As an innovation in scientific research and development of a new product and with the objective of adding value to sugarcane bagasse, laboratory panels were made with 0\%, 25\%, 50\%, 75\% and 100\% particles from Saccharum spp bagasse mixed with Eucalyptus grandis fibers, a raw material traditionally used for MDF panels in Brazil. The physical and mechanical properties of the panels were evaluated according to EN 622-5 (1997). The results indicated that panels with up to 75\% bagasse showed average physical and mechanical property values that meet the current specification, thus opening up the prospect of using this abundant agricultural fiber resource.
Vinasse is sulfate-rich wastewater due to sulfuric acid dosage in some ethanol production steps. The vinasse sulfate concentration is subject to seasonal variations. A two-stage anaerobic membrane bioreactor (2S-AnMBR) was operated to evaluate the influence of COD/SO42- ratio on vinasse treatment performance by using a real vinasse sample under natural seasonal COD/SO42- variation. This ratio directly affects the sulfidogenesis efficiency, which is responsible for different forms of inhibition in the anaerobic treatment of sulfate-rich wastewater. The bioreactor presented a stable performance at the highest COD/SO42- ratios (50-94), with high removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (97.5 +/- 0.4\%) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) (98.0 +/- 0.6\%), but low removal of sulfate (69.9 +/- 9.5\%), indicating lower sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) activity. In the lowest COD/SO42- ratios (9-20), a deterioration in the removal of organic matter (87.0 +/- 1.3\%) and VFA (69.8 +/- 15.5\%) was observed, accompanied by sulfate removal increase (92.9 +/- 2.6\%). A significant correlation between COD fractions removed via methanogenesis and sulfidogenesis and the COD/SO42- ratio was found, indicating that the increase of this ratio is beneficial to the methanogenic archaea activity. The occurrence of sulfidogenesis, favored by the lower COD/SO42- ratios, induced the microbial soluble products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) release and protein/carbohydrate ratio increase in the mixed liquor, contributing to the filtration resistance increase.
This study aimed to evaluate the physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM), carbon management indexes (CMI), and the aggregation in soil areas of sugarcane cultivation. Five sugarcane cultivated areas were evaluated, in addition to a reference area of native forest (NF). Samples of disturbed soil, soil layers and undisturbed were collected In the disturbed samples, total carbon (TC), physical-granulometric fractionation of SOM were determined with subsequent CMI calculations. Aggregation analysis was performed in the undisturbed samples, and the weighted mean diameter (WMD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and percentage of aggregates retained in the different sieve classes were determined, in addition to determining the TC contents of each aggregate class. The NF presented the highest levels of TC, particulate carbon (C-POM), and mineral carbon (C-MOM). Among the managed areas, the area that received filter cake and vinasse application stood out with higher TC, C-POM, and C-MOM levels in the most subsurface layer. All areas cultivated with sugarcane presented CMI lower than the area with NF. The worst aggregation indexes were observed in the area with management with burning in the preharvest and only filter cake application. The best aggregation indexes were in the NF. The area with the practice of burning, but with the joint application of filter cake and vinasse for 16 consecutive years, provided the highest aggregation of soil and best CMI among the areas cultivated with sugarcane.
Aspergillus niger is used for xylanase production on agricultural waste as substrate under broth culture. Rice straw and sugarcane bagasse have been the most potential substrate for xylanase production. Two different mutagens were used: UV radiation for different time durations and 5-bromouracil of different concentrations. Mutants so formed were selected on the basis of morphological and colony characteristics. Selected mutants were checked for their stability, requirement of amino acid and xylanase activity. Tested mutants showed 4-fold increase in xylanase activity from wild type.
The present study investigates the influence of mixture of waste activated sludge (WAS) as inoculum (I) to the ratio of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and fruit-vegetable waste (FVW) as substrate (S) on biogas yield during anaerobic co-digestion. The lignin content of SB is very high, limiting its application for anaerobic digestion; therefore, FVW was used at varied ratio as substrate. Batch studies were conducted under ambient conditions in 500 mL glass bottles for 30 d at five different mixtures ratio of SB: FVW (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100) at different organic loading rate (OLR) varied from 0.85-2.4 g VS L-1 d(-1) and at fixed Inoculum/Substrate (I/S) ratio of 1. Results demonstrate that the maximum biogas yield of 2600 mL d(-1) was observed at substrate (SB: FVW) ratio of 30:70 with I/S ratio approximate to 1.0. An increment of 79,58 and 56\% in biogas generation at 70:30,50:50 and 30:70 mixture ratio of SB: FVW was observed compared to the mono anaerobic digestion of SB. The experimental data was validated with modified Gompertz equation and first order model and fits well. The kinetic coefficients determined at optimum ratio of 70:30 from Gompertz model were well supported the experimental data. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The cellulose fiber was extracted from the abandoned crop sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by means of chemical treatment methods. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) bio-based composites with SCB were prepared through fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technology, and the morphologies, mechanical properties, crystallization properties, and thermal stability of 3D-printed composites were investigated. Compared with the neat PLA, the incorporation of SCB into PLA reduces the tensile strength and flexural strength of 3D-printed samples but increases the flexural modulus. The difference in tensile performance and bending performance is that the tensile strength of 3D-printed samples is best when the SCB content is 6 wt\%, while the flexural modulus continuously decreases as the SCB content increases. Furthermore, the effects of various printing methods on the tensile performance of 3D-printed samples were explored via modifying G-code of 3D models. The results indicate that the optimum SCB fiber content is identical for all printing methods except method ``vertical.{''
The purpose of this study was to analyze batch and column adsorption kinetics equations of cadmium from aqueous solutions using sugarcane straw nano-structure absorbent. In the batch experiments, adsorption kinetics was investigated. In the column experiments, a-fixed-bed column with 84 cm height (27 cm for free board) and 3.4 cm internal diameter was used. Adsorption column performance for 5, 10 and 20 mg/L cadmium ion, for 0.05 L/min continuous flow rate from up to down and 27 cm bed height was used. Experiments were conducted at the pH = 5 and laboratory temperature condition. Second order kinetics model with R-2 = 0.974 and RMSE = 0.002 had the highest correlation with laboratory data. The maximum adsorption capacity of second order kinetics model (1.11 mg/g) was exactly equal to maximum actual adsorption capacity. Continuous test results showed that with increasing concentrations of 5 to 20 mg/L cadmium, the maximum adsorption capacity increased from 0.91 to 2.08 mg/g and the adsorption efficiency decreased from 48.8 to 30.32. The model of Thomas and Yon-Nelson with the correlation coefficient up to 0.95 were more consistent with laboratory data of fixed bed columns compared to Bohart-Adams, and Dose Response models.
A new process for conversion of sugarcane bagasse to ethanol was analyzed for production costs and energy consumption using experimental results. The process includes a sequential three-stage deacetylation, hot water, and disk-refining pretreatment and a commercial glucose-xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain. The simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SScF) step used was investigated at two solids loadings: 10\% and 16\% w/w. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the major operating parameters. The minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) varied between \$4.91and \$4.52/gal ethanol. The higher SScF solids loading (16\%) reduced the total operating, utilities, and production costs by 9.5\%, 15.6\%, and 5.6\%, respectively. Other important factors in determining selling price were costs for fermentation medium and enzymes (e.g., cellulases). Hence, these findings support operating at high solids and producing enzymes onsite as strategies to minimize MESP.
The need for sustainability necessitates intensive research on using renewable resources to produce biofuels and biochemicals. The esterification of commercial levulinic acid (LA) into ethyl levulinate (EL) was first optimized using methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum condition for the esterification of commercial LA into EL was 5.25 h, 90 degrees C and 2.75 g of MsOH loading. The EL yield and selectivity obtained were 92.2\% and 94\%, respectively, at a LA conversion of 98\%. The effect of various catalysts which are less corrosive and environmentally friendly, namely MsOH and ionic liquids (ILs), was investigated under fixed conditions to determine the best catalyst for the production of EL from LA. The alkyl levulinate ester selectivity from LA conversion was also studied by using linear and branched chain alcohols. The alkyl levulinate ester, ethyl levulinate, was produced from depithed sugarcane bagasse (DSB)-derived LA using a less corrosive homogenous catalyst (methanesulfonic acid). The reaction conditions of 5.25 h, 90 degrees C and 2.75 g of MsOH loading were used to produce EL from DSB-derived LA with an EL yield of 75\%.
This paper discusses the performance characteristics of a 280 kWth fluidized bed gasifier fueled with bagasse pellets, The gasifier was designed by the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and built by TERMOQUIP Energia Alternativa Ltda, based in Campinas, Brazil. Preliminary tests were performed in 1996 to determine the reactor performance as part of the gasification pilot plant test programme. A series of parameters, such as the lower heating value, heat losses, cold and hot gas thermal efficiency and gas yield, were measured as a function of the gasification air factor. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of new technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a current research challenge. In this way, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was used to assist alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in sequential batches (SB-HC), semi-continuous (SC-HC) and continuous (C-HC) processes. Pretreatment resulted in compositional modifications in the material, mainly regarding the cellulose and lignin contents. The released sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis resulted, on average, in 42 g and 32-35 g of glucose per 100 g of SCB for samples treated in B-HC (10 min of process) and SC-HC process (7.5 min residence time), respectively. In C-HC process, with an average residence time of 7.5 min and 3.75 min, 38-46 g and 32-38 g of glucose per 100 g of SCB were obtained respectively in enzymatic hydrolysis step. HC technology was shown as a promising alternative for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in all evaluated configurations aiming to produce high value bioproducts.
Correct waste disposal from the agro-industrial sector represents one of the premises for sustainable agriculture. This work aimed to analyze the use of sugarcane filter cake in soybean fertilization and its effects on soil chemical attributes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications: T1 - Control; T2 - Mineral fertilization (300 kg ha(-1) of the formulated 00-30-10); and the following percentages of the recommended dose of filter cake: T3 - 50\% (17 ton ha(-1)), T4 - 100\% (34 ton ha(-1)), T5 - 150\% (51 ton ha(-1)), and T6 - 200\% (68 ton ha(-1)). The soil chemical attributes were evaluated, and soybean was assessed for germination, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, height of the first pod insertion, and yield. The treatments promoted no differences in soybean germination or height of the first pod insertion, while the use of filter cake positively influenced plant height. Moreover, no differences among treatments were found for pods per plant, seeds per pod, thousand-seed weight, and yield. Therefore, using organic filter cake residue in soybean cultivation is feasible, representing an alternative to chemical fertilization for soybean cultivation.
A large sugarcane mill with a processing capacity of 12,444 metric ton sugarcane per day is used as a host plant for the evaluation of several bio-refinery concepts to produce sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Five SAF tech-nologies are studied: Virent's BioForming, alcohol to jet, direct sugar to hydrocarbon, fast pyrolysis-bio-oil hydrotreatment, and gasification \& Fischer-Tropsch technologies. A standardized methodology is followed to evaluate twenty integrated scenarios to produce fuels using sugarcane mill facilities. In our analyses we assumed that the sugarcane mill operates 6 months but that the SAF unit operates twelve months (with switchgrass, molasses, and ethanol purchases). For each of the scenarios, the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) within the integrated scenarios are estimated. Fourteen out of fifteen integrated scenarios resulted in reductions of capital (5 to 86 \%) and operational costs (4 to 34 \%) compared with the base case processes. These benefits are associated with a better use of sugarcane mill's infrastructure, co-products availability (molasses and ethanol) as well as waste stream feedstocks (surplus bagasse). It was possible to identify conditions reducing MFSPs between 8 and 53 \% from corresponding base cases. Twelve scenarios yielded GHG savings from 10\% to 97\%.
In this work, potential for thermochemical conversion of biomass residues from an integrated sugar-ethanol process and the fate of ash and ash-forming elements in the process are presented. Ash, ash-forming elements, and energy flows in the process were determined using mass balances and analyses of eight different biomass samples for ash contents, elemental compositions, and heating values. The results show that the ash content increases from the sugarcane to the final residue, vinasse. The cane straw, which is left in the field, contains one-third of the energy and 25\% of the K and Cl while the vinasse contains 2\% of the energy and 40\% of the K and Cl in the cane. K and Cl in biomass fuels cause corrosion and fouling problems in boilers and gasifiers. Over 85\% of these elements in the straw are water soluble indicating that water leaching would improve it for utilization in thermochemical conversion. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of operation conditions on sub/supercritical water hydrolysis (SWH) of sugarcane bagasse and coconut husk, adding carbon dioxide (CO2) as acid catalyst. The assays were carried out in a semi-bath unit equipped with a 50 mL reaction vessel. The process was conducted at 250 degrees C for 30 min, with water and carbon dioxide 20 MPa. The results of SWH of sugarcane with the addition of carbon dioxide indicate that there was no change in the content of reducing sugars in the hydrolysate (13.5\%). However, for coconut husk the total reducing sugars recovered increased 15\% in the hydrolysate more effectively and showed greater percentages of sugars compared to sugarcane. The pH varied indicating that other compounds were degraded by the addition of carbon dioxide to water at both raw materials. The phenolic compound analysis indicated that the fermentation inhibitors increased with carbon dioxide addition for sugarcane bagasse, and decreased for coconut husk. Therefore, the addition of carbon dioxide as an acid catalyst in the SWH of sugarcane bagasse did not improve the process, but it did improves the sub/supercritical water hydrolysis of coconut husk. Therefore, sub/supercritical water hydrolysis should be optimized individually for each raw material
The high cost of commercial cellulases still hampers the economic competitiveness of the production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomasses. This cost may be decreased by the on-site production of cellulases with the integrated use of the lignocellulosic biomass as carbon source. This integrated approach was evaluated in the present study whereby steam-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SPSB) was used as carbon source for the production of cellulases by Trichoderma reesei Rut C30. The use of SPSB resulted in an enzyme preparation with a cellulase activity of 1.93 FPU/mL. Additionally, a significant beta-glucosidase activity, of 0.37 BGU/mL, was achieved in buffered media, which is not a common feature of T. reesei culture supernatants, indicating the importance of pH control during enzyme production. The hydrolysis of SPSB with the laboratory-made mixture resulted in a glucose yield of 80\%, which was equivalent to those observed for control experiments using commercial enzymes. It was shown that SPSB is a promising carbon source for the production of cellulases and beta-glucosidases by T. reesei Rut C30 and that the enzyme preparation obtained is effective for the hydrolysis of SPSB without the need for beta-glucosidases supplementation, supporting the on-site integrated approach to decrease the cost of the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.
Industrial use of sugarcane straw for bioenergy production represents a promising opportunity for the Brazilian sugarcane sector. Nonetheless, intensified straw removal may aggravate the effects of mechanized harvesting and increase the risks of soil compaction, declining sugarcane yield. An experiment was designed, and four field studies were conducted to evaluate the cumulative effects of straw removal on soil physical attributes (bulk density, BD; soil resistance to penetration, SRP; macroporosity, MaP; microporosity, MiP, and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, MWD) and their relationship with crop yield under clayey and sandy soils in the Sao Paulo state, Brazil. In each field study, four straw removal rates (no removal, NR; low removal, LR, removal of 5 Mg ha(-1); high removal, HR, removal of 10 Mg ha(-1); and total removal, TR, removal of 15 Mg ha(-1)) were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. The 4-year intensive management of straw removal (HR and TR) resulted in an increased soil compaction (BD and SRP values) and reduced the MWD in both sandy and clayey soils. Our findings also showed that these effects are more significant in sandy soils, where soil carbon content was substantially reduced in HR and TR treatments. Sites with higher BD and SRP induced by straw removal were strongly associated with lower sugarcane yields, especially in sandy soils. Conversely, our findings indicate that LR was not detrimental to soil physical quality and sugarcane yield. Nevertheless, considering the multifunctionality of straw in sustaining multiple ecosystem services in different soil types, straw management should be defined taking into consideration site-specific conditions. We advocate that recommendations for straw removal should also be combined with other conservationist soil management practices in order to minimize soil compaction and its negative implications on sugarcane yield and other ecosystem services.
Overuse of the fossil fuels to fulfill existing energy requirements has generated various environmental problems like global warming. Emergence of environmental issues due to burning of the fossil fuel resources has provoked researchers to explore alternative sources of fuel. In this scenario, microalgal biofuels could present a promising alternative fuel if produced cost-effectively without competing for freshwater resources and arable land. Aim of the present study was to grow microalgae by employing lignocellulosic waste for production of lipids. Scenedesmus dimorphus NT8c was chosen based on its ability to tolerate heat, rapid growth, and ease of harvesting by overnight settling. Biochemical composition and growth parameters of microalgae were analyzed when cultivated mixotrophically on sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, a low-value agricultural by-product, that is, currently underutilized. Despite a slight increase in turbidity in the medium, S. dimorphus NT8c cultures raised mixotrophically in 5 g/L sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate displayed significantly higher growth rates compared to photoautotrophic cultivation with an overall biomass productivity of 119.5 mg L d(-1), protein contents of 34.82\% and fatty acid contents of 15.41\%. Thus, microalgae cultivated mixotrophically are capable of photosynthesizing while metabolizing and assimilating organic carbon, significant increases of biomass and lipid productivity can be achieved. However, high supplementation with organic carbon can result in unfavorable levels of turbidity and bacterial growth, reducing microalgal biomass productivity.
Sustainable implementation of thermochemical conversion of biomass to targeted products is dependent on innovations in catalyst design and tuning of structure-property relationships. This study details the use of potassium feldspar (K-feldspar) as a support doped with different iron (Fe) concentrations via wet impregnation (WI) method for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sugarcane bagasse anaerobic digestate. The Fe/K-feldspar supported catalysts were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller and Scanning Electron Microscopy analytical methods. Amongst all the catalysts, K-feldspar dopped with 10 wt\% Fe (WI-10) was more effective, producing 51.2 wt\% bio-crude. The catalyst's activity has been related to the balanced proportion of the microcline: sanidine: haematite (2.8:3.3:1) phases of Fe present on the catalyst, the surface area (porosity), and the surface functionality, thus conferring desirable activity properties. In addition, the WI-10 catalyst had a better selectivity towards substituted phenols that can potentially be used for higher-value applications such as the production of Nylons 6 and 66, and bioplastics. The bio-oil produced with WI-10 has also been demonstrated to be highly stable. The catalyst was reusable up to four times maintaining moderate catalytic performance, and a simple regeneration protocol was shown to restore the activity of the catalyst. The resulting solid residue also exhibited promise as a viable material for use in electrodes for Lithium-ion batteries (LiB). Therefore, this research has demonstrated a promising and sustainable resource recovery strategy for valorising wet biomass wastes into streams of useful products for valuable chemical production and energy application.
This paper assesses the environmental impacts of producing bio-energy, bio-fuels and bio-materials from Australian sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), and nominates the bio-production pathways offering the best environmental gains. A system-based, consequential approach was taken, which is different to past approaches that have commonly judged bio-production by comparing individual bio-products with their fossil-fuel counterparts. Possible diversified scenarios were developed, and the changes in environmental impacts from the system as a whole (per 100 t sugarcane processed) were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). Scenarios based on utilisation of co-products from existing sugarcane production (ethanol from molasses, and electricity and ethanol from surplus bagasse) were found to give modest reductions in non-renewable energy (NRE) use and global warming potential (GWP), and involve no or few trade-offs. Of these, ethanol and electricity from bagasse offer the best benefits. Scenarios necessitating expanded cane growing for dedicated production of ethanol and polylactide (PLA) plastics from cane juice were found to result in more substantial NRE and GWP savings, but involve the trade-offs associated with expanded agricultural production (land use, water use and potential water quality impacts). Of these, PLA production offers the better outcomes, amongst the scenarios. However, ecoefficient cane growing was found to be an equally important improvement strategy and should be implemented to enhance the benefits and mitigate some of the trade-off from bio-production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Levulinic acid is recognized as a prominent value-added chemical that can be obtained from bioresources and has versatile industrial applications. This work reports bioprocess modeling of levulinic acid synthesis from sugarcane bagasse employing response surface methodology and artificial intelligence techniques, including artificial neural network and fuzzy inference system approaches. The influence of process parameters, namely reaction temperature, concentration of levulinic acid and reaction time on the production of levulinic acid was investigated. The levulinic acid production values predicted by empirical models were compared with experimentally acquired data. The predictive capability of various models was appraised by computing statistical indices. The artificial neural network model was determined to be the best predictive model with the highest coefficient of determination value of 0.96 and the lowest error values (root mean square error = 0.272, mean absolute error = 0.072 and mean absolute percentage deviation = 2 \%). The feedforward back propagation network with 3-10-1 architecture was employed to model the production of levulinic acid. The process optimization was performed using the desirability function approach. The bagasse, on treatment under optimum conditions, with 1 M sulphuric acid at 190 ? for 15 min yielded 5.40 mg/mL levulinic acid accounting for 77.1 \% process efficiency. The utilization of waste biomass sugarcane bagasse would offer a sustainable approach for the production of platform chemical levulinic acid.
This issue of Bioenergy Research summarizes the results of two large-scale projects aiming to provide quantitative data to support decision-making for straw management and establish rational plans for sustainable straw removal without compromising soil health, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and sugarcane yield in Brazil. These projects cover results from multi-disciplinary research quantifying the effects of sugarcane straw harvest, transport, and conversion into biofuel, bioelectricity, or bio-renewable. Seventeen publications from a cross-institutional group addressing soil health, nutrient cycling and fertilizer management, GHG emissions, pest management, crop yield, engineering solutions, and industrial performance are included in this special issue. Overall, the main findings confirm that sustainable straw removal is feasible in Brazil, but integrated knowledge should be used to ensure that straw removal for industrial uses will not compromise soil ecosystem services and crop yields. We believe that this special issue provides an amalgamation of high-level scientific information and can be used on a strategic basis by academics, sugarcane industry, and policy makers at both state and national government levels.
Due to the existing difficulty of finding energy sources and reducing pollution, the use of renewable sources and highly efficient technologies for electrical energy production stands out as one of the promising solutions for the future. This paper shows the results of the combination of these two aspects, namely, a molten carbonate fuel cell system fed with biomass derived syngas. In particular, the biogas comes from bagasse and barbojo, the sugarcane residues. So far in developing countries they have been wasted or partly used with poorly efficient technology. The feasibility of such an application is studied by means of the process simulator Aspen Plus' in which a detailed Fortran model has been integrated for the electrochemical reactor simulation. The results of the predictive model are presented and discussed; in particular, the substantial economic and environmental advantages obtainable by applying the technical solution here proposed to the Peruvian energy scenario, are shown. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, and its sugarcane industry generates a large amount of liquid and solid wastes, among them the sugarcane straw. Aiming to add value to this waste, sugarcane straw ash was produced by controlled burning at 700 degrees C and it was applied as mineral addition in cement composites. The ashes were characterized by the techniques of X ray fluorescence, X ray diffraction, laser particle size and specific surface area. The following composite properties were evaluated: water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density, modulus of rupture, specific energy, elastic modulus and proportionality limit. The characterization of ash showed a high specific surface area and porosity and a halo of amorphicity was observed in the diffractograms. Composites produced with these ashes showed physical and mechanical characteristics similar to that of the control, allowing the partial replacement of Portland cement by this type of ashes.
Innovative schemes for lignocellulosic biomass refining could optimize the chemical use and biomass conversion efficiency, providing diversified biorefinery products. A new biorefinery scheme used mild alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical processing to pretreat sugarcane bagasse, producing highly digestible solids and diluted lignosulfonates in the black pretreatment liquor. Most of the glucan and xylan contained in the pretreated solids were converted into monosaccharides by saccharification with commercial enzymes. The undigested biomass solids remaining from the saccharification process were recycled with the existing alkaline-sulfite black pretreatment liquor. The optimized reaction conditions (159 degrees C and 13\% NaOH amendment in the liquor) enhanced the lignosulfonate concentration from 7.1 +/- 0.3 to 33.5 +/- 0.7 g/L. Mass balance for the process indicates that most of the original sugarcane bagasse lignin were split into lignosulfonates contained in the resulfonation liquor (57.3\%) and in the enzymatic hydrolysate (16.2\%). 2D-NMR analysis of a lignosulfonate fraction recovered by ultrafiltration confirmed that approximately 9-10\% of all beta-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether substructures were alpha-sulfonated. The combined chemical characteristics of the prepared lignosulfonate suggested its suitability for use in several lignosulfonate applications.
Biological-based conversion of agricultural residues into bioactive compounds may be considered to be the basis for various vital industries. However, finding a suitable microorganism is a challenge in the bioconversion process. Therefore, this study was conducted to find local fungal isolates able to convert a combination of plant biomass residues into organic acids (OAs). Based on their cellulase and phytase activities and rock phosphate (RP) solubilization potential, an efficient 15 fungal isolates (named F1 to F15) were selected and identified by both morphological and molecular methods using the 18S rRNA sequencing technique. The best fungal isolate (F15) was identified as Aspergillus japonicus. After 4 weeks of incubation below solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a mix of sugarcane bagasse and faba bean straw (3:7), with 7.5\% (v/w) fungal inoculum to the growth medium, the biodegradation process by the fungus reached its peak, i.e., maximum cellulolytic activity and RP solubilization ability. Under such fermentation conditions, seven organic acids were detected using HPLC, in the following order: ascorbic acid > oxalic acid > formic acid > malic acid > succinic acid > lactic acid > citric acid. Based on the results, Aspergillus japonicus (F15) could produce OAs and cellulose enzymes, and could be considered a new single-step bio-converter of sugarcane bagasse and faba bean straw residues into OAs. Furthermore, this fungus could be a new source of fungal cellulose, and could present a practical approach to reducing environmental contamination. Additional work is encouraged for more optimization of fermentation conditions.
