromatized carbon-rich skeleton through thermal degradation of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Developed carbon was found to be effective in removing Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride from water with maximum adsorption capacity of 110.008 mg g(-1). Mechanistic removal followed pseudo-second-order kinetics along with Freundlich mode of adsorption. The presence of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups in porous carbon favoured elimination of CPF from water. The development of HTC-derived carbon helped conserving the energy thereby reducing the cost requirement.
Agribusiness participation in Brazil generates investments in rural infrastructure and employment, with direct effects on local quality of life. In this sense, government policies to support the production of ethanol from sugarcane and to promote bioelectricity from bagasse production have made Brazil a country of world leadership in this field. This paper reports an assessment of socioeconomic impacts due to sugarcane production in three regions in Brazil (Piracicaba, Presidente Prudente and Southwest Goias). Local quality of life is defined as five dimensions: income and inequality, education, infrastructure, health and general development, analysed using panel data modelling, with variables that could explain differences in development due to local characteristics, including sugarcane activity. Presidente Prudente has the highest levels of progress in education, poverty, infrastructure and general development indicators. The models indicate that participation of sugarcane has positive impacts on the indicators of the microregion. In case of Piracicaba microregion, in two models ({''
The present study compiles a life cycle inventory for Ecuadorian sugarcane-derived ethanol production to quantify its environmental performance and identify the life cycle stages that cause major impacts. The scope of this study encompasses a cradle-to-gate analysis that includes the agriculture, the milling, the distillation, and the co-generation of electricity. This assessment is modeled using the OpenLCA v1.10.3 software. Two functional units (FU) were established in this study: ``1 ton of sugarcane at-the-farm-gate{''
Jamaica is heavily dependent on fossil fuels to meet its energy demand and is currently seeking to reduce consumption. Accordingly, it is essential to investigate the expansion of renewable energy systems to achieve its 2030 renewable energy goal of 50\%, with 70\% diversification in energy types, as outlined in the National Energy Policy 2009-2030. This study explores biogas feasibility in Jamaica and discusses the potential for electricity generation from combinations of dairy cow and Swine feces with sugarcane bagasse. The study's primary purpose is to assess the feasibility of biogas production from livestock manure and sugarcane bagasse for electricity generation and manure treatment. Findings reveal that biogas anaerobic digestion and the co-digestion of different varieties of animal manure with sugarcane bagasse can generate up to 122,607.68 MWh or 2.49\% of Jamaica's total electrical energy generation in 2019. The findings indicate a high potential for the installation of community-based plants. Moreover, considering all scenarios and the remaining feedstock, potential electrical energy increases to 222,868.60 MWh (4.53\% of total energy generation). This power may be fed to the electrical grid network or consumed by local producers. In addition, electric power generation from animal manure and sugarcane bagasse is feasible with improved technical capability and human development. Additionally, anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of sugarcane bagasse plus animal manure offer an excellent solution to mitigate climate change.
Cells of Candida guilliermondii immobilized onto porous glass spheres were cultured batchwise in a fluidized bed bioreactor for xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolyzate. An aeration rate of only 25 mL/min ensured minimum yields of xylose consumption (0.60) and biomass production (0.14 g(DM)/g(Xyl)), as well as maximum xylitol yield (0.54 g(Xyt)/g(Xyl)) and ratio of immobilized to total cells (0.83). These results suggest that cell metabolism, although slow because of oxygen limitation, was mainly addressed to xylitol production. A progressive increase in the aeration rate up to 140 mL/min accelerated both xylose consumption (from 0.36 to 0.78 g(Xyl)/ L.h) and xylitol formation (from 0.19 to 0.28 g(Xyt)/L.h) but caused the fraction of immobilized to total cells and the xylitol yield to decrease up to 0.22 and 0.36 g(Xyt)/g(Xyl), respectively. The highest xylitol concentration (17.0 g(Xyt)/L) was obtained at 70 mL/ min, but the specific xylitol productivity and the xylitol yield were 43\% and 22\% lower than the corresponding values obtained at the lowest air flowrate, respectively. The concentrations of consumed substrates and formed products were used in material balances to evaluate the xylose fractions consumed by C. guilliermondii for xylitol production, complete oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt, and cell growth. The experimental data collected at variable oxygen level allowed estimating a P/O ratio of 1.35 mol(ATP)/mol(O) and overall ATP requirements for biomass growth and maintenance of 3.4 mol(ATP)/C-mol(DM).
Impact of organic manures, viz., composted coir pith, press mud, sugarcane trash, and farmyard manure (FYM) on the persistence of imidacloprid in the sandy clay loam soil of tropical sugarcane crop ecosystem, was studied by employing rapid sample preparation method and reversed phase HPLC. The recoveries of the method employed to determine the residues of imidacloprid in the soil were in the range of 94.5 +/- 7.02-97.3 +/- 2.94\% across the five levels of fortification ranged between 0.005 and 0.5 mu g/g. Imidacloprid was observed to persist in the soil manured with FYM and composted coir pith for 30 days with the half-life of 7.62 and 7.0 days, respectively as against 21 days with the half-life of 6.66 days in the non-manurial soil. The comparatively longer persistence of imidacloprid in the FYM and composted coir pith-applied soils was attributed to reduced leaching from the plow layer due to the adsorption of insecticide molecules by the added organic manures.
An incubation study on soil amendment was carried out with sugarcane trash (ST), press mud (PM), mustard oil cake (MOC), and cow dung (CD) to investigate the periodic changes in mineral nitrogen (N), microbial biomass carbon (C), and N formation in soil. Nitrogen mineralization and microbial biomass C and N were measured at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days of incubation. Organic material (OM) amended soils significantly increased mineral N over control except ST that encouraged N immobilization. Significantly higher amount of microbial biomass C and N were produced in all the amended soils over control. Biomass C and N were increased rapidly within 7 days and decreased thereafter and reached a constant level after 28-42 days of incubation. A significantly higher amount of microbial biomass C (246.33 mg kg(-1)soil) was found in ST-amended soil followed by MOC (229.39mgkg(-1)soil), PM (220.27mgkg(-1) soil), CD (189.05 mg kg(-1) soil), and control (123.4]mgkg(-1) soil). Similarly, a higher significant quantity of microbial biomass N (43.60mgkg(-1) soil) was found in ST-amended soil followed by MOC (41.38 mg kg(-1)soil), PM (39.76mgkg(-1) soil), CD (37.05mgkg(-1)soil), and control (22.04mgkg(-1) soil). The apparent percentage of N assimilation in microbial biomass from added OM was linearly and positively correlated with the C:N ratios of added OM, both at the time of maximum biomass formation (r=0.997{*
In recent years, there has been an increasing trend toward more efficient utilization of agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, as raw materials for industrial applications. The present study attempts to find out the effect of immobilization of Trichoderma longibrachiatum on enzyme production and immobilization of cellobiase on its kinetic activity. T. longibrachiatum was immobilized on sodium alginate (1, 1.5, and 2 \% w/v) beads. The sugarcane bagasse, after autoclaving, was inoculated with 10 ml of immobilized biocatalyst and free cell culture. Maximum cellulase production was observed in immobilized fermentation system after 120 h of incubation. Cellobiase was purified up to 4.8-folds using DEAE-Sepharose column pre-equilibrated in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) and eluted in same buffer by varying the degree of NaCl concentration. The specific activity before and after purification was 0.038 and 0.181 U/mg, respectively. The percent-entrapped activity of calcium alginate immobilized cellobiase was found maximum at 6.5 \% (w/v) sodium alginate. The pH optimum of the native free enzyme was 5.5 and entrapped enzyme was 5.0. Immobilized cellobiase exhibited maximum activity at 40 degrees C at pH 5.5 (42.143 U). The purified enzyme was found to be highly thermostable and was found active over range of 20-80 degrees C and pH 4.0-8.0. The K-m and V-max for immobilized cellobiase from T. longibrachiatum were found 44.74 mg/ml and 79.49 mM/ml/min, respectively.
Lactic acid, traditionally obtained through fermentation process, presents numerous applications in different industrial segments, including production of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Development of low cost substrate fermentations could improve economic viability of lactic acid production, through the use of agricultural residues as lignocellulosic biomass. Studies regarding the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus spp. are reported. First, five strains of Lactobacillus spp. were investigated for one that had the ability to consume xylose efficiently. Subsequently, biomass fractionation was performed by dilute acid and alkaline pretreatments, and the hemicellulose hydrolysate (HH) fermentability by the selected strain was carried out in bioreactor. Maximum lactic acid concentration and productivity achieved in HH batch were 42.5 g/L and 1.02 g/L h, respectively. Hydrolyses of partially delignified cellulignin (PDCL) by two different enzymatic cocktails were compared. Finally, fermentation of HH and PDCL hydrolysate together was carried out in bioreactor in a hybrid process: saccharification and co-fermentation with an initial enzymatic hydrolysis. The high fermentability of these process herein developed was demonstrated by the total consumption of xylose and glucose by Lactobacillus pentosus, reaching at 65.0 g/L of lactic acid, 0.93 g/g of yield, and 1.01 g/L h of productivity. (c) 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2718, 2019
Present study deals with the adsorption of phenol on carbon rich bagasse fly ash (BFA) and activated carbon-commercial grade (ACC) and laboratory grade (ACL). BFA is a solid waste obtained from the particulate collection equipment attached to the flue gas line of the bagasse-fired boilers of cane sugar mills. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like initial pH (pH(0)), contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration (C-0) on the removal of phenol. C-0 varied from 75 to 300 mg/l for the adsorption isotherm studies and the effect of temperature on adsorption. Optimum conditions for phenol removal were found to be pH(0) approximate to 6.5, adsorbent dose approximate to 10 g/l of solution and equilibrium time approximate to 5 h. Adsorption of phenol followed pseudo-second order kinetics with the initial sorption rate for adsorption on ACL being the highest followed by those on BFA and ACC. The effective diffusion coefficient of phenol is of the order of 10(-10) m(2)/s. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of phenol on BFA, ACC and ACL were analysed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Radke-Prausnitz and Toth isotherm models using non-linear regression technique. Redlich-Peterson isotherm was found to best represent the data for phenol adsorption on all the adsorbents. The change in entropy (Delta S degrees) and heat of adsorption (Delta H degrees) for phenol adsorption on BFA were estimated as 1.8 MJ/kg K and 0.5 MJ/kg, respectively. The high negative value of change in Gibbs free energy (Delta G degrees) indicates the feasible and spontaneous adsorption of phenol on BFA. The values of isosteric heat of adsorption varied with the surface loading of phenol. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The cellulose used in this study was prepared from bleached soda bagasse obtained from the Pars paper factory. To prepare nanocellulose, the sample was subjected to alkaline pretreatment and then acid hydrolysis using 54\% sulfuric acid at several temperatures (35, 50, 60, and 65 degrees C) and different times (30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Then, they were prepared using a centrifuge, dialysis bag, ultrasound, and freezer, respectively. The produced nanocellulose was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the results, temperatures of 50 and 90 degrees C were selected for the preparation of nanocellulose. The crystallization index of the hydrolyzed pulp and produced nanocellulose was 53 and 61\%, respectively. The produced nanocellulose had a fibrillar shape.
Soil shear strength is an essential engineering characteristic used in designing and evaluating geotechnical structures. In this study, we intend to analyse and compare the performance of the Genetic Algorithm - Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (GANFIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in predicting the strength of soft clay. Case studies of 144 soft clay soil samples from Sarang Buaya, Semerah, Malaysia, were utilised to generate training and testing datasets for developing and validating models. RMSE and R have been employed to validate and compare the models. The GANFIS has the highest prediction capability (RMSE=0.042 and R=0.850), while the ANN has the lowest (RMSE=0.065 and R=0.49). From a comparison of the two models, it can be stated that GANFIS is the most promising technique for predicting the strength of soft clay.
Sugarcane is an important cash crop used for producing sweeteners and also some bioproducts (alcohol and bioenergy). The current study assesses life cycle energy, carbon and water footprint of sugarcane based sugar, ethanol and electricity in India. A farm to factory gate attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to assess the energy and carbon footprints whereas the Food and Agriculture Organization?s (FAO) CropWat model is used to estimate the water footprint (green, blue and grey). For the base case, electricity has the highest energy return on investment (EROI), lowest carbon and water footprints among the bioproducts. The choice of allocation method (economic, mass, and energy) impacts the energy and environmental outcomes of the bioproducts. The comparison among four different sugarcane seasons shows that bioproducts available from Adsali sugarcane have the highest EROI, lowest carbon and water footprints. The findings could lead to improved sustainability of sugarcane bioproducts in India.
Organic amendments such as worm castings and sugarcane filter mud compost can provide nutrient rich substrates for enhanced plant growth. Physico-chemical and microbial stability of these substrates might be enhanced with the addition of biochar. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the stability of microbe populations in both worm castings and sugarcane filter mud compost with the addition of biochar made from sugarcane bagasse. Storage studies up to 150 days were carried out with biochar/worm castings and biochar/sugarcane filter mud compost blends on a volume basis (100/0; 90/10; 75/25; 50/50; 25/75; 10/90; 0/100). Physico-chemical properties, such as micro and macro nutrient composition, pH, ash and carbon contents, amongst others were monitored throughout storage time as well as microbe counts. No major deleterious effects to the microbial population were found by adding biochar to either substrate, despite decreasing moisture levels for increased biochar additions. Biochar might be providing nutrients needed by microbes, as well as possibly bind bacterial waste products that would otherwise be toxic to the microbe population. Larger scale studies are warranted as well as longer storage time to optimize shelf stability.
Vanillin is a flavorful and aromatic secondary metabolite found in vanilla plants. Natural vanillin, produced through processed vanilla beans accounts for scarcely 0.2\% of industrial requirements. Vanillin produced via chemical methods and microbial fermentation fills the remaining gap. Among naturally available precursors for biovanillin synthesis, ferulic acid is widely used because of its structural similarity and abundant availability. Herein, various agricultural lignocellulosic by-products (sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, rice bran, and corn cob) were scrutinized for their ferulic acid content, and their biotransformation into biovanillin was examined by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Then, different physicochemical parameters, i.e., moisture content, pH, temperature, inoculum size, and incubation days, were optimized to achieve a high yield of biovanillin using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Among agricultural by-products tested, sugarcane bagasse produced 0.029 g/100 g of biovanillin using Enterobacter hormaechei through SSF. After optimization, the highest concentration of biovanillin (0.476 g/100 g) was achieved at a moisture content of 70\%, temperature of 37.5 degrees C, pH 7.5, inoculum size of 4 mL and incubation time of 48 h. The F-value of 6.10 and p-value of 0.002 evidenced the ultimate significance of the model. The significance of the constructed model was supported by the 91.73\% coefficient of determination (R-2), indicating that the effects of moisture, pH, and temperature were significant. HPLC and FTIR confirmed the sample identification and purity (was reported to be 98.3\% pure). In conclusion, sugarcane bagasse appears to be a cost-effective substrate choice for large-scale biovanillin production.