This work examines some aspects of sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. Fixed bed pyrolysis was performed varying the final process temperature. Product yields and the variation of quality properties (calorific values) of bio-oil, biochar, and non-condensable gas were investigated. A mathematical model to simulate the trend of temperature that maximizes a marginal gain was developed considering the regression equations for yields and prices of products (related to market prices and calorific value of conventional fuels) and for the amount of biomass used to supply energy to the process. Two methodologies were adopted to calculate the optimum process temperature. The results showed very close temperatures (600 and 602 degrees C) for the best performing simulations of endogenous and fixed prices methods, with little difference between the yields of products, but with good variation between the marginal gains (\$124.9/tonne and \$129.8/tonne). Finally, the results of endogenous prices method for the fixed bed reactor were compared to the vacuum and fast pyrolysis reactors.
Use of blended cement with industrial by-products as supplementary cementitious materials is a sustainable alternative to carbon-intensive conventional cements. Although the potential of several new alternative cementitious materials has been reported in the literature, their industrial acceptance is minimal compared to fly ash and slag. In addition to performance evaluation in concrete, it is essential to compare the performance of new alternative cementitious materials with other widely recognised materials in industries to facilitate their acceptance. Therefore, the present study focuses on a thorough review of the characteristics and performance of bagasse ash in concrete compared to fly ash and slag blended concrete. Moreover, fresh, hardened and durability characteristics of bagasse ash blended concrete are critically reviewed. Based on a comprehensive review, the optimum replacement levels for bagasse ash, fly ash and slag are found to be 20\%, 30\% and 50\% respectively. Even though adverse effects such as delayed initial set, workability reduction, and increased consistency were observed for bagasse ash blended cements, the strength gain of bagasse ash blended concrete is found to be better than fly ash/slag blended concrete. Significant enhancement in resistance against chloride and water permeability is also reported for bagasse ash blended concrete compared to fly ash and slag blended concrete. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Current knowledge indicates that sugarcane straw is a short-term sink of fertilizer nitrogen (N) due to N immobilization during the decomposition process. This study aimed to determine whether sugarcane straw removal from the field benefits the N-fertilizer recovery by plant (NRP), and if legume cultivation will further improve NRP. Half of a field was planted with sunn hemp (Crotalaria spectabilis) and half was left fallow. In the second ratoon, treatments with 0, 50, and 100\% of sugarcane straw maintenance levels were installed, receiving 120 kg ha(-1) N over straw. A microplot of ammonium nitrate labeled with 1.99\% atoms N-15 was included. NRP was quantified at 92, 164, and 264 days after fertilization (DAF). At harvest (264 DAF), soil samples and straw ( 4 mm and 4 mm fractions) were collected to determine N-fertilizer recovery in the soil (NRS) and in the straw (NRSt). Maintaining 50 and 100\% of straw improved NRP over the sugarcane cycle. NRP was not improved by crop rotation cultivation and NRS averaged 50\% in the entire soil profile. NRSt at harvest averaged 1-3\% in the 50\% and 100\% straw levels. Contrary to the current view, N-fertilizer immobilization in the straw was negligible and keeping straw could improve NRP. The findings indicate that increasing N rates in green cane trash blanket system to compensate for the N-fertilizer immobilization is not necessary, and that straw removal for bioenergy production will change the short-term demand for N-fertilizer.
Vinasse is considered the most important source of contamination in the ethanol beet production industry; it is also considered as a resource of high biogas production potential. The production of biogas from vinasse has economic and environmental benefits. In this research, the anaerobic digestion of vinasse derived from bioethanol manufacturing is studied on a laboratory-scale using a continuous stirred tank reactor pilot plant at mesophilic conditions (37 degrees C). The quantity of produced biogas from the vinasse was carried out under different operating parameters: pH, agitation, electric conductivity and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Results of this study show that inoculum/vinasse ratio of 0.3 presents removal effectiveness of pollution abatement close to 91\% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) which correspond to maximum biogas production up to 77\% of methane for an optimal HRT of 21 d. However, inoculum/vinasse ratio of 0.5 leads to lower removal of COD (85\%) and TSS (82\%) which represent a total biogas production of only 52\%. This study allows us to suggest that the inoculum/vinasse ratio of 0.3 is the appropriate value for the removal of pollution and the production of biogas from vinasse, which is approved by the t-student statistic test of the p-value significantly lower than the significance level alpha = 0.05.
Brazilian ethanol production generates approximately 351 billion liters yearly of vinasse that is mostly used for fertigation, but with significant environmental impact. This research aims at comparing the growth of Chlorella vulgaris on three different media preparation using raw vinasse, diluted vinasse, and vinasse treated by anaerobic digestion; all under four distinct treatments or supplementations (antibiotic, nitrogen and phosphorous). The results show that C vulgaris grows poorly on raw vinasse alone or after supplementation. However, 11-13 mg L-1 day(-1) of algal oil can be produced with diluted or anaerobically treated vinasse. The first would require antibiotic, nitrogen and phosphorous supplementation and the later only antibiotic supplementation. Whilst using diluted vinasse may reduce work input, it requires significant amounts of clean water. The use of anaerobically treated vinasse requires some additional work and investment, but it can generate 122 mL CH4 g(-1)COD(vinasse) (10-26.4 m(3) of biogas from 1m(3) of vinasse). Thus, the association of methane and algal oil production from vinasse is an effective approach for removing inorganic nutrients and potentially toxic organics from this effluent before discharge. The quality of the algal oil produced is affected by culturing conditions and anaerobically treated vinasse produced the best results in this area according to the estimated parameters of the biodiesel.
Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant agroindustrial bioresource from production of ethanol and sugar, which could be used as raw material to obtain advanced biofuels, electric energy, among other high added-value green products in biorefineries. This work shed light on necessary integration of state-of-art characterization of critical physico-chemical properties with techno-economic aspects of activated carbons from sugarcane bagasse. Activated carbons were produced by thermochemical activation using various ratios of NaOH and pyrolyzed bagasse. Impacts of tuning these materials critical properties such as process yield, apparent density, surface oxidation states and textural characteristics by the activation conditions are discussed addressing their applicability as adsorbents for water and air decontamination treatment. Moreover, this study was concisely bound to techno-economic assessment of full-scale plants which pointed to pyrolyzed bagasse being an economically-competitive alternative raw material to produce activated carbons at broad range of activation conditions that would enable this sustainable technology. Graphic
In recent years, a lot of scientific effort has been put into reusing the energy potential of sugarcane vinasse by dark fermentation. However, the findings so far indicate that new pathways need to be followed. In this context, this study assessed the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT, from 24 to 1 h) on vinasse fermentation (10, 20, and 30 g COD L-1) in three mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed reactors (EGSB). The carbohydrate conversion remained above 60\% at all organic loading rates applied. The maximum hydrogen production rate (8.77 L day(-1) L-1) was obtained for 720 kg COD m(-3) day(-1) and associated to the lactate-acetate pathway. The highest productivities of propionic, acetic, and butyric acids were 3.11, 1.68, and 2.45 g L-1 h(-1), respectively, at a HRT of 1 h. At this HRT, the degrees of acidification remained between 54\% and 76\% in all EGSB reactors. This research provides insights for carboxylate production from sugarcane vinasse and suggests applying the EGSB setup in the acidogenic stage of two-stage processes. (C) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hemicelluloses isolated from sugarcane bagasse were converted to carboxymethyl hemicelluloses (CMH) by carboxymethylation using sodium monochloroacetate and sodium hydroxide in ethanol/water medium. The reaction was performed under various temperatures, times, times of alkaline activation, the ways of the addition of alkali, and the amounts of sodium hydroxide and sodium monochloroacetate. The product had the maximum degree of substitution (DS) of 0.56. The structure of the resulting polymers was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Destructive methods such as thermal analysis and non-destructive techniques such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the carboxymethyl hemicellulose preparations. It was found that a significant degradation of the polymers occurred during carboxymethylation. The thermal stability of carboxymethyl hemicelluloses was higher than that of the native hemicelluloses. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The development of new lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails to digest raw material for the successful production of biofuels still represents great economic and scientific challenges. The aim of this study was the characterization of an aerobic consortium derived from the gut of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (NaLC) under morphological, chemical, biochemical, and genetic views. Initially, the assembly of the consortium started by dissection and incubation of hindgut of N cinerea with medium containing sugarcane bagasse (BED) as carbon source. After 1 week of cultivation, the NaLC degraded about 55\% of lignocellulosic material (mainly cellulose) and also promoted a significant decreased in the BED length. The biochemical analysis of consortium supernatants showed activities against Avicel, beta-glucan, xylan, and CMC. The metagenomics analysis of 16S rDNA from NaLC showed 22 bacterial genomes with a predominance of Bacteroidetes (50.6\%) and Proteobacteria (47.7\%) with Flavobacterium spp. and Sphingomonas spp., respectively. The shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed the presence of several CAZymes, such as cellulases, hemicellulases, carbohydrate esterases, and enzymes with auxiliary activities. During the shotgun metagenomic analysis, various CAZymes organized as polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) from Niabela sp. bacteria in NaLC were identified. It was also observed a new locus named here as LUL (lignin utilization locus) containing many genes as oxidases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases, and others that could be involved in lignin metabolization. So, this study described under different approaches an unprecedented aerobic consortium could be a useful resource of novel genes and enzymes involved in degradation of sugarcane bagasse.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using an enzyme cocktail immobilized on magnetic graphene oxide particles (GO-MNP). The thermal, storage, pH, and operational stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, including exoglucanase, endoglucanase, 13-glucosidase, xylanase, and 13-xylosidase, were evaluated. The half-life of the biocatalyst (GO-MNP-Enz) was longer than that of the free enzymes at temperatures above 45 degrees C, with the exception of endoglucanase. SB was subjected to pretreatments generating sulfiteNaOH pretreated SB (SSB) and chlorite pretreated SB (CSB). The enzymatic hydrolysis of SSB and CSB was evaluated using free enzymes and GO-MNP-Enz. The cellulose and xylan conversion of SSB using free enzymes was higher than using GO-MNP-Enz; however, a similar result was obtained after 72 h. This did not occur in the hydrolysis of CSB, in which at the end of 72 h, conversion using GO-MNP-Enz did not reach the levels obtained with free enzymes. GO-MNP-Enz was successfully reused in several SSB hydrolysis cycles, maintaining an efficiency of approximately 80\% and presenting the highest turnover frequency when compared with previous results reported in literature. Finally, these results show that the immobilization of cellulases and xylanases improves their operational stability and the obtained GO-MNP-Enz can be used for various SB hydrolysis cycles.
When deposited on land the vinasse can promote improvement in fertility, however, often fertilizer application occurs in areas considered homogeneous, without taking into account the variability of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vinasse application on potassium content in two classes of soils cultivated with sugarcane, and characterize the spatial variability of soil using geostatistical techniques. In the 2010 and 2011 crop year, soil samples were collected from an experimental grid at 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m depth in three soils cultivated with sugarcane, totaling 90 samplings in each grid, for the determination of pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), aluminum (Al) and potential acidity (H + Al). The data have been submitted to analysis of descriptive statistics and the K attribute was subjected to geostatistical analysis. The coefficient of variation indicated medium and high variability of K for the three soils. The results showed that the spatial dependence of K increased in depth to FRce and decreased to PHlv, indicating that the attribute could have followed the pattern of distribution of clay in depth. The investigation of the spatial variability of K on the surface and subsurface soils provided the definition of management zones with different levels of fertility, which can be organized into sub-areas for a more efficient management of the resources and the environment.
A response surface design was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SB) with urea (U)/potassium hydroxide (K) at low temperatures. Alkaline pretreatment can increase the digestibility of biomass by removing lignin. However, this pretreatment has common issues, such as high-water consumption and liquid waste generation. To address these issues, this study was conducted to perform the UK pretreatment without washing steps. Under optimized pretreatment condition (-20 degrees C, 7.5 \% UK), hemicellulose and lignin removal were increased approximately by 1.4 (26.18-18.86 \%) and 1.7 folds (21.25 \% to 12.43 \%), respectively, while cellulose increased by 1.6-fold (42.39-68.34 \%) as compared to control. This enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis by 3.16-fold (75.15 \%). In addition, physicochemical analyses revealed that U facilitates fiber opening, reduces the crystallinity index of cellulose (55.06-49.03 \%), and prevents lignin droplet formation from adhering to cellulose. Hence, UK pre-treatment can be a promising pretreatment technology for lignocellulosic valorization towards biorefinery without any washing in restoring the liquid substances.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of straw mulch on the biometric and physiological indices and on the yield of the sugarcane variety SP 801816, in the first crop cycle (plant cane). Five treatments - with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100\% straw mulch - were evaluated at 60, 180, 270, and 350 days after planting. The following biometric indices were determined: leaf area, number of leaves, fresh matter weight, and number of tillers. The physiological indices were: leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). A significant effect of straw mulch was observed on all variables. Treatments with 100, 75, and 50\% straw provided the highest values for LAI, CUR, RGR, and number of tillers, and the treatments with 50 and 75\% straw provided the highest yields. Keeping straw mulch at the soil surface had no effect detrimental to sugarcane development. Total removal or straw kept at 25\% resulted in the lowest yields. Removal of 50\% straw can be done without harming the crop.
This paper shows the influence of turbidity (in Nephelometric Turbidity Units - NTU), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and aeration (CO2 supply) on the productivity and growth rate and lipid content of microalgae (a mixed culture predominantly composed of Chlorella vulgaris), using anaerobically digested vinasse as a culture medium. The microalgae can be cultivated in anaerobically digested vinasse, at turbidity and chemical oxygen demand of 690 NTU and 2.5 gCOD L-1, respectively, according to the modified Gompertz model, and removal of turbidity by filtration did not influence the microalgae productivity (approximate to 77 mg L-1 d(1)). Furthermore, aeration increased the productivity up to 139 mg L-1 d(1), with a biomass dry weight of 2.7 g L-1. Finally, a maximum lipid content of 265 mg L-1 was obtained, while a nitrogen removal of 98\% was recorded for all conditions. Thus, the combination of anaerobic digestion followed by the use of the digestate for the cultivation of microalgae may be an efficient way to treat large quantities of this residue, in turn yielding large amounts of microalgae biomass, which can be transformed into fertilizer and biofuel.
Various ionic liquids have been identified as effective pretreatment solvents that can enhance the cellulose digestibility of lignocellulose by removing lignin, one of the main factors contributing to the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulose. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate ({[
The effect of CaCl2 on the growth, morphology and citric acid production from sugarcane molasses by Aspergillus niger 419 was studied. The addition of 0.5g CaCl2/l to the fermentation medium induced a loose pelleted form of growth, reduced the biomass concentration and increased the volumetric productivity (g citric acid/h) and the specific production (g citric acid/g biomass dw) from 0.02 and 0.37 to 0.13 and 3.72, respectively.
Sugarcane straw fiber (SSF) samples were prepared by chemical pulping (CP) and steam explosion (STE). CP (5, 10, 15\% NaOH + 0.2\% w/w anthraquinone at 121 \& DEG;C for 1 h) and STE pressure (1.77, 1.96, and 2.16 MPa at 220 \& DEG;C for 4 min) SSF trays were molded with a hydraulic hot-press machine at 120 \& DEG;C, 7 min, and 1.72 MPa. The yield (\%) of SSF from STE (54-60\% dry basis (db.)) was higher than CP (32-48\% db.). STE trays had greater tensile strength than CP. However, STE's elongation and compression strength was lower than CP tray samples. The trays made from SSF using STE had less swelling in thickness, longer water wetting time, and a higher water contact angle than those made from CP. The micrographs displayed a smaller size of SSF obtained in STE than the CP. The appearance and area of peaks in ATR-FTIR spectra and XRD diffractograms, respectively, revealed that the STE trays had a larger residual lignin content from the lignin study and a lower crystallinity index than the CP trays. Moreover, the lightness values of the STE trays were lower than those of the CP trays due to lignin retention. The study results indicate that CP is the preferred method for producing SSF packaging material with high flexibility and fiber purity. However, when considering the specific SF of 4.28, the STE treatment showed superior physical and mechanical properties compared to CP. This suggests that STE could be an excellent alternative green pulping technique for producing durable biobased trays. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of STE as a viable option for obtaining trays with desirable characteristics, providing a sustainable and efficient approach to tray production.
Hemicellulose is one of the most common polysaccharides found in nature. Its use as a green and sustainable raw material for industries is desirable. In this work, an alkaline-alcoholic method was used to extract hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse. After extraction, films with 2\%, 3\% and 4\% (w/v) hemicellulose were produced. The films' morphology, thickness, water solubility, tensile properties and thermal stability were evaluated. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results reveal that the method used removes the hemicellulose from bagasse with a low concentration of lignin. The films presented a compact and dense structure with uniformity in thickness associated with higher solubility in water. The increase in hemicellulose content increased tensile strength, but reduced the tensile strain of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the increase in hemicellulose content reduced the films' thermal stability. Thus, these films may act as useful, biodegradable and environmentally friendly materials for engineering applications.
This study evaluated the potential of energy generation from anaerobic co-digestion (AcD) of vinasse and hemicelluloses hydrolysate within the context of an integrated 1G-2G sugarcane biorefinery as a mean to ensure its technical, economic and environmental feasibility. Environmental impact indexes for 2G ethanol and biogas production process, such as carbon footprint, which varied from 12.3 to 50.02 g CO2/ MJ and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (from 42.7 to 85.9\%), were obtained in all scenarios. Economic indicators showed the unviability of 1G-2G sugarcane mill integration adopting AcD of wastes, considering technologies for 2G ethanol production in view of their high capital and operational costs (pretreatment). However, by fixing the experimental methane yield at 0.245 Nm3 kg COD-1 r which has been obtained for two-stage anaerobic systems and by considering the use of 50\% of bagasse surplus for biogas production, it was possible to achieve internal rate of return (IRR), return on investment (ROI) and payback period of 21.8\%, 59.50\% and 10.55 years respectively. Moreover, when experimental methane yield is increased in 10\% in such scenario, it was possible to achieve internal rate of return (IRR), return on investment (ROI) and payback period of 26\%,89.05\% and 5.36 years, respectively. (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A three-factor, three-level, face-centred cubic design was adopted to investigate the effect of three pre-treatment parameters, namely sodium hydroxide-to-dry biomass ratio {[
Porosity and pore size distribution are influencing factors of several physical properties of porous media. For solid-state cultivation (SSC), this structural information is also important to determine the free space available for the microbial growth. The aim of this work was to determine the porosity and the pore size distribution of packed beds of pure sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and mixtures of SCB with wheat bran (WB) with and without cultivation with the fungus Myceliophthora thermophila I-1D3b. Computer-aided 2D photographic technique was used to evaluate the changes of the bed porosity due to the fungal growth in a mixture of SCB:WB with weight proportion 7:3 at 75\% moisture content after 48 h of cultivation. The results showed a steep reduction of more than 50\% of the porosity due to the fungal mycelium. A longitudinal porosity profile was found, and the midsection of the bed was poorly colonized due to the steric hindrance. In the uncultivated beds, no change of the porosity was found when changing moisture content of the samples of SCB and SCB:WB 7:3. A wide pore size distribution was observed for the uncultivated media, with the majority of the voids being too narrow for an adequate fungal growth and quite few, though very large, voids ensuring enough space for the mycelial expanse. Xray tomography (?-CT) imaging was used to assess the 3D structure of the bed and the complex network of voids. The 3D images reveal an average porosity quite close to the one obtained using the 2D image analysis. The results here obtained will be of help for more realistic models of heat, mass and momentum transfer to be proposed considering porosity variation and pore size distribution in this SSC system. The 2D technique is quite simple to apply and it is able to provide bulk bed structure, while the 3D technique is sophisticated and will allow detailed microstructure information in future experiments. ? 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study describes the use of succinylated twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse containing adsorbed Cu2+ or Ni2+ ions from spiked aqueous solutions (2MSBA-Cu and 2MSBA-Ni) as heterogeneous catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of n -hexane and n-heptane in gas phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which a spent adsorbent material based on lignocellulose biomass is used in the catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds. The adsorbent and spent adsorbent materials were characterized by FTIR, TGA and XRD. The amount of Cu2+ and Ni2+ adsorbed on 2MSBA was 0.49 and 2.49 mmol g(-1), respectively. The catalysts were active for total oxidation of n -hexane and n-heptane, even at low temperatures. 2MSBA-Cu exhibited higher catalytic activity than 2MSBA-Ni and surprisingly their performances were comparable or superior to those of some catalysts reported in the literature, including noble metal-based catalysts. 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In the present study, the potential of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was evaluated by methylene blue (MB) retention. The selected low-cost adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET method, and determination of the point of zero charge (pHzpc). Batch kinetic and isothermal studies were performed to examine the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. The results show that the kinetic study of MB adsorption on sugarcane bagasse is very fast; the equilibrium is reached after only 20 minutes. The kinetic model of pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm model perfectly explain the adsorption process of MB with a monolayer adsorption capacity equal to 49.261 mg.g(-1) activation parameters' values such as free energy (Delta G degrees), enthalpy (Delta H degrees), and entropy (Delta S degrees) also determined as -4.35 kJ.mol(-1), -31.062 kJ.mol(-1), and -0.084 J.mol(-1).K-1, respectively. Besides, the thermodynamic parameters of the methylene blue sugarcane bagasse system indicate that the exothermic adsorption process is spontaneous.
Biomorphic woodceramics with controllable pore structure were prepared from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with epoxy resin followed by sintering at different temperatures. The phase composition, chemical composition, morphology and pore texture of the products were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, mercury porosimetry and N-2 adsorption. The biomorphic woodceramics are typical non-graphitizable carbon and display a hierarchical porous structure from micrometer (0.6-21 mu m) to nanometer scale (3.1-9.3 nm). The woodceramics retain the tubular structures of sugarcane bagasse before calcination at 1100 degrees C. Furthermore, an increase in the sintering temperature results in the decrease of BET surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume in the mesopore scale. This work provides a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly method for the production of hierarchical porous woodceramics. The final products have their potential applications as adsorbents, catalyst supports and filters. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The drying process of bagasse particles was investigated in this study using an artificial neural network (ANN) and 18 thin-layer drying (TLD) models. These models are used for investigating kinetics and understanding engineering parameters involved in the drying process of food and agricultural products. Bagasse particles were studied at 105 to 135 degrees C and an initial moisture content of 180\% (based on the dry weight) using a halogen moisture analyzer. The results showed that an increase in the temperature decreased the bagasse drying period and increased the constant drying. The whole drying process of bagasse happened in a falling drying rate period. The fitness of drying curves on semiexperimental TLD models based on statistical parameters, including root mean square error (RMSE), sum of square errors (SSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the Hii et a/. model had the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest error percentage. The ANN predicted changes in the bagasse moisture content through time more accurately than the Hii et al model. Also, the results demonstrated that the selected ANN model and a number of semi-empirical models with less than 3 adjustable parameters provided good agreement and can be considered promising tools to predict drying kinetic of bagasse particles.
This study describes the applicability of two chemically modified sugarcane bagasses containing either adsorbed Co2+ or Cr3+ ions as heterogeneous catalysts for the autooxidation of monoterpenes. The main objective was to investigate new uses for these adsorbent materials which had been previously employed for treatment of aqueous solutions or effluents containing metals such as Co2+ and Cr3+. The adsorption efficiency of Co2+ and Cr3+ on SCB2 and EB was evaluated by adsorption isotherms and other techniques such as XRD, ICP-AES and TGA. Catalytic activity of the four new catalysts, SCB2-Co, SCB2-Cr, EB-Co, and EB-Cr, were assessed in the oxidation reaction of beta-citronellol(1), (+)-limonene(2), and (-)-beta-pinene(3) in a free solvent system. Results obtained demonstrated that these materials were promising catalysts for the oxidation of monoterpenes. Reactant conversion ranged from 49 to 78\% as determined by GC analysis and a combined selectivity up to 59\% for the oxidation products was achieved. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) were studied using thermogravimetric analysis in CO2/O-2 and N-2/O-2 atmospheres. Our results showed that the comprehensive combustion characteristic index (CCI) of the blends was improved by 1.71-4.32 times. With the increased O-2 concentration, co-combustion peak temperature decreased from 329.7 to 318.2 degrees C, with an increase in its maximum weight loss rate from 10.04 to 14.99\%/min and its CCI by 1.31 times (beta = 20 degrees C.min(-1)). To evaluate the co-combustion characteristics, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters (entropy, Gibbs free energy and enthalpy changes, and apparent activation energy) were obtained in the five atmospheres. The lowest apparent activation energy of the TB64 blend was obtained in oxy-fuel atmosphere (CO2/O-2 = 7/3).
To investigate the effect of delignification on enzymatic saccharification and ethanol fermentation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), NaClO, NaOH, and Na2CO3 were used to prepare SCB with different lignin contents. We found that a lignin content of approximately 11\% was sufficient for enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. Based on this result, an economical delignification pretreatment method using a combination of acid and alkali (CAA) was applied. Lignin content of 11.7\% was obtained after CAA pretreatment with 0.5\% w/v H2SO4 at 140 degrees C for 10 min and 1.0\% w/v NaOH at 90 degrees C for 60 min. Presaccharification-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (P-SSF) of the CAA-pretreated SCB resulted in an ethanol concentration of 43.8 g/L. and an ethanol yield of 81.7\%, with an enzyme loading of 15 FPU/g-CAA-pretreated SCB. Enzyme activities (filter paper, carboxymethyl cellulase, and beta-glucosidase activities) were determined in liquid phase during P-SSF, indicating that the residual cellulase activity could be further used. Thus, fed-batch P-SSF was carried out, and an ethanol concentration of 43.1 g/L and an ethanol yield of 80.4\% were obtained with an enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g-CAA-pretreated SCB. Fed-batch P-SSF was found to be effective to reduce enzyme loading. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an abundant agricultural waste in China and the conversion of the waste into plethora of useful resources is very vital. To achieve this, fractionation of the waste is highly important in the biomass biorefinery. The present study aims at investigating the synergistic role of deep eutectic solvents (DES) with sweeping frequency ultrasound (SFUS) and fixed frequency ultrasound (FFUS) in the fractionation of SCB to enhance the enzymatic saccharification process. Therefore, the effects of ultrasound (US) and DES conditions on the pretreatment efficiency were investigated. Under optimum SCB pretreatment conditions, FFUS (40 kHz, 60 min) + DES (choline chloride (ChCl)-lactic acid (LA), 120 ?C, 3 h) and SFUS (40 kHz, 60 min) + DES (ChCl-LA, 120 ?C, 3 h), the lignin removal rates were 80.13 and 85.62\%, respectively. The hemicellulose removal rates were 78.08 and 90.46\%, respectively; and the contents of glucose, xylose and arabinose in the liquid fractions after FFUS + DES pretreatment were 7.07, 17.95 and 3.01\%, respectively. However, the yield of glucose, xylose, and cellobiose after enzymatic hydrolysis of the SFUS + DES pretreated SCB were 86.76, 38.68, and 20.76\%. Analytical studies revealed that the SFUS + DES pretreatment can effectively destroy the ultrastructure of SCB and reduce the crystallinity of cellulose. Furthermore, the mechanism of pretreatment with SFUS + DES was proposed, which confirmed the excellent performance of SFUS + DES. Thus, the application of SFUS + DES pretreatment was able to improve the removal of lignin and hemicellulose from SCBs.
BACKGROUND: In this work a single artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model the overall yield of glucose (Y-GLC) as a function of a wide range of operating conditions of both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. RESULTS: The model was validated experimentally and presented good predictions of Y-GLC. Sensitivity analysis using the ANN model indicated that most of the operating parameters, except for pretreatment time, were statistically significant (P-value<0.05). Experiments showed that the processing of sugarcane bagasse (in natura) results in a satisfactory glucose yield of 69.34\% when pretreated for 60 min with low initial biomass concentration and acid concentration (10\% and 1.0\% w/v), and followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 h with 3.0\% w/v substrate loading and 60 FPU per g(WIS) enzyme concentration. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated how pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis data can be used to parameterize a single ANN model. Acceptable predictions of Y-GLC are achieved in terms of RSD, MSE and R-2. Supported by the model, this study provided a good insight for process development. (C) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Tetracycline (TC) is one of the pharmaceutical antibiotics most employed for human and veterinary use in Thailand. The release of TC is considered a threat to the aquatic environment; hence, it urgently needs to be efficiently removed from the water streams. One of the popular and effective methods of removal of TC is adsorption. Magnetic carbon composites derived from biomass-based materials have attracted attention as novel adsorbents for removal of toxic substances from aqueous solution. However, their preparation involves multi-step procedures, which is time and energy consuming. In this work, we have prepared novel magnetic carbon composites using sugarcane bagasse, abundantly wasted biomass from sugar industries, a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+, and NaOH, as a carbon precursor, source of magnetite particles (Fe3O4), and precipitating/activating agent, respectively. The facile preparation has been performed via a simultaneous magnetization and activation process in a single step. The effects of preparation conditions on physicochemical properties of the resulting materials were studied, discussed and optimized. A selected sample showed satisfactory magnetic stability due to the presence of Fe3O4 particles (confirmed by XRD) and high porosity, with a BET surface of 566 m(2)/g and mesopore fraction (pore size > 2 nm) of more than 84\%, suitable to adsorb the large TC molecules. The adsorption performance towards TC was determined using batch adsorption experiments. The maximum TC adsorption on the selected sample was as high as 48.40 mg/g, outperforming many literature sorbents, while the magnetic stability can even be retained after complete adsorption.
This study reports the development of a new catalyst through green synthesis using Nb2O5 and sugarcane bagasse. The Nb2O5 semiconductor was immobilized in sugarcane bagasse with and without alkalis treatment and was further applied as a catalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 dye. The obtained material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEMEDS), and surface loads. The results indicated that the semiconductor was successfully immobilized in the biomass. The photocatalytic activity was carried out at pH around 5.8-6.2 at 25 ? using a LED lamp in the ultraviolet region (50 W, 375-380 nm). The high photoactivity of sugarcane-Nb2O5 without alkalis treatment was obtained, presenting a degradation range over 65\% in 60 min. The contribution of photolysis, UV/H2O2, and adsorption for RB5 removal was lesser than 10\% showing photocatalysis as the main mechanism of degradation. The sugarcane-Nb2O5 characteristics make it a promising sustainable catalyst.
Objectives: Sugarcane cultivation is associated with catchment-wide impacts related to application of vinasse, a nutrient-dense effluent with high eutrophication potential. We evaluated the potential for biochar (charcoal produced from pyrolyzed filtercake) to mitigate carbon and nutrient leaching in a cultivated Brazilian Ferralsol after vinasse application. Methods: Twelve soil columns (soil alone {[
The carbon neutral potential of bioenergy relies in part on the ability of feedstocks to sequester carbon (C) in the soil. Sugarcane is one of the most widely used bioenergy crops, yet there remain unknowns about how it impacts soil C dynamics. In addition, Oilcane, a genetically modified version of Sugarcane has been produced to accumulate more energy-dense oils and less soluble lignin, which enhances conversion efficiency but may also impact soil C cycling. Thus, our objectives were to examine the impact of Sugarcane litter decomposition on soil C formation and losses and determine if the genetic modifications to produce Oilcane alter these dynamics. To do this, we incubated bagasse (processed stem litter) and leaf litter from Sugarcane and Oilcane in microcosms with forest soil for 11 weeks. We used differences in natural abundance d(13)C between C-3 forest soil and C-4 litter to trace the fate of the litter into respiratory losses as well as stable and unstable soil C pools. Our results show that genetic modifications to Oilcane did not substantially alter soil C dynamics. Sugarcane and Oilcane litter both led to net soil C gains dominated by an accumulation of the added litter as unstable, particulate organic C (POC). Oilcane litter led to small but significantly greater net soil C gains than Sugarcane litter due to greater POC formation, but the formation of stable, mineral associated organic matter (MAOC) did not differ between crop types. Sugarcane and Oilcane had opposing effects on tissue type where Sugarcane bagasse formed more MAOC, while Oilcane leaves preferentially remained as POC which may have important management implications. These results suggest that genetic modifications to Sugarcane will not significantly impact soil C dynamics; however, this may not be universal to other crops particularly if modifications lead to greater differences in litter chemistry.
The burning of sugarcane in the harvest has contributed to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, which instigated the search for new forms of management less impacting to environment, such as harvesting sugarcane without burning. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of the soil under sugarcane in different levels of straw and compare field emissions with emissions estimated by the ``DeNitrification - DeComposition{''
Sugarcane bagasse is becoming more and more commonly used in generating electrical energy, steam, and bioethanol. Drying is important in sugarcane and other types of biomass because it can be used to improve the calorific value and overall energetic use. In this work, sugarcane bagasse was treated by drying in a cyclonic dryer. The influence of the geometry of the device (the conical part of the cyclone) and process parameters (bagasse mass flow rate and temperature) were tested. The modification on the conical part was related to two different angles and with two different inferior outlets (B). Experimental design was carried out for each geometry. The independent variables were the drying agent temperature (35 to 275 degrees C) and the bagasse mass flow rate (0.1 x 10(-2) to 2.9 x 10(-2) kg s(-1)). The air flow rate was kept constant at 7.5 x 10(-2) kg s(-1). The dependent variables were moisture reduction (MR) and average particle residence time (t(res)) in the cyclonic dryer. For both cyclonic geometries, it was observed that MR was directly proportional to the temperature and inversely proportional to the bagasse mass flow rate. tres was also inversely proportional to the bagasse mass flow rate. Decreasing B tended to increase tres and MR.
The utilization of waste materials in concrete manufacture provides a satisfactory solution to some of the environmental concerns and problems associated with waste management. Agro wastes such as rice husk ash, wheat straw ash, hazel nutshell and sugarcane bagasse ash are used as pozzolanic materials for the development of blended cements. Few studies have been reported on the use of bagasse ash (BA) as partial cement replacement material in respect of cement mortars. In this study, the effects of BA content as partial replacement of cement on physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete are reported. The properties of concrete investigated include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, permeability characteristics, chloride diffusion and resistance to chloride ion penetration. The test results indicate that BA is an effective mineral admixture, with 20\% as optimal replacement ratio of cement. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Unbleached (SCB) and peroxide bleached (PB-SCB) sugarcane bagasse fibers were grafted with hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole UV absorber (1) and/or hindered nitroxide radical of piperidinyloxy type (3). PB-SCB fibers were also acetylated with acetic anhydride. The photosensitivity of the various fibers to UV light was comparatively evaluated using Lab color coordinates and by monitoring their UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra. SCB fibers were found to be photostable whereas PB-SCB fibers presented some sensitivity to UV light. The stability of SCB fibers was attributed to the presence of photostable para-hydroxyphenylpropane units in SCB lignin. The grafted and non-grafted SCB fibers showed similar behaviors against UV-Visible light whereas grafted PB-SCB were photostabilized by the presence of 2 or 4 or both. Acetylation of PB-SCB fibers induced photostabilization in addition to some photobleaching effect. The photobleaching was also revealed by fluorescence emission studies. As a consequence of these observations, SCB fibers might be considered to have a high potential for lignocellulosic materials to be used outdoors.
Dissolution of bagasse with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at high temperatures (110-160 degrees C) is investigated as a pretreatment process for saccharification and fermentation based biofuel production. Material balances are reported and used along with enzymatic saccharification data to identify optimum pretreatment conditions (150 degrees C for 90 min). At all pretreatment temperatures, dissolved and reprecipitated material is enriched in cellulose, has a low crystallinity and the cellulose component is easily and quantitatively hydrolysed (100\%, 3 h, 15 FPU). At pretreatment temperatures, 150 degrees C, the undissolved material has only slightly lower crystallinity than the starting. At pretreatment temperatures 150 degrees C. the undissolved material has low crystallinity and when combined with the dissolved material has a saccharification rate and extent similar to completely dissolved material. Complete dissolution is not necessary to maximise saccharification efficiency at temperatures 150 degrees C. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of collecting different levels of sugarcane straw on its decomposition on soil surface, after consecutive ratoons. The trial was conducted for two consecutive ratoons, using the sugarcane variety RB845210, testing four amounts of remaining straw after harvest: 11.3, 8.5, 5.7, and 2.8 Mg ha(-1). Decomposition rates of biomass, carbon, nitrogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were evaluated, as well as the C/N ratio and the mineralized quantities of C and N from the straw. The distinct levels of sugarcane straw aboveground do not alter decomposition rates, neither do they alter the mineralization of carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin within the same ratoon. The straw decomposition process persists along the two ratoon cycles, regardless of the initial amount of straw on soil surface. The C/N ratio and lignin decay are adequate indicators for detecting differences of straw decomposition rates between the evaluated levels of straw, while hemicellulose and cellulose decay detects only differences in rates over time. In absolute terms, the lower the initial aboveground straw level, the higher the amounts of carbon and nitrogen mineralized, even if there are no differences in decomposition rates.
The levulinic acid chemical platform is still unfeasible due to the lack of a cost-competitive process. Therefore, this work investigates the conversion of sugarcane molasses to levulinic acid. A design of experiments was used to optimize temperature, sulfuric acid loading in aqueous solution, and the ratio of sulfuric acid solution to sugarcane molasses via a genetic algorithm-based multiobjective optimization. Optimized results indicated that a yield of levulinic acid of 83.8 mol \% is attainable with a concentration of 129 g L-1. Based on these optimized conditions, a biorefinery was simulated to produce sugar, ethanol, electricity, and levulinic acid (all sugarcane molasses converted to levulinic acid). A techno-economic analysis of the simulation results showed that an internal rate of return of 33.1\% is attainable at the current market price of levulinic acid, and the calculated minimum selling price of levulinic acid (\$0.679 kg(-1)) indicates that many other applications might be possible for this renewable chemical. Overall, the results showed that using sugarcane molasses in the production of levulinic acid is both cost-competitive and technically feasible.
Oxidation of lignin obtained from Acetosolv pulping of sugarcane bagasse was performed by polyphenoloxidase (PPO) using glycerol or polyethyleneglycol to increase the number of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in lignin, and to improve its chelating capacity. Increase in the absorption in UV-spectrum related to alpha-carbonylphenolic and alpha,beta-unsaturated structures was observed in all the experiments. The chelating properties of the original and oxidized lignins were compared by monitoring the amount of Cu2+ bound to lignin by gel permeation chromatography. The chelating capacity of original Acetosolv lignin was 354 mg Cu2+/g lignin. On the other hand, lignin oxidized with PPO/O-2 showed an increase of 73\% in chelating capacity in relation to the original lignin. The chelating capacity of lignin oxidized with PPO/O-2/glycerol was 110\% higher than that of the original lignin. Glycerol stabilizes PPO, increasing its half-life. Average molecular weight (MW), measured by size-exclusion chromatography, was smaller for the oxidized lignins than for the original Acetosolv lignin. This result suggests that quinones can eventually be formed through the action of PPO, but are not polymerized. The chelating capacity of oxidized lignins increases with the incorporation of vicinal hydroxyl groups.
Second-generation (2G) ethanol is obtained from the processing of lignocellulosic biomasses, such as sugarcane bagasse. However, several obstacles need to be overcome to make the industrial fermentation of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates viable, such as the time and capital expense of the process when compared with first-generation (1G) ethanol (produced by sugary and starchy raw materials), the inhibitors generated, and the process scaling-up. The intrinsic release of inhibitor compounds during the deconstruction of lignocellulosic material into sugars is one of the biggest challenges in the fermentation step. Cell immobilization can be used as a strategy to protect microorganisms from these inhibitory compounds. Immobilization can add costs to the process; therefore, the use of materials already available in the ethanol production is interesting from an economic point of view. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immobilization of Spathaspora passalidarum in raw, alkaline, and acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. In addition, the fermentation of hemicellulosic hydrolysate (HH) from acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated by immobilized and the free cells. Fermentation by S. passalidarum immobilized on sugarcane bagasse obtained growth and product yield factor of Y-P/S (0.35 g/g) and Y-X/S (0.43 g/g), respectively, against Y-P/S (0.27 g/g) and Y-X/S (0.086 g/g) for the cell-free assay. After 24 h of fermentation, it was possible to reach a productivity of 0.153 g/(L \& BULL;h) and a yield of 68.37\% with immobilized cells, which were also superior to the fermentation with free cells (0.148 g/(L \& BULL;h) and 54\%). Based on the results, it was possible to verify that sugarcane bagasse can be used not only as an effective source of carbon for the production of 2G ethanol, but also as a support for cell immobilization, increasing the productivity of the process.
Conceptual process synthesis (CPS) is an important issue in chemical processing industries. In this paper, the general steps of the life cycle of an acid hydrolysis industrial project are evaluated. Chemical route synthesis, process development (experiments for kinetics and fluid dynamics) and process engineering (definition of basic equipment for economic evaluation) are all investigated. A mathematical model was used to generate the most favorable operating conditions for glucose and furfural production from sugarcane bagasse. The material and energy balances were performed by UNISim (TM) software. The Suspension mass fraction and the thermal energy consumption are key issues to account for the profitable operation of the plant.
Nowadays one of the most important environmental issues is the exponential increase of the greenhouse effect by the polluting action of the industrial and transport sectors. The production of biofuels is considered a viable alternative for the pollution mitigation but also to promote rural development. The work presents an analysis of the environmental impacts of the methanol production from sugarcane bagasse, taking into consideration the balance of the energy life cycle and its net environmental impacts, both are included in a LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach. The evaluation is done as a case study of a 100,000 t/y methanol plant, using sugarcane bagasse as raw material. The methanol is produced through the BTL (Biomass to Liquid) route. The results of the environmental impacts were compared to others LCA studies of biofuel and it was showed that there are significant differences of environmental performance among the existing biofuel production system, even for the same feedstock. The differences are dependent on many factors such as farming practices, technology of the biomass conversion. With relation to the result of output/input ratio, the methanol production from sugarcane bagasse showed to be a feasible alternative for the substitution of an amount of fossil methanol obtained from natural gas. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Leading sugar-producing nations have been generating high volumes of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a by-product. SCBA has the potential to be used as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete, from thereby, mitigating several adverse environmental effects of cement while keeping the cost of concrete low. The majority of the microstructure of SCBA is composed of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 compounds, which can provide pozzolanic properties to SCBA. In this paper, literature on the enhancement of the mechanical properties of SCBA-incorporating concrete is analyzed. Corresponding process parameters of the SCBA production process and properties of SCBA are compared in order to identify relationships between the entities. Furthermore, methods, including sieving, post-heating, and grinding, can be used to improve pozzolanic properties of SCBA, through which the ideal SCBA material parameters for concrete can be identified. Evidence in the literature on the carbon footprint of the cement industry is utilized to discuss the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions by using SCBA, which could pave the way to a more sustainable approach in the construction industry. A review of the available research conducted on concrete with several partial replacement percentages of SCBA for OPC is discussed.
Lignocellulosic ethanol production at high temperature offers advantages such as the decrease of contamination risk and cooling cost. Recombinant xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered a promising strain for ethanol production from lignocellulose for its high inhibitor tolerance and superior capability to ferment glucose and xylose into ethanol. To improve the ethanolic fermentation by xylose at high temperature, the strain YY5A was subjected to the ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. A mutant strain T5 was selected from the EMS-treated cultures to produce ethanol. However, the xylose uptake by T5 was severely inhibited by the high ethanol concentration during the co-fermentation in defined YPDX medium at 40 degrees C. In this study, the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) and the separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF) processes of sugarcane bagasse were assessed to solve this problem. The xylose utilization by T5 was remarkably improved using the SSCF process compared to the SHCF process. For the SHCF and SSCF processes, 48\% and 99\% of the xylose in the hydrolysate was consumed at 40 degrees C, respectively. The ethanol yield was enhanced by the SSCF process. The ethanol production can reach to 36.0 g/L using this process under high-temperature conditions.
This study investigated the requirement of cellobiohydrolases (CBH) for saccharification of microcrystalline cellulose and sugarcane bagasse pretreated either by ball milling (BM) or by ionic liquid (IL) {[
This paper describes the preparation of new adsorbents derived from sugarcane bagasse and wood sawdust (Manilkara sp.) to remove zinc (II) ions from electroplating wastewater. The first part deals with the chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse and wood sawdust, using succinic anhydride to introduce carboxylic acid functions into the material. The obtained materials (modified sugarcane bagasse MB2 and modified wood sawdust MS2) were then characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and used in adsorption experiments. The adsorption experiments evaluates Zn2+ removal from aqueous single metal solution and real electroplating wastewater on both batch and continuous experiments using fixed-bed columns prepared in laboratorial scale with the obtained adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms were then developed using Langmuir model and the Thomas kinetic model. The calculated Zn2+ adsorption capacities were found to be 145 mg/g for MS2 and 125 mg/g for MB2 in single metal aqueous solution, whereas for the industrial wastewater these values were 61 mg/g for MS2 and 55 mg/g for MB2.
In order to contribute to the biotechnology of microalgae cultivated in vinasse, we carried out the bioprospection of tolerant species and synthesized biomolecules of the total biomass (microalgae and bacteria), recovered from cultures. To use vinasse as a culture medium for the microalgae, waste was centrifuged and used in concentrations from 5 to 50\%. Daily cell densities, growth rates, and EC50 values were obtained. After defining the best pair of vinasse concentration/microalgae strain, dry biomass, and composition (proteins and carbohydrates) were determined in 96 h cultures, considering the associated community (bacteria and yeast). The microalgae tested were Chlamydomonas sp., Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella vulgaris, Desmodesmus spinosus, Haematococcus pluvialis, Monoraphidium sp., Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Tetraselmis gracilis. The results showed that although the microalgal growth rates in vinasse were similar to controls in BG11, the cells in vinasse had higher biovolumes, dry biomass, and total proteins. The species H. pluvialis, S. quadricauda, and T. gracilis showed the best productivity parameters in vinasse, despite lower growth rates than the other species. Using low concentrations of centrifuged vinasse as a culture medium, only 22\% of biological contaminants were present, thus most of the processed biomass was mainly composed of microalgae. Thus, Chlamydomonas sp., D. spinosus, S. quadricauda, and H. pluvialis microalgae have attributes such as resistance and biomolecules that make them candidates for further optimization in production systems, combining the environmental benefits of using waste with the production of biomolecules and/or biomass of commercial interest.
Removal of inorganic soil pollutants (e.g. Sr2+) is considered necessary requirement to protect the environment and public health. So sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) was examined as a biosorbent material for Sr2+. This was done through adsorption Stirred-batch technique including a kinetic experiment, at two concentrations (50 and 150 mg/l) and an adsorption isotherm experiment at five concentrations (20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/l), by using SrCl2 center dot 6H(2)O. Moreover, an examination of the role of SCBB at three dosages (0.5, 1, 2\%w/w) in reducing the bioavailability of strontium in polluted soil through pots experiment by using Raphanus sativus. Kinetic data revealed that equilibration time was 3 h and pseudo-second-order model was more represented in data at low and high concentrations where (R-2 = 0.999 and R-2 = 1), respectively. Thus, chemisorption governed the adsorption process for Sr(2+)removal by SCBB. Furthermore, Langmuir isotherm model (R-2 = 0.99) described the adsorption data better, which indicated that a monolayer type of adsorption plays a vital role in the removal of Sr2+ by SCBB. Pots experiment revealed that SCBB could significantly reduce Sr2+ uptake by Raphanus sativus. The percentages of decrease in the shoot were 5.82, 18.17, and 26.80\% for SCBB dosage 0.5, 1 and 2\% w/w, respectively. The percentages of decrease in root were 17.20, 36.89, and 53.34\% for SCBB dosage 0.5, 1 and 2\% w/w, respectively. Specific surface area and surface functional groups of sugarcane bagasse play a vital role in the retention of strontium. Hence, biochar played an important role in the removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solution and reduced its uptake by plants in soil.
The decolorization of molasses by 17 different fungi in 2 media was studied. Trichoderma viride showed the highest decolorization yield (53.5\%) when cultivated at 30 degrees C for 7 days in Medium 1 which contained the molasses which was diluted to 40 g/L in distilled water. The other Trichoderma species and Penicillium sp. also gave similar results of 40-45\%. Decolorization yield was increased by adding peptone and yeast extract to the production medium except Penicillium sp. Growth rate was not related to decolorization yet pH value was. When the pH decreased below 5.0 after the incubation, the decolorization yield increased. Although reducing sugar in culture broth decreased with decreasing color intensity, there was no connection between protein utilization and decolorizing activity.