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in a variety of applications. Their high production costs, however, limit their use despite their outstanding properties. The use of low-cost substrates such as agro-industrial wastes in their production, can help to boost their market competitiveness. In this work, an alternative low-cost culture medium (CSLM) was developed for EPS production by Rhizobium viscosum CECT908, containing sugarcane molasses (60 g/L) and corn steep liquor (10 mL/L) as sole ingredients. This medium allowed the production of 6.1 +/- 0.2 g EPS/L, twice the amount produced in the standard medium (Syn), whose main ingredients were glucose and yeast extract. This is the first report of EPS production by R. viscosum using agro-industrial residues as sole substrates. EPSCSLM and EPSSyn exhibited a similar carbohydrate composition, mainly 4-linked galactose, glucose and mannuronic acid. Although both EPS showed a good fit to the Herschel-Bulkley model, EPSCSLM displayed a higher yield stress and flow consistency index when compared with EPSSyn, due to its higher apparent viscosity. EPSCSLM demonstrated its potential use in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery by enabling the recovery of nearly 50\% of the trapped oil in sand-pack column experiments using a heavy crude oil.
This study evaluated the use of a new redox catalyst (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQ) in order to contribute to the preservation of the carbohydrate fraction and to increase delignification of sugarcane bagasse (SB) subjected to soda pretreatment, without inhibiting enzyme activity during saccharification. The effects of HNQ were compared to the well-known redox catalyst anthraquinone (AQ). A 2(5-1) fractional design and a 2(2) central composite design were used for optimization of the soda-HNQ pretreatment of SB. The use of HNQ promoted preservation of 76.4\% cellulose and 86.2\% hemicelluloses, as well as 86.1\% delignification of raw SB, showing a superior performance than AQ The optimized pretreatment conditions were 150 degrees C, 60 min, 15\% (w w(-1)) NaOH, 0.4\% (w w(-1)) HNQ and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 9.6 mL g(-1). Saccharification of SB pretreated by soda-HNQ yielded higher overall glucose (74.0\%) and xylose (74.3\%) yields compared to SB pretreated by AQ (64.9\% glucose, 67.3\% xylose).
During tequila production from agave, wastewaters are produced, such as dark-colored vinasse. To add value to this vinasse, microalgae-yeast biomass was produced on vinasse diluted with tequila process water (first rinsing water of agave syrup production). In batch experiments, a vinasse concentration of 10 \%v/v resulted in the highest biomass productivity, pH and microalgae growth compared to 20 and 30 \%v/v. To ease harvesting, microalgae-yeast flocs (MaY-flocs) were developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). A MaY-floc SBR was run with diluted vinasse (10 \%v/v) enriched to 76 mg N-TA L-1, resulting in a doubled biomass productivity (49.5 +/- 8.3 mg VSS L-1 day(-1)) of MaY-flocs compared to the best batch reactor performance. Based on response surface experiments, enrichment to 150 mg N-TA L-1 and 5.9 \%v/v vinasse are recommended. The MaY-floc SBR system is a promising, novel technology to treat tequila wastewaters while producing settleable MaY-floc biomass of interest to aquaculture.
In this study, a novel ternary deep eutectic solvents (DES) consisting of choline chloride/PEG/hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid (HSA) was developed to effectively improve glucose yield and concentration of sugarcane bagasse, and the conditions of the pretreatment were optimized by response surface method (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the maximum glucose concentration (GC) could reach 12.39 g/L (HSA concentration 1.34 \%, PEG400, 2.3 h, 150 degrees C), and the maximum glucose yield (GY) was 0.2497 g/g (HSA concentration 1.41 \%, PEG400, 2.1 h, 150 degrees C). Hemicellulose was completely removed, and the maximum lignin removal rate was 86.89 \%. After pretreatment, 95 \% of the pretreated liquid can be recycled. Finally, the structural and morphological changes of bagasse before and after pretreatment were investigated by scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared analyzer (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Recirculation of treated effluent is usually used to prevent organic overloading events in anaerobic digestion of high concentrated wastewater. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of effluent recirculation in anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR) treating high concentrated wastewater as the literature is not conclusive about its effects. To achieve this, an innovative experimental and mathematical modeling dual approach was used. A bench-scale ABR was fed with sugarcane vinasse (COD = 18.0 g L-1) and monitored for 273 days. Real kinetic and mass transfer parameters were obtained and used to create a mathematical model for the organic matter conversion. Operating data and the kinetic parameters showed that at high COD concentrations the ABR does not behave as a two-stage system as expected. Both results, i.e. the mathematical model and the operational data, showed that in terms of conversion capacity using high recirculation ratios is not necessary for suitable ABR performances, only increasing operational costs due to pumping.
Stomoxys calcitrans causes losses to livestock, mainly to cattle. This study aimed to determine the pathogenic potential of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and H. baujardi LPP7 against S. calcitrans larvae after being exposed to byproducts of the sugar and alcohol industry. The efficacy of EPNs on stable fly larvae was evaluated in bioassays with vinasse at three temperatures (16, 25 and 35 degrees C) and concentrations (0, 50 and 100\%), as well as in relation to larva age (4, 6 and 8 days) in filter cake and EPNs concentration (100, 300 and 500 IJs/larva) in sugarcane bagasse. H. bacteriophora showed higher efficacy than H. baujardi at all temperatures. Vinasse did not have a negative effect on the virulence of H. bacteriophora. The age of fly larvae did not affect the mortality rates caused by the EPNs. In bagasse, H. bacteriophora presented higher mortality rates than the control group. It is concluded that EPNs can be a potential component in integrated strategies of stable fly control and outbreak prevention in areas of sugar and alcohol production.
Sugarcane bagasse waste biomass (SBWB) efficacy for the adsorption of Zr(IV) was investigated in batch and column modes. The process variables i.e. pH 1-4 (A), adsorbent dosage 0.0-0.3 g (B), and Zr(IV) ions initial concentration 25-200 mg/L (C) were studied. The experiments were run under central composite design (CCD) and data was analysed by response surface methodology (RSM) methodology. The factor A, B, C, AB interaction and square factor A(2), C-2 affected the Zr(IV) ions adsorption onto SBWB. The quadratic model fitted well to the adsorption data with high R-2 values. The effect of bed height, flow rate and Zr(IV) ions initial concentration was also studied for column mode adsorption and efficiency was evaluated by breakthrough curves as well as Bed Depth Service and Thomas models. Bed height and Zr(IV) ions initial concentration enhanced the adsorption of capacity of Zr(IV) ions, whereas flow rate reduced the column efficiency.
We have heterogously expressed a recombinant GH10 xylanase from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 (Af-XYLA) in Pichia pastoris X-33 and investigated its biochemical and kinetic properties and its synergy with cellulases during lignocellulose sacchararification. Af-XYLA showed optimal activity at 80 degrees C and pH 5-7, and it withstood a temperature of 50 degrees C and pH 4-8 for 72 h with about 50 \% and 80 \% of its maximal activity, respectively, in the absence of substrate. Kinetic assays revealed that it presented the highest V-max (35,756 U mg(-1) at 50 degrees C and 88,082 U mg(-1 )at 80 degrees C) and k(cat)/K-M (15,456 mL mg(-1) s(-1) at 50 degrees C and 15,081 mL mg(-1) s(-1) at 80 degrees C) constants among fungal GH10 xylanases. Af-XYLA was xylose- and glucose-tolerant and displayed >70 \% activity at 10 \% (v/v) ethanol. Few additives affected Af-XYLA negatively, and the surfactants Tween 20, Triton X-100, and SLS and the reducing agents DTT and beta-mercaptoethanol improved enzyme performance by 28 \%, 11 \%, 8\%, 44 \%, and 32 \%, respectively. We applied a 3-factor Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) to optimize important parameters for biomass saccharification and thus maximize the reducing sugars yields obtained from sugarcane exploded bagasse (SEB) and sugarcane delignified bagasse (SDB) hydrolyses. We carried out synergism assays under the previously determined optimal concentrations of Celluclast 1.5 (R) L (1.8 FPU g(-1)), Af-XYLA (3.75 mu g g(-1)), and Tween 20 (0.75 \% v/v). Af-XYLA boosted SEB and SDB hydrolyses by cellulases by 155 \% and 277 \%, respectively, after 48 h. On the basis of the unique properties of Af-XYLA, it is a robust enzyme for application in biorefineries.
The use of diesel fuel in crop and transportation operations is responsible for one third of the carbon emissions in sugarcane biorefineries. A possible solution is to replace it with biodiesel from lipids, directly produced from sugarcane by highly productive heterotrophic microalgae. In this study a heterotrophic microalgae biodiesel plant, integrated with a typical Brazilian sugarcane bio-refinery, was designed and evaluated. Molasses, steam, and electricity from sugarcane processing were used as inputs for microalgae production. For a non-integrated plant, the production cost of the microalgae biodiesel was estimated at 2.51 and 2.27 \$/liter for fed-batch and continuous processes, respectively. Equipment for cultivation and carbon sources was the highest cost affecting the financial feasibility of the proposed design. For the integrated plant, at present ethanol and biodiesel selling prices, the profitability would be lower than a first-generation sugarcane bio-refinery using fossil diesel fuel for its operations. However, the CO2 emissions would be reduced by up to 50 000 x 10(3) kg per year at a cost of \$83 10(-3) kg(-1) CO2-eq. If carbon credits are considered, the process becomes economically profitable even at present fuel prices. (c) 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Conventional jaggery making with a pan furnace consumes all bagasse for evaporation of water. Hot spots during boiling of juice causes caramelization of sugar. It gives dark brown colour to jaggery, which has low market value. Chemicals like lime, phosphoric acid and hydros powder are used as clarificant to enhance colour of jaggery. Traces of these chemicals in jaggery are harmful to human health. Freeze pre-concentration of sugarcane juice from 20 degrees Brix to 40 degrees Brix using a reversible heat pump saves bagasse during initial 63\% water removal. Water is removed in the form of ice. It requires 335 kJ/kg heat removal, which is equivalent to 15\% of heat addition during evaporation. Recycling of saved bagasse in field improves the yield of sugarcane. Juice is exposed to -5 degrees C during pre-concentration. It reduces inversion of sucrose and expected to improve the quality of jaggery by reduced exposure time to high temperature. Simple cycle analysis for FPCS of juice shows that COPc is 18 with R22 as refrigerant at -8 degrees C evaporator and 3 degrees C condenser temperature. Overall system COPc is expected, to be in the range of 9 to 12 after accounting for losses like cycling of thermal mass and heat gain from ambient. Power required for 1.5 TR FPCS is 0.5 to 0.6 kW(e), which is about 0.1 INR/kg of jaggery produced. Payback period for FPCS is one year. Sugar inclusion in ice is estimated using empirical correlations for flow of solution over flat surface and it is 19.1 degrees Brix. Energy consumption, sugar loss and cost of system are estimated. Ways of reducing sugar loss are investigated along with repercussion on energy consumption and system cost. Further experimental investigations on sugar inclusion in ice, which forms inside the tube needs to be experimentally tested. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Under study was the effect of thermoplastics (e.g. polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene), as well as a coupling agent - poly (methylene (polyphenyl isocyanate)) (PMPPIC) - and bagasse lignin, on the mechanical properties of particle boards of sugarcane bagasse. The mechanical properties of bagasse particle boards were compared to those of hardwood aspen fiber particle boards, delignified bagasse particle boards, as well as those of composites made from bagasse, polymers and coupling agents. Particle boards of bagasse comprising both thermoplastics and a coupling agent offer superior properties compared to those made of only thermoplastic or a coupling agent. The extent of improvement in the mechanical properties of particle boards depended on the concentration of polymers and the coupling agent; nature of the fiber, polymer and coupling agent; composition of PMPPIC and bagasse; as well as lignin content of the bagasse. Moreover, the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of coupling agent-treated particle boards are superior to non-treated ones.
Production of bioethanol from lignocelluloses is highly dependent on pretreatment process. Therefore, a better understanding of this process is an essential prerequisite to consider the whole bioethanol production from lignocelluloses in a cost and energy efficient way. The first step in performing the pretreatment is to discover the effects of different process parameters on various chemical features of the lignocelluloses. In order to achieve this aim, response surface methodology (RSM) was chosen to assess the exact impact of variables including temperature, polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration and time on glucan, xylan and acid insoluble lignin contents as responses, also to optimize the pretreatment process to finally achieve higher bioethanol production yields. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) and PEG in the concentration range of 1-5 (\%w/w) were used as pretreatment agents. Temperature and time levels of 100-160 degrees C and 60-120 min were considered for experimental design, respectively. For further understanding of the effects of pretreatment on lignocelluloses, structural features examined by FT-IR, SEM and XRD analysis, in addition, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation were implemented on the samples pretreated in optimum conditions. The optimum pretreatment condition is 154.6 degrees C, 60 min and 5 (\%w/w) of PEG concentration which resulted to the high enzymatic conversion and bioethanol production.
Annually, tons of sugarcane bagasse are generated in the sugar and alcohol industries. This biomass has great potential in the use of converting cellulose into glucose, an energy currency for various biotechnological processes. However, lignin content is a limiting factor in cellulose accessibility. This study aimed to improve lignin removal by evaluating the additive's effect on biomass pretreatment. The additives were tert-butylhydroquinone, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate; surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The antioxidants collaborated with lignin removal; the 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole reached 71\% of lignin removal. Inherent to the pretreatment, tert-butylhydroquinone showed 23.53\% and 89.54\% of cellulose and hemicellulose removal, respectively. Dioxane extraction compounds from the pretreated biomass showed an increased amount using additives, suggesting more compounds adsorbed on the material surface. All the antioxidants/surfactants applied to the organosolv pretreatment improved enzymatic hydrolysis, reaching 98.9\% cellulose into glucose conversion (Tween 80). The use of chemical compounds during pretreatment beneficed the removal of lignin from biomass and consequently the cellulose hydrolysis.
Laboratory studies to investigate the effect of Bagasse Ash (BA) admixture on the engineering properties of lime treated black cotton soil was carried out. Black cotton soil is classified as A-7-6 or CH respectively. Bagasse ash is obtained from burning the fibrous residue from the extraction of sugar juice from sugarcane. The results obtained show that the moisture density relationship follows a trend of increasing optimum moisture content (OMC)/decreasing maximum dry density (MDD) at the Standard Proctor compaction energy. California bearing ratio (CBR) values obtained are lower than the 80\% CBR criterion for untreated base Course materials. The peak CBR value obtained was 31\% at 8 \%lime/ 4\%BA. This value meets the recommended criteria for subgrade materials. The Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at 7 days is lower than the 1034.25kN/m(2) evaluation criterion for adequate lime stabilization. On the basis of the soaked CBR and durability values, it is recommended that black cotton soil can be stabilized for road construction using a 8 \% lime/ 4 \% BA blend of admixture at standard proctor compaction. However, due to the relative high cost of lime and large quantity that shall be required to achieve stabilization, further study and consideration should therefore be given to the use another additive such as cement to augment and lower the percentage of lime and thus the cost of stabilization.
The removal of pararosaniline hydrochloride (BR9) from an aqueous system using lignin and holocellulose in extractive-free SCB (eSCB) as a natural and low-cost adsorbent was evaluated. Adsorption experiments were carried out at various initial pH (4-8) and initial dye concentrations (10 mg/L to 500 mg/L) and at different temperatures (303-333 K), to assess its uptake rate and equilibrium uptake. The uptake kinetics were fitted with various models, where the Elovich model and a newly proposed multi-mechanistic model were found to best describe the uptake rate and process. Adsorption of BR9 onto eSCB, involved the simultaneous adsorption at different locations of the eSCB matrix. The adsorption capacity of eSCB for BR9 was found to be 48.98 mg/g at 303 K. From thermodynamic analysis, it was inferred that the adsorption process was exothermic (Delta H = -4.04 kJ/mol), and spontaneous (Delta G = -35.40 to 27.5 kJ/mol). Apart from adsorption, the desorption and subsequent reuse of eSCB for BR9 adsorption were also explored and reported for the first time. The use of acidic aqueous ethanol with HCl as the acid helps the removal of BR9 from eSCB. As an adsorbent for BR9, eSCB could be reused at least 4 times.
Pectinases can be used in citrus waste biorefineries to hydrolyze the pectin in citrus pulp to produce D-galacturonic acid, a potential platform chemical. Solid-state fermentation has the potential to produce low-cost pectinases for such biorefineries, but it is difficult to control the process at large scales. In the current work, Aspergillus oryzae was cultivated in a pilot-scale packed-bed bioreactor, on 15 kg of a substrate containing 51.6\% citrus pulp and 48.4\% sugarcane bagasse (w/w, dry basis). The sugarcane bagasse gave a high bed porosity and ensured a stable bed structure, avoiding problems of bed shrinkage and the formation of compact agglomerates within the bed. As a result, bed temperatures were controlled to within 1 degrees C of the inlet air temperature and pectinase yields of 33-41 U g(-1) were obtained across the bed. When the fermented solids were dried and added directly to a pectin solution, they gave a profile for the release of D-galacturonic acid similar to that obtained with a commercial pectinase. These results show the potential for using solid-state fermentation to produce pectinases in a citrus waste biorefinery, with subsequent direct addition of the fermented solids to produce D-galacturonic acid from the pectin contained in the citrus pulp. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Central composite design (CCD) approach of the response surface methodology design of experiment was adopted to determine the production of fermentable sugars after enzymatic conversion of alkaline peroxide oxidative pretreated sugarcane bagasse lignocellulose. MINITAB 16 statistical software was used to design the experiments, evaluate and interpret data generated during the process. The effects of factors such as time, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and temperature on treated biomass for reducing sugars (RS) production were investigated. Operating pretreatment conditions (low-high design levels) were reaction time (6-10 h), hydrogen peroxide concentrations (1-3\%v/v), and reaction temperature (60-90 degrees C). With the desirability of optimization of 1.000, optimal reducing sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis was validated to be at 100.2 degrees C, reaction time of 4.6 h, and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.3\% with optimum RS yield of 153.74 mg equivalent glucose/g biomass. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.
Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was used for batch xylitol production in stirred tank reactor with Candida guilliermondii cells entrapped in Ca-alginate beads. Experiments were carried out using five-fold concentrated hydrolysate, agitation speed of 300 rpm, air flowrate of 1.31 min(-1), initial cell concentration of 1.4 g(DM) l(-1), and starting pH 6.0. Xylitol production reached 47.5 g l(-1) within 120 h of fermentation, resulting in a bioconversion yield of 0.81 g g(-1) and a productivity of 0.40 g l(-1) h(-1). The metabolic behaviour of C guilliermondii was then investigated through material balances using the concentrations of consumed substrates and formed products and assuming that xylose was simultaneously assimilated by the yeast for anaerobic and semi-aerobic xylitol productions, complete oxidation by the TCA cycle and cell growth. Data collected at different times were finally used to estimate the overall ATP requirements for biomass growth and maintenance. The energy expenditure increased from 2.1 to 6.6 mol(ATP) C mol(DM)(-1) throughout the fermentation, highlighting a progressive difficulty of the microbial system in facing the energy needs of its semi-aerobic metabolism. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This paper aims to assess sustainability of different sugarcane cultivation practices in selected sites in North-eastern Thailand; and to provide recommendations to improve sustainability of sugarcane cultivation in the areas studied. This study evaluates the environmental and socio-economic impacts of sugarcane cultivation in different stages at detailed level. The indicators assessed are the impacts on global warming, human toxicity, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, agricultural land occupation, water depletion, fossil fuel depletion, employment generation, worker income, wages and working conditions. The results reveal that the sugarcane cultivation causes highest impacts on freshwater ecotoxicity, freshwater eutrophication and marine ecotoxicity. Yields, cultivation practices and distance to the sugar mill are the key factors influencing the environmental and socio-economic impacts. Moreover, it is suggested that optimal quantities of fertilizers and pesticides consumed may help to increase yields. This will consequently lower the environmental impacts and reduce production cost. The distance from farm to sugar mill could also influence production cost and the environmental impacts. Mechanized harvesting is found to be a way to reduce production cost. However, it is associated with an increase in environmental impacts as well as reduction in employment. Wages and working conditions of jobs in sugarcane farming are found to be poorer compared to rice farming. Sugarcane farming may experience a lack of laborers in the future which may lead to more mechanization. Recommendations proposed to improve sustainability of the sugarcane cultivation include increasing yields, managing fertilizer and agro-chemical applications, and zoning agricultural crops. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Considerable efforts have been made to utilize agricultural and forest residues as biomass feedstock for the production of second-generation bioethanol as an alternative fuel. Fermentation utilizing strains of Zymomonas mobilis and the use of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process has been proposed. Statistical experimental design was used to optimize the conditions of SSF, evaluating solid content, enzymatic load, and cell concentration. The optimum conditions were found to be solid content (30\%), enzymatic load (25 filter paper units/g), and cell concentration (4 g/L), resulting in a maximum ethanol concentration of 60 g/L and a volumetric productivity of 1.5 g L-1 h(-1).
Vinasse, a liquid fermentation residual of bio-ethanol production that also contains solid particles in suspension, is commonly used as a soil amendment. Previous studies reported vinasse reduced seed germination and seedling establishment, suggesting herbicidal activity. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether vinasse herbicidal activity is present in the liquid or solid phase, and whether it affects plants during seed early germination (i.e., imbibition), late germination (i.e., embryo growth and radicle protrusion), or seedling growth. Most of the herbicidal activity was associated with the liquid phase, and for most species, seed viability was predominantly affected after the imbibition phase. Susceptibility to vinasse was species dependent. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germination was <8\% when seeds were imbibed and germinated in vinasse solutions or imbibed in water and germinated in vinasse. Conversely, imbibing lettuce seeds in vinasse solutions and germinating them in water did not change their germination in comparison with seeds imbibed and germinated in water (>80\% germination). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sicklepod {[
Xylanase extract, produced by T. reesei QM9414 in a culture with sugarcane straw (SS) as substrate, was studied in the biobleaching of Kraft pulp associated with chemical bleaching. The biobleaching parameters optimization showed that 30 U/g of xylanases, at pH 5, at 50 degrees C, during 30 min, are the best conditions to bleach the crude Kraft pulp (3\% of consistency). 1A decrease of 12.5\% of Kappa number, as well as the release of 1 g/1L of sugar, and the presence of chromophores compounds (237 nm) are also observed. After this xylanase biobleaching the final chlorine dioxide consumption decrease in 10\%, maintaining the same brightness as in the control on the subsequent chemical process. SEM shows the effect on the pulp surface. These results clearly demonstrated that the T. reesei QM9414 xylanase is an eco-friendly and economical alternative for paper production.
This study evaluates the production of lignin bioactive extracts from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and straw (SCS) alkaline black liquors using greener precipitating agents (methane sulfonic acid (MSA), formic acid (FA) and lactic acid (LA)) as replacers of sulfuric acid (SA), the most common one used in industry. Results showed that the highest precipitation yield was achieved by LA when applied to SCB (14.5 g extract/100 g SCB). Lignin SCB extracts were similar in composition in terms of total carbohydrates (61-70 \%), lignin (22-30 \%) and inorganics (1.6-2.6 \%). Regarding the SCS extracts, similar yields were obtained among all extracts, however, differences in composition were observed between SA and greener precipitating agents, particularly in terms of sugar content. All extracts exhibited radical scavenging activity; overall the extracts were more effective in the scavenging of ABTS radical. FA was the most promising alternative to SA to recover lignin bioactive extracts. This work sug-gests organic acids as good candidates for obtaining valuable extracts from alkaline pulping of SCB and SCS instead of the conventional sulfuric acid.
The influence of milled bagasse particle size on their reducing sugar and lignin content during dilute acid hydrolysis followed by enzymolysis was investigated. The biomass crystal structures of hydrolyzed residues and enzymolyzed substrates were studied with X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results showed that the conversion ratio of reducing sugar declined with decreasing milled bagasse particle size. The conversion ratio of reducing sugar after acid hydrolysis decreased from 31.3\% to 28.9\%. The smaller of the milled bagasse particle size was, the higher of the klason lignin content of hydrolyzed residuals was, which resulted in a decline in conversion ratio of reducing sugar during enzymolysis. In this study, the optimal size of milled bagasse particles was 10 to 20 meshes. The total reducing sugar conversion ratio was 61.5\%, consisting of 31.3\% in hydrolysis and 30.2\% in enzymolysis. After hydrolysis, the specific surface area and pore size increased, and the fiber length was shortened. The inner microfiber bundles were exposed, which improved the accessibility of cellulase and the efficiency of enzymolysis.
Hydrolysis of hemicellulose and disruption of cellulose during pretreatment process are conducive to the following cellulase hydrolysis performance. In this work, bagasse pith was first pretreated by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
Direct conversion of biomass-derived aerogel to carbon aerogel (CA) via the pyrolysis method provides a promising approach to developing adsorbent materials for oil-spill cleaning. In this work, three-dimensional carbon aerogels (CSCA) were fabricated by pyrolyzing cellulose aerogels (Cell-A) synthesized from sugarcane bagasse (SB) and coffee grounds (CG) with sodium alginate (SA) as a cross-linker. Notably, the influence of CG to SA ratios on the characteristics and oil adsorption performance for used cooking and lubricating oil was investigated. The results showed that CSCA-1.5 with 1.5 wt\% content of CG exhibited ultralow density (0.045 g/cm(3)), high porosity (96.28\%), and an abundance of mesopores with an average pore size of 26.0 nm. In addition, the prepared CSCA-1.5 also had water resistance by illustrating a water contact angle of 101.6 degrees, which enhances the selectivity for the removal of oils in water. Moreover, the oil adsorption results illustrated that CSCA-1.5 had an outstanding adsorption capacity for soybean and lubricating oil up to 10.023 and 5.804 mg/mg, with the oil adsorption behavior more aligned to the chemisorption process. Furthermore, the recyclability of CSCA-1.5 was also studied after five combustion/adsorption cycles, resulting in high remaining adsorption for the two oils mentioned above. With low-cost biomass as raw materials, a green preparation process, low density, and excellent hydrophobicity, CSCA has great potential in oil spill cleaning and environmental protection.
Hydrogen production from hydrothermally pretreated (200 degrees C for 10 min at 16 bar) sugarcane bagasse was analyzed using response surface methodology. The yeast extract concentration and the temperature had a significant influence for hydrogen production (p-value 0.027 and 0.009, respectively). Maximum hydrogen production (17.7 mmol/L) was observed with 3 g/L yeast extract at 60 degrees C (C10). In this conditions were produced acetic acid (50.44 mg/L), butyric acid (209.71 mg/L), ethanol (38.4 mg/L), and methane (6.27 mmol/L). Lower hydrogen productions (3.5 mmol/L and 3.9 mmol/L) were observed under the conditions C7 (2 g/L of yeast extract, 35.8 degrees C) and C9 (1 g/L of yeast extract, 40 degrees C), respectively. The low yeast extract concentration and low temperature caused a negative effect on the hydrogen production. By means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 20\% of similarity was observed between the archaeal population of mesophilic (35 and 40 degrees C) and thermophilic (50, 60 and 64 degrees C) reactors. Likewise, similarity of 22\% was noted between the bacterial population for the reactors with the lowest hydrogen production (3.5 mmol/L), at 35.8 degrees C and with the highest hydrogen production (17.7 mmol/L) at 60 degrees C demonstrating that microbial population modification was a function of incubation temperature variation.
The aim of present study was the effective utilization of waste apple for high yield of ethanol using immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S-3S through fed-batch fermentation. Low cost biomaterial was also developed for immobilization. Immobilization was carried out on different inert supports (agar-agar, k-carrageenan, Ca-alginate, sugar cane bagasse and apple bagasse). The results revealed that immobilized cells of S. cerevisiae S-3S gave high yield of ethanol as compared to free cells. Maximum ethanol (9.5\% v/v) was produced with S. cerevisiae S-3S immobilized cells on sugarcane bagasse. The effects of different glucose concentration feeding rates on ethanol fermentation were investigated for fed batch culture. The fed batch culture at 40\% glucose concentration feeding rate was proven to be a better fermentation system than the batch culture. Our findings suggest that fed-batch fermentation improves the efficiency of ethanol production in terms of ethanol concentration and product yield.
Cellulolytic enzymes have wide use in several industrial segments (e.g. biofuels, pulp and paper, food, and cosmetics). However, one of the challenges is their large-scale production with high specific activity to eliminate the dependence of the purchase of enzymatic cocktails produced by commercial parties. The aims of this study were (1) isolation, selection, and partial characterization of bacterial cellulases present in the intestinal tract of the sugarcane borer and (2) to identify cellulase-producing bacteria by analyzing the 165 rDNA gene. cellulase production and purification assays resulted in similar electrophoretic profiles between four bacterial strains. These strains were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella sp., and Bacillus sp. K. pneumoniae was the main cellulase-producing microorganism. Our results show the possibility of finding cellulolytic microorganisms that inhabit the gut of herbivorous animals, especially those that are predators of important crops of economic value. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae cellulase is of medical importance. In hospitals, health professionals, hospital technicians, patients and visitors wear clothes containing cellulose. Thus. K. pneumoniae within hospitals can contaminate these clothes and be spread to the environment. In that case, it would be important for the hospital's chemical sterilization products to have at least one cellulase inhibitor. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pycnoporus swsguineus MCA 16 was cultivated by solid state fermentation on lignocellulosic residues, at 40 degrees C. The highest endoglucanase, exoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase, beta-xylosidase and laccase activities (200, 29.1, 52.1, 44.2, 1.81 and 22.04 U g(-1), respectively) were obtained when using the mixture of wheat bran and soybean meal (1:1 w/w) as substrates, at 96 h of cultivation. Peroxidases highest activities were observed at 48 h (14.61 and 10.02 U g(-1) for manganese and lignin peroxidase, respectively). Enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse submitted to hydrothermal alkaline pretreatment provided glucose at 7.32 g L-1 when using solid load of 13.5\% (dry basis), 288.3 total units of endoglucanase/g of cellulose, 130 h and 57 degrees C. Ligninases present in the enzymatic solution provided a reduction of 82.3\% in the concentration of total phenolic compounds during saccharification. The hydrolysate was used for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 and a yield of 73.5\% was obtained.