Lignin forms a recalcitrant structure in lignocellulosic biomass and hence huge amount of enzymes are required for disintegrating it into their subsequent components, like glucose and other by-products. Thus, the pretreatment is an ineluctable step in the bioethanol scheme for the delignification of biomass and also the recovery of lignin, an emerging value added polymer in many industrial applications. A green facile method was developed wherein humic acid (HA) acts as a catalyst and surfactant in the alkali pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for the step reduction in lignin recovery scheme with phenomenal properties and enhanced enzymatic-hydrolysis. HA assisted experiments were performed with and without calcium chloride (CaCl2). Effective disintegration of lignocellulose by the cleavage of beta-O-4 moieties resulted in forming lignin and hydrolyzable biomaterial via two pathways. Possible covalent linkages between the HA and lignin resulted in the release of esters as a byproduct. Thus, the delignified biomass, the isolated lignin and a variety of esters, could be valorised in various industrial applications. The biomass was characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. The isolated lignin was characterized using FTIR, NMR, GPC, SEM, and TGA - DTA studies. The yield of recovered pure lignin for the two process was 90-100\%, as measured through gravimetric analysis. The produced esters were confirmed using FTIR studies. Batch enzymatic hydrolysis was performed for the HA assisted de-lignified bagasse (without CaCl2), which demonstrated a 19\% increase in glucose yield compared to the alkali treated bagasse. The produced hydrolysates were subjected to fermentation for the production of ethanol.
high surface area activated carbon was obtained from sugar cane straw by chemical activation with phosphoric acid and was used for the first time as a support for vanadium catalysts. This work aims to investigate the vanadium oxide species in a low surface density (up to 1V atom nm(-2)) on this new support, especially applied to propane oxidation reaction. Moreover, commercial activated carbon materials were used as support for comparison. The discussion is conducted in terms of catalyst textural properties, nature and concentration of surface vanadium oxide species, surface functional groups, and their structure/reactivity relationship. All samples were characterized by adsorption-desorption of N-2 (BET), scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive microscopy (SEM-EDS), thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Boehm titration, ammonia thermo desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Laser Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained results show that vanadium oxide species, even at a very low density, are capable of converting propane (30\%), producing propylene (10\%), but still producing a high amount of COX products. However, it is worth noting that V-P-bonds are the key factor for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane activity. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Extruded blends (EB) of whey protein concentrate 35 (WPC 35)-corn starch-sugarcane bagasse with 0\%, 25\%, and 50\% substituted yogurt formulations were evaluated for some functional characteristics. Yogurts substituted with EB showed higher viscosity and lower syneresis index than that without EB. During storage for 48 h, the syneresis values of yogurt with and without EB decreased. The pH values and color differences (Delta E) decreased slightly in the yogurts formulated with EB. However, the color differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05) and were also acceptable to the judges. In general, yogurts substituted with EB at different levels had sensory attributes of taste, acidity, texture, and viscosity scores similar to those observed for yogurt with no EB. Scores of yogurts were not affected significantly with substitution of EB at all the levels.
Vinasse has been used as fertilizer by sugarcane growers, due to its potential to completely replace mineral fertilizers. However, if the application is not adequate, this practice may cause environmental contamination. This study used a respirometry test to evaluate the organic matter (OM) decomposition present in natural vinasse and concentrated vinasse (CV), with or without urea addition. The experiment involved two soil types and two types of vinasse at different application rates. The vinasse chemical characterization showed high levels of pseudo-total potassium (K) in both vinasses, which are not considered in the application rates. Decomposition rates above 90\% and between 70 and 80\% were obtained for sandy and clayey soils, respectively, over a brief 41-day period, indicating rapid OM decomposition. Positive priming effect was observed for CV and CV + urea treatments in sandy soil. An important implication of these findings revealed that K not available in vinasse was released in the soil solution by the OM mineralization, indicating the possibility of overestimation in the vinasse application rates. Therefore, K pseudo-total values should be considered in the calculation of the vinasse application rates. However, studies involving K mobility into soil are needed to validate this hypothesis.
The potential for sugarcane, grape or raisin molasses as a partial sucrose substitute in chocolate ice cream was studied. Sucrose substitution by molasses reinforced the macroviscosity and increased consistency coefficient. The air incorporating capacity was enhanced resulting in narrower air cell size distributions. The textural and thermophysical profile, as well as the melting behaviour of the sugarcane molasses ice creams, was similar to that of the sucrose based analogues. Sucrose replacement by raisin or grape molasses was accompanied by a significant improvement of melting resistance, but induced a significant increase in the instrumentally and sensory assessed hardness. According to quantitative descriptive analysis findings, sugarcane ice creams exhibited the highest coarseness, wateriness, iciness, astringency and sourness sensation stimuli, the grape-based ice creams exerted the best chocolate colour and mouth coating ability whilst the raisin molasses analogues were perceived as highly creamy, sweet, gummy and well balanced in terms of chocolate flavour. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Supercapacitors with hierarchical porous carbon electrodes and ionic liquid incorporated quasi-solid-state gel polymer electrolyte are of the current area of interest as environment friendly and cost-effective power sources. Herein, we report hierarchical porous activated carbons (ACs) derived from a waste-bioresource sugarcane bagasse, prepared following hydrothermal and solvent (ethanol) soaking pre-treatments, followed by chemical/ physical activations. AC-powders obtained from hydrothermal and ethanol-soaking pre-treatments show an increase in microporosity with optimum mesoporous interiors suitable to use as supercapacitor electrodes. The ACs have been electrochemically tested as supercapacitor electrodes with flexible quasi-solid-state gel polymer electrolyte comprising 0.5 M sodium triflate (NaTf) in an ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethane-sulfonate (EMITf) incorporated in poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) with high ionic conductivity (-8.5 mS cm- 1) and high electrochemical stability (-4.7 V versus Ag/Ag+). The supercapacitor based on AC-electrodes obtained after ethanol soaking pre-treatment i.e., ESB-electrodes show optimum charge-discharge performance in terms of specific capacitance (-193 F g-1), specific energy (-32 Wh kg- 1) and maximum power density (-55 kW kg- 1). The ESB-based supercapacitors also illustrate relatively high rate-performance as compared to other AC-electrodes, studied in this report. The high energy storage in the supercapacitor is evident from the glow of LED for substantial duration. The device shows stability up to -10,000 charge-discharge cycles with -20 \% initial fading in specific capacitance and -100 \% Coulombic efficiency.
Microaeration (injecting air into the headspace) improved the fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolysates obtained from the phosphoric acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at 170 degrees C for 10 min. In addition, with 10\% slurries of phosphoric acid pretreated bagasse (180 degrees C, 10 min), air injection into the headspace promoted xylose utilization and increased ethanol yields from 0.16 to 0.20 g ethanol/g bagasse dry weight using a liquefaction plus simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process (L+SScF). This process was scaled up to 801 using slurries of acid pretreated bagasse (96 h incubation; 0.6 L of air/min into the headspace) with ethanol yields of 312-347 L (82-92 gal) per tonne (dry matter), corresponding to 0.25 and 0.27 g/g bagasse (dry weight). Injection of small amounts of air into the headspace may provide a convenient alternative to subsurface sparging that avoids problems of foaming, sparger hygiene, flotation of particulates, and phase separation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work investigated the integration of a two-stage hydrothermal treatment for production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), a high-value product, into the isolation process of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from sugarcane bagasse. Under optimized conditions, the first stage yielded a XOS-rich, high purity hydrolysate and in the second stage only a xylose-rich hydrolysate could be obtained at high purity. The resulting solid cellulosic fraction was delignified and bleached to obtain a cellulose-rich pulp, which was mechanically defibrillated by disc ultra-refining to CNF. Except for the viscosity, the sugarcane CNF showed properties (i.e., thermal stability, crystallinity and diameter size) comparable or superior to the CNF prepared from commercial bleached eucalyptus Kraft pulp. In conclusion, the integration of the two-stage hydrothermal treatment is an efficient and promising strategy to obtain hemicellulose-derived high-value co-products in the process of isolating CNF. In addition, lignin was also recovered as a co-product with yield comparable to other biomass fractionation approaches.
Due to the production rates of sugarcane, nowadays, the sugarcane bagasse stemming in the sugar and alcohol industry is the agro-industrial waste produced in greater volume throughout in Brazil. In 2019, about 192 million tons of this waste were generated. The use of this waste has been the aim of researches around the world, with emphasis on applications that aim to meet the prerogatives of the concept of circular economy. Within this scenario, sugarcane bagasse (SB) was treated in an alkaline medium, forming an adsorbent material, SBNaOH. The effects of chemical treatment were evaluated for surface properties and for glyphosate removal in an aqueous medium. The adsorptive phenomenon was studied through isotherm tests. The results obtained were fitted to classical models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich. The characterization indicated that the chemical treatment promoted an important change in the surface of the residue, increasing the surface area. SB and SBNAOH had a feasible behavior as adsorbent and good performance in the removal of the herbicide, presenting values greater than 65\% of under all working conditions. The theoretical adsorption saturation governed by Dubinin-Radushkevich (qS) was in the order of 8.988 mg/g (R-2=0.988) for SB at 120 minutes of contact and maximum adsorption capacity by Langmuir (Q(max)) was 13.720 mg/g (R-2=0.984) for SBNaOH at 40 minutes of contact. The process was governed by the exchange or sharing of electrons. The adsorbate is distributed heterogeneously on the SB surface, justifying the presence of active sites with greater ionic strength, and homogeneously on the SBNaOH surface (monolayer). In general, the treated sugarcane bagasse, coming from an agro-industrial residue, proved to be an alternative and promising biosorbent for the removal of glyphosate from aqueous systems, thus generating a new application of this residue.
Protein production by Aspergillus terreus grown on alkali-treated bagasse was studied under various culture conditions. Optimum biomass protein content was in the range of 21-28\% (w/w) and protein recovery was in the range of 11-14.5 g 100 g(-1) bagasse with an alkali-treated bagasse substrate concentration of 1.5\% (w/v), pH 4.5, 35 degrees C, 1:5(v/v) culture broth and 4\% (v/v) inoculum and continuous shaking for seven days. Optimum cellulase activities with carboxymethyl cellulose were in the range of 0.85-1.2 units ml(-1) and 0.08-0.11 with filter paper. These values corresponded with high crude protein. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a nitrogen-doped activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse (NDSBAC) was prepared for the selective and simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC). The NDSBAC was obtained via KOH-urea activated method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to survey the surface morphology, adsorption properties and chemical compositions of NDSBAC, respectively. The anodic peak potential between HQ and CC is 112 +/- 3 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) at NDSBAC/GCE. The anode peak currents of HQ and CC depend linearly on their respective concentrations. NDSBAC/GCE shows wide linear ranges of 0.5-300.0 mu M for both HQ and CC. The detection limits are 0.11 mu M for HQ and 0.09 mu M for CC. The recoveries of HQ and CC are 92.1\%-109.5\% and 98.0\%-104.3\%, respectively, in the testing of the spiked lake water.
The effect of thermal, acid, alkaline and alkaline-peroxide pretreatments on the methane produced by the anaerobic digestion of wheat straw (WS) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was studied, using whole slurry and solid fraction. All the pretreatments released formic and acetic acids and phenolic compounds, while 5-hydroxymetilfurfural (HMF) and furfural were generated only by acid pretreatment. A remarkable inhibition was found in most of the whole slurry experiments, except in thermal pretreatment which improved methane production compared to the raw materials (29\% for WS and 11\% for SCB). The alkaline pretreatment increased biodegradability (around 30\%) and methane production rate of the solid fraction of both pretreated substrates. Methane production results were fitted using first order or modified Gompertz equations, or a novel model combining both equations. The model parameters provided information about substrate availability, controlling step and inhibitory effect of compounds generated by each pretreatment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse can be used in the manufacture of panels for the furniture industry, but has a high water absorption compared to wood panels. Thus, this raw material needs heat treatment to reduce the hygroscopicity of the panels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of heat treatment temperature on the particleboard properties made from sugarcane bagasse. The experiment consisted of four treatments, being evaluated three temperatures heat treatment of sugarcane bagasse (170, 200 and 230 degrees C) and without thermal modification treatment (Control). The particles were evaluated for their anatomical, chemical and physical characteristics. The panels were produced with nominal density of 0.70 g/cm(3), relation face/core of 40:60, 11\% urea-formaldehyde adhesive to the faces and 7\% of adhesive to the core, pressing cycle of 160 degrees C temperature, pressure 3.94 MPa and for a period of 8 min. The panels were evaluated for its physical properties density, compression ratio, moisture, water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 h of immersion; their mechanical properties internal bond and modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity at bending. The heat treatment of the bagasse particles at 230 degrees C promoted significant improvements in the quality of particleboard, resulting in decreased of the water absorption and thickness swelling values of the panels and increase in modulus of elasticity values, and allowing meet marketing standards regarding the thickness swelling after 24 h of immersion in water. Which demonstrates the great potential of using the heat treatment temperature of 230 degrees C for the production of particleboard with sugarcane bagasse. {[
Microwave heating technology has attracted great attention in biorefineries to generate biofuels and biomass-derived chemicals. NaOH and H2SO4 pretreatments are often applied to improve the process efficiency. Traditional heating pretreatments require long reaction times and contribute to rapid sugar degradation. Although effective, H2SO4 pretreatment suffers from the disadvantages of equipment corrosion, inhibitors generation, and waste water production. Herein, we performed NaOH, H2SO4, and FeCl3 pretreatments on sugar cane bagasse under microwave heating, and compared their effects on the biomass physical features, chemical compositions, and sugar release during pretreatment process. Our results showed that high amounts of sugar were obtained, and xylose and glucose were selectively recovered in the pretreatment liquor within 5-10 min of microwave heating by changing pretreatment media. NaOH efficiently fractionated biomass, generated xylose as the major product in pretreatment liquor, and left the solid residue more digestible. H2SO4 and FeCl3 effectively degraded both the hemicellulose and cellulose, producing glucose as the major product in the pretreatment liquor. Compared with H2SO4, FeCl3 pretreatment more efficiently removed lignin and recovered 48\% glucose within only 5 min. Biomass chemical composition and morphological characteristics were studied and compared, confirming that microwave assisted FeCl3 pretreatment is a new and feasible approach to replace H2SO4 for biofuel and biomass-derived chemicals production.
This paper intends to contribute to the use of waste, as binder replacement, to lower the negative environmental impact of construction. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an agricultural waste which has been reported as pozzolanic. However, the literature on the pozzolanic activity of SCBA is inconclusive. This paper attempts to establish the properties that determine reactivity the most, in an effort to standardise the material, to allow a wider intake into mainstream construction. The fineness, specific surface area, microstructure, composition and amorphousness of ashes from four producers in Brazil are studied, and the microstructure and kinetics of reactions in ash/hydrated-lime pastes investigated with SEM/EDS. The results evidence that, despite their high crystallinity and carbon content, the ashes are pozzolanic. Reactivity was proven with physical (activity index) and chemical tests (conductivity), and hydrates were evident at 7 days. Reactivity increased with rising specific surface area, amorphousness and fineness, but the specific surface area of the particles impacts reactivity the most. This was concluded form the following findings: Fineness is not vital for reactivity, as some coarse ashes produce similar strengths and combine comparable amounts of lime than much finer ashes. The presence of a significant amorphous fraction is not vital for reactivity, as the ashes are active despite consisting mostly of crystalline phases (quartz, corundum and hematite). High carbon contents do not eradicate reactivity, as the ashes with the greatest carbon are the most reactive, achieving the highest strengths and combining the most lime. Finally, all the SCB ashes present a marginal content of anions and alkalis capable of forming detrimental gels and salts, a desirable quality for any pozzolanic material.
The present study aimed to evaluate the hydrogen production of a microbial consortium using different concentrations of sugarcane vinasse (2-12 g COD L-1) at 37 degrees C and 55 degrees C. In mesophilic tests, the increase in vinasse concentration did not significantly impact the hydrogen yield (HY) (from 1.72 to 2.23 mmol H-2 g(-1) CODinfluent) but had a positive effect on the hydrogen production potential (P) and hydrogen production rate (R-m). On the other hand, the increase in the substrate concentration caused a drop in HY from 2.31 to 0.44 mmol H-2 g(-1) CODinfluent in the tests performed at 55 degrees C with vinasse concentrations from 2 to 12 g COD L-1. The mesophilic community was composed of different species within the Clostridium genus, and the thermophilic community was dominated by organisms affiliated with the Thermoanaerobacter genus. Not all isolates affiliated with the Clostridium genus contributed to a high HY, as the homoacetogenic pathway can occur. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The energy crisis resulted in increasing awareness that alternative sources of energy should be considered. During this time, Brazil implemented ethanol production from sugarcane as biofuel. However, during this process, large amounts of residues are generated, such as vinasse. This residue can be treated anaerobically to generate methane as a source of bioenergy with the use of sequencing batch reactors operated with immobilized biomass (AnSBBR). In this work, tests were conducted in an AnSBBR laboratory-scale reactor, and the main results regarding the kinetic model fitting and performance of substrate consumption (83 \%), methane content in the biogas (77 \%), applied organic load (5.54 g COD L-1 day(-1)), methane productivity (973 N-mL CH4 L-1 day(-1)), and yield (9.47 mol CH4 kg COD-1) show that AnSBBR is a promising technological alternative. After tests conducted in a laboratory-scale reactor, an industrial reactor was scaled and was also operated in a sequencing batch with immobilized biomass (AnSBBR) for the anaerobic treatment of vinasse with the goal of generating methane and environmental suitability to further disposal in soil. The calculations were performed based on data from a sugar and alcohol plant located in So Paulo, Brazil. This study proposes to the operation of the industrial scale reactor was the association of four AnSBBR (each one with a volume of 15849 m(3)) operating in parallel (with a feeding and discharge time of 4 h and a reaction time of 8 h), with the goal of adapting the treatment system from a discontinuous operation to a continuous operation. In this industrial scenario, the methane production was estimated at 1.65 Au 10(6) mol CH4 day(-1), and the energy was approximately 17 MW, increasing the possible energy recovery contained in sugarcane from 93 to 96 \%.
Trimellitated-sugarcane bagasse (STA) was used as an environmentally friendly adsorbent for removal of the basic dyes auramine-O (AO) and safranin-T (ST) from aqueous solutions at pH 4.5 and 7.0. Dye adsorption was evaluated as a function of STA dosage, agitation speed, solution pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration. Pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, and Boyd models were used to model adsorption kinetics. Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Hill-de Boer, and Fowler-Guggenheim models were used to model adsorption isotherms, while a Scatchard plot was used to evaluate the existence of different adsorption sites. Maximum adsorption capacities for removal of AO and ST were 1.005 and 0.638 mmol g(-1) at pH 4.5, and 1.734 and 1.230 mmol g(-1) at pH 7.0, respectively. Adsorption enthalpy changes obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) ranged from -21.07 +/- 0.25 to -7.19 +/- 0.05 kJ mol(-1), indicating that both dyes interacted with STA by physisorption. Dye desorption efficiencies ranged from 41 to 51\%, and re-adsorption efficiencies ranged from 66 to 87\%, showing that STA can be reused in new adsorption cycles. ITC data combined with isotherm studies allowed clarification of adsorption interactions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Process economics of cellulosic ethanol production can be improved by co-production of high value products. Xylitol is a high value nutraceutical and attracted attention as a co-product in cellulosic ethanol process. Here, the production of ethanol and xylitol from sugarcane bagasse pretreated by low-temperature aqueous ammonia soaking was improved by two-stage high solids enzymatic hydrolysis and separate fermentation of glucose and xylose using Candida tropicalis. First-stage high solids fedbatch enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse in 3 L bioreactor resulted in 42.6 g/l xylose. The residual solids rich in cellulose were efficiently hydrolyzed by cellulase in the second-stage to glucose. The second stage hydrolysis at 20\% solids loading in bioreactor showed 81\% efficiency with a glucose concentration of 115.8 g/l. The separate fermentation of the xylose with C. tropicalis in two-stage aeration resulted in 34.5 g/l of xylitol. Fermentation of the glucose by C. tropicalis produced 55.64 g/l of ethanol. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose rich solids from first stage hydrolysis produced 57.2 g/l of ethanol. These results showed that two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis of low-temperature aqueous ammonia pretreated biomass facilitated higher yields and efficiency of production of ethanol and xylitol. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of acetate (C2) on n-butyric (C4) and n-caproic acid (C6) production, using fermented sugarcane molasses as a substrate. Inoculum sludge was acclimatized in a continuous upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, where ethanol (EtOH) and acetate (C2) were administered at a ratio of 6:1 (g COD:g COD). Organic load rate increased gradually from 2.0 g COD L(-1)d(-1) to 3.3, and 5.0 g COD L(-1)d(-1), for 157 days. The acclimatized sludge was used as the inoculum in six batch assays fed with fermented molasses (ethanol-rich source) and C2 at EtOH:C2 ratios, g COD:g COD of 2:1; 4:1; 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1. A control assay was performed without C2 (WA). The EtOH:C2 ratio was more favorable toward C6 production with a ratio of 10:1, in which a C6 yield was observed as well as accumulated production of 0.4 g COD g COD-1 and 7.9 g COD L-1, respectively. Conversely, the EtOH:C2 ratio of 2:1, and the WA, resulted in C6 concentrations of 1.4 g COD L-1 and 4.3 g COD L-1, respectively. These findings confirmed that substrate composition control is essential for driving fermentation processes toward high medium-chain carboxylic acid conversion rate.
Two experiments were carried out using loofa sponge and sugarcane bagasse as immobilization support. First a 2((5-2)) design of experiments was realized with the following independent variables: sucrose concentration; pH; incubation time and agitation. Based on the best results observed in this experiment, the capacity for reuse of the supports in subsequent fermentations was evaluated for 12 recycle days. Loofa sponge support was the best immobilization support and in the 2((5-2)) experiment, it showed 2.58 g.L-1 of immobilized cells and 19.13 g.L-1 of exopolysaccharide levan. Sugarcane bagasse showed the highest ethanol production (103.82 g.L-1). In the immobilization support recycling experiment, sugarcane bagasse was the most promising support since it showed cell viability up to the last fermentation cycle, confirmed by scanning electronic microscopy, also showing the largest values for immobilized biomass (3.23 g.L-1), levan (32.13 g.L-1), ethanol (148.18 g.L-1) and sucrose consumption (92.64\%).
Tebuthiuron is often used to control weed growth in sugarcane cultures. This herbicide is highly toxic and can persist in soil for up to 2 years according to its degradation half-life. Hence, its residual effect is highly hazardous for the environment and local habitants via leaching, surface runoff. Screening out of species of green manure as potential phytoremediators for tebuthiuron in soil, with and with no vinasse, accordingly is the scientific point of this study. Green manure species selected for the trial in greenhouse were jack bean {[
The industrial microorganisms used for fructooligosaccharides (FOS) synthesis are generally fermented with sucrose as carbon source to induce the production of beta-fructofuranosidase (FFase) having transfructosylation activity. Consequently, isolation of novel FFase producers from a sucrose-enriched biotope would help improve FOS productivity and reduce the process cost. Here, three fungi isolated from a unique sugarcane molasses habitat were found to possess FFase activity and one of them, XG21, exhibited a high capacity to synthesize FOS. Analysis of its morphological properties and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence allowed the taxonomic position to be assigned and it was thus identified as Aspergillus tubingensis XG21. It could utilize various potential carbon sources for vigorous growth, but only produced high-level FFase activity on sucrose. Furthermore, the transfructosylation ability and FOS synthesis were analyzed by TLC and HPLC. During the transfructosylation reaction, an increase in sucrose concentration led to the remarkable enhancement in FOS formation with the maximum content of up to 56.9\% within 8 h. Finally, the sugarcane molasses was used to cultivate A. tubingensis XG21 and the optimal FFase activity reached up to 558.3 U/g, which was 88.9\% higher than that with sucrose as carbon source. These results indicate that A. tubingensis XG21 can be considered as a new genetic resource adapted to cheaply available carbon sources for FOS production.
Sugarcane bagesse was utilised as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of metal ions. The study was done at a temperature of 35 degrees C, and the maximum adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions were 3.02 and 2.90 mg/g, respectively, for sugarcane bagasse. These results were determined using the following optimum conditions: initial metal ion concentration of 100 mg/dm(3), adsorbent weight of 0.5 g, time of 30 min and pH of 6. The adsorption of the metal ions by the adsorbents decreased with an increase in the initial concentration of the metal ions in an aqueous solution. The rate of adsorption also increased with temperature. The adsorption showed a good fit to the Langmuir model compared to the Freundlich adsorption model. The Langmuir dimensionless constant (R-L) for the adsorption of Pb(II) ion and Cd(II) ion ranged from 0.081 to 0.123 and 0.115 to 0.172, respectively, which confirms favourable adsorption. The adsorption process showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics was a better fit than the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The result of this work showed a low-cost and efficient potential of sugarcane bagasse to be employed as a good adsorbent for metal ion removal.
Numerous waste products have been widely studied and used as soil amendments and metal immobilizing agents. Waste utilization from ethanol production processes as soil amendments is one of the most promising and sustainable options to help utilize materials effectively, reduce waste disposal, and add value to byproducts. As a consequence, this present work carried out a four-month pot experiment of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation in Cd and Zn contaminated soil to determine the effect of three sugarcane waste products (boiler ash, filter cake and vinasse) as soil amendment on sugarcane growth, metal translocation and accumulation in sugarcane, and fractionation of Cd and Zn in soil by the BCR sequential extraction. Four treatments were tested: (1) non-amended soil; (2) 3\% w/w boiler ash; (3) 3\% w/w filter cake; and (4) a combination of 1.5\% boiler ash and 1.5\% vinasse (w/w). Our findings showed the improved biomass production of sugarcanes; 6 and 3-fold higher for the above ground parts (from 8.5 to 57.6 g per plant) and root (from 2.1 to 6.59 g per plant), respectively, as compared to non-amended soil. Although there was no significant difference in Cd and Zn uptake in sugarcane (mg kg(-1)) between the non-amended soil and the treated soils (0.44 to 0.52 mg Cd kg(-1) and 39.9 to 48.1 mg Zn kg(-1), respectively), the reduction of the most bioavailable Cd concentration (BCR1 + 2) in the treated soils (35.4-54.5\%) and the transformation of metal into an insoluble fraction (BCR3) highlighted the beneficial effects of sugarcane waste-products in promoting the sugarcane growth and Cd stabilization in soil.