This current work is concerned with the development of polypropylene composites reinforced with cellulose and cellulignin fibers attained from sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, the fibers were chemically modified by acetylating process and its effects on the fiber/matrix interaction were also evaluated. The chemical modi. cation efficiency was verified by FTIR analysis and the fibers morphological aspects of fibers by SEM. Likewise, the influence of modified fibers content in the composites was studied by mechanical (tensile, shear and flexural tests) and thermal analyses (TGA and DSC). After the chemical modi. cation, the FTIR results showed the appearance of acetyl groups and reduction of OH bonds for all fibers. Together with, SEM characterization showed that the acetylation changed the morphology of fibers, resulting in mechanical properties decreases, probably because of the new morphological aspect. The thermal characterization of composites based on untreated and treated cellulose and cellulignin presented intermediary stability in respect to matrix and fiber. Finally, DSC results revealed that the composites reinforced with untreated fibers were more crystalline than neat PP. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of a non-ionic surfactant optimized formulation (SOF) obtained from an experimental design was evaluated for different influencing variables in the processing of sugarcane bagasse cellulignin to produce biopigments. The major findings in the saccharification stage using the SOF point that: at same enzyme loading, the highest glucan hydrolysis yield was 63 \% (2-fold higher compared to control); the enzyme loading of 2.5 FPU/g resulted in similar yield compared to 10 FPU/g (control); 15 \% (m/v) of total solids loading maintained the yield in fed-batch configuration; the hydrolysis yield is maintained at high shear force stress (800 rpm of stirring rate) and temperatures (50-70 ?). Besides, under separate and semi-simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, the maximum biopigments pro-duction were of 10 AU510nm/mL and 17.84 AU510nm/mL, respectively. The SOF used in this study was found to be a promising additive either in a single or sequential steps to produce biopigments in biorefineries.
Coccidiosis is one of the most important protozoal diseases of the poultry industry, inflicting heavy economic losses in the form of high mortality and morbidity in affected birds. Under these circumstances, the development of nonchemical consumer-friendly strategies for its effective control is of paramount importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse-derived polysaccharides as native immunomodulatory and anticoccidial agents in commercial broilers. Polysaccharides were recovered from sugarcane bagasse (PSCB) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Five different sugars including melezitose, maltose, glucose, mannose, and fructose were detected in hydrolyzed solution of PSCB. The isolated PSCB were orally administered to the broilers in three graded doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 3 consecutive days, i.e., fifth through seventh days of life. Results showed significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) lymphoproliferative and humoral responses to T-cell mitogen (PHA-P) and sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) in PSCB-administered chickens. In a challenge experiment, percent protection and daily weight gains were significantly higher (p < 0.05), whereas mean oocyst counts and lesion scores were lower (p < 0.05) in PSCB-administered chickens as compared to control. ELISA showed that PSCB significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) antibody titers against the Eimeria species used for the induction of infection in chickens of PSCB-administered and control groups. In conclusion, PSCB showed the potential to modulate the immune responses in industrial broiler chickens with subsequent protection against coccidial infection.
When some renewable energy sources are used, such as biomass solid waste, it is necessary to measure and control pollutant emissions. Since raw sugarcane comes from a wide variety of supply sources, it is necessary to monitor the behavior of the biomass residues during the burning process to control flame stability, emissions, and combustion efficiency. The variation in the combustion temperature of biomass affects the combustion ef-ficiency and also the emission of alkaline metals, such as potassium (K) and sodium (Na), which can cause corrosion in boilers. The objective of the present work is to estimate the content of alkali gases in the flames during the burning of solid biomass residues, specifically sugarcane bagasse in this case. The flame emission spectroscopy (FES) spectrometry technique is used and flame emission spectra is captured during the combustion of bagasse in a pilot furnace. The flame temperature is calculated using the two-color method together with the inverse Levenberg-Marquard method. Models and correlations from literature are used to obtain a database of emission content of sodium and potassium. Using paraconsistent logic techniques, a predictor algorithm is implemented and bagasse samples were labeled to identify similar physical combustion conditions. The results of the emission of sodium and potassium estimated for groups labeled using the algorithm of paraconsistent logic are compared and show good agreement between them. A good and reasonable agreement was found in the estimation of the emission content of potassium and sodium.
In this work, an HCl-catalyzed ethylene glycol (EG) pretreatment was exploited for promoting sugar release from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The results showed that the combination of HCl and EG could remove the xylan (similar to 100.0\%) and lignin (similar to 61.3\%) in SCB together, which finally resulted in the pretreated substrate having a good efficacy for follow-up enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum glucose yield of this work was 93.9\% and obtained after pretreatment at 130 degrees C for 60 min with 0.5\% HCl and 72 h enzymatic digestion. The analysis of various pretreated or un-pretreated SCB indicated that the changes of surface morphology and internal compositions of SCB were the mainly reasons for its hydrolysis efficiency enhancement. The addition of Tween 80 into hydrolysis process could remarkably shorten hydrolysis time and cellulase dosage from 72 h to 36 h and 20 FPU/g substrate to 10 FPU/g substrate, respectively, meanwhile maintaining a relatively high glucose yield (91.4\%). (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hemicellulose is an important source of pentose sugars, which are precursors of products of high economic value, such as prebiotic oligomers, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and biofuels. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most efficient method of converting hemicellulose into sugars, where efficient thermotolerant fungal xylanases hydrolyze the xylan fractions present in the hemicellulose into xylose and xylooligomers. Xylanases are potential candidates for improved enzyme cocktails that increase saccharification yields in synergy with other cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes complexes. In this context, endo-xylanase from the thermophilic fungus Humicola brevis var. thermoidea (XylHb) was purified, biochemically and biophysically characterized, and its biotechnological potential was evaluated. XylHb exhibited a molecular weight of 26 kDa and biophysical analyzes revealed that XylHb is mainly formed by beta sheets, and exhibits maximum exposure of its tryptophan residues at high temperatures. The characterization of the biochemical properties of XylHb indicated greater tolerance to wide pH (5.0-10.0), temperatures (50-70 degrees C), and NaCl concentrations (0.1-2.0 mol L-1), as well as better kinetic efficiency than the Cellic (R) HTec2 cocktail for birchwood xylan hydrolysis. Additionally, saccharification tests of pre-hydrothermally treated sugarcane bagasse after 72 h showed that the complementation of Cellic (R) CTec2 with XylHb (1:1; w/w) caused a significant increase in glucose released (7.52 +/- 0.01\%) and total reducing sugars (14.07 +/- 0.02\%) about commercial enzymatic control. Thus, the addition of XylHb to commercial cellulase suggests a potential for diverse industrial applications improving the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Online upgrading of the obtained vapour from fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse over sodium-based catalysts was studied in a fixed-bed reactor at 500 degrees C. Over Na2CO3/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst, both its physico-chemical properties and concentration of sodium salt play significant roles in its performance. Larger pore size is advantageous since it was shown to facilitate the conversion of lignin-derived high molecular weight molecules, leading to a better deoxygenation activity. Surface area and pore volume were also shown to play a certain role in the overall catalytic performance. 25 wt.\% of Na2CO3 was shown to be the optimum concentration in terms of deoxygenation activity which might correspond to the highest number of sodium active sites. The sodium concentration was shown to play a bigger role than the surface area and porosity in the catalytic performance of Na2CO3/gamma-Al2O3 materials. On the other hand, HZSM-5, as a reference catalyst, was shown to possess deoxygenation activity that is comparable to that of Na2CO3/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. Conversion of oxygenates present in vapour into aromatic hydrocarbons was favoured in the presence of HZSM-5 catalyst while the catalytic scission of alkoxy groups in lignin-derived compounds was facilitated with Na2CO3/gamma-Al2O3.
Lactic acid is a versatile, multi-functional organic monomer in various industries, creating worldwide demand. High titer lactic acid production was achieved by novel Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J2V2AA through sugarcane molasses fermentation up to 178 mg mL(-1). A metabolomics approach such as combined GC-MS and LC-MS was applied to elucidate the involvement of key metabolites in lactic acid production. The results revealed the participation of 58 known intra-cellular metabolites at various pathways in lactic acid production. Twenty-eight highly up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites were analyzed, and a schematic diagram of a possible lactic acid production pathway was proposed. The produced lactic acid was analyzed through FTIR, UV-Spectrum, and HPLC analysis.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of kraft lignin on the physicomechanical qualities of briquettes produced with sugarcane bagasse and on the chemical characteristics of the bio-oil obtained at different temperatures via slow pyrolysis. The ratios of kraft lignin to the sugarcane bagasse mass were 0\%, 10\%, 25\% and 50\%. The briquetting was performed at 140 degrees C temperature and at a pressure of 17 MPa for 8 min. The physicomechanical characteristics such as bulk density, longitudinal expansion and compressive strength were determined. The combustibility of the briquettes was tested, and the briquette slow pyrolysis was performed in 300 degrees C, 400 degrees C and 500 degrees C for 1 h. The results showed the influence of kraft lignin on the bulk density and on the mechanical strength for compression. In the combustibility test was obtained higher temperatures and more uniform burning in the briquettes with addition of lignin. In the bio-oil composition obtained via pyrolysis at 500 degrees C, the highest yields of phenolic compounds were obtained. The kraft lignin is a raw material with the potential to be used as both a binder in compressed products and an additive for the production of bio-oil with valuable phenolic compounds.
The purpose of this research is to separate manganese (II) metal in the wastewater using sugarcane bagasse as an adsorbent. Experimental design, the independent variables are contact time (0; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150; 180; 210; 240 minutes, respectively) and activation treatment (without activation, physical activation, activation by H2SO4 0.5 N and activation by NaOH 0.5 N. Fixed variables consist of adsorbent mass (50 g), adsorbent particle size (30 mesh), flow rate (7 L/min) and volume of adsorbent (10 L). The dependent variable is the concentration of manganese. The results showed that the separation process of manganese by adsorption method was influenced by contact time and activation type. The kinetic studies show that the adsorption mechanism satisfies the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Maximum adsorption capacity (qm) for adsorbents without treatment is 0.971 mg/g, physical treatment is 0.889 mg/g, chemical treatment by H2SO4 is 0.858 mg /g and chemical treatment by NaOH is 1.016 mg/g.
This work evaluated the use of protic ionic liquids (PILs) in the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Cations and anions with different chain lengths were used to synthesize four PILs, which had their performances evaluated by the solubilization of lignin in the pretreatment step and polysaccharides conversion in the enzymatic hydrolysis. The recovery and recycling of the best performing PIL (2-hydroxy ethylammonium acetate - {[
The application of graphene oxide in construction materials has gained a significant amount of interest. Although most of the researches mainly concentrate on early hydration and the mechanical and fracture properties of cement paste, the study of graphene oxide on ultrasonic pulse velocity and electrical properties of high-volume, fiber-reinforced sugarcane bagasse ash mortars (HVSCBAM) shows limited knowledge. The combined effect of graphene and polyvinyl alcohol may explain some key issues such as high cost and the dispersion of graphene oxide in the cement matrix. In this present research, a set of experiments was conducted for analyzing the implementation of graphene oxide on electrical properties, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity analysis, and compressive strength of fiber-reinforced HVSCBAM, with a sugarcane bagasse ash/binder rate established at 50\% by mass. Four weight ratios of graphene oxide/binder, i.e., 0\%, 0.5\%, 1.0\%, and 1.5\%, were used, and the PVA fiber volume dosages of 0\%, 0.2\%, 0.5\%, and 1.0\% were mixed with sand and binder in a mortar mixer as well. In relation to 0.2-1.0 vol\% PVA fiber-reinforced HVSCBAM short of graphene oxide, it has been seen that an increase of 0.5 wt\% graphene oxide could enhance the compressive strength by 13-48\% further while an increasing amount of 1.5 wt\% graphene oxide could improve compressive strength even by 36-53\%. The graphene oxide/PVA-altered cement content takes up to 47.7\% higher electrical resistivity, 70.2\% lower water absorption, and 24.3\% higher ultrasonic pulse velocity as compared to control mortar. The microstructure characteristics indicate that the graphene oxide has simplified the interface between the fiber and the matrix significantly.
Catalytic co-liquefaction of high-density polyethylene and sugarcane bagasse over metal salt and oxide catalysts in ethanol solvent was investigated. The obtained bio-oil samples were analyzed and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultimate analysis (CHNS/O), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and different solid products characterized by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The results suggested that adding ZnSO4 gives the highest HHV (34.61 MJ/kg), while CuSO4 gives the highest bio-oil yield (38.42 \%) and conversion (69.54 \%). GC-MS analysis suggested that the bio-oils contained large amounts of hydrocarbons, phenols, ketone aldehydes, alcohols and esters. The H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra were integrated over spectral regions to quantify classes of carbon and hydrogen atoms in each bio-oil and suggested that bio-oils largely contain alkanes, aliphatics and alcohols. The liquid products are promising bio-fuel precursors for further utilization.
Activated carbons are prepared by a hydrothermal-assisted alkali activated (HAA) process with sugarcane bagasse as the carbon precursor and KOH as the activated reagent. The physical and chemical properties of the hydrothermal-assisted alkali activated carbons (HAAC) are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption tests and electrochemical performance measurements. Compared to the activated carbons obtained from the traditional alkali activated (TAA) process, HAAC display much improved electrochemical performance when the samples are used as anode material for lithium ion batteries, which attributed to their higher specific surface area, favorable pore size distribution and inter-connected frameworks. (C) 2017 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
Encapsulation and controlled release of potassium by phosphorylated cellulose (P-cell) was systematically demonstrated by drying of aqueous P-cell suspensions with potassium chloride (KCl) in varied stoichiometric K+/Cell-O-HPO3- ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1, and dried into powder-like fibrous fluffs, paper-like films, and three-dimensional porous structures by spray-, oven-, and freeze-drying. Cellulose isolated from sugarcane bagasse as agricultural waste was optimally phosphorylated at 1:0.5:2 anhydroglucose (AHG)/(NH4)(2)HPO4/CO(NH2)(2) as 14.6 mu m wide, ca. 366 mu m long, highly crystalline (72\%) microfibers with 2.4 mmol g(-1) charge. Oven drying led to more crystalline (73\%) and thermally stable (252.1 degrees C) films than spray-dried powders (67\%, 250.5 degrees C) and freeze-dried porous bulk (71\%, 249.8 degrees C). The release of highly water-soluble KCl from these three P-cell substrates was highest from the fibrous (90.4-97.3\%), three-dimensional porous structure solids (73.5-81.7\%), then films (60.4-74.5\%), thus could be tuned by varying the anionic/cationic loadings along with drying methods.
Sugarcane bagassefly ash is industrial waste produced by incineratingbiomass to generate power and steam. The fly ash contains SiO2 and Al2O3, which can be used to preparealuminosilicate. This latter material exhibits high potential as anadsorbent in various applications, including the livestock industrywhere issues related to contamination of aflatoxins in animal feedsneed to be addressed; addition of adsorbents can help decrease theconcentration of aflatoxins during feed digestion. In this study,the effect of the structure of silica prepared from sugarcane bagassefly ash on physicochemical properties and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorptioncapability compared with that of bentonite was investigated. BPS-5,Xerogel-5, MCM-41, and SBA-15 mesoporous silica supports were synthesizedusing sodium silicate hydrate (Na2SiO3) fromsugarcane bagasse fly ash as a silica source. BPS-5, Xerogel-5, MCM-41,and SBA-15 exhibited amorphous structures, while sodium silicate possesseda crystalline structure. BPS-5 possessed larger pore size, pore volume,and pore size distribution with a bimodal mesoporous structure, whileXerogel-5 exhibited lower pore size and pore size distribution witha unimodal mesoporous structure. BPS-5 with a negatively charged surfaceexhibited the highest AFB1 adsorption capability compared with otherporous silica. However, the AFB1 adsorption capability of bentonitewas superior to those of all porous silica. Sufficient pore diameterwith high total pore volume as well as high intensity of acid sitesand negative charge on the surface of the adsorbent is required toincrease AFB1 adsorption in the in vitro gastrointestinal tract ofanimals.
Bagasse is one of major by-product of sugar mills, but its utilization is limited by the high concentration of lignin. In this study, the optimal alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment conditions were determined by the response surface optimization method. The results showed that the lignin removal rate was 62.23\% and the solid recovery rate was 53.76\% when bagasse was prepared under optimal conditions (1.2\% H2O2, 0.9\% NaOH, and 46 degrees C for 12.3 h), while higher purity of bagasse insoluble dietary fiber (BIDF) was obtained. To further investigate the modification effect, AHP assisted with high-temperature-pressure cooking (A-H) and enzymatic hydrolysis (A-E) were used to modify bagasse, respectively. The results showed that the water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), bile salt adsorption capacity (BSAC), and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly improved after A-H treatment. With the A-E treatment, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and BSAC were significantly increased, while WHC, OHC, and glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) were decreased. Especially, the highest WHC, OHC, BSAC and NIAC were gained by A-H treatment compared to the A-E treatment. These changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of bagasse fiber were in agreement with the microscopic surface wrinkles and pore structure, crystallinity and functional groups. In summary, the A-H modification can effectively improve the functional properties of bagasse fiber, which potentially can be applied further in the food industry.
Worldwide energy policies are moving towards a reduction of fossil fuels' share in the energy mix and to invest in renewable and green energy sources. Biomass is one of these, and it represents, in the form of sugarcane, a strategic source in Colombia, especially in the Valle del Cauca. In this region, the sugarcane industry is able to convert the energy content of the cane into different energy products, such as ethanol, electricity, and high-pressure steam, which are cogenerated via bagasse combustion. In this work, the case of a sucrose and ethanol production plant, which mills ten thousand tons of sugarcane per day, is considered. A tailor-made computational model was developed to assess the energy and material process balances in order to estimate the effect of different operating conditions on cogeneration boilers and turbines, and to optimize the overall process efficiency. The current situation was modeled with good precision from the developed model. Likewise, the concept of ``Renewable Efficiency{''
Biotechnological production of erythritol from industrial substrates such as sugarcane juice and molasses may provide an alternative route for the production of this important platform chemical. In the present study, pure erythritol crystals were produced from sugarcane juice using basidiomycetous fungi Moniliella pollinis in batch and fed batch fermentation. Moniliella cells recovered from the fermentation broth were boiled and the resulting cell lysate was used as the sole source of nitrogen as well as other essential nutrients, including several macro and micronutrients, for erythritol fermentation. In sugarcane juice, Moniliella cells lysate based media resulted in a two-fold increase in erythritol yield and productivity when compared to yeast extract based medium. Maximum of 94.9 g/L erythritol titre with 0.38 g/g yield of total sugar was achieved in fed batch fermentation with sugarcane juice. Downstream processing of fermentation broth resulted in 96 \% pure erythritol crystals. Use of Monililella cells lysate based media allowed ethanol to erythritol conversion, resulting in higher overall yield. It is proposed that M. pollinis utilizes ethanol by converting into acetic acid which is subsequently metabolized via TCA cycle. This study demonstrated the potential of sugarcane juice as an industrial feedstock for erythritol production using wild type M. pollinis.
The advantages of using ethanol as fuel in its hydrated form as a substitute for gasoline or mixed with gasoline as anhydrous ethanol are numerous, with reduction of harmful emissions and reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. This work aims to transform the energy potential available in the cashew apple bagasse by enzymatic processes for obtaining hydrated ethyl alcohol and to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic cashew bagasse raw-material (Anacardium Occidentale L.) and bioethanol production from the hydrolyzed liquor. The raw materials used in this study were cashew bagasse and sugarcane bagasse (residue used only for comparison with cashew bagasse). Evaluating the process of enzymatic conversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars, the enzymatic hydrolysis performance with 7 FPU and enzyme load of 3.5 FPU/g showed better efficiency for cashew bagasse in a time of 12 h; however, sugarcane bagasse was more efficient in time of 48 hours. Regarding the process of alcoholic fermentation of the cashew bagasse hydrolyzed liquor, it is evident that all the sugar was consumed and almost all ethanol was produced in an 8 h process, so the best test for the efficiency of the fermentation process (90 \% conversion) is to operate with concentrations of 10 g/L, 0.6 g/L and 0.12 g/L of yeast, source of N and P, respectively.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the adsorbent dose on the removal of lead (II) present in a synthetic solution using sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum). The biomaterial was characterized before and after removal by FTIR analysis which reported the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl functional groups; and SEM analysis showing a porous surface in the form of fibrous cylinders typical of lignocellulosic materials, evidencing that Pb (II) ions are captured on the surface of the adsorbent. It was determined that the best dose of adsorbent was 0.10g obtaining 99.68\% removal. The results of the kinetics were adjusted by the first order Pseudo model; and the isothermal adsorption that described the process was Langmuir, determining that the process occurs by physic-sorption and monolayer. It is concluded that the residual cane bagasse is efficient for the preparation of adsorbent and is recommended for the removal of the metal ion under study.
The production of cement is expected to be very harmful to the environment. In the production of cement, huge amount of CO2 is released in the environment. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a pozzolanic material, which can be used as partial replacement of cement. This paper mainly focused on the replacement of cement by SCBA in percentage of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25\%. The SCBA contains high amount of active silica. Durability properties were determined by water absorption test, sorptivity, sulphate attack and acid attack. The water absorption and sorptivity were decreased with an increasing amount of SCBA in SCC up to 15\% and after that it increased. The weight loss was extreme of control concrete (SCC without SCBA) than the mixes with SCBA up to 15\%, when it was exposed to sulphate and acid attack. The loss of compressive strength of SCC with and without SCBA was determined and compared with concrete cured in water and chemical solution. The most effective SCC against the sulphate and acid attack was SCC with 15\% replacement of Portland cement by SCBA. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing SCBA improved the strength, sulphate resistance and acid resistance. SEM and EDS analysis was performed to investigate the microstructural behaviour of SCC mixes with and without SCBA. SEM analysis confirms the less formation of ettringite and gypsum in SCC15BA and also clears from EDS report. The SCC15BA shows high resistance towards sulphate and acid attack.
Pretreatment is an essential, but expensive, step in biologically converting biomass to fuels and chemicals, and acids added or released during the reaction hydrolyze hemicellulose to sugars and expose cellulose for enzymatic digestion with good yields. Pretreatment by liquid flow past solids increases hemicellulose removal yields particularly at higher flow rates, but current first-order homogeneous kinetic models indicate that the amount of water should not be important. However, these models suffer from inconsistencies, and the effect of varying sugarcane bagasse concentrations on xylose monomer and oligomer yields was experimentally measured in a batch reactor without adding acids or other chemicals at 200 degreesC. A greater drop in pH was observed at higher solids concentrations, as anticipated. Furthermore, only about 7-13\% of the total xylose recovered in solution was as monomers at the maximum total xylose yield point, with the rest being oligomers, and although monomer yields could be increased at longer hold times, overall yields declined. These results and the general yield versus time profiles are consistent with the predictions of first-order models. However, a possible trend toward greater yields was observed at lower solids concentrations, but a paired difference test showed that these yield differences were only statistically significant between the extremes in biomass concentrations.
The Cr (VI) and Ni (II) ion biosorption process by natural sugarcane bagasse in a fixed bed column was investigated. The characteristic removal parameters such as retention capacity, removal percent and unused bed length were experimentally determined at different operating conditions. Overall mass transfer coefficient was investigated and reported for the studied biosorption system. The breakthrough curves were simulated using Matlab2010a software to check the validity of the obtained overall mass transfer coefficients. Experimental data fitted well with predicted data (R (2) = 0.94). A statistical analysis was performed using the software Statgraphics Centurion-X (V)15.2.06 to compare the simulated and experimental data. No significant differences were observed between experimental and simulated data. The best operating conditions for Cr (VI) removal were 15 mg/L of inlet concentration and 1.5 g of biosorbent. For Ni (II) removal the best results were obtained with 25 mg/L of inlet concentration and 1.5 g of solid. The results obtained through the breakthrough curve showed high removal percentages (94.70 and 97.90\% for chromium and nickel, respectively). Moreover, results indicated that sorption of these metals was irreversible and it was controlled by the mass transfer at the external film.
Production of second generation ethanol can be accomplished with biomass gasification followed by syngas fermentation using acetogenic bacteria in a hybrid process. Using process simulation and financial analysis, this study evaluated the feasibility of producing hydrous ethanol from sugarcane bagasse in a conceptual hybrid plant designed to be energetically self-sufficient. The process was found to be competitive with other second generation routes, achieving an ethanol yield of 330 L per metric ton of dry biomass and an overall carbon conversion of 30\%. The minimum ethanol selling price to achieve Net Present Value break-even with 10\% Internal Rate of Return was estimated to be 706 US\$/m(3) after taxes in the base model. When accounting for uncertainties in the fixed capital investment and the cost of raw materials, the Net Present Value was found to be non-negative in 80\% of the cases for a selling price of 783 US\$/m(3). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Power generation through bagasse-fired cogeneration plants is a common practice in sugarcane producing countries. The exergy-based analysis of a 16 MW grid-connected cogeneration plant of a sugar factory situated in India carried out by the author earlier and published as a separate paper, had disclosed that 6.34\% of fuel energy and 5.20\% of fuel exergy were lost through the flue gases. To utilize a part of this waste heat for conversion into electricity, in this paper, Kalina cycle is theoretically integrated with the considered plant. The sulphuric dew point is estimated to be 100.25 degrees C. Hence, to prevent acid condensation from exhaust gases, the exhaust heat can be safely utilized up to a temperature of 105 degrees C. Keeping ammonia-mass fraction at 0.8 and turbine inlet pressure at 4000 kPa, the net power output of the integrated plant is found to increase by 375.2135 kW thereby increasing the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of cogeneration by 0.3819\% and 0.3150\% respectively. The plant currently uses bagasse containing 50\% moisture. If bagasse is completely dried by suitable means, power output will further increase by 3531.5 kW increasing the cogeneration energy and exergy efficiencies further by 3.5948\% and 2.9630\%.
Cellulose fibres obtained from sugarcane bagasse were submitted to a purification process, which consisted of an acid hydrolysis for elimination of the major part of lignin and hemicellulose. This was followed by a delignification process carried out in two steps to yield crude cellulose (CCell) fibres in the first one and with a subsequent bleaching in order to yield bleached cellulose fibres (BCell). Composites of crude and bleached cellulose fibres with hydrous niobium phosphate, cell/NbOPO4 center dot nH(2)O, were subsequently synthesized. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization of the obtained materials showed CCell/NbOPO4 center dot nH(2)O and BCell/NbOPO4 center dot nH(2)O are real composites. The nature of the cellulose (CCell or BCell) has an important role on the composites obtained, namely on the niobium salt composition at the composite surface. The synthesis of membranes of both cellulose and mixed matrix cellulose/NbOPO4 center dot nH(2)O was only possible when the bleached cellulose was used.
The experimental investigation on the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut in CNC turning operation performed on aluminium metal matrix composites. The L9 orthogonal array design has been used for conducting the experiments. Taguchi analysis reveals the optimal combination of the machining parameters for the multi-performance characteristics of the AMCs is the set of cutting speed of 315 m/min, feed 0.1 mm/rev and depth of cut 1.0 mm. Optimal results were compared with experimental results for verifying the approach, and it is observed that the surface roughness decreases from 5.57 to 5.417 mu m. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A fermented solid containing lipases was produced by solid-state fermentation of Rhizopus microsporus on sugarcane bagasse enriched with urea, soybean oil, and a mineral solution. The dry fermented solid produced using R. microsporus (RMFS) was used to catalyze the synthesis of alkyl-esters by esterification in a solvent-free system containing ethanol and oleic acid (as a model system) or a mixture of fatty acids obtained from the physical hydrolysis of soybean soapstock acid oil (FA-SSAO) in subcritical water. The conversions were 93.5 and 84.1\%, for oleic acid and FA-SSAO, respectively, at 48 h and 40 A degrees C, at a molar ratio (MR) of ethanol to fatty acid of 5:1. A further increase in the MR to 10:1 improved the production of ethylic-esters, giving conversions at 48 h of 98 and 86\% for oleic acid and FA-SSAO, respectively. The results obtained in this work foster further studies on scaling-up of an environmentally friendly process to produce biofuels.
An economical pretreatment method is needed to produce the L -lactic acid from renewable biomass. Six different combinatorial experiments including choline chloride {[
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was developed into biosorbents by base (BSB), acid (ASB), and acid-base (A-BSB). The biosorbents were deployed to remediate pharmaceutical wastewater that was laden with Zn(II) ions and path-ogens. The wastewater was characterised and revealed an increased Zn(II) ions concentration of 10.41 mg/l, total bacterial count (TBC) of 1.3 x 103 CFU/ml, and total coliform count (TCC) of 6 x 102 CFU/ml. These pollutants are hazardous to human and aquatic lives if discharged into the ecosystem without treatment. The developed biosorbents were characterised by FTIR, XRD, SEM with EDX mapping, and BET. The FTIR spectra showed peaks of the carboxylic groups present in lignin and hemicellulose which have good biosorbent properties. The XRD revealed the effect of the chemical modification of the SCB by changing the compound composition from sucrose to cellulose. The BET of the A-BSB gave the highest surface area and pore volume of 5.339 x 102 m2/g and 2.722 x 10-1 cc/g respectively, while the pore size of 2.105 nm was the lowest. Therefore, A-BSB exhibited optimum 99\% removal of Zn(II) ions, and antimicrobial capacity of 100\% removal for both TBC and TCC at 120 min, 40 degrees C, and 0.5 g dosage. The A-BSB is the most suitable adsorbent among the developed biosorbents for phar-maceutical wastewater treatment, as the findings from the kinetics study recommended chemisorption. Hence, the chemical modification of SCB was a promising low-cost adsorbent for Zn(II) ions and pathogens' removal from aqueous solutions.