Beyond the environmental impacts, the sustainability of mortars should consider its technological aspect. An ecodesign method, which considers both environmental and technical performance, was performed to assess the use of sugarcane bagasse ash mortars in the Brazilian context. Four percentages of SCBA replacing partially Portland cement (0\%, 15\%, 30\%, and 50\%, in mass), two economic-oriented Brazilian scenarios, and eleven life cycle impact categories related to the sugarcane industry and Portland cement production were considered in this analysis. The LCA was employed as an environmental performance tool and, when associated with the compressive strength of mortars (technological aspect), allows to create an eco-efficiency indicator associated with a heuristic diagram which gives interesting approaches related to the use of SCBA mortars in the Brazilian context. Although the obtained results indicate a slight ``Trade-off on mechanical performance{''
Over the past few decades elite strains of rhizobia have become commercially available for agricultural production. However, these elite rhizobia are often not as competitive as native strains under adverse edaphic conditions, primarily concerning tolerance to soil desiccation. Biochar has been proposed as a soil amendment to reduce water stress. The effect of biochar made from sugar cane bagasse on rhizobium survival and inoculation of beans was tested in comparison to uncharred sugarcane bagasse and an unamended control in the greenhouse using a gradient of soil-sand mixtures (0\%, 25\%, 50\%, 75\%, 100\% sand in the mixture) under two watering regimes over eight weeks between inoculant addition and planting in comparison to a control where inoculants were applied at planting. For the control, shoot growth did not differ between the charred or uncharred carrier materials (P > 0.05). However, the number of nodules was ten- and 13-fold greater with uncharred bagasse over biochar or control carriers, respectively. When pots were allowed to dry for eight weeks between inoculant addition and planting, the bagasse carrier was the only carrier that resulted in root nodules. With intermittent between inoculant application and planting, shoot biomass with the biochar carrier was 147 and 151\% greater than with the bagasse and control carriers, respectively. Under the same intermittent drying, nodule number using the bagasse carrier was 925\% greater than that with the biochar carrier, while nodules were absent in the control. DNA fingerprinting of the root nodules indicated that nodule occupancy was dominated by native rhizobia and not the introduced strain. However, occupancy of the introduced CIAT899 in bean nodules (1-38\%) was significantly greater than expected values based on carrier application rates (2-7\%), irrespective of carrier.
Solid fuel from co-briquetting of SCB and RB was investigated in this study. The effects of compression pressure (8, 10 and 12 MPa) and briquette formulation (varying SCB-RB fractions, 0-1 w/w) on the quality and characteristics of briquettes were determined under fixed compression temperature (150 degrees C), time (30 min), and rate (0.34 MPa/s). Effects of initial biomass composition on the mechanical properties, fuel characteristics and quality of the briquettes produced were also studied. Briquetting of SCB and RB resulted in an improvement of the bulk density up to 1.1939 g/cm(3) (corresponding to a compressive strength of at least 5.12 kgf/mm(2)) and in the reduction of the equilibrium moisture to as low as <5 \%w/w. Moreover, the physical and chemical characteristics of SCB and RB were found to have significant influence on the quality and characteristics of the briquettes produced, with its inherent structure and components improving briquette strength and serving as natural binders, respectively. Mechanical densification didn't result in changes in the combustion characteristics of the residues as fuel, further improvement may be required if used in existing industrial boilers and burners. Nevertheless, the briquettes produced using SCB and RB meet current standards for fuels intended for domestic use. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This article reports a study of five designs of vinasse biorefineries that incorporate anaerobic bioreactors followed by a concentration technology such as evaporation, reverse osmosis, or forward osmosis. Different techniques of draw solution regeneration - evaporation, reverse osmosis, and membrane distillation - were also analyzed. Exergy analysis, a method that evaluates the resource conversion efficiency of systems, was used to compare the alternatives. The results indicated that among the alternatives analyzed, the combination of anaerobic digestion and reverse osmosis presented the highest exergy efficiency (62\%). However, evaporators were the most feasible in terms of costs. Both alternatives are interesting and the final choice depends on the technology available and local economy. In any case, the treatment of 491.76 m(3)/h of vinasse (exergy rate of 60513.8 kW) to recover 70\% of water could reduce external water requirement by 66\% and generate 28\% additional electricity for the sugarcane plant. In this case, the water recovery could represent an economy of 8,490,435.76 USD/year for the Brazilian alcohol industry. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of microbial consortia and industrial effluents for the production of biohydrogen by dark fermentation is seen as a key strategy in an attempt to overcome the economic and technical drawbacks of this potential technology. Three mesophilic microbial consortia were sampled and identified. Fermentation was carried out in a vinasse-based medium supplemented with pure or complex carbon sources under different conditions of H-2 partial pressure. Consortia LPBAH1 and LPBAH2 were predominantly composed of Oxalobacteraceae and Lactobacillaceae, while LPBAH3 was rich in sporulating Lactobacillaceae (>96\%). Each consortium presented specificities related to biohydrogen and VFAs production: (i) the highest biohydrogen yield was achieved with LPBAH1 (> 50\% Oxalobacteraceae) in a vinasse medium supplemented with sugarcane juice (1.59 +/- 0.21 mol(H2)/mol(glucose)); (ii) The lower H-2 yields were achieved with LPBAH3, which otherwise produced the highest amount of butyric acid (up to 10 g L-1); (iii) LPBAH2 presented great stability in H-2 production in different conditions of H-2 partial pressure.
Current strategies for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from biomass through non-enzymatic catalysis often led to a certain degree of lignin condensation, which severely restrains subsequent enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose. Herein, syringic acid (SA) pretreatment was investigated to coproduce XOS, glucose, and less-condensed lignin from sugarcane bagasse. SA acted as a catalyst and lignin condensation inhibitor during the pretreatment. The highest XOS yield of 58.7\% (27.7\% xylobiose and 24.7\% xylotriose) was obtained at 180 degrees C 20 min - 9\% SA, and the corresponding xylose/XOS ratio was only 0.42. Compared with the pretreatment at 180 degrees C - 20 min - 0\% SA, the addition of 9\% SA increased the glucose yield from 85.7\% to 92.4\% and decreased the degree of lignin condensation from 0.55 to 0.42. Moreover, 26.7\% of SA could be easily recovered. This work presents a pretreatment strategy in which the efficient production of XOS and the suppression of lignin condensation are achieved simultaneously.
Sugarcane bagasse (T-1), paddy straw (T-2) and their mixture (T-3) were added to mud-bottomed, manured cement tanks in triplicate to study the effect on bacterial biofilm production and growth and survival of rohu, Labeo rohita. All tanks were stocked with fingerling rohu at 10 000 ha(-1). The total plate count (TPC) of bacteria in water and on substrate did not differ significantly between treatments. The mean phytoplankton and zooplankton density in water was the highest in T-2, followed by T-3 and T-1. The growth of fish was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in T-2 and T-3 compared with T-1. Significantly higher RNA values were recorded in T-2 and T-3 compared with T-1. Similarly, T-2 and T-3 registered higher DNA values than T-1. RNA:DNA ratio was higher in T-2 compared with T-1. However, T-3 did not differ significantly from T-1 and T-2. Both intestinal and hepatopancreatic protease and lipase activity was higher in T-1 and T-2 compared with T-3 and both differ significantly from T-1. Intestinal amylase activity was higher in T-2 and T-3 compared with T-1, whereas hepatopancreatic amylase activity was higher in T-2 compared with T-1 and T-3. The results demonstrated that production of L. rohita can be significantly increased by the introduction of biodegradable substrates into culture systems where fertilization is employed.
Background: The lignocellulosic enzymes of Trichoderma species have received particular attention with regard to biomass conversion to biofuels, but the production cost of these enzymes remains a significant hurdle for their commercial application. In this study, we quantitatively compared the lignocellulolytic enzyme profile of a newly isolated Trichoderma asperellum S4F8 strain with that of Trichoderma reesei Rut C30, cultured on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using solid-state fermentation (SSF). Results: Comparison of the lignocellulolytic enzyme profiles of S4F8 and Rut C30 showed that S4F8 had significantly higher hemicellulase and beta-glucosidase enzyme activities. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the two fungal secretomes enabled the detection of 815 proteins in total, with 418 and 397 proteins being specific for S4F8 and Rut C30, respectively, and 174 proteins being common to both strains. In-depth analysis of the associated biological functions and the representation of glycoside hydrolase family members within the two secretomes indicated that the S4F8 secretome contained a higher diversity of main and side chain hemicellulases and beta-glucosidases, and an increased abundance of some of these proteins compared with the Rut C30 secretome. Conclusions: In SCB SSF, T. asperellum S4F8 produced a more complex lignocellulolytic cocktail, with enhanced hemicellulose and cellobiose hydrolysis potential, compared with T. reesei Rut C30. This bodes well for the development of a more cost-effective and efficient lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail from T. asperellum for lignocellulosic feedstock hydrolysis.
Sugarcane biomass from different feed sources of sugar mill operation were used in producing biochar at different temperatures (350, 500, 650, and 800 degrees C) with/out steam activation at 800 degrees C. Feed sources included fresh cane-trash, fresh bagasse, and old bagasse collected from a pile left outside the plant for several years. Biochar yield and composition were determined and metal sorption capacity evaluated. Pyrolysis more than doubled biochar ash content which was 2 to 3 times higher for fresh cane trash and old bagasse than for fresh bagasse biochars. On the other hand, surface area of fresh bagasse activated biochars (493 m(2) g(-1)) nearly doubled that of the old bagasse (262 m(2) g(-1)), or fresh cane trash (204 m(2) g(-1)) biochars. Cadmium sorption capacity increased upon activation and was an order of magnitude higher for old bagasse biochars than for fresh bagasse or fresh cane trash biochars across production temperatures (ranging from 43.4 mg g(-1) to 63.8 mg g(-1) compared to 0.35 mg g(-1) to 0.47 mg g(-1), or 4.35 mg g(-1) to 6.29 mg g(-1), respectively). Maximum sorption capacity for Cd and Cu was highly correlated with biochar ash content, while that of Pb correlated with biochar surface area and total sulfur content. Cu sorption capacity inversely correlated with O/C ratio and reduced significantly upon acid washing of activated 500 degrees C old bagasse biochar (from 32.2 mg g(-1) to 14.3 mg g(-1)). Ash content seemed to play a decisive role in metal sorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse biochars. Overall, old sugarcane bagasse feedstock demonstrated best performance in producing biochars of higher metal sorption capacity compared to fresh cane-trash or fresh bagasse. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The anaerobic treatment of raw vinasse in a combined system consisting in two methanogenic reactors, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) + anaerobic packed bed reactors (APBR), was evaluated. The organic loading rate (OLR) was varied, and the best condition for the combined system was 12.5 kg COD m(-3)day(-1) with averages of 0.289 m(3) CH4 kg COD r(-1)for the UASB reactor and 4.4 kg COD m(-3)day(-1) with 0.207 m(3) CH4 kg COD r(-1) for APBR. The OLR played a major role in the emission of H2S conducting to relatively stable quality of biogas emitted from the APBR, with H2S concentrations < 10 mg L-1. The importance of the sulphate to COD ratio was demonstrated as a result of the low biogas quality recorded at the lowest ratio. It was possible to develop a proper anaerobic digestion of raw vinasse through the combined system with COD removal efficiency of 86.7\% and higher CH4 and a lower H2S content in biogas.
BACKGROUND Sugarcane vinasse has a low pH and several studies report that alkalinity supplementation is essential to the stability of its dark fermentation (DF). In the context of biorefineries, the reduction, or even elimination, of alkalinizing agents could be extremely environmentally and economically advantageous. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the valorisation of vinasse DF through bioH(2) and value-added metabolite production without buffers in two similar Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) under mesophilic (U30) and thermophilic (U55) conditions. RESULTS Average organic acid yields of 376 +/- 52 and 248 +/- 122 mg-CODOA.g(-1)CODt(in), and productivities of 17 396 +/- 5220 and 14 024 +/- 1642 mg-CODOA.L-1 day(-1) were obtained for U30 and U55 reactors, respectively, with only vinasse as substrate (CODOA stands for organic acids chemical oxygen demand (COD) and CODin influent COD). BioH(2) production was feasible with sucrose as substrate and pH below 3.0, but it ceased with substrate replacement by vinasse along with a natural pH increase. A change in microbial community was also observed: Ethanoligenens, Clostridium sensu stricto 12, and Liquorilactobacillus (using sucrose and with a pH <3.0) were replaced by Prevotella, Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Clostridium sensu stricto 11, and Lactobacillus using vinasse (with a pH > 4.0). CONCLUSION Results showed that DF of sugarcane vinasse without any buffering addition might be a promising approach for the valorization of real wastewater through the production of organic acids. Nevertheless, bioH(2) production was not favored and further strategies would be needed to maintain hydrogen-producing bacteria when sucrose is replaced by real effluent with a natural pH increase. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
In this study the agronomic properties, chemical composition, sugar yield, and calculated combined ethanol yield from different varieties of sugarcane were compared for two different harvest seasons. Results showed wide variations in agronomic parameters (cane yield, juice sugar and fiber content), chemical composition and sugar released after pretreatment-hydrolysis of bagasse, and calculated combined ethanol yield. Calculated combined ethanol yields ranged from 1695 to 15,975 L/ha. Classical breeding varieties showed improved biomass yield per hectare. Precision breeding varieties for improving sucrose content largely failed during growth season with sub-optimal rain fall. Prolonged drought also affected the performance of all varieties represented by lower and intermediate lignin content for cane yield compared to that had highest lignin content. Therefore, an attempt to reduce lignin content in the bagasse to reduce processing costs for ethanol production should also target improved crop tolerance toward drought. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bagasse, an industrial agro waste is treated with alkali initially to remove hemicelluloses fraction followed by treatment with sodium chlorite solution varying the treatment time. The novelty of the work lies in the bleaching with chlorite treatment in alkaline medium. The treated bagasse fiber was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), UV spectroscope, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that during alkali treatment, a lattice transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II took place. Chlorite treatment removed lignin initially, and then with increasing time, the amorphous portion of cellulose is removed, rendering high crystallinity in the fiber. All the changes have been accounted by evaluation of LOI (lateral order of index), TCI (total crystallinity index), and HBI (hydrogen bond intensity) from FTIR study. XRD study also revealed the same fact. AFM study also supported the same fact indicating generation of sharp crystal and rough surface. Morphological study of treated and untreated bagasse fiber also exhibited fibrillation of fiber. Radius of hydration as estimated by DLS analysis followed a decreasing trend with increase in chlorite treatment time. The loss of transparency in cellulose fiber has been exposed by UV spectra analysis. TGA study showed that thermal stability has been increased with chlorite treatment. Such alkali treatment along with sodium chlorite for cellulose extraction from bagasse has not been performed by earlier investigators. Extracted cellulose fiber will be a very suitable reinforcing agent due to highly fibrillated morphology.
The exploitation of cost-effective and environmentally friendly biochar catalysts is of major importance for the oxidative treatment of toxic organic wastewater and the resource utilization of waste biomass. In this work, sewage sludge and bagasse waste were co-pyrolyzed into a novel biochar catalyst (SB-BC-900) for efficiently activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade bisphenol AF (BPAF) in wastewater. Compared with single sludge biochar (S-BC-900), SB-BC-900 had a larger cumulative pore volume, more oxygenated functional groups (OFGs) and higher graphitization degree, with a significantly higher catalytic capacity. SB-BC-900 enabled rapid degradation of BPAF within 10 min at a low PMS dosage (molar ratio {[
In order to reduce the amount of choline acetate ({[
ObjectiveOur study evaluated the performance of different two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) prototypes, operated with variable distance between electrodes and Nafion membrane and specific inoculum concentration, applied for vinasse treatment.ResultsThe performance of the developed MFC resulted in a maximum current density of 1200mAm(-2) and power density of 800mWm(-2) in a period of 61days. MFC performed a chemical oxygen demand removal at a rate ranging from 51 to 60\%.ConclusionsTaking our preliminary results into consideration, we concluded that the MFC technology presents itself as highly promising for the treatment of vinasse.
The influence of sugarcane-bagasse ash (SCBA) and rice-husk ash (RHA) as cement replacement materials on the mechanical and durability properties of mortars was investigated in this study. Portland cement was replaced by RHA and SCBA at a rate of 10-30\% and 10-25\% by weight of cementitious materials, respectively. Also, ternary mixtures were prepared by the incorporation of both additives. Replacement dosages were selected based on the former research studies to cast the mortar. Additionally, a control mixture, containing only cement, was prepared to clarify the effectiveness of replacement materials. Compressive strength tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performances of the specimens. In addition, the transport tests (water absorption and capillary absorption), electrical resistivity, rapid chloride migration test (RCMT), and acid resistance of mortars were evaluated in order to investigate the effect of SCBA and RHA on the durability properties of mortar. Results showed that RHA was more effective at enhancing the mechanical properties of mortars than SCBA. However, according to the durability tests' results, both SCBA and RHA were found to be effective since ternary mixtures were more durable when compared to the control mixture.
Bagasse is biomass residue generated on extraction of juice from sugarcane. It is commonly used as fuel for electricity generators, and its calcination produces sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). Finely ground SCBA can be used as partial replacement for cement. In this study, the effects of SCBA incorporating different quartz contents on properties of cement pastes and mortars were investigated. SCBA with a high carbon content retrieved from Brazilian industrial boilers was washed with water. Two ashes, namely top wash SCBA with a low quartz content and bottom wash SCBA with a high quartz content, were obtained. Both ashes were compared with the as-received control ash. The SCBA samples were recalcinated by conjugate burning and then finely ground. Results show that bottom SCBA had more crystalline phases, while top SCBA was more active, achieving a higher pozzolanic activity. Isothermal calorimetry showed that SCBA cement released increased heat of hydration due to heterogeneous nucleation and exothermic hydration reactions. Mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that SCBA contributed to refining the pore structure. Mechanical strength results indicated that SCBA can be used for partial replacement of cement, enhancing the sustainability and engineering properties of cement-based materials.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the solid waste that can be processed as a mixture of structure materials. In the previous research, sugarcane bagasse has been processed and used as a mixture of portland cement, the manufacture of asbestos and also mixtures for manufacturing of brake pads that are frequently used in motor vehicle. Based on the previous research results, it is strongly necessary to develop a research about sugarcane bagasse for structure materials. The method used to determine the mechanical properties is tensile test and compression test. To obtain the intensity of material variations, it is needed to make various sizes of filtration carbon in the form of aggregate that is mixed into the tiles material. The size of the aggregate used in concrete material can be on 200 mu m, 400 mu m and 600 mu m. This measure is taken in accordance with the size of the filtration apparatus. Furthermore, in obtaining sugarcane bagasse carbon, the researcher must do the oven curing process on 200 degrees C temperature and 3 hours in curing oven. In this research the best result is used bagasse powder mixtured 200 mu m is 7. 2 MPa.
Porous carbon is one of the most promising electrode materials for energy conversion and storage devices due to its high specific surface area, low cost, sustainability, appropriate charging/discharging voltage platform and high interlayer spacing. However, the disadvantage of insufficient energy storage capacity frustrates its wide applications. Herein, a novel N, P co-doped porous carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse (SBNPk) was prepared by hydrothermal method combined with KOH activation and carbonization, and was applied to supercapacitors (SCs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The SBNPK possesses a special hierarchical porous structure, improved surface area, larger interlayer spacing, and moderate N, P doping level. Specifically, the SBNPk carbonization at 600 degrees C (SBNPk-600) exhibits the highest specific capacitance (356.4 F g- 1 at 1 A g- 1), good rate capability and excellent cycle stability (5\% loss over 10,000 cycles) in a three-electrode system. Further assembled in a sym-metrical two-electrode system, the SBNPK-600//SBNPK-600 can still provide a higher energy density of 6.5 Wh kg- 1 at 251.9 W kg- 1 and superior cycle performance (96.5\% of capacitance retention at 2 A g- 1 after 20,000 cycles). Surprisingly, the SBNPK-600 as an anode for SIBs also delivers a high reversible capacity of 304.1 mAh g- 1 at 25 mA g- 1 and excellent cycle performance (225.7 mAh g- 1 after 1000 cycles at 500 mA g- 1), indicating
The experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of sugar-cane bagasse containing 60\% dry matter submited to increasing sodium hydroxide concentrations (0, 2.5, 5. and 7.5\% NaOH on a dry matter basis). NaOH was applied as a 2:1 water:NaOH solution, over different treatment times (1, 3, 5, and 7 days). Plastic pails with 10 L capacity were utilized and stocked in climatic chamber at 25 degrees C constant temperature. The experimental treatments had no effect on the crude protein content of the sugar cane bagasse which averaged 1.6\% CP. The dry matter content of the bagasse increased over of the days of treatment, without any effect of the NaOH solution concentration. Mean values for the bagasse neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents declined in response to NAOH solution concentration. NaOH treatment improved the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and sodium content of the bagasse. Time of treatment had no effect on these variables. The treatment of sugar cane bagasse with the NaOH solution improved its nutritive value in terms of its reduced cell wall constituents and increased IVDMD.
Sugarcane bagasse is divided into two major components. They are pith and rind. Pith is the inner part of sugarcane bagasse while rind is the outer part of it. In this study, the flexural properties of pith reinforced poly (vinyl chloride) composites were compared to that of rind composites with the same matrix in variation of fibre content. The composites were produced by compression moulding method. The fibre contents were 10\%, 20\%, 30\%, 40\%, and 50\% in weight. Three-point bending tests were carried out to measure the flexural properties of the composites. It has been found that, in general, the addition of fibre improved the flexural modulus of the materials. Meanwhile, the rind composites were of superior flexural properties compared to the pith composites.
In the field of advanced concrete science, the construction industry has risen to great heights. Due to its own characterisation, the manufacturing cost of reactive powder concrete (RPC) is very high. This can be minimised by substituting the components of the RPC with the aid of agro waste. Because of the production of sugar from the sugar cane industry, bagasse ash is abundantly available in India. It is not ideal for the direct replacement of ingredients in concrete because of the presence of carbon dioxide in bagasse ash. The study of bagasse ash's actions under different temperatures and different exposure times is discussed in this paper. It is inferred from the findings obtained from the energy dispersive study of X-ray (EDAX) that the presence of reactive silica in bagasse ash could be substituted by RPC ingredients due to heat treatment. RPC is composed of exceptionally fine powders (cement, sand, quartz powder and silica smolder) and superplasticiser. The superplasticiser, utilised at its ideal dose, decreases the water to cement proportion (w/c) while enhancing the workability of the concrete. A thick matrix is accomplished by optimising the granular packing of the dry fine powders. This compactness gives RPC ultra-high quality and durability. Reactive powder concretes have compressive qualities extending from 200 to 800 MPa.
Background In recent years, there have been several studies on the remediation of heavy metal pollution in soil by the application of biochar. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the effects and underlying mechanisms of biochar on soil carbon sequestration in manganese- contaminated farmlands. Therefore, in this study, bagasse biochar was applied to the soil in different proportions (0\%, 0.5\%, 2\%, and 5\%) and the test was conducted indoors for 100 days at a constant temperature. Soil physical and chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization, organic carbon components, and enzyme activities were analyzed in this study. Results In this study, when compared with the control, the application of 0.5\%, 2\%, and 5\% bagasse biochar to the manganese-contaminated sugarcane field soil effectively reduced the cumulative CO2 emissions, i.e., decreased by 123.18 mg.kg(-1), 208.28 mg.kg(-1), and 287.79 mg.kg(-1), respectively. Among the different treatment groups, the highest decrease in cumulative CO2 emissions was observed in the 5\% bagasse biochar-treated soil when compared with the control. The application of bagasse biochar increased the soil microbial biomass carbon content by 12.72 mg.kg(-1), 13.71 mg.kg(-1), and 15.10 mg.kg(-1), respectively when compared with the control. The soil nutrients and enzyme activities significantly increased with the increase in biochar application amount. Conclusions The application of bagasse biochar to manganese- contaminated sugarcane soil field effectively inhibited the mineralization of soil organic carbon, improved the carbon sequestration potential of manganese-contaminated sugarcane field soil, and provided a theoretical basis for the carbon sequestration mechanism in manganesecontaminated farmland soil.