Fermentation of xylose-rich and glucose-rich bagasse hydrolysates, obtained from the two-stage acid hydrolysis was studied using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453. The yeast could grow on xylose-rich hydrolysate at 50 A degrees C with the dry cell weight, cell mass yield and maximum specific growth rate of 5.35 g l(-1), 0.58 g g(-1) and 0.13 h(-1), respectively. The yeast was found to be very promising for ethanol as well as xylitol production from the sugars obtained from the lignocellulosic biomass. Batch fermentations of xylose-rich and glucose-rich hydrolysates yielded 0.61 g g(-1) xylitol and 0.43 g g(-1) ethanol in the broth, respectively based on the sugars present in the hydrolysate. Overall ethanol yield of 165 g (210 ml) and 183 g xylitol per kg of bagasse was obtained, when bagasse hydrolysate was used as a substrate. Utilization of both the glucose and xylose sugars makes the process most economical by producing both ethanol and xylitol based on biorefinery concept. On validating the experimental data of ethanol fermentation, the modified Luong kinetic model for product inhibition as well as inhibition due to inhibitory compounds present in hydrolysate, the model was found to be the best fit for ethanol formation from bagasse hydrolysate using Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453.
Lignocellulosic sugars are the major renewable building blocks for green fuels and chemicals production. However, the implication of an effective pretreatment process is an inevitable process to access the biomass sugars. Alkaline pretreatment is a viable pretreatment process, causing a selective removal of lignin, with a minimum degradation of carbohydrates, increasing porosity and surface area, eventually enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis. Here, we have assessed commercial cloth washing detergents as catalytic agents, for the lignin removal from sugarcane bagasse. Three different detergents (Brilhiante (R) (B), Omo (R) (O), Sabonito Flash (R) (F)) were tested using three different concentrations (5, 10 and 15\%) with and without pH adjustment. Pretreatment with O5pH (5\% Omo (R), pH 12) showed the maximum lignin removal (81.14\%) and retainment of cellulose (44.15\%), and hemicellulose (29.71\%) in the pretreated bagasse. The maximum sugars (26.62 g/L) were released from the O10pH-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. This study shows the potential of washing detergents as the new potential catalytic agents for the pretreatment of biomass for efficient sugars recovery and retaining maximum lignin in the pretreated substrate.
The objective of this work is to investigate the utilization of two abundant agricultural residues in Brazil for the production and application of cellulolytic enzymes. Different materials obtained after pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse, as well as pure synthetic substrates, were considered for cellulase production by Penicillium funiculosum. The best results for FPase (354 U L-1) and beta-glucosidase (1,835 U L-1) production were observed when sugarcane bagasse partially delignified cellulignin (PDC) was used. The crude extract obtained from PDC fermentation was then partially characterized. Optimal temperatures for cellulase action ranged from 52 to 58A degrees C and pH values of around 4.9 contributed to maximum enzyme activity. At 37A degrees C, the cellulases were highly stable, losing less than 15\% of their initial activity after 23 h of incubation. There was no detection of proteases in the P. funiculosum extract, but other hydrolases, such as endoxylanases, were identified (147 U L-1). Finally, when compared to commercial preparations, the cellulolytic complex from P. funiculosum showed more well-balanced amounts of beta-glucosidase, endo- and exoglucanase, resulting in the desired performance in the presence of a lignocellulosic material. Cellulases from this filamentous fungus had a higher glucose production rate (470 mg L-1 h(-1)) when incubated with corn cob than with Celluclast(A (R)), GC 220(A (R)) and Spezyme(A (R)) (312, 454 and 400 mg L-1 h(-1), respectively).
Xylooligosaccharides (XOs) are a promising class of prebiotics capable of selectively stimulating the growth of the beneficial intestinal microbiota against intestinal pathogens. They can be obtained from xylan present in residual lignocellulosic material from agriculture. Thus, in this study we produced XOs by extracting xylan from sugarcane bagasse and hydrolyzing it using the GH10 xylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus expressed by Pichia pastoris. An alkaline method to extract xylan is described, which resulted in 83.40\% of xylan recovery and low amounts of cellulose and lignin. The enzymatic hydrolysate exhibited a mixture of XOs containing mainly xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose. These oligosaccharides stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus casei, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum and L. bulgaricus strains, which were able to produce organic acids, especially acetic acid. These findings demonstrate the possibility to redirect crop by-products to produce XOs and their use as a supplement to stimulate the growth of probiotic strains.
The non-wood pulp fibers in the paper and printing industry have been in demand for economic and environmental necessity. In this communication, the agro-processing waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and amla pomace was used to develop a packaging application paper. The physical and mechanical properties of non-wood pulp remain an issue for further application. The synergistic effect of nanoparticle TiO2 and amla pomace addition into the SCB was investigated. The developed SCB paper evaluated the physical, mechanical, and barriers to moisture. The molecular interaction between the constituents of paper was investigated with FTIR. The paper's morphological crystallinity and surface topology behavior were observed in FESEM, XRD, and AFM analysis. The analysis results indicate that the SCB utilization approach could bring a sustainable solution for non-wood pulp. The mechanical properties of the paper have not been considerably affected by the addition of TiO2. The water vapor barrier quality improved as compared to the control bagasse paper. The microstructural topology of the paper is well elaborated through FESEM and AFM. The crystallinity of the paper has been significantly affected by the addition of TiO2. The EDX analysis confirms the elemental composition of cellulose and TiO2 particles in the paper sheets. In conclusion, the results may not have significantly affected the paper's performance. The antibacterial effectiveness of paper was determined by analyzing its ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli. It was discovered that the antibacterial activity of paper increased as TiO2 concentration increased. Still, the approach to developing paper from agro-processing waste sources with nanoparticles can take a step toward a sustainable packaging solution.
Sugarcane bagasse, a cheap cellulosic waste material, was investigated as a raw material for producing lyocell fibers at a reduced cost. In this study, bagasse was dissolved in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) 0.9 hydrate, and fibers were prepared by the dry jet-wet spinning method with coagulation in an aqueous NMMO solution. The effects of NMMO in 0 to 50\% concentrations on the physical properties of fibers were investigated. The coagulating bath contained water/NMMO (10\%) solution produced fiber with the highest drawability and highest physical properties. The cross-section morphology of these fibers reveals fibrillation due to the high degree of crystallinity and high molecular orientation. In the higher NMMO concentrated baths ( 30 to 50\%), the prepared fibers were hollow inside, which could be useful to make highly absorbent materials. The lyocell fibers prepared from bagasse have a tensile strength of 510 MPa, initial modulus of 30 GPa, and dynamic modulus of approximately 41 GPa. These properties are very comparable with those of commercial lyocell fibers. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3152-3161, 2011
Sugarcane is cultivated mainly for its high sucrose content but it can also produce many metabolites with promising antioxidant potential. However, very few studies have been reported on the biosynthesis of metabolites in sugarcane to date. In this study, we have identified a wide range of amino acids and organic acids in the rind of six sugarcane varieties by the LC-MS/MS method. A total number of 72 amino acids and 55 organic acid compounds were characterized; among these, 100 were reported for the first time. Moreover, 13 amino acids and seven organic acids were abundantly distributed in all varieties tested and considered major amino acids and organic acids in sugarcane. The variety Taitang134 (F134) showed the highest content of total amino acids, whereas the varieties ROC16 and Yuetang93/159 (YT93/159) had maximum content of organic acids. The amino acids of the rind extract presented higher antioxidant capacity than the organic acids of the rind extract. In addition, the transcriptomic and metabolic integrated analysis highlighted some candidate genes associated with amino acid biosynthesis in sugarcane. We selected a transcription factor gene, MYB(t), and over-expressed it in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants showed a higher accumulation of amino acids with higher antiradical activity compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Thus, we characterize a wide range of amino acids and organic acids and their antiradical activities in different sugarcane varieties and present candidate genes that can be potentially valuable for the genetic improvement of metabolites in sugarcane bagasse
Background: Trichoderma sp. SL2 has been previously reported to enhance rice germination, vigour, growth and physiological characteristics. The use of Potato Dextrose Agar as carrier of Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculant is not practical for field application due to its short shelf life and high cost. This study focuses on the use of corn and sugarcane bagasse as potential carriers for Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculants. Findings: A completely randomized design was applied for this study. Trichoderma sp. SL2 suspension mixed with corn and sugarcane bagasse were used as treatment mixture in soil. Growth parameters including rice seedling height, root length, wet weight, leaf number and biomass were measured and compared to control. The results showed that Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with corn significantly enhanced rice seedlings root length, wet weight and biomass compared to Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with sugarcane bagasse and control. Conclusion: Corn can be a potential carrier for Trichoderma spp. inoculants for field application.
Due to a high aspect ratio and enhanced mechanical strength, cellulose nanofibrils can be used as reinforcing elements in biocomposite films. In this study, cellulose nanofibrils were isolated from sugarcane bagasse using TEMPO-mediated oxidation and used to reinforce polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. The carboxyl group content, functional groups, crystallinity, thermal properties, and morphology of the nanofibrils were investigated. The influence of TOCNF content on the transmittance, swelling, and tensile strength of PVA-TOCNF films were investigated by varying the TOCNF content of PVA films. The fibrils had a carboxyl content of 12.2 +/- 0.6 mg/g CE due to the presence of carboxylic groups, an increased degree of crystallinity, and highly porous nanofibrils with lengths between 150 nm and 600 nm. Incorporation of the isolated fiber on PVA films increased the swelling capacity, tensile strength, and UV absorption but a decrease in the solubility of the composite. An increase in the TOCNF content increased the tensile strength of the films with the highest tensile strength of 6.6 +/- 2.2 kPa being observed when the TOCNF content was 30\%. The improvement in films properties implies that the films can be used as a packaging material due to enhanced water absorption and light-barrier properties.
A method for estimation of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) biomass crystallinity using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and partial least squares regression (PLS) as an alternative to the standard method using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) is proposed. Crystallinity was obtained using XRD from sugarcane bagasse. NIR spectra were obtained of the same material. PLS models were built using the NIR and crystallinity values. Cellulose crystallinity ranged from 50 to 81\%. Two variable selection algorithms were applied to improve the predictive ability of models, i.e. (a) Ordered Predictors Selection (OPS) and (b) Genetic Algorithm. The best model, obtained with the OPS algorithm, presented values of correlation coefficient of prediction, root mean squared error of prediction and ratio of performance deviation equals to 0.92, 3.01 and 1.71, respectively. A scatter matrix among lignin, alpha-cellulose, hemicellulose, ash and crystallinity was built that showed that there was no correlation among these properties for the samples studied. 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A high performance thermostable alpha-amylase at low pH values has been synthesized. Sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed in a dilute acid solution and utilized as carbon source for the growth of Aspergillus niger strain NCIM 548. Glucose, xylose and arabinose with the ratio of 1.0: 0.9: 0.3 (w/w/w) were detected in the hydrolyzate by HPLC analysis. Optimization of the fermentation conditions for alpha-amylase production was performed by varying four influential parameters such as Sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate (SBH), NH4Cl, pH and incubation time using a central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum values of SBH, NH4Cl, pH and incubation time were 20.49, 2.34 g/l, 5.65 and 76.67 h, respectively. The acido-thermophilic enzyme showed maximum stability at 70A degrees C and pH value of 4. The rate constant, K (m) and maximum reaction rate, V (max) were 18.79 g/l and 15.85 g/l center dot min, respectively.
Agricultural waste as biomass is a carbon-containing renewable energy source which can be converted into the chemicals and fuels. The identification of chemically valuable compounds in bio-oils obtained from in situ catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse is studied. For this purpose, a large-scale auger pyrolysis reactor consisting of a stainless steel cylinder equipped with a screw was used. The favorable biomass feedstock with the vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticle catalysts (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 degrees C was studied regarding the quality of the chemical composition in obtained bio-oils. Results showed that the catalytic pyrolysis of bagasse in the presence of V2O5 nanoparticles leads to production of the bio-oils rich in compounds, including phenols, acetone, 3,2-butanediol, furan, and D-allose. The yields of phenol, acetone, 3,2-butanediol, and D-allose obtained in bio-oil increased with increase in the pyrolysis temperature in the presence of nanoparticle catalysts and were 20.3, 6.9, 4.3, and 13.2\%, respectively. Acids, mainly acetic acid, have the higher fraction in bio-oil. The production of the acetic acid decreased from 47.89 to 43.14\% by increasing catalyst ratio (10-30\%). Assessing this study indicated that V2O5 could be interesting candidates for incorporation in biomass catalytic pyrolysis which can be used as a useful procedure to convert the agricultural waste into valuable chemicals.
Overburden of industrial waste is a geoenvironmental concern, and its utilization in revamping the properties of expansive clays is an adoptable sustainable solution. Processed left outs from sugarcane based industries generates bagasse ash (BA) in voluminous amounts, the same can be used to detain the volume change attributes of the expansive soil which is presented in this paper. The bagasse ash was added to the expansive soil in increasing percentages by weight ranging from 0 to 20\%. The parameters that are vital for the stabilisation criterion were assessed even with the presence of lime. Because it is necessary to lessen the effects of the expansive soil's repeating wetting-drying phenomena, wetting-drying cycles tests were also conducted on the expansive soil blended with bagasse ash, both by itself and in combination with lime. The reactivity between additives and the expansive soil was examined through powdered X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) along with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, it was found that the bagasse ash helped in particle adhesion and pozzolanic reaction initiated in the presence of lime helped in attaining dense micro structure which was evident from FESEM images. This proved that ternary blends (expansive soil, bagasse ash and lime), are more effective when compared to binary blends of BA and expansive soil. The addition of 5\% of lime and 15\% of bagasse ash was found to be a more effective sustainable solution in combating the volume change attributes of the black cotton soil.