Sugarcane vinasse wastewater (SVW) is one of the most voluminous waste generated in the ethanol industry and usually applied in fertigation. It is characterized by presenting high COD and BOD; thus, continued disposal of vinasse results in negative environmental impacts. In this paper, we investigated the potential of SVW in replacement of water in mortar, rethinking about reuse of effluent, reduction of pollutants in the environment, and water consumption in civil construction. Mortar composites with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100\% of water replaced by SVW were studied in order to determine the optimum content. Mortars with 60 to 100\% of SVW result in improved workability and reduction in water demand. The mortars with 20, 40, and 60\% SVW resulted in satisfactory mechanical properties, i.e., similar to the control mortar. However, XRD analysis of cement pastes showed that the SVW causes a delay in CH formation, reaching mechanical strength after 28 days. Durability tests results showed that SVW contributes to the mortar becoming more impermeable; therefore, less susceptible to weathering. This study provides an important evaluation of the potential of SVW for application in civil construction, indicating relevant results for replacement of water by liquid wastes in cementitious composites and reduction the use of natural resources.
The use of biomass for the production of electrical energy is a promising technological solution for those countries where there are problems with the disposal of agricultural waste and/or the production of low-cost energy. The gasification and/or pyrolysis of the biomass produces a gas rich in hydrogen that can be used in a fuel cell system to produce electrical energy with reduced environmental impact and significant energy recovery. In this work, a study of the pyrolysis of Brazilian sugarcane bagasse was carried out. The experimental process consisted of the pyrolysis of the biomass material in a batch pyrolysis reactor. In some runs the biomass was dry, while in others it was pre-treated by the addition of water. It was noted that the water added to the biomass before the pyrolysis process resulted in a decrease in the quantity of steam added to the fuel cell feeding gas, necessary to avoid carbon deposition, and in an increase in cell power, but, at the same time, caused a decrease in the quantity of syngas produced. Then, the composition of the gas obtained from the experimental pyrolysis of the sugarcane was inserted in a simulation tool of a molten carbonate fuel cell system in order to estimate the feasibility of the entire process in terms of operating conditions and electrical performance. The present study indicates that the syngas obtained from the sugarcane biomass (about 40\%) can be converted into electricity using a fuel cell system with a high efficiency. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethanol has a large share in Brazilian primary energy consumption and plays a significant role in the mitigation of the emissions from combustion engines, as national regulations advance towards increasing anhydrous ethanol content in gasoline or by the direct use of hydrated ethanol as fuel. A simulation of a sugarcane ethanol plant with a regular yield of 85.3 L of ethanol per ton of cane was carried out. The investigated process starts from the cultivation of sugarcane to the production of hydrated and/or anhydrous ethanol. The study considered that bagasse can be either burnt for cogeneration or used as feedstock for the enzymatic hydrolysis system. Additionally, alternative energy sources (such as natural gas (NG) burnt in a boiler or electricity from the Brazilian National Interconnected System (NIS)) are considered in order to cover the domestic demand in cases where biomass lacked for energy purposes. Net energy ratio (NER), fossil energy ratio (FER) and total CO(2)emission were modelled through central composite designs to assess scenarios in which the fraction of bagasse sent to hydrolysis (x(1)) and hydrated ethanol sent to dehydration (x(2)) both varied between 0 and 100\%. The application of statistical tools (ANOVA, Student'sttest andR(2)) showed thatx(1)caused significant variations on the investigated parameters, whilex(2)proportioned mild effects. NER varied in the range 0.795-0.984, with an optimal value being found at (x(1),x(2)) equal to (81.82, 0) and (36.67, 0) when the system is coupled to NIS and a NG boiler, respectively. FER was verified as high as 11.910 with energy from NIS to produce hydrated ethanol with maximal cogeneration from the bagasse. It diminished to 3, when around 40\% of bagasse is sent to enzymatic hydrolysis instead for the cogeneration system and NG complements the domestic demand.
Brazil stands out in the international scenario as the largest producer of sugarcane, processing billions of tons. Thus, this activity generates residues, such as ashes from bagasse burning and straw from sugarcane cleaning and from the production of sugar, alcohol and thermal energy. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the initial performance and chlorophyll content of pigeon pea and the chemical attributes of the soil after application of ash doses. The experiment was conducted in 2021, in a greenhouse located in southwestern Goias, Brazil. The design used was completely randomized, composed of five ash doses: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Mg ha-1 and a control treatment, with four replicates, totaling 24 experimental units. The use of only ash as a fertilizer source causes linear increases in the initial growth of pigeon pea and in the contents of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b, reaching the maximum increments with the estimated ash doses of 35.9 and 38.9 Mg ha-1. Applications of high ash doses promoted improvements in soil fertility, with increase in pH, P, K and base saturation as well as reduction in aluminum content and aluminum saturation. Calcium and magnesium contents reached the maximum increments with the estimated ash doses of 39.5 and 66.7 Mg ha-1, respectively.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and particle size on broiler performance, gizzard development, ileal microflora, litter quality, and bird welfare under a wet litter challenge model. A total of 672 one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers was allocated to 48 pens using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with corn particle size-coarse 3,576 mu m (CC) or fine 1,113 mu m (FC) geometric mean diameter, SB - 0 or 2\% and sodium (Na) - 0.16 or 0.40\% with increased Na level to induce wet litter. A 3-way particle size x Na x SB interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for weight gain at d 10. Birds fed FC showed a higher weight gain compared to birds fed CC when 0.40\% Na without SB diet or 0.16\% Na with 2\% SB diet was offered. A significant particle size x SB interaction was observed at d 24 on feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.001) and weight gain (P < 0.05). FCR was reduced by 2\% SB supplementation in birds fed CC but increased in birds fed FC. Further, weight gain of birds fed 2\% SB was higher in birds fed CC but not in those fed FC. On d 35, birds fed 2\% SB had a higher weight gain (P < 0.001) compared to those without SB, and a SB x particle size interaction on relative gizzard weight (P < 0.05) and pH (P < 0.05) was present. SB reduced gizzard pH and increased the relative gizzard weight in birds fed the FC diet but not the CC diet (P < 0.05). Counts of ileal Bacillus spp. were increased in birds fed SB (P < 0.05) on d 24. No effects of SB and particle size on litter quality and bird welfare were observed, but higher Na increased litter moisture and footpad dermatitis (FPD) scores (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that SB independently or in combination with CC improves performance in older birds regardless of Na level in diets, possibly through improved gizzard development and gut microflora of birds.
An expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) anaerobic reactor treating sugar cane vinasse was modelled using a simple model with two steps (acidogenesis and methanogenesis), two populations, two substrates and completely mixed conditions. A first-order kinetic equation for both steps with time-variant kinetic coefficients was used. An observer system was used to estimate the evolution of kinetic constants over time. The model was validated by comparing methane flow predictions with experimental values. An estimation of evolution of populations of microorganisms was also performed. This approach allows calculation of specific kinetic constants that reflect biological activity of microorganisms. Variation of specific kinetic constants reflects the influence of the fraction of raw vinasse in the feed. High salt concentrations in the reactor may have inhibited the process.
Sugarcane Distillery Spent Wash (DSW) is among the most pollutant industrial effluents, generally characterized by high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), high mineral matters and acidic pH, causing strong environmental impacts. Bioremediation is considered to be a good and cheap alternative to DSW treatment. In this study, 37 strains of yeasts and filamentous fungi were performed to assess their potential to significantly reduce four parameters characterizing the organic load of vinasses (COD, pH, minerals and OD475nm). In all cases, a pH increase (until a final pH higher than 8.5, being an increase superior to 3.5 units, as compared to initial pH) and a COD and minerals removal could be observed, respectively (until 76.53\% using Aspergillus terreus var. africanus and 77.57\% using Aspergillus niger). Depending on the microorganism, the OD475nm could decrease (generally when filamentous fungi were used) or increase (generally when yeasts were used). Among the strains tested, the species from Aspergillus and Trametes genus offered the best results in the depollution of DSW. Concomitant with the pollutant load removal, fungal biomass, with yields exceeding 20 g center dot L-1, was produced.
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw removal from the field has the potential to produce short-term gains at the cost of long-term sustainability. The objective of this study was (i) to develop a model capable to predict sugarcane yield (straw and stalk) by soil attributes and (ii) to discover why yields are minimally impacted following straw removal. In this 2-yr experiment, the sugarcane straw removal effects on crop yields and soil attributes were investigated at two sites, Valparaiso and Capivari, in southeastern Brazil. Soil samples from the 0-5, 0-10, 0-20, and 0-30 cm were analyzed for C, N, Ca, Mg, P, K, pH, bulk density (BD), and soil penetration resistance (PR). The data were subjected to descriptive statistical, geostatistical, correlation and regression analyses. The findings showed that the straw and stalk yield can be predicted using soil attributes data at sites where the straw is removed. The best modeling coefficients for stalk yield were obtained using soil data from the 0-20 cm layer. The straw removal induced reduction in soil C, chemical and physical quality (0-5 cm) depending on site, but did not result in lower yields. The research findings provide important information that will lead to sustainable bioenergy production in Brazil.
Partial substitution of sugarcane molasses by cheese whey in the fed-batch production of baker's yeast was evaluated. A sugar feeding profile based in a commercial process and different modes of addition of beta -galactosidase were used. Molasses substitution of 46\%, in terms of sugar fed to the bioreactor, was reached and no significant differences in biomass volumetric productivity, by-products yields, and baking quality were observed. However the biomass yield was 6\% lower.
This paper presents a novel adsorbent, modified sugarcane bagasse (MSB), that is developed from untreated sugarcane bagasse (USB) using graft copolymerization and which can be used to remove cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of MSB was evaluated with respect to several factors, including pH values, initial cadmium concentration, and the adsorbent dosages. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, activation energy, and thermodynamic parameters are also described in detail. The Langmuir isotherm model offered the best fit among the various isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities of MSB and USB were 14.28 and 3.53 mg g(-1), respectively. The adsorption kinetic results indicated that the adsorption of Cd (II) onto MSB followed the pseudo-second-order model, and chemical adsorption was the rate-controlling step. The calculated activation energy (E-a) was 254.5 kJ mol(-1), which indicates that the adsorption of Cd (II) onto MSB was under chemical control. Sugarcane bagasse can be a potentially effective heavy metal adsorbent after a cost effective graft copolymerization. (C) 2014 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enzyme mediated degradation of lignocellulosic biomass is an important step in waste-biorefineries. Multienzyme preparations can effectively degrade complex materials and, hence, can be applied in biorefineries. Here, an agro-industrial waste, sugarcane bagasse, was used to produce a bacterial multienzyme. The bacterial strains including B. thuringiensis B45, B. velezensis BF3 and B. amyloliquefaciens B987 exhibited their growth at temperatures from 30-50 degrees C in the presence of 2\% salt. The isolates B45, BF3 and B987 were able to produce endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase, respectively. Therefore, it was aimed to obtain a multienzyme preparation by cultivating the bacterial consortium under a solid-state fermentation of untreated and chemically treated sugarcane bagasse. The results showed that the titres of cellulase and xylanase were generally higher when the strain B45 cultivated at the start of the fermentation. Interestingly, the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose present in sugarcane bagasse by the strains B45 and BF3 rendered the mere pectin component available to the pectinolytic strain B987. The degradation of SB by the consortium was confirmed by gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The study showed that the bacterial strains can be cultivated under solid-state fermentation to obtain industrially important enzymes.
This work investigates computationally the modeling of sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. An Euler Euler multiphase approach, as invoked by the open code MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges), is adopted, and the simulations are carried out in a two-dimensional Cartesian domain. While several pyrolysis kinetic models have been developed for wood, coal, and generic biomass, generally using thermogravimetric analysis, no such model has been specifically tested or adapted to simulate sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactors through computational fluid dynamics. In the present study, seven pyrolysis kinetic models available in the literature are implemented as MFIX user-supplied routines and evaluated within given operational temperature ranges. Initially, well-established wood pyrolysis results are used to validate the implementations. Following validation, six kinetic schemes are employed to simulate sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. Results for the products distribution, formation reaction rate profiles, and tar composition at different operating temperatures of the fluidized bed reactor are obtained for all models and compared to published experimental results. Based on the assessed predictive performances of the models, indications are drawn for the most appropriate models to simulate the reactor under different operating conditions.
Brazil is the world leader in the production and export of sugarcane derivatives, and its center-south region is the main producer. Fertigation with byproducts from bioethanol production can be adopted as a strategy to mitigate the soil physical deterioration resulting from the intensification of mechanized farming practices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of soil physical attributes under sugarcane cultivation in different crop cycles in fertigated areas in the midwest region of Brazil. The samples were collected in different Ferralsol layers (0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, and 0.4-0.5 m) and fertigated crop cycles (first, third, fifth, seventh, and twelfth sugarcane cycles), as well as from native Cerrado vegetation (reference area), and the weight and volume relationships of the soil constituents and total soil were evaluated. Soil physical attributes are affected by sugarcane cultivation cycles and fertigation with vinasse. In the short term (third cycle), the results indicate deterioration of the physical attributes of the soil. However, throughout the cycles of sugarcane culture via fertigation (twelve cycles), the addition of vinasse leads to improvements in physical attributes and soil aggregation, promoting an increase in the longevity of the sugarcane crop. Therefore, the evaluation of the physical attributes of the soil in areas with vinasse application in different sugarcane cultivation cycles should be analyzed in areas of different regions, as this management practice indicates a high potential to increase the longevity of cultivation sugarcane, reducing production costs in the bioenergy sector.
BackgroundStraw retention is a substitute for chemical fertilizers, which effectively maintain organic matter and improve microbial communities on agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to provide sufficient information on soil fungal community networks and their functions in response to straw retention. Hence, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Illumina MiSeq (ITS rRNA) and FUNGuild to examine ITS rRNA gene populations, soil fungal succession and their functions under control (CK) and sugarcane straw retention (SR) treatments at different soil layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40cm) in fallow fields.ResultThe result showed that SR significantly enhanced ITS rRNA gene copy number and Shannon index at 0-10cm soil depth. Fungi abundance, OTUs number and ACE index decreased with the increasing soil depth. The ANOSIM analysis revealed that the fungal community of SR significantly differed from that of CK. Similarly, significant difference was also observed between topsoil (0-20cm) and subsoil (20-40cm). Compared with CK, SR decreased the relative abundance of the pathogen, while increased the proportion of saprotroph. Regarding soil depth, pathogen relative abundance in topsoil was lower than that in subsoil. Besides, both sugarcane straw retention and soil depths (topsoil and subsoil) significantly altered the co-occurrence patterns and fungal keystone taxa closely related to straw decomposition. Furthermore, both SR and topsoil had higher average clustering coefficients (aveCC), negative edges and varied modularity.ConclusionsOverall, straw retention improved alpha -diversity, network structure and fungal community, while reduced soil pathogenic microbes across the entire soil profile. Thus, retaining straw to improve fungal composition, community stability and their functions, in addition to reducing soil-borne pathogens, can be an essential agronomic practice in developing a sustainable agricultural system.
High yield sugarcane is expected to resolve the competition between food and fuel regarding farmland and biomass resources. However, its higher composition of reducing sugars (i.e., glucose and fructose), which inhibit sucrose crystallization, hinders the production of sugar from high yield sugarcane. Under the conventional integrated sugar ethanol manufacturing system, high biomass yield causes only the increase of ethanol production because of the increase in unrecovered sugar after extraction, which represents a failure in resolving the competition. The technology presented here is the world's first to solve this problem via selective ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces dairenensis, an unconventional yeast that ferments only reducing sugars and leaves sucrose untouched. A laboratory-scale test using sugarcane juices with a high composition of reducing sugars (100 g kg(-1)) resulted in a sucrose crystal yield increase from a single extraction, from 16.2 to 65.1\%, by introducing selective fermentation. The second extraction, from the molasses, which was enabled by the lowered residual reducing sugar composition, further enhanced the total sugar crystal yield (up to 83.4\%). A simulation of the application of this technology in the U.S.A. revealed that both sugar and ethanol production were enhanced, whereas sugar production declined by the mere adoption of high yield cultivar, even with the increase in sugarcane yield. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A low-cost and green biorefinery will increase the economy and revenue from lignocellulosic biomass. This study demonstrated the effect of two-pot sequential pretreatment, comprising of ultrasound ethanol (USEL) synergized ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES, choline chloride: glycerol: FeCl3 center dot 6H(2)O), with the aim to investigate the effects of USEL, TDES, and USEL thorn TDES pretreatments on enhancing delignification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The results showed that under the optimum TDES pretreatment conditions (FeCl3 center dot 6H(2)O, 120 degrees C, 3 h), the cellulose content and lignin removal rate (LRR) of SCB reached 47.67 and 82.71\%, respectively. Under the optimum synergy conditions (USEL conditions: 100\% ethanol, 20 + 28 + 40 kHz, 240 W, 60 min; TDES conditions: FeCl3 center dot 6H(2)O, 120 degrees C, 3 h), the cellulose content and LRR of SCB reached 66.17 and 86.39\%, respectively. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the SCB pretreated with USEL + TDES shows a saccharification rate of 90.31\%, which was substantially higher than that of the SCB pretreated with TDES alone (85.68\%). X-ray diffraction, particle size, brunaueremmet-teller, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy analyses were conducted to confirm the efficiency of USEL + TDES on pretreating SCB. Meanwhile, 2D-HSQC NMR analysis revealed that regenerated lignin exhibited well-preserved structures (beta-O-4, beta-beta linkages), making it suitable for depolymerization into monoaromatic compounds. Overall, this work demonstrated that biomass pretreatment with the USEL + TDES was promising for a low-cost biorefinery to efficiently fractionate lignocellulosic biomass into glucose and high-quality lignin with tailored chemical structures. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Increases in agricultural productivity associated to the crescent use of finite reserves of phosphorus improved the demand for ways to recycle and reuse this nutrient. Biochars, after doping processes, seem to be an alternative to mitigate the large use of P reserves. Sugarcane straw and poultry manure were submerged in an MgCl2 solution in a 1:10 solid/liquid ratio and subsequently pyrolyzed at 350 and 650 degrees C producing biochar. Increasing concentrations of P were agitated with biochars in order to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity of P with the aid of Langmuir and Freudelich isotherm. MPAC was extracted, successively, with H2SO4 (0.5 mol L-1), NaHCO3 (0.5 mol l(-1) a pH 8.5) and H2O, until no P was detected in the solution. Biochars without the addition of Mg did not have the ability to adsorb P but had this property developed after the doping process. The poultry manure biochar presented higher MPAC (250.8 and 163.6 mg g(-1) of P at 350 and 650 degrees C, respectively) than that of sugarcane straw (17.7 and 17.6 mg g(-1) of P at 350 and 650 degrees C, respectively). The pyrolysis temperature changed significantly the MPAC values for the poultry manure biochar, with an increase in the adsorbed P binding energy for both biochars. H2SO4 showed the best extraction power, desorbing, with a lower number of extractions, the greater amount of the adsorbed P. These materials doped with Mg and subjected to pyrolysis have characteristics that allow their use in P adsorption from eutrophic and wastewaters and therefore its use as a slow release phosphate fertilizer, indicating to be competitive in quality and quantity with available soluble chemical sources in the market. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Global demand for bioenergy increases interest in biomass-derived fuels, as ethanol from sugarcane straw. However, straw is the main carbon source to soil and its removal reduces C input, affecting active fractions (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) and C storage. To quantify the effects of straw removal on DOC and C stocks, we built lysimeter system using soil (Rhodic Kandiudox) from sugarcane field. We evaluated four soil depths (1, 20, 50 and 100 cm) and four straw removal rates: no removal NR, medium MR, high HR and total TR, leaving 12, 6, 3 and 0 Mg/ha on the soil surface, respectively. After rainfall, drainage water was collected and analysed for DOC content. Soil C stocks were determined after the 17-month. Total DOC released at 1-cm depth amounted to 606, 500, 441 and 157 kg/ha in NR, MR, HR and TR, respectively. Net-DOC suggests straw as the main source of DOC. Most of DOC in NR (50\%) was retained within the 1-20 cm layer, resulting in higher C stock (10 Mg/ha) in the topsoil. In HR and MR, DOC retention was higher within 20-50 cm, suggesting differences in DOC composition. DOC in TR was 40\% higher at 20 cm than at 1 cm, indicating C losses from topsoil. Low concentrations of DOC were found at 100-cm depth, but representing 30\% in TR. Straw removal for bioenergy production is sustainable, but we should leave at least 3 Mg/ha of straw to ensure DOC production and soil C storage, taking account the DOC contribution to key soil functions.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the promising lignocellulosic feedstocks for bio-based chemicals production. However, to date, most research focuses mainly on the cellulose conversion process, while hemicellulose remains largely underutilized. The conversion of glucose and xylose derived from lignocellulosic biomass can be a promising strategy to improve utilization efficiencies of resources, energy, and water, and at the same time reduce wastes generated from the process. Here, attempts were made to convert cellulose and xylan in sugarcane bagasse (SB) into lactic acid (LA) through a pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SScF) process using newly isolated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TSKKU P-8 and Levilactobacillus brevis CHKKU N-6. The process yielded 91.9 g/L of LA, with a volumetric productivity of 0.85 g/(L center dot h). This was equivalent to 137.8 +/- 3.4 g-LA, a yield on substrate (pretreated SB) of 0.86 g/g, and a productivity of 1.28 g/h, based on a final volume of 1.5 L. On the other hand, pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using La. plantarum TSKKU P-8 as a monoculture gave 86.7 +/- 0.2 g/L of LA and a volumetric productivity of 0.8 g/(L center dot h), which were equivalent to 104.8 +/- 0.3 g-LA, a yield on substrate of 0.65 g/g, and a productivity of 0.97 g/h, based on a final volume of 1.2 L. Mass balance calculated based on mass of raw SB entering the process showed that the SScF process improved the product yield by 32\% as compared with SSF process, resulting in 14\% improvement in medium-based economic yield.
A hexavalent form of chromium, which is a major pollutant found in water bodies, has lethal impacts on aquatic life and human beings. Among various effluent treatment techniques, the adsorption process was considered as an effective technique, but the cost of adsorbents hinders the viability of this process. In this research study, sugarcane bagasse based agricultural biomass waste in the form of activated granular carbon is used as an adsorbent to study its sustainability for chromium removal from effluent water in a batch process. The efficacy of the process was evaluated by validating various equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models. As the contact temperature is increased, resulted in a higher percentage of chromium removal for all three different initial concentrations. Adsorbent prepared at higher activation resulted in lower chromium removal, A novel inverse modeling technique integrated with hybrid evolutionary ant colony optimization technique was employed to estimate the isotheim/kinetic parameters. The systematic analysis revealed the mechanisms, inherent characteristics in the adsorption process, which forms the base in the design of industrial adsorption process and thus optimize the process parameters.
Lignocellulosic biomass processing to produce platform chemicals and biofuels is a promising alternative utilization of non-renewable resources. This study investigated the techno-economics of two-stage and one-stage furfural production integrated with ethanol co-production from sugarcane bagasse and harvest residues. The effect of process conditions on profitability was reflected by the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) at a fixed furfural-selling price. Aspen Plus V8.8 was used to simulate the integrated two-stage furfural and ethanol co-production biorefineries using low (scenario 1), medium (scenario 2) and high (scenario 3) severity steam-explosion pretreatment. The two-stage furfural biorefineries integrated with ethanol co-production were compared with the most profitable one-stage furfural biorefinery integrated with ethanol co-production. The required MESP in scenario 2 (0.73 US\$ L-1) was decreased by 36\% compared with the one-stage furfural-ethanol biorefinery (1.14 US\$ L-1). Scenarios 1 and 3 were disadvantaged by lower ethanol yields (150 versus 214 kg t(-1) of feed) and higher capital investments (322-340) compared with scenario 2 (310 million US\$). The one-stage furfural production had higher heating demands (2034 versus 741-1124 kW t(-1) feed) and reduced ethanol yields (90 versus 150-214 kg t(-1) of feed) compared with integrated two-stage furfural and ethanol coproduction biorefineries. Optimization of process conditions, improving energy efficiency, and maximizing productivity within these energy self-sufficient facilities were critical to minimizing the MESPs, regardless of associated increases in capital and operational costs. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Sugarcane press mud (SPM) has a high potential to produce renewable energy through anaerobic digestion (AD); however, hydrolysis is the limiting stage of the process due to the presence of slowly biodegradable compounds. An alternative that can improve this deficiency is anaerobic codigestion (AcoD). In this investigation, the monodigestion of SPM and its AcoD with food waste (FW) were evaluated through the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test, and kinetic parameters were analyzed through the analysis of the kinetic models of first order and modified Gompertz.. is study showed that the AcoD of SPM with FW improved the hydrolysis stage, increased methane (CH4) yield, improved the stability of the process, and presented synergistic effects. As regards the hydrolysis stage, the hydrolysis constant was increased, and the lag phase was reduced. The monodigestion of SPM (SPM : FW 100 : 0) showed an increase of 9\% with the addition of external nutrients solution, while that of AcoD in the SPM : FW 80 : 20 ratio showed the highest CH4 yield, with increments of 12 and 22\% in comparison with the monodigestion of SPM under WN and NN conditions, respectively. It is even possible to add up to 40\% of FW (SPM : FW 60 : 40) and achieve an increase of 5\% compared to the monodigestion of SPM under the NN condition. The synergistic effects obtained in this study showed that the incorporation of FW, in the substrates ratios evaluated, would improve the AD of the SPM without addition of external nutrients solution, which represents economic and environmental benefits of implementing this alternative at full scale.