Hydrolysate-resistant Escherichia coli SL100 was previously isolated from ethanologenic LY180 after sequential transfers in AM1 medium containing a dilute acid hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse and was used as a source of resistance genes. Many genes that affect tolerance to furfural, the most abundant inhibitor, have been described previously. To identify genes associated with inhibitors other than furfural, plasmid clones were selected in an artificial hydrolysate that had been treated with a vacuum to remove furfural. Two new resistance genes were discovered from Sau3A1 libraries of SL100 genomic DNA:nemA (N-ethylmaleimide reductase) and a putative regulatory gene containing a mutation in the coding region, yafC{*
Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was evaluated as an alternative for the treatment of sugarcane stillage obtained in the bioethanol production process. First, a synthetic stillage solution was prepared in order to study the influence of the main operational parameters of DCMD in the permeate flux, as well as to analyze the separation of volatile components (such as ethanol and acetic acid) and the concentration of non-volatile components presented in the feed stream (sucrose and other salts). Secondly, an industrial sample of sugarcane stillage was treated using DCMD. The highest flux achieved was 13.4 kg/m(2).h for a transmembrane temperature difference of 55 degrees C, reaching a recovery degree of 70\% with a specific thermal energy consumption of 671 kWh/m(3). Then, sugarcane stillage was concentrated until 60 degrees Brix. A preliminary economic study was also presented, an estimated cost of 1.25 \$ per m(3) of recovered permeate was obtained without any heat integration or DCMD operational optimization. DCMD showed to be suitable for stillage disposal allowing to recuperate the permeate stream as process water (containing mainly water and a low concentration of volatile components) and the concentrated stillage as biofuel to be used in the steam boiler (for producing more energy making the process thermally sustainable) or for ferti-irrigation (for reducing the transportation cost due to the volume reduction). {[
Wood fiber derived cellulose has been mainly used as the raw material in the papermaking. However, currently the paper production capacity is greater than the availability of wood. To overcome this problem, there have been many attempts to use non-wood fibers as substitutes for papermaking such as the fibrous materials derived from agriculture wastes. In this research, the paper was made from sugarcane bagasse which was previously delignified using soda process. The research was conducted by varying NaOH concentrations of 8-16\%, delignification temperatures of 60-100 degrees C and times of 30-150 min. The aim of the research was to study the effect of delignification process on physical properties of sugarcane baggase soda pulping. The results showed the increase in tensile strengths as the NaOH concentrations increased. Tensile strength was increasing up to optimum temperature and time and then decreased. The water uptake results showed the opposite tendencies with those of tensile strength. The optimum condition was achieved at the NaOH concentration of 10 \%, delignification temperature of 80 degrees C, and time of 90 min. Tensile strength and water uptake achieved at this optimum condition were 27.42 N/mm(2) and 240 g/m(2), respectively.
The present study aims to present the main concepts of the sugarcane straw to energy planning. Throughout the study, the subject is contextualized highlighting broader aspects of sustainability, which is considered the main driver towards agro-energy modernization. Concerning sugarcane straw, we first evaluated its availability regarding technical and economic aspects, and then it summarized the straw production chain for energy supply purposes. As a proposal to support agro-energy planning, it is presented some spatial tools that have been barely used in the Brazilian energy planning context so far. Therefore, working on straw to electricity associated with supply chain basis, we developed a conceptual model to spatially assess this bioenergy system. Using the model proposed, it is described the whole supply chain at state level, which accounted the potential of a single mill to explore straw, as well as main costs associated with straw acquisition, investments on the straw recovery routes and electricity transmission. Bearing these concepts in mind, it is fully believed that spatial analysis can bring important information for agro-energy action plans.
Biobased fuels, chemicals, and materials can replace fossil fuel products and mitigate climate change. Sugarcane mills have the potential to produce a wider range of biobased chemicals in a similar approach to bioethanol production, including adipic acid. Multiple alternative pathways for converting simple sugars into adipic acid have been described, with the potential for integration into a sugar mill. The economics and expected greenhouse gas emissions reductions compared to fossil-based adipic acid were investigated in the present study to identify preferred pathways for implementation in sugarcane biorefineries. Nine biobased pathways for adipic acid production were screened for technical performances, resulting in the selection of four preferred options for rigorous comparison, i.e., direct microbial conversion of sugars, and production via cis,cis-muconic acid, glucaric acid, and glycerol as intermediate, obtained from sugars. The minimum selling prices of adipic acid for an attractive return on investment were determined for these pathways, using either A-molasses or a combination of A-molasses and pretreated sugarcane lignocelluloses in biorefineries designed to be energy-self-sufficient. Adipic acid production from A-molasses via cis,cismuconic acid was the best overall performing scenario with the lowest minimum selling price of USD 2,538/Mt and lowered greenhouse gas emissions (2,325 g CO2 eq/kg wet) compared to fossil-based adipic acid production. The scenarios with combined A-molasses and lignocellulosic feedstock had increased minimum selling prices by 29 to 101\% compared to adipic acid production from A-molasses via cis,cis-muconic acid. (c) 2023 BRTeam. All rights reserved.
Bacteria-synthesized polysaccharides have attracted interest for biomedical applications as promising biomaterials to be used as implants and scaffolds. The present study tested the hypothesis that cellulose exopolysaccharide (CEC) produced from sugarcane molasses of low cost and adequate purity would be suitable as a template for 2D and 3D neuron and/or astrocyte primary cultures, considering its low toxicity. CEC biocompatibility in these primary cultures was evaluated with respect to cell viability, adhesion, growth and cell function (calcium imaging). Polystyrene or MatrigelA (R) matrix were used as comparative controls. We demonstrated that the properties of this CEC in the 2D or 3D configurations are suitable for differentiation of cortical astrocytes and neurons in single or mixed cultures. No toxicity was detected in neurons that showed NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx. Unlike other polysaccharides of bacterial synthesis, the CEC was efficient as a support even in the absence of surface conjugation with extracellular matrix proteins, maintaining physiological characteristics of cultured neural cells. These observations open up the perspective for development of a novel 3D biofunctional scaffold produced from bacterial cellulose and obtained from renewable sources whose residues are not pollutants. Its low cost and possibility to be manufactured in scale are also suitable for potential applications in regenerative medicine. {[
Pyrolysis temperature and application rate of biochar to soil can influence herbicide behavior and soil fertility. The objective was to investigate the effect of soil amendments with application rates of sugarcane straw biochar, produced at different pyrolysis temperatures, on the sorption-desorption of metribuzin in soil. The analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The treatments were three pyrolysis temperatures (BC350, BC550 and BC750 degrees C) and seven application rates (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5 and 10\% w w(-1)). Amended soil with different application rates decreased H + Al and increased pH, OC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, CEC and BS contents. K-f values of sorption and desorption of metribuzin were 1.42 and 0.78 mg((1-1/n)) L-1/n Kg(-1), respectively, in the unamended soil. Application rates < 1\% of biochar sorbed similar to 23\% and desorbed similar to 15\% of metribuzin, similar to unamended soil, for all pyrolysis temperatures. Amended soil with 10\% of BC350, BC550 and BC750 sorbed 63.8, 75.5 and 89.4\% and desorbed 8.3, 5.8 and 3.7\% of metribuzin, respectively. High pyrolysis temperature and application rates of sugarcane straw biochar show an ability to immobilize metribuzin and improve soil fertility, which may influence the effectiveness in weed control.
When wetlands reach maximum treatment capacity to remove heavy metals, removal can still take place through precipitation as sulfide because of the biological reduction of sulfate. To achieve this goal, anaerobic conditions must be attained, a sulfate source must exist, and an adequate substrate for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is also required. In the present work, two ligneous-cellulosic materials, a brown seaweed and sugarcane bagasse, have been selected as substrates for SRB growth. Experiments were simultaneously conducted in continuous operation in two columns (0.57 L each), one containing the ligneous-cellulosic material plus inoculum and another containing only the ligneous-cellulosic material. In this work, the removal of cadmium and zinc was studied because of their presence in effluents from mining/metallurgy operations. Results obtained indicated that the inoculated reactor was able to treat the effluent more efficiently than the noninoculated reactor considering the time course of the tests.
This paper has been investigated the effect of steel and polypropylene fibres addition in concrete and evaluating the mechanical properties of concrete. In this research work has focused on concrete specimens for compression and flexural rigidity prepared with steel fibres and polypropylene fibres along with the different percentage of SCBA for various moist curing. The experimental test results were proved a better improvement in strength gain up to16.37\% and 27.01\% for 7 and 28 days respectively when the dual fibre combination of 1.5\% of steel (by volume fraction) along with 0.2\% of polypropylene fibres along with 20\% of SCBA. Also, there was an increase in flexural strength up to 57.14\% in concrete with steel and polypropylene fibre combinations than compared to conventional concrete. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International conference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.
Green ceramic hollow fiber membranes with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces (ss-CHFM/WSBA) were successfully fabricated via facile sol-gel process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) as precursors. In this work, silica solution was prepared using the modified Stoller method. This process was followed by dipping the pristine membranes into the sol-gel solution at various grafting times (0-90 min), grafting cycles (0-4 cycles), and calcination temperatures (400-600 degrees C). The wettability, surface morphology, and chemical composition of the pristine and ss-CHFM/WSBA membranes were investigated. The results showed that increasing the grafting time has increased the wettability of ss-CHFM/WSBA with high contact angle of up to 163.9 degrees. Similarly, increasing grafting cycle has enhanced the hydrophobicity of ss-CHFM/WSBA due to the formation of hierarchical structure of grafting cycle which were more than one. The optimum calcination temperature for ss-CHFM/WSBA was identified. It was found that increasing the calcination temperature has degraded the sol template on the sur face of ss-CHFM/WSBA, hence decreasing the wettability. The preliminary performance tests showed that ss-CHFM/WSBA grafted at 60 min, 3 cycles, and calcined at 400 degrees C showed excellent oil/water separation efficiency of 99.9\% and oil flux of 137.2 L/m(2)h. (C) 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
The aim of the present study is to develop a multifunctional sugarcane fibres reinforced epoxy porous composite combining good acoustic and mechanical properties. The study of the bagasse fibres geometry has shown that fibres' length and diameter distribution can be fitted by lognormal laws. Composites manufactured by thermo-compression process with an epoxy matrix were characterized using an experimental design whose parameters were the diameter of the fibres (between 0.5 and 4 mm) and their mass ratio (between 40 and 70 \%). The study of acoustic properties showed that the sound absorption increases with the diameter of the fibres, while decreasing with their mass proportion, over a frequency range between 500 and 1000 Hz. Mechanical characterisation by bending tests, has shown a fragile behaviour, with deviations of stiffness and maximum stress around 36 \%. The stereo-correlation image analysis confirmed the heterogeneity of the strain fields throughout the thickness, in relation to the fracture observation.
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) at mild conditions was optimized with response surface methodology (RSM), then enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at high-solids substrate loading (30 \%, w/v), followed by fed-batch fermentation to convert the fermentable sugars into succinic acid (SA). Results showed the AHP pretreatment conditions of H2O2 concentration 5.5 \% (v/v), solid-to-liquid ratio 0.08, pretreatment temperature 65 degrees C and time 5 h could achieve the highest sugar yield (74.3 \%); both additives and fed-batch strategy were favored to boost enzymatic hydrolysis, the concentration and yield of total sugars reached to 195 g/L and 70 \% with cellulase dosage of only 6 FPU/g dry biomass (DM); all glucose and xylose could be utilized after fed-batch fermentation, and the obtained concentration and yield of SA reached 41.4 g/L and 63.8 \%. In summary, a SA conversion rate high to 0.29 g/g SCB raw material could be achieved via the developed process.
Resistant starch 2 (RS2) may offer therapeutic value to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients particularly in combination with minimally fermented fibre, but tolerability data are lacking. The present study evaluated the tolerability of RS2, sugarcane bagasse and their combination in IBS patients and healthy controls. Following baseline, participants consumed the fibres in escalating doses lasting 3 d each RS2 (10, 15 and 20 g/d); sugarcane bagasse (5, 10 and 15 g/d); and their combination (20, 25 and 30 g/d). Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed daily. Six IBS patients and five controls were recruited. No differences in overall symptoms from baseline were found across the fibre doses (IBS, P = 0.586; controls, P = 0.687). For IBS patients, all RS2 doses led to increased bloating. One IBS patient did not tolerate the low combination dose and another the high sugarcane bagasse dose. Supplementation of RS2 <= 20 g/d caused mild symptoms and was generally tolerated in IBS patients even when combined with minimally fermented fibre.
Lignin depletion in new cultivars or transgenic plants has been identified as a way to diminish the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic materials. Direct enzymatic digestion of these materials provides some discrimination concerning their digestibility, but the cellulose conversion to glucose is usually lower than 30\% in the case of sugarcane bagasse. This study evaluates the alkaline pretreatment of eleven sugarcane hybrids and one reference sample as a method for enhancing sample digestibility with the aim of better discrimination among cultivars. The treatment of the bagasse samples with 0.1\% NaOH solutions resulted in an average of 10\% of dry mass solubilization, with significant variation among the samples. The mass balances for these treatments showed that the cellulose fraction remained almost unchanged, whereas the hemicellulose decreased in most of the samples. The lignin fraction decreased only in the plants that contained the highest initial lignin contents. Alkali-treated samples provided enhanced cellulose conversion levels, varying from 23\% to 48\% after 72 h of enzymatic digestion. After pretreatment, the samples were better distinguished according to their digestibility by enzymes. In general, the experimental hybrids with originally low lignin contents presented the highest digestibility. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Compost produced from sugarcane bagasse was substituted at a range of different concentrations into soil bedding medium mixture, to evaluate their effects on the growth ofPelargonium x hortorum. Plants were grown in a substrate mixture (25\% leaf compost; 25\% cow manure; 50\% garden soil (volume) as control and substitution with different rates of sugarcane bagasse compost of 20\%, 30\%, 40\%, 80\% and 100\% were applied in three replications. The results showed that application of sugarcane compost started to stimulate plant growth at 20\% level and continued over other levels; however, there was no significant difference among sugarcane compost levels regarding many growth traits. Application of low rates particularly 20\% resulted in the highest record regarding many morphological traits including number of leaves, lateral stems, flowering shoots, flowers, inflorescence diameter, main shoot diameter, shoot and root biomass, and phosphorus concentration. Moreover, nitrogen and potassium concentrations were highest at 40\% treatment. A positive increase in chlorophyllabut not chlorophyllbwas found by application of all levels of sugarcane compost compared to control plants.
In anaerobic digestion (AD), the choice of inoculum type seems to be relevant for methane production for complex substrates, such as lignocellulosic material. Previous work demonstrated that the addition of fresh manure and ruminal fluid to anaerobic sludge improved methane productivity and kinetics of AD of crude sugarcane bagasse (CSB). Considering that the improvement of methane production could be a result of a more adapted microbial community, the present study performed the Next Generation Sequencing analysis to identify changes in the microbiome of anaerobic sludge inoculum, resulting from fresh manure and ruminal fluid addition. In comparison with AD performed only with anaerobic sludge inoculum (50:50, U), accumulated methane production was 15\% higher with anaerobic sludge plus ruminal fluid inoculum (50:50, UR) and even higher (68\%) with anaerobic sludge with fresh bovine manure inoculum (50:50, UFM), reaching the value of 143 NmL(CH4.)g(VS)(-1). Clostridium species were highly abundant in all inocula, playing an important role during the hydrolysis and fermentation of CSB, and detoxifying potential inhibitors. Microbial composition also revealed the occurrence of Pseudomonas and Anaerobaculum at UFM inoculum that seem to have contributed to the higher methane production rate, mainly due to their hydrolytic and fermentative ability on lignocellulosic substrates. On the other hand, the presence of Alcaligenes might have had a negative effect on methane production due to their ability to perform methane oxidation.