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a genetically complex crop with great potential for the second-generation (2 G) ethanol industry. Despite this, there is scarce knowledge of the variability of bagasse cell-wall components and its association with agronomic traits that could be used in the selection of cultivars with improved bagasse digestibility. In this work, the acid detergent fiber method was used to determine cellulose, hemicellulose, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) in a sugarcane progeny from crossing two commercial cultivars, and in two energy-cane biotypes. Additionally, acetyl bromide-soluble lignin was determined and compared with ADL values. Despite the crossed parents showing similar bagasse composition, transgressive inheritance observed in the progeny for all bagasse cell-wall components underlines the possibility of improving sugarcane for specific bioenergetic uses. Additionally, the low association between cell-wall and yield components found in this work, suggests that indirect selection of cell-wall components for 2 G ethanol industry through agronomic traits would have a limited impact on improving the biomass composition.
In this work, detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) of a novel lactic acid (LA) production process from sugarcane bagasse is performed, with the objective of identifying process improvement opportunities. Moreover, this is first such study in the Indian context. Experimental data generated at the Vasantdada Sugar Institute (VSI) for upstream processes is combined with ASPEN Plus simulation of the downstream steps for a commercial plant producing 104 tonnes per day of LA. Equipment sizing is performed and costing is done using standard approaches. OpenLCA is used to develop the LCA model and Ecoinvent database is used to quantify life cycle impacts for 1 kg of LA. Different scenarios for the LA plant are studied. Results showed that the pretreatment stage was crucial from both economic and environmental perspectives. The total life cycle climate change impact for production of 1 kg of lactic acid was 4.62 kg CO2 eq. The product cost of LA was USD 2.9/kg, and a payback time of 6 years was achieved at a selling price of USD 3.21/kg. Scenario analysis has revealed that lactic acid plant annexed to a sugar mill led to significant environmental and economic benefits. Sensitivity analysis has identified opportunities to reduce the life cycle climate change impact to 2.29 kg CO2 eq. and product cost to USD 1.42/kg through reduced alkali consumption, higher solid loading, and reduced enzyme loading. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sugarcane filter cake (SFC) was investigated by comparing the performance of pre-treatment methods in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests and semi-continuous experiments. For that, SFC was pre-treated by autoclaving the substrate alone or with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Experimental data from BMP tests were fitted to a kinetics model and further used for simulating the AD process in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). BMP tests showed differences (p <0.05) in total methane potential (S-BMP), which have affected methane yields during simulation in a CSTR. Untreated produced 185 mL CH4 g(vs)(1), autoclaved pre-treatment 174 mL CH4 g(vs)(1) and autoclaved with NaOH pre-treatment 222 mL CH4 g(vs)(-1). Interestingly, such higher performance of autoclaved with NaOH pre-treatment was only observed at earlier stages during semi-continuous feeding experiment. At steady-state no significant differences (p > 0.05) in terms of methane yield were observed among the reactors (average of 224 mL CH4 g(vs)(1)). These results demonstrate that the benefits of pre-treatment could only be observed in BMP tests, which is likely explained by a better adaptation of the microbial community to the substrate during long term semi-continuous experiment, making SFC pre-treatment ineffective in a single-stage CSTR and under this feeding regime. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The development of cost-effective cellulose fibers by utilizing agricultural residues have been attracted by the scientific community in the past few years; however, a facile production route along with minimal processing steps and a significant reduction in harsh chemical use is still lacking. Here, we report a straightforward ultrasound-assisted method to extract cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from fibrous waste sugarcane bagasse. X-ray diffraction-based crystallinity calculation showed 25\% increase in the crystallinity of the extracted CNF (61.1\%) as compared to raw sugarcane bagasse (35.1\%), which is coherent with Raman studies. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed thread-like CNF structures. Furthermore, we prepared thin films of the CNF using hot press and solution casting method and compared their mechanical properties. Our experiments demonstrated that hot press is a more effective way to produce high strength CNF films; Young's modulus of the thin films prepared from the hot press was ten times higher than the solution casting method. Our results suggest that a combination of ultrasound-based extraction and hot press-based film preparation is an efficient route of producing high strength CNF films.
Activated carbon (AC) made from sugarcane bagasse (SB) was modified by nitric acid (HNO3) oxidation, to investigate whether this enhanced its capacity for lead (Pb) removal. The modified ACs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The micrographs showed the modified AC samples looked clean, but the surface had eroded, resulting in pore blockage in the micropores. However, the results showed that an increase in nitric acid con-centration resulted in a significant decrease in specific surface area after modification. The experimental results indicated that nitric acid modification increased the oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and ester) on the adsorbent surfaces. The presence of surface functional groups influenced the samples' adsorption capacity for heavy metal ion (Pb(II) removal from an aqueous solution. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity, according to the Langmuir model, was around 212.31 mg g-1. Kinetic studies were evaluated by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models to describe the possible Pb(II) adsorption mechanism, that demonstrated a faster adsorption rate on the adsorbent, and the pseudo-second-order model fitted well for all of the samples. A possible adsorption mechanism could be the ion exchange of functional groups in surface complexation with the heavy metal ions. In summary, modified AC from SB is a novel, useful, and potentially economical adsorbent, with the capacity to efficiently remove metal ions from aqueous solutions, thus offering a potential solution to the growing problem of agricultural waste disposal.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the most promising agricultural by-products for conversion to biofuels. Here, ethanol fermentation from bagasse has been achieved using an integrated process combining mechanical pretreatment by ball milling, with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Ball milling for 2 h was sufficient for nearly complete cellulose structural transformation to an accessible amorphous form. The pretreated cellulosic residues were hydrolyzed by a crude enzyme preparation from Penicillium chrysogenum BCC4504 containing cellulase activity combined with Aspergillus flavus BCC7179 preparation containing complementary beta-glucosidase activity. Saccharification yields of 84.0\% and 70.4\% for glucose and xylose, respectively, were obtained after hydrolysis at 45 degrees C, pH 5 for 72 h, which were slightly higher than those obtained with a commercial enzyme mixture containing Acremonium cellulase and Optimash BG. A high conversion yield of undetoxified pretreated bagasse (5\%, w/v) hydrolysate to ethanol was attained by separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes using Pichia stipitis BCC15191, at pH 5.5, 30 degrees C for 24 h resulting in an ethanol concentration of 8.4 g/l, corresponding to a conversion yield of 0.29 g ethanol/g available fermentable sugars. Comparable ethanol conversion efficiency was obtained by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process which led to production of 8.0 g/l ethanol after 72 h fermentation under the same conditions. This study thus demonstrated the potential use of a simple integrated process with minimal environmental impact with the use of promising alternative on-site enzymes and yeast for the production of ethanol from this potent lignocellulosic biomass. (C) 2009, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.
Background: litter provides comfort to animals while improving productive performance and carcass quality. Objective: this study evaluated broiler performance, incidence of contact dermatitis, and quality of poultry litter of wood shavings and/or sugarcane bagasse (SB) after five consecutive flocks. Methods: two thousand birds were raised in five consecutive flocks composed of 400 chicks each. The experiment was set in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of substituting wood shavings with different levels of SB (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100\%). Results: litter density, pH, dry matter content, total nitrogen, and phosphorus did not vary between treatments. However, substituting wood shavings with SB increased moisture retention capacity of the litter and ammonia production. Neither carcass lesions nor productive performance, with the exception of weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the fifth flock, differed between treatments. Conclusions: substituting 75\% of wood shavings with SB maintained litter quality and improved poultry performance.
This study was undertaken in Campos dos Goytacazes, northern State of Rio de Janeiro, based on soil samples of a vertic Fluventic Eutrochrepts, which had been cultivated with sugarcane for several decades. In one situation, the crop had been cultivated for 55 years without burning the residues at harvesting. On another sugarcane plantation, harvest residues had been burned, and vinasse inputs applied by sprinkle irrigation at a rate of 120 m(3) ha(-1) yr(-1) during 35 years. Soil samples were collected from the soil layers 0-0,20 m and 0,20-0,40 in to evaluate and determinate the pH, available P, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity, double acid extractable micronutrients, total N, and oxidizable carbon, as well as the fractionation of the humified organic matter. Results indicate that the preservation of crop residue on the soil surface and, to a lesser extent, the addition of vinasse, increase the macro and micronutrients contents. Carbon contents in the superficial layer (0-0,20 m) ranged from 13.13 g kg(-1) in the burned cane to 22.34 g kg(-1) in the unburned cane, and from 15.71 g kg(-1) in the cane without vinasse to 18.33 g kg(-1) in the cane under vinasse application. The improvement of the chemical soil attributes favored the formation of more polymerized alkaline-soluble humic substances.
Bio-char (BC) is a cheap, environmentally friendly and easy-to-produce material, which is widely used as pyrolysis catalyst. In this study, the modified catalysts (Fe/BC, Co/BC and Mg/BC) were prepared using BC produced by the co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and Chlorella vulgaris. The characterization of the modified catalysts showed that they had a higher surface area (SBET) and pore volume compared with BC. Besides, the influence of modified catalysts on co-pyrolysis was analyzed at different additions. Except for 10\% Mg/BC, the catalysts effectively increased the average weight loss rate (Rv) and decreased the reaction time (ts) of co pyrolysis at all additions, and 40\% Fe/BC addition had the highest Rv and lowest ts. The catalyst addition increased the bio-oil yield of the co-pyrolysis, and the maximum bio-oil yield (25.94\%) was obtained under 40\% Mg/BC addition. Moreover, the catalysts not only facilitated the formation of hydrocarbons, but also suppressed the generation of amines/nitriles and acids/esters. After adding 40\% Fe/BC, the hydrocarbons content reached the highest (26.01\%), while the amines/nitriles content (3.23\%) and acids/esters content (4.66\%) reached the lowest. The results provided theoretical support for improving microwave pyrolysis characteristics and bio-oil quality using modified BC catalysts.
Industrial ethanol production usually requires the costly use of commercial cellulase. Herein, we describe the direct use of cellulase produced by Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a substrate for the production of ethanol. The pretreated SCB supplemented with wheat bran (weight ratio of 4:1) was used for T. reesei cellulase production by solid-state fermentation. The cellulase activity titers of 5.5 \& PLUSMN; 0.7 FPU/gdm was achieved. The activity increased to 15.0 \& PLUSMN; 0.9 FPU/gdm when lactose was used as an inducer. The cellulase contained SCB (CSCB) was used directly as the raw material for ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus at 40 \& DEG;C, yielding 14.1 \& PLUSMN; 1.8\% (w/w) of ethanol. Supplementing 5 FPU/gdm of commercial cellulase (Cellic \& REG; CTec 2) to CSCB improved the ethanol yield to 30.3 \& PLUSMN; 0.4\% (w/w). Supplementing Cellic \& REG; CTec 2 provided large amount of \& beta;-glucosidase activity to CSCB, which hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose, thereby preventing the inhibition of cellobiose to exoglucanase and endoglucanase. This study demonstrate the feasibility of integrating direct utilization of CSCB without further processing, conversion of CSCB to fermentable sugars, and fermentation of yeast to ethanol in a single reactor. This may be the most efficient way to convert biomass to valuable ethanol.
The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility to use acid-treated sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a coagulant. The effects of type of acid, coagulant dose, time and pH on the coagulation characteristic were investigated. Synthetic turbid water was used for the tests. The coagulants were treated with H2SO4 (SSCBA) and HCl (HSCBA). A 6\% m/v solid loading (S/L) of HSCBA reduced turbidity by 97.7\% whilst an 8\% m/v S/L of SSCBA reduced turbidity by 90.9\%. Both coagulants exhibited hindered, transition and compression settling characteristics, however HSCBA had a faster settling pattern. Turbidity reduction was best in the 6-10 pH range where there was over 90\% turbidity reduction from an initial synthetic turbid water of 110 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Both coagulants were tested against natural highly turbid river water, and it was shown that only the HSCBA could reduce turbidity from 1,644 NTU to 2 NTU over 100 min. It was also shown that an overflow rate allowance of 0.01 cm/s could achieve 90\% turbidity reduction using HSCBA when the type 1 settling was used for empirical calculations. The use of HSCBA was also shown to result in an insignificant amount of residual pH, Fe, Cu and Zn in the treated water. This therefore makes the use of HSCBA favorable in that it does not change the chemistry of the treated water. Novel acid-treated sugarcane bagasse ash coagulant. HCl-treated sugarcane bagasse ash has no significant residual effect on the treated water. Potential to be used instead of inorganic coagulants. Capable of treating high turbid water. Valorisation of waste. {[
Portland cement is a crucial component of building and construction projects; however, its production emits harmful pollutants and contributes to climate change. The indiscriminate disposal of waste materials can also negatively impact the environment. This study aims to utilize agricultural and industrial waste materials for the production of Geo Polymer Concrete (GPC). Sugarcane bagasse was burned at controlled conditions, obtaining Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA). Fly Ash (FA) was partially replaced with SCBA, ranging from 5\% to 40\%. These binary mixtures were mixed with 50\% weight of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS). A 10 M of Sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate gel was prepared as an activating solution. Mechanical properties were tested on cube, cylinder, and prism specimens at 3,7,14 and 28 days curing. The strength results were modelled and compared with Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPCC). The prediction of mechanical properties using various models from international standards and literatures was compared with experimental results. The results demonstrated that cube compressive and flexural strengths, as well as cylinder compressive and split tensile strengths, are closely related.
Lignocellulose decomposition is a natural process involving the cooperative action of various glycosyl hydrolases (GH) on plant cell wall components. In this study, a metagenomic library was constructed to capture the genetic diversity of microbes inhabiting an industrial bagasse collection site. A variety of putative genes encoding GH families 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, and 16 were identified using activity-based screening, which showed low to moderate homology to various cellulases and hemicellulases. The recombinant GH9 endoglucanase (Cel9) and GH11 endo-xylanase (Xyn11) were thermophilic with optimal activity between 75 degrees C and 80 degrees C and the maximal activity at slightly acidic to neutral pH range. The enzymes exhibited cooperative activity with Trichoderma reesei cellulase on the degradation of lignocellulosic substrates. Mixture design showed positive interactions among the enzyme components. The optimal combination was determined to be 41.4\% Celluclast, 18.0\% Cel9, and 40.6\% Xyn11 with the predicted relative reducing sugar of 658\% when compared to Celluclast alone on hydrolysis of alkaline-pretreated bagasse. The work demonstrates the potential of lignocellulolytic enzymes from a novel uncultured microbial resource for enhancing efficiency of biomass-degrading enzyme systems for bio-industries. (C) 2014, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.
In this study, the effects of thermophilic microaerobic pretreatment (TMP) and alkali pretreatment (AP) on anaerobic digestion (AD) of sugarcane bagasse were investigated. Results showed TMP was efficient at crystallinity disruption and AP was efficient at lignin removal. The maximum methane yield was obtained when the oxygen loads during TMP was 10 ml g(-1) VSsubstrate (TMP2), which was 15.7\% and 29.3\% higher than those of AP and the sample without pretreatment (WP), respectively. Accordingly, the VS removal efficiency of TMP2 was 5.4\% and 17.4\% higher than those of AP and WP, respectively. In addition, lag-phase time of TMP2 was 1.55 and 3.82 days shorter than those of AP and WP, respectively. Technical digestion time (T90) of AP was 49 days, which was 10 and 7 days less than those of TMP2 and WP, respectively. In addition to AP, TMP is an alternative and efficient pretreatment method in the AD of sugarcane bagasse.
Vinasse, from sugar and ethanol production, stands out as one of the most problematic agroindustry wastes due to its high chemical oxygen demand, large production volume, and recalcitrant compounds. Therefore, the viability of using glycerin as a co-substrate in vinasse anaerobic digestion was tested, to increase process efficiency and biogas productivity. The effect of feeding strategy, influent concentration, cycle length, and temperature were assessed to optimize methane production. Glycerin (1.53\% v/v) proved to be a good co-substrate since it increased the overall methane production in co-digestion assays. CH4 productivity enhanced exponentially as influent concentration increased, but when temperature was increased to 35 degrees C, biogas production was impaired. The highest methane productivity and yield were achieved using fed-batch mode, at 30 degrees C and at an organic loading rate of 10.1kgCODm(-3)day(-1): 139.32molCH(4)m(-3)day(-1), 13.86molCH(4)kgCOD(applied), and 15.30molCH(4)kgCOD(removed). Methane was predominantly produced through the hydrogenotrophic route. In order to treat all the vinasse produced by a mid-size sugar and ethanol plant, nine reactors with 7263.4m(3) each would be needed. The energy generated by burning the biogas in boilers would reach approximately 92,000MWh per season and could save up to US\$ 240,000.00 per month in diesel oil demand.
Two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) is a solution for the biodegradation of complex wastes, but the best association of temperatures between acidogenesis and methanogenesis is unclear. Our study investigated whether it is best to associate a thermophilic acidogenic reactor with a thermophilic or a mesophilic methanogenic reactor and results were compared to single-stage AD. The effect of increasing the organic loading rate (OLR from 2.7 to 24.7 kg COD/m(3)/d) in thermophilic and mesophilic second-stage methanogenesis of two-stage AD was also assessed. A thermophilic acidogenic reactor (R2-H2-Thermo) treating sugarcane stillage fed thermophilic (R2-CH4Thermo) and mesophilic (R2-CH4-Meso) methanogenic reactors. A single-stage methanogenic thermophilic reactor was used as control (R1-CH4-Thermo). Reactors R2-CH4-Thermo and R2-CH4-Meso showed similar performance at OLR of 2.7-13.3 kg COD/m(3)/d, but the latter achieved the highest methane production rate at 24.7 kg COD/m(3)/d (3.2 L CH4/d/L - 78\% higher than R2-CH4-Thermo). The two-stage system (R2-H2-Thermo + R2-CH4-Meso) achieved the best energetic yield: 5.5 kJ/g COD, which was 41\% higher than the single-stage system. Operation of a second-stage reactor at mesophilic temperature is the most suitable for vinasse AD due to its flexibility, robustness, and stability of CH4 production, even in situations of organic overload and accumulation of toxic components. Digestate at ambient temperature is also more adequate for fertirrigation.
Industrial production of biodiesel from microbial catalysts requires large volume of low-cost feedstock for lipid production. Vinasse, also known as distillery spent wash (DSW), is a liquid waste produced in large amounts by ethanol distilleries. This effluent is particularly rich in organic matter, and may be considered as a potential resource for the production of fungal lipids. The present study aimed at evaluating the potential of vinasse from a distillery located in Reunion Island for yeast and fungal growth, lipid production, and suitability for biodiesel requirements. Among the 28 different strains tested, we found that Aspergillus niger grown on pure vinasse allowed biomass production of up to 24.05 g/L (dry weight), whereas Aspergillus awamori produced the maximum amount of lipid, at 2.27 g/L. Nutrient removal and vinasse remediation were found to be the best for A. niger and Cryptococcus curvatus, reaching a maximum of 50\% for nitrogen, and A. awamori showed 50\% carbon removal. Lipids produced were principally composed of C16:0, C18:1 (n-9), and C18:2 (n-6), thus resembling the vegetal oil used in the biodiesel production. This work has shown that vinasse can support production of biomass and lipids from fungi and yeast suitable for energetic use and that its polluting charge can be significantly reduced through this process.
This study investigated the production of D-lactic acid from unutilized sugarcane bagasse using steam explosion pretreatment. The optimal steam pressure for a steaming time of 5 min was determined. By enzymatic saccharification using Meicellase, the highest recovery of glucose from raw bagasse, 73.7\%, was obtained at a steam pressure of 20 atm. For residue washed with water after steam explosion, the glucose recovery increased up to 94.9\% at a steam pressure of 20 atm. These results showed that washing with water is effective in removing enzymatic reaction inhibitors. After steam pretreatment (steam pressure of 20 atm), D-lactic acid was produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii NBRC 3534 from the enzymatic hydrolyzate of steam-exploded bagasse and washed residue. The conversion rate of D-lactic acid obtained from the initial glucose concentration was 66.6\% for the hydrolyzate derived from steam-exploded bagasse and 90.0\% for that derived from the washed residue after steam explosion. These results also demonstrated that the hydrolyzate of steam-exploded bagasse (without washing with water) contains fermentation inhibitors and washing with water can remove them.
The aim of the study was to optimize the concentration of cane molasses (10, 20, 40 and 50 g/L) for bioconversion into hydrogen through the use of pure strain of anaerobic facultative bacteria Enterobacter aerogenes. The maximum hydrogen production rate (142 mL/h), hydrogen yield (6.02 mM/g sugar) and maximum specific growth rate (0.36 h(-1)) of bacteria was achieved on substrate concentration of 40 g/L at 30 degrees C with initial pH of 6.8. The present experimental data was found to be best fitted in Moser equation (R-2 = 0.98) and compared with other growth models used in the study. The comparative economic feasibility of hydrogen production was also assessed and compared with ethanol production reported in the literature and it shows a better feasibility of biohydrogen production rate of 116.9 L/L molasses/day, than the ethanol production 0.375 L/L molasses/day, production cost of bioenergy at 0.046 \$/L-molasses/day and high energy recovery of 1.26 MJ/L-molasses.
Vinasse, a byproduct waste from the ethanol industry, was used to cultivate Pleurotus sajor-caju and to evaluate the oxidative stress in term of antioxidant enzyme activity and its relation with the induction of laccase and manganese-peroxidase enzymes. Samples containing fungal enzyme extracts were analyzed and characterized by spectrophotometric and electrophoresis analysis. Results showed that the maximum fungal biomass production (11.7 g protein L-1) and laccase activity (424.9 IU L-1) were recorded on the 10th day, whereas manganeseperoxidase activity reached a maximum (100.9 IU L-1) on the 12th day of incubation. Based on the melanoidin degradation, the optimum vinasse decolorization (99.17\%) was concomitant with an increase in laccase and manganese-peroxidase activity. Further, the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) indicated a vinasse-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, based on the results, the fungus P. sajor-caju can be applied for sugarcane wastewater treatment once this fungus resists to a stressful environment and maintains its homeostasis during vinasse biodegradation.
The utilization of biochar, prepared from the agricultural biomass, is one of the economic approaches. To assess the ability of biochar as an adsorbent, sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar was utilized for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution. Phenol, an industrial discharge and a ubiquitous organic pollutant, was chosen as the model compound to determine the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar. The sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed at 400, 600, and 800 degrees C under an N-2 atmosphere. Among all the three raw biochars, the biochar obtained at 600 degrees C showed maximum removal efficiency, 74.2\%. Based on higher efficiency, SB-600 biochar was further chemically treated with nitric acid (HNO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to enhance its adsorption capacity. Sugarcane bagasse-derived magnetic biochar was also fabricated using the pre-pyrolysis modification. Maximum removal (96.1\%) efficiency was observed in the case of HNO3-treated calcined biochar compared to the other treated biochars. Adsorption parameters of the calcined-acid treated biochar were optimized through response surface methodology. The maximum adsorption capacity of the calcined-acid treated biochar was 41.3 mg/g.
The concept of year-round biogas production to increase the capacity factor of anaerobic digestion (AD) plants in sugarcane biorefineries was investigated for the first time in semi-continuous feeding mode. To simulate the use of sugarcane vinasse during the sugarcane season and sugarcane filter cake (SFC) during the off-season period, a two-stage reactor system based on an acidogenic continuous stirred-tank reactor (1st stage) followed by solid-liquid separation and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (2nd stage) to convert the COD-rich liquid fraction into biogas was operated. Additionally, to optimize the biogas production from SFC, the effects of its thermo-chemical pre-treatment on AD were investigated in a parallel reactor set-up. The saponification effect provided by autoclaving the substrate with sodium hydroxide improved the hydrolysis/fermentation of SFC in the acidogenic reactor, which in turn resulted in a 28\% higher volumetric methane production in the methanogenic reactor (p < 0.05). However, the methane yields observed during operation of the two-stage reactor system were markedly lower than previously found in biochemical methane potential tests using SFC. In this case, the feed-in with low suspended solids required by UASB reactors prevented the utilization of the non-hydrolyzed/fermented solid fraction of SFC ( >60\% of the substrate's methane potential). Nevertheless, the capacity factor of the AD plants in sugarcane biorefineries could be increased from 0.55 up to 0.69 when considering a 200 d a (-1) sugarcane season (0.66-0.83 for a longer season of 240 d a (-1)), representing an increase of 25.7\%. The average capacity factor for biogas combined heat and power and upgrading units of around 0.91 (8000 h a (-1)) would be reached if further developments could improve the solubilization of non-hydrolyzed/fermented solids or alternatively allow their direct use in the methanogenic reactor.
Vinasse, a residue from bioethanol production containing high organic matter concentration, was used as substrate in submerged fermentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1 for biosurfactant production. About 2.7 g/L of rhamnolipids was obtained, with surface tension of 29.2 mN/m and critical micelle concentration of 80.3 mg/L. After separation of rhamnolipid and biomass, residual fermentation media were submitted to anaerobic biodegradation in mesophilic conditions. The residual medium derived from fermentation with vinasse diluted to 1 : 1, without addition of nitrogen, C: N 21, and for 168 h, led to 63.2\% chemical oxygen demand ( COD) removal and 97.6 mLCH(4)/gCOD(removed). Compared to results obtained with fresh vinasse (73.7\% COD removal and 112.4 mL CH4/g CODremoved), it could be concluded that both processes can be integrated in order to add value to the residue and obtain energy, reducing production costs and at the same time environmental impacts related to vinasse disposal.