Background: During the past few years, the first industrial-scale cellulosic ethanol plants have been inaugurated. Although the performance of the commercial cellulase enzymes used in this process has greatly improved over the past decade, cellulases still represent a very significant operational cost. Depending on the region, transport of cellulases from a central production facility to a biorefinery may significantly add to enzyme cost. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple, cost-efficient cellulase production process that could be employed locally at a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery. Results: Our work focused on two main topics: growth medium formulation and strain improvement. We evaluated several Brazilian low-cost industrial residues for their potential in cellulase production. Among the solid residues evaluated, soybean hulls were found to display clearly the most desirable characteristics. We engineered a Trichoderma reesei strain to secrete cellulase in the presence of repressing sugars, enabling the use of sugarcane molasses as an additional carbon source. In addition, we added a heterologous beta-glucosidase to improve the performance of the produced enzymes in hydrolysis. Finally, the addition of an invertase gene from Aspegillus niger into our strain allowed it to consume sucrose from sugarcane molasses directly. Preliminary cost analysis showed that the overall process can provide for very low-cost enzyme with good hydrolysis performance on industrially pre-treated sugarcane straw. Conclusions: In this study, we showed that with relatively few genetic modifications and the right growth medium it is possible to produce considerable amounts of well-performing cellulase at very low cost in Brazil using T. reesei. With further enhancements and optimization, such a system could provide a viable alternative to delivered commercial cellulases.
Plastic waste pollution is a growing environmental concern due to the increased use of conventional plastics. This study investigates the techno-economics of biodegradable, bio-based plastics, i.e. polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), as potential substitutes for conventional plastics, to identify the most viable one to be produced in a biorefinery annexed to a typical sugar mill. Six potential biorefinery scenarios were simulated in Aspen Plus (R), in which PLA or PBS is derived from sugarcane molasses (1G scenarios), bagasse and harvesting residues (2G scenarios) or a mixture of molasses, bagasse, and harvesting residues (1G2G scenarios). The economic feasibility of the PLA and PBS scenarios was evaluated by means of the minimum selling prices (MSP) for an acceptable return on investment. The PLA scenarios showed lower MSPs than PBS with the 1G2G scenario having the lowest MSP (2965 US\$ t(-1)), comparable to the commonly available PLA from corn grain (5140 US\$ t(-1)). Polylactic acid benefited from lower process energy demands (5.5-5.8 MJ kg(-1) of biomass or sugars processed) compared to PBS (5.1-8.2 MJ kg(-1)), which plays a crucial role in an energy self-sufficient biorefinery. Furthermore, a 1G-biorefinery was identified producing a fully biobased PBS at an MSP of 2980 US\$ t(-1) that is price competitive against fossil-derived PBS (2380 US\$ t(-1)) and partially bio-derived PBS (4730 US\$ t(-1)). To date, this was the first study to evaluate the detailed techno-economics of a fully biobased and biodegradable PBS biorefinery in an energy self-sufficient context, which was demonstrated to be cost-competitive against both partial bio-derived PBS and fully bio-derived PBS. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Sugarcane biorefineries, despite their contribution to sustainable transportation fuels and mitigation of carbon emissions in the mobility sector, produce a large amount of carbon dioxide in their conversion processes. According to the Paris climate agreement, a carbon neutral energy system has to be launched in the years to come, and in this scenario, greenhouse gases emission free industrial processes and alternative carbon sources will be needed. Therefore, this paper presents the evaluation of carbon mass balance of a typical Brazilian ethanol mill to better understand its potential for energy and carbon yield improvement. Due to the fact that Brazilian sugarcane mills are evolving from first generation to integrated first and second generation plant, four different scenarios were analysed. For a first generation plant without (S-I) and with conversion of straw to electricity (S-II) and for the integrated plant (S-III), results of carbon mass balance showed that the harvested sugarcane carbon was mainly converted into CO2 and in a smaller proportion into ethanol. In the modelled cases S- I to S- III the conversion of sugarcane carbon into CO2 and ethanol ranged from 41\% to 53\% and 17\%-22\%, respectively. Because this carbon amount in the CO2 flows provides an interesting platform to both increase the bioenergy produced and the harvested carbon-to-fuels ratio, a fourth scenario (S-IV) that studies the integration of power-to-gas (PtG) technologies into the mill was also considered. PtG can increase the sugarcane fuels energy content from 9.3kW/ha to 33.6 kW/ha using 1361.3 MWe of electricity, increasing the amount of sugarcane carbon transformed into sugarcane based fuels to 54\% and converting CO2 into a high value added product. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The study focuses on the effective conversion of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by catalytic deoxygenation using various alkali and metal-based catalysts under N-2 pressure employing water as solvent. The specific influence of catalyst over bio-crude yields (bio-oil and aqueous fraction) including energy recovery ratio was explored. The optimum catalytic condition (Ru/C) resulted in similar to 70\% of bio-crude and 28\% of bio-oil with an improved HHV (31.6 MJ/kg) having 11.6\% of aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons (C-10-C-20) which can be further upgraded to drop-in fuels. The biocrude composed of 44\% of aqueous soluble organic fraction (HTL-AF). Further, the carbon -rich HTL-AF was valorized through acidogenic fermentation to yield biohydrogen (Bio-H-2). The maximum bio-H-2 production of 201 mL/g of TOC conversion (K2CO3 catalyst) was observed with 7.7 g/L of VFA. The SCB was valorized in a biorefinery design with the production of fuels and chemical intermediates in a circular chemistry approach.
The production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) calls for effective pretreatment and hydrolysis techniques to maximize reducing sugar yields. In this study, optimized microwave-assisted alkali (MAA) pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis was assessed for the production of reducing sugars from sugarcane straw (SCS). To evaluate effects of MAA pretreatment on SCS composition, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed upon subjecting SCS to 320, 640, and 960 W microwave power, using 1-3\% (w/v) NaOH, and residence time of 5, 15, and 25 min. The pretreated SCS was made to undergo acid hydrolysis at 121 degrees C temperature and reaction time of 10-60 min to release reducing sugars. ABE was produced by anaerobic fermentation of reducing sugars using Clostridium beijerinkii. After pretreatment, maximum responses of 76.3\% lignin removal, 21.1\% hemicellulose, and 71.9\% cellulose were achieved at 640 W microwave power, 2.8\% NaOH concentration, and 19 min. The maximum reducing sugar concentration was 46.2 g/L while 18.7 g/L of ABE was produced. The results revealed that optimized MAA pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis can enhance the yield of reducing sugars for ABE production with no need for costly enzymes.
Synthetic emulsifiers in food industries are being replaced with a customer-friendly food ingredient that is derived from biomass using sustainable green technologies. After hydrothermal liquefaction treatment, raw bagasse (21\%), pith (26\%), and rind portions (25\%) were obtained with reduced ash contents. As aqueous extracts, with oligosaccharides and lignin residues, it was used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions with 5\% soybean oil. Results showed that the emulsions stabilised the oil droplets with particle size between 11 and 17 mu m by steric repulsion with raw bagasse-stabilised emulsion showing a better stability at 25 degrees C (31 days). It was demonstrated that raw bagasse extracts, without alteration, maybe a potential unconventional source for food-grade emulsifiers by integrating a versatile thermochemical conversion of waste without the use of chemicals.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of grouping stands of sugarcane harvested mechanically, and without previous straw burning in the region of Ribeirao Preto-SP, according to the potential of weed infestation. Clustering analysis and other multivariate analysis techniques were applied, using as variable the relative rate of infestation assigned by visual assessments, in two phases: in the first, twenty sugarcane plots with an 18-month cycle were selected. These areas were used to compare two methods to estimate the specific composition of the weeds, namely, a phytosociological analysis, described by Mueller-Dombois \& Ellenberg (1974) and an analysis of the visual percentage of general coverage (GC) and specific coverage (SC). In the second phase, the specific composition of the weed community was evaluated in 189 plots in areas of ratoon sugarcane harvested in 2008, attributing to these plots only GC and SC. Based on the information obtained on the weed community, a database was built, and subjected to exploratory analysis of multivariate statistical techniques. For the main species within the stands (DIGNU, ARACH, IPOHF, MRRCI and IPOQU, followed by CYPRO, ELEIN and EPHHS), 75\% of coinciding results were verified between the two methods. It was found that the visual assessments of species coverage percentage may substitute, for purposes of convenience, flexibility and applicability, the phytosociological evaluations, as these assessments provided good detection capability of the main weeds in each stand. The techniques of multivariate statistics showed that the plots can be grouped according to similarities in infestation intensity and species composition.
In Brazil, ethanol is obtained by fermentat of sugar cane juice using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cane juice extraction generates the bagasse that has been used for obtaining generation biofuel. However, the sugarcane bagasse has 30\% pentose that cannot be fermented to ethanol by S. cerevisiae. Thus the aim of this study was to isolate a yeast able to ferment xylose to ethanol. Samples of cane juice and flowers were used for the isolation of 165 strains that were then screened for ethanol production using plate testing. Among them, the ethanol positive strains Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Starmerella meliponinorum were selected for a xylose fermentation assay, using a semi-synthetic and bagasse hydrolysate as must. S. meliponinorum and S. pombe produced 0.63 and 2.7 gL(-1) of ethanol, respectively, from xylose in a semisynthetic medium. In the medium consisting of bagasse hydrolysate must, 0.67 and 1.1 gL(-1) of ethanol were obtained from S. meliponinorum and S. pombe, respectively. All the yeasts produced xylitol from xylose in the semisynthetic medium and S. meliponinorum was that which produced the highest quantity (14.5 g L-1).
Activated carbon (AC), prepared from sugarcane bagasse waste through a low-temperature chemical carbonization treatment, was used as a support for nano-TiO2. TiO2 supported on AC (xTiO(2) AC) catalysts (x = 10, 20, 50, and 70 wt.\%) were prepared through a mechano-mixing method. The photocatalysts were characterized by Raman, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, S-BET, field emission scanning electron microscope, and optical technique. The adsorption and photo-activity of the prepared catalysts (xTiO(2) AC) were evaluated using methylene blue (MB) dye. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was evaluated under UVC irradiation and visible light. The degradation percentage of the 100 ppm MB at neutral pH using 20TiO(2)-AC reaches 96 and 91 after 180 min under visible light and UV irradiation, respectively. In other words, these catalysts are more active under visible light than under UV light irradiation, opening the possibility of using solar light for this application.
This study assesses different thermal-physical-mechanical properties and micro structural characteristics of multilayer particleboards (outer layers made of sugarcane bagasse and inner layer made of sugarcane bagasse and Amazonia vegetable fibres-curaua and jute). Initially, anatomical and physical-chemical properties from these natural fibres were characterized individually in order to evaluate their potential for use in the production of particleboard. The bulk density of the panels was designed to be 550 kg m(-3), and was checked by X-ray. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated following the ABNT NBR 14810:2013 (2013) Brazilian Standards recommendations. The thermal conductivity was determined by adapting the methodology established by ISO 8301:1999. Results indicate that the multilayer boards present higher superficial density, compared to the inner layers. Mechanical property values of the particleboards with vegetable fibres were higher than the panels using only sugarcane bagasse for the corresponding densities. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of the multilayer boards was similar, indicating that the inclusion of vegetable fibres did not affect this property. The X-ray micro-tomography analyses (microCT) indicated higher porosity in the internal layer. Considering durability tests, the particleboards with vegetable fibres presented lower mechanical properties after aging test.
An iron (III)-impregnated sorbent was prepared from sugarcane bagasse and ferric chloride solution via carbonization/activation in a muffle furnace at 500 A degrees C for 4 h. The adsorption removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by the iron (III)-impregnated sorbent was then studied in a batch system. With increasing initial chromium (VI) concentration from 25 to 130 mg/L at an adsorbent dose of 300 mg/50 mL, the amount of adsorbed chromium (VI) increased from 4.15 to 12.20 mg/g at 20 A degrees C, from 4.16 to 12.50 mg/g at 30 A degrees C, and from 4.16 to 13.72 mg/g at 40 A degrees C. The dynamical data fit very well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the calculated adsorption capacities of 4.16, 8.37, and 13.37 mg/g were equal to the actual values of the experiments at the initial chromium (VI) concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/L, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm could yield better fits than the Freundlich isotherm. The calculated isotherm parameters confirmed the favorable adsorption of chromium (VI) on the iron (III)-impregnated sorbent.
Co-combustion characteristic was investigated in detail to investigate the combustion of coal/olive bagasse and their different ratios blends (10\%, 25\%, 50\%, and 75\%) using the thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and the differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Ignition and peak temperatures and other combustion characteristics for the samples were determined and correlated with the results obtained depending on the percentages of blends. As a results of the evaluation of all these parameters, it was thought that 25\% olive bagasse and 75\% coal blend were the most suitable value. In the final part of the work, the kinetic analysis of the samples was carried out by the Coats-Redfern method and the activation energies were determined. The activation energies of the coal/olive bagasse and their blends were assessed and compared. The calculated activation energy values for the combustion reactions of the samples ranged were found to be between 11.44 kJ/mol and 21.67 kJ/mol. As the blend percentage increased the olive bagasse showed a decreasing trend according to the ignition and peak temperature of the coal. It was determined that coal had more difficult combustible behavior than olive bagasse. In addition, a decrease in calorific values and an increase in comprehensive combustion index (CCI) value were observed as the percentage of olive bagasse blend increased.
Over the year, garbage from industry establishments' everyday operations included several different sorts. For instance, among the most prevalent industrial wastes formed in India is sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). This study's main goal is to examine the possibilities for using SCBA in burnt clay bricks. Using mechanical and thermal characteristics, the impact of SCBA and ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticle additions to the brick production clay has been studied. To achieve this, combinations of brick-making clay containing 15 wt\% SCBA and different weight portions of Ru nanoparticles (by 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7\%) were hydraulically uniaxially squeezed and sintered at 1000 celcius. Compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a water absorption test were among the mechanical and thermal parameters that were assessed and contrasted. Using a scanning electron microscope, the microstructure of the specimen's interfacial layer was also investigated. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is used to examine the novel nano clay brick's chemical structure. A clay brick with up to 5 wt\% Ru nanoparticles has greater compressive strength (32.6 MPa maximum) and thermal strength (8.8\% wt loss) than a brick with 0 wt\% (24.8 MPa and 31\% wt loss), according to experimental results. However, the compressive and thermal strengths were decreased for 7\% Ru nanoparticles brick (30.2 MPa and 9.1\% wt loss).