Gelatin-free capsules are possibly produced through an innovation which involves utilizing environmentally friendly materials derived from plants such as bagasse which are produced into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).)is research was conducted to report the extraction and characterization of NCC from the abundant industrial plantation waste of sugarcane and its application as the base material for gelatin-free capsule shell material. The process involved using different concentrations of NCC at 1\%, 2\%, 4\%, and 7\% (in wt. \%) with the addition of 1\% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (in wt. \%) and 1\% carbopol (in wt. \%). Moreover, the NCC capsules obtained from sugarcane bagasse were tested for moisture content, tensile strength, elongation, solubility, and pH. The results showed that sugarcane bagasse contains 40-50\% cellulose, 6.15\%-9.5\% moisture content which indicates they are potentially better in terms of storage, 7.25-7.85 pH, and 0.05-0.136 MPa gel strength, and the elongation value ranges from 7.19 to 87.51\%. These values were discovered to have satisfied the standard requirements as indicated by the optimal concentration of 4\% NCC +1\% HPMC, which is in line with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), thereby leading to the consideration of the material safe to be used as raw material in making capsule shells.
In this study, ultrasound combined with the conventional alkaline pretreatment was evaluated as a novel method to reduce the natural recalcitrance of sugarcane bagasse and Enset fiber and enhance glucose production from enzymatic hydrolysis. Samples were subjected to both alkaline and ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment under mild operating conditions. The pretreatment was carried out by varying the ultrasonic power density, pretreatment time, and alkaline concentration. Following pretreatment, the samples were hydrolyzed using cellulase to determine the glucose production potential of the biomass. Furthermore, the pretreated samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and laser diffraction particle size analyzers to understand the physicochemical changes induced by the pretreatments. The obtained results show that sugarcane bagasse subjected to ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment (3\% NaOH, 1.88 W/ml ultrasonic power density, and 60-min duration) released significantly higher glucose from subsequent enzymatic saccharification, 487 g/kg of biomass, in comparison to that obtained from the conventional approach, 373 g/kg of biomass. On the other hand, Enset fiber subjected to ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment (1.5\% NaOH, 1.88 W/ml ultrasonic power density, and 30-min duration) resulted in a maximum glucose yield of 540 g/kg of biomass in comparison to that obtained from the conventional alkaline pretreatment, 431 g/kg of biomass. Additionally, ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment showed a reduction of NaOH consumption by 65\% and pretreatment time by 30 min, compared to the conventional approach. Overall, the synergy between alkali and ultrasound in the combined pretreatment approach enhances the accessibility of cellulose in sugar cane bagasse and Enset fiber, thereby increasing the production of glucose.
Combustion of biomass is considered to be a source of atmospheric pollution and, therefore, is one of the important sources of CO2 emission. This paper discusses the burning of sugarcane straw and its cellulignin in laboratory tests to determine the characteristics and emission factors, of this combustion process. Elemental, chemical composition and thermogravimetric analyses were performed for both samples. Carbon contents for sugarcane straw and its cellulignin were estimated, and the values found were 45.69\% and 44.28\%, respectively. Higher heating values (HHV) were determined by experimental methods with a calorimetric bomb and were estimated by theoretical equations. The best results were obtained when only the lignin's content was considered. During the experimental tests to determine HHVs, cellulignin did not burn completely, while straw burned completely. This could be because cellulignin contains more ashes, resulting in more residual ash after burning. Pollutant emission of CO2, CO, NO and UHC was evaluated in the flaming and smoldering combustion phases. NO concentrations were not presented because they were less than 10 ppm. The average theoretical and experimental emission factors for CO2 were analyzed. CO2 emissions factors found for sugarcane straw and their cellulignin were 1316 +/- 83.6 and 1275 +/- 105 g kg(-1) of dry burned biomass, respectively. The evaluated parameters are useful to incorporate these materials into a future biorefinery.
Ultrasonic-assisted alkaline treatment on sugarcane bagasse was studied to remove lignin and hemicellulose in sugarcane bagasse (SCB), leaving the pure cellulose to be recovered for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) production. The treatment was carried out at three different process parameters, which are treatment temperature, treatment duration and concentration of the alkali solution. The effects of the three process parameters on cellulose produced were characterized and investigated for its thermal stability and estimated cellulose content. Treated SCB at optimum treatment condition was converted to carboxymethylcellulose by two reaction steps, naming alkalization with sodium hydroxide and etherification using sodium monochloroacetate. CMC characterizations were conducted and compared. Based on the characterization, 39.0 - 47.0 w/w\% of cellulose has been successfully recovered from sugarcane bagasse and converted to carboxymethylcellulose. The CMC produced has a degree of substitution of 0.59. The outcome of the research suggested that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline treatment is highly potential to be established to recover cellulose from agricultural waste for sustainable development of related industry.
Sugarcane molasses (SM) a low-cost substrate was used for single-cell oil production by Mucor circinelloides. Cultivations were carried out with diluted molasses at a concentration of 40 g sugars L-1 with and without nutrients supplementation. The best performance in regard to the lipid productivity (0.66 g L-1 day(-1)), biomass (11.2 g L-1) and lipid content (29 wt.\%) was attained in a medium containing SM supplemented with minor nutrients. The profile of fatty acid composition revealed suitable properties for biodiesel synthesis, although high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were also found, which may suggest the possibility of using the oleaginous biomass from Mucor circinelloides URM 4182 as feedstock to yield both products. Concentrated solutions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the acylglycerol structures, while biodiesel was prepared by direct transesterification of the oleaginous biomass using acid heterogeneous catalyst.
It was evaluated how straw management modifies the development, growth, nutrient cycling and crop water productivity of sugarcane in the semiarid region of Brazil.The experiment was carried out using two plots with 5 ha each, being one without straw on the soil surface and one with 27.2 Mg.ha(-1) covering the soil. Sugarcane growth and development and straw decomposition coefficient were evaluated, whereas the industrial yield, juice quality, dry matter partitioning, and crop water productivity were determined at harvesting.The straw decomposition coefficient was 0.0049 Mg.ha(-1).day(-1), and the remaining dry mass was equal to 24\%. The straw affected the sugarcane growth and development until the first 100 days. The individual internode volume can be adopted as an indicator of the effect of straw on sugarcane growth because the internode volumes up to the sixth position in thewith-straw treatment crop were lower than in the no-straw treatment, which was not observed in other variables of the stalks. Keeping straw on the soil surface reduced the crop lodging. Yield and juice quality were not affected, but crop water productivity was increased by keeping sugarcane straw in the field.
Alternative protein sources from yeast have already been established. Yeasts which can confer high amounts of essential amino acids, and they also provided beneficial properties as prebiotics and probiotics. This study is aimed at selecting new yeast strainswhich can yiledhigh protein contents. A total of 72 microbes were isolated from sugar factories and other sources throughout Thailand. When cultured in a YPD broth medium at 30 degrees Cat 250rpm, the protein content of the 20 yeast isolates was found to be 38.48-44.73\% cell dry weight (DW) which was higher than commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Angel. Interestingly, the S. cerevisiae GKS1-1, GKS1-2, GKS3-3 and SKS3-2 strainswhich were isolated from filter cake in sugarcane mill showed high protein contents and were rich in the essential amino acid lysine when cultivated in a 5-L bioreactor at 30 degrees Cat 300rpm with 1 vvm aeration. GKS1-1, GKS1-2 and GKS3-3 were also investigatedfor culturingin molasses medium (20g/L total sugars) at 30 degrees C, 250rpm. The protein content of GKS1-1, GKS1-2 and GKS3-3 was recorded36.83 +/- 1.50, 35.90 +/- 0.29 and 36.69 +/- 0.55\% DW, respectively, greater than that of Angel (34.69 +/- 1.31\% DW). Overall, these strains might be promising candidates for the production of protein for the feed and food industry.
Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, from which sugar and ethanol are obtained. However, after the production process, waste remains, among which stands out the bagasse, which generates millions of tons annually. The bagasse can be used for many purposes; however, it is important to know its properties in order to make the best use of it. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the bagasse's physical, chemical, and anatomical properties, as well as its potential for energy generation and pulp production. The evaluations of the characteristics and potential of bagasse followed the recommendations and standards of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards {[
Continuous glycerol fermentation of a by-product cane sugar molasses and wheat milling residues (akalona) was studied using sulfite as a combining agent with the aldehyde. Thus, a local yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be used under anaerobic conditions instead of glycerol production microorganisms (osmophilic yeast's) which need essentially aerobic conditions. The processes were performed in a vertical packed-bed reactor with yeast cells immobilized in agar gel. The influence of the dilution rate on the performance of the bioreactor was studied. The substrate and product concentration profiles along the column height are presented. A kinetic study has been used to identify the rate controlling step(s). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
SODIUM chloride is the most widely recognized salt causing saltiness stress and seriously influences plant development when become obvious in extreme concentrations in the soil or water. This study was carried out to inspect the consequence of applying sugarcane bagasse (natural and agricultural wastes) which adsorbs sodium ions on the cytogenetic responses of faba bean under salt stress in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, plants treated with different concentrations (100, 200, 300mM) of NaCl showed cytotoxic effect reflected by the reduction of mitotic division rate in root tip cells and proliferation of different chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome stickiness, bridges and micronuclei. In vivo, growth performance was evaluated as plant height and leaf area which displayed a remarked reduction proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration compared to control plants. Applying sugarcane bagasse with irrigation water significantly reduce the mito-depressive effect of different concentrations of NaCl in root meristem cells and increase growth parameters in plants compared with the same concentrations without bagasse.
In the present study, vinasse was used to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) by Komagatacibacter xylinus PTCC 1734. Central composite design (CCD) was utilized to evaluate the effects of vinasse concentration (\%) and incubation time (Day) on different responses such as thickness as well as wet and dry weights of the produced BC membrane. The increase of vinasse concentration and incubation time caused an increase in the wet weight of BC; however, thickness decreased by increasing incubation time. The BC produced at the optimized conditions (40\% vinasse and 10 days) was characterized and compared with the BC produced in Hestrin-Schramm medium as a control medium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed 3D network structure of BC. The average diameter of fibrils was in the range of 30-120 nm. In addition, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed completely similar spectrum for both optimal and control samples. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis approved the crystalline structure of the produced BC. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test revealed no difference in the thermal stability of the optimum and control sample. According to the results, the vinasse, as a by-product, could be used as a cheap and suitable carbon source for the production of BC. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Secretome evaluations of lignocellulose-decay basidiomycetes can reveal new enzymes in selected fungal species that degrade specific substrates. Proteins discovered in such studies can support biorefinery development. Brown-rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white-rot (Pleurotus ostreatus) fungi growing in sugarcane bagasse solidstate cultures produced 119 and 63 different extracellular proteins, respectively. Several of the identified enzymes are suitable for in vitro biomass conversion, including a range of cellulases (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and beta-glucosidases), hemicellulases (endoxylanases, alpha-arabinofuranosidases, alpha-glucuronidases and acetylxylan esterases) and carbohydrate-active auxiliary proteins, such as AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, AA1 laccase and AA2 versatile peroxidase. Extracellular oxalate decarboxylase was also detected in both fungal species, exclusively in media containing sugarcane bagasse. Interestingly, intracellular AA6 quinone oxidoreductases were also exclusively produced under sugarcane bagasse induction in both fungi. These enzymes promote quinone redox cycling, which is used to produce Fenton's reagents by lignocellulose-decay fungi. Hitherto undiscovered hypothetical proteins that are predicted in lignocellulose-decay fungi genomes appeared in high relative abundance in the cultures containing sugarcane bagasse, which suggests undisclosed, new biochemical mechanisms that are used by lignocellulose-decay fungi to degrade sugarcane biomass. In general, lignocellulose-decay fungi produce a number of canonical hydrolases, as well as some newly observed enzymes, that are suitable for in vitro biomass digestion in a biorefinery context.
Lignin is a macromolecule frequently obtained as residue during technological processing of biomass. Modifications in chemical structure of lignin generate valuable products, some with particular and unique characteristics. One of the available methods for modification of industrial lignin is oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. In this work, we conducted systematic studies of the oxidation process that were carried out at various pHs and oxidizing agent concentrations. Biophysical, biochemical, structural properties of the oxidized lignin were analyzed by UV spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. Our results reveal that lignin oxidized with 9.1\% H2O2 (m/v) at pH 13.3 has the highest fragmentation, oxidation degree and stability. Although this processing condition might be considered quite severe, we have concluded that the stability of the obtained oxidized lignin was greatly increased. Therefore, the identified processing conditions of oxidation may be of practical interest for industrial applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The objective of this work was the proportion and size of cane bagasse fiber in the physical (density and thickness), mechanical (flexural strength and tensile at break) and thermal (TG and DTG) properties of trays made from sweet potato starch. A fiber size of 75-45 mu m and a 2.5\% ratio allowed to obtain trays with low thicknesses and densities, but with more compact structures that improved the mechanical properties of trays made from sweet potato starch alone. In addition, higher thermal stability and lower decomposition rate are shown for trays with fiber size 75-45 mu m and ratios of 2.5\% and 5\%. These results show that the smaller fiber size improves the properties of the sweet potato starch trays and that these trays can be used to replace the expanded polymer (EPS) for use in dry foods.
With the advent of mechanized sugarcane harvesting in Brazil around 70 Mt of straw each year is left on the field, and similar to 70\% of its carbon (C) is decomposed and returned to the atmosphere on the same timeframe. The adoption of a stabilised C product such as biochar as a vehicle for nutrient delivery might address two ends of a problem: to increase nutrient use efficiency by plants while creating a viable and efficient strategy to increase stable C in soil. This study proposed a production route for a biochar fertiliser (BF) from sugarcane straw biochar (SSB), by activation of SSB with KOH and subsequent neutralisation with H3PO4. The phosphorus (P) content of BF (8.6\% P) was superior to SSB. It was also noticed that structure of SSB matrix was altered, creating increased sorption capacity, with the fertiliser bound to the biochar rather than physically mixed. The BF was tested in a controlled condition experiment with sugarcane for 120 days using three low P soils with different clay contents (147, 326 and 528 g kg(-1)). BF led to higher biomass yield (15\%) and P use efficiency (PUE) (similar to 10\%) compared to standard P source (triple superphosphate - TSP) in the most clayey soil. The adoption of a fertiliser based on a nutrient enriched biochar can increase the effectiveness of crop production. Enhanced delivery of crop nutrients increases the attractiveness of increased soil C. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermally activated graphite felt (T-GF) electrode coated with carbon derived from the sugar cane bagasse (AC-SCB) was investigated for catalyzing the VO2+/VO2+ reaction in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Micrographs from the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy clearly show the highly porous structure of the carbon. The electrochemical surface area of AC-SCB based electrode is nearly 80 times higher than that of the thermally activated graphite felt (T-GF). But the rate constants calculated from cyclic voltammetry study clearly reveals the higher electrocatalytic activity toward the VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction of T-GF in comparison to that of AC-SCB. The charge-discharge study shows energy efficiency of similar to 72\%, a voltage efficiency of similar to 77\% and a coulombic efficiency of similar to 94\% for ACSCB positive electrode based VRFB at 100 mA cm (2) at the end of 50 cycles. The specific capacity of VRFB at the end of 50 cycles for T-GF/AC-SCB and T-GF are 32 and 25 Ah L (1), respectively. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enteromorpha prolifera, a green algae, has been spreading widely in China in recent years, resulting in a series of adverse impacts, such as the water eutrophication and the outbreak of green tides. Thus, it is necessary to develop an extensively available method to transfer marine biomass waste into high value products. In this study, Co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and E. prolifera was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The positive effects between sugarcane bagasse and E. prolifera were evidenced, as the acidity and density of the bio-oils from co-pyrolysis decreased and calorific value increased with respect to that of the merely biomass pyrolysis. When the ratio of the two components was 50/50, the bio-oil got the highest yield of 56.12 wt\% and the high heating value of the bio-oil was 26.4 MJ/kg, which were 11.48\%, 2.47\% higher than the theoretical values, respectively. The acidity and density of the co-pyrolysis bio-oil at 50/50 blends were 51.62 mgKOH/g and 1.1185 g/cm(3), which were 16.18\%, 6.29\% lower than the theoretical values, respectively. The analysis of bio-oil compositions showed that the bio-oil from co-pyrolysis of the blends could be a potential source of renewable fuel with lower content of acid, ketone, aldehyde, phenolic compounds and higher content of hydrocarbon, alcohol, ester compounds. In addition, the concentration of C-2-C-4 hydrocarbon gases produced through co-pyrolysis of the blends increased as the amount of E. prolifera increased in the blend. The co-pyrolysis chars had higher calorific values compared to that through pyrolysis of E. prolifera alone. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reclamation of phosphorus (P) from wastewater using metal-engineered biochar and its reuses as phosphate fertilizers could be an eco-friendly and effective technology for the sustainability of environmental and agricultural systems. Herein, we studied the P removal capacity of filter cake-engineered biochar loaded with Al and Fe and examined their available P release capability into the sand sample. The Al-biochar (63.7 mg/g) had a higher P retention capacity than the Fe-biochar (33.2 mg/g). Over 45 days of the incubation, Al- and Fe-biochar incorporation steadily or increasingly released adequate concentrations of available P to the sand sample. Furthermore, a considerable P fraction (99.4-99.8\% of the total P) remained in all metal-biochar samples, suggesting that the metal biochar could be a long-term source of the available P pool. This study highlighted the potential use of Al- and Fe-biochar for providing available P availability in sandy soils.
Multi-objective optimization using the desirability function is a useful tool, which allows you to select the better conditions to maximize multiple objectives/responses simultaneously. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues requires synergistic action of three cellulase enzymes: exoglucanases (FPase), endoglucanases (CMCase) and beta-glucosidase (BGL), to the complete conversion of lignocellulosic residue to fermentable sugars. In this work the production of cellulases (FPase, CMCase and BGL) in Aspergillus niger ITV-02 using delignified sugarcane bagasse (DSB), was optimized using a Box-Behnken design, where independent variables were: DSB concentration, Tween 80 concentration and pH. The multi-objective optimization method was applied to maximize the three-enzymatic activities (FPase, CMCase and BGL) simultaneously and find an optimal value between simple and multi-objective optimization. The optimal parameters were 20.69 g/L of DSB, 0.24\% v/v of Tween 80 and pH 5.67, obtaining an activity FPase 0.42 U/mL, CMCase 0.35 U/mL and BGL 10.23 U/mL. The activity FPase, CMCase and BGL after optimization increased 47.62, 65 and 47.4\%, respectively, with respect to the activity before optimization. Multi-objective or multi-response optimization using the desirability function (d) allowed to obtain an enzymatic extract rich in exoglucanase, endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase activity by A. niger ITV-02 using DSB, in order to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis process of lignocellulosic residues and thus the production of 2G biofuels.
Sugarcane residues (SCR), such as the bagasse and leaves, have the potential to be used as solid fuels either as a direct feed or when utilized after torrefaction. Like any fuel, higher heating value (HHV) is an important characteristic and factor to be considered for applications in combustion systems. Higher heating value is determined through calorimetric analysis, but would require complex experiments and skilled personnel to carry out such analysis. The technical challenges may, however, be avoided through the development of correlations for predicting the heating values of fuels. A predictive HHV model based on the proximate constituents of raw and torrefied SCR was developed in this study since existing models were found inadequate. Moisture is negatively correlated with HHV of fuels but is oftentimes excluded as a parameter in the models established. In principle, moisture does not contribute to the HHV, as it does not undergo combustion. However, it was observed that additional energy was required to release the moisture from the biomass matrix, thus contributing to the decrease in HHV. The general model was established through multivariate linear regression following the least squares method with data gathered from both actual experiments as well as those which have been reported in literature. The developed predictive HHV model has a coefficient of determination (r(2)) of at least 0.90 with a mean absolute error of <6\% and a mean bias error of <1\%. The predictive model was established in anticipation of potential utilization of SCR as a renewable source of energy.
Graphene microcrystal (GMC) is a type of glassy carbon fabricated from lignin, in which the microcrystals of graphene are chemically bonded by sp(3) carbon atoms, forming a glass-like microcrystal structure. The lignin is refined from sugarcane bagasse using an ethanol-based organosolv technique which is used for the fabrication of GMC by two technical schemes: The pyrolysis reaction of lignin in a tubular furnace at atmospheric pressure; and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignin at lower temperature, followed by pyrolysis at higher temperature. The existence of graphene nanofragments in GMC is proven by Raman spectra and XRD patterns; the ratio of sp(2) carbon atoms to sp(3) carbon atoms is demonstrated by XPS spectra; and the microcrystal structure is observed in the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images. Temperature and pressure have an important impact on the quality of GMC samples. With the elevation of temperature, the fraction of carbon increases, while the fraction of oxygen decreases, and the ratio of sp(2) to sp(3) carbon atoms increases. In contrast to the pyrolysis techniques, the HTC technique needs lower temperatures because of the high vapor pressure of water. In general, with the help of biorefinery, the biomass material, lignin, is found to be qualified and sustainable material for the manufacture of GMC. Lignin acts as a renewable substitute for the traditional raw materials of glassy carbon, copolymer resins of phenol formaldehyde, and furfuryl alcohol-phenol.
Production of inulinase by solid state fermentation always involves an extraction step, which dictates enzyme recovery yield and is related to cultivation conditions and control of process parameters. This work is focused on the study of extraction conditions aiming to maximize yield of an inulinase obtained by solid state fermentation of sugar cane bagasse and Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. Kinetics of extraction was followed varying the kind of solvent used. After determining the best solvent, an experimental design was carried out to study the effect of the solid/liquid ratio (1:10-1:20), extraction temperature (20-53 degrees C), and stirring rate (50-177 rpm). Results showed that maximum yield was obtained when sodium acetate buffer 0.1 M pH 4.8 was used, using a solid/liquid ratio of 1:10, at 53 degrees C and 150 rpm for 40 min.
In this present study, the tungsten oxide/amino-functionalized sugarcane bagasse derived-carbon quantum dots (WO3/N-CQDs) composite has successfully been prepared through a simple mixing process. The WO3 was synthesized through a precipitation method, and CQDs were amino-functionalized using ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) through one-pot hydrothermal method. It is revealed that N-CQDs incorporation into WO3 alters the bandgap energy, crystallinity, surface area, and photoluminescence (PL) properties. The produced composites exhibit higher monoclinic WO3 crystallinity, larger surface area, lower bandgap energy and quenched photoluminescence intensity. The as-prepared WO3/N-CQDs composites exhibit better adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance of methylene blue (MB) than the pristine WO3. It shows that the combination of N-CQDs and WO3 enhanced visible light absorption, by lowering the bandgap energy of WO3 from 2.175 to 1.495 eV. The best performance composite is WO3/N-CQDs EDA 2.5\% with an efficiency of 96.86\%, removal rate constant of 0.02017/min, and chemical oxidation demand (COD) removal efficiency achieved 84.61\%. Moreover, the WO3/N-CQDs EDA 2.5\% shows a significant photocatalytic activity even at higher MB initial concentration with 92.93\% removal for 50 ppm MB. Subsequently, the composite also has good stability after a sequential 3-times cycle of degradation with 86.85\% removal. The increasing photocatalytic performance is affected by the quenching effect of PL and lower bandgap energy. The lower intensity of the PL indicates the reduced charge carrier recombination resulting in increased photocatalytic activity. The combination of N-CQDs and WO3 resulted in improved photodegradation, which shows its significant potential to be utilized for wastewater treatment. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effectiveness of phosphate (P) removal from aqueous solutions was investigated by novel low-cost biochars synthesized from vinasse and functionalized with calcined dolomite. The vinasse-derived biochar, synthesized via pyrolysis at different temperatures, showed easy preparation and a large surface area. The novel vinasse biochar nanocomposites were prepared by adding dolomite to the vinasse biochars with different weight percentages (10, 20 and 30\%). The characteristics of the prepared materials were identified for further understanding of the inherent adsorption mechanism between P ions and vinasse biochars. Vinasse-dolomite nanocomposite was very effective in the adsorption of P species from aqueous media. The effect of the operational factors on Vinasse-dolomite nanocomposite was explored by applying response surface methodology (RSM). According to RSM results, the optimum condition was achieved to be contact time 90 (min), 250 (mg/L) of P concentration and pH 7. Thermodynamic isotherm and kinetic studies were applied on experimental data to understand the adsorption behavior. The Vinasse-dolomite nanocomposite revealed preferential P species adsorption in the presence of co-existing anions. The P species could be recovered by 1.0 M HCl where the efficiency was not affected up to the fifth cycle. The P-loaded Vinasse-dolomite nanocomposite was successfully tested on a plant; it significantly improved its growth and proved its potency as a P-based fertilizer substitute.
The genome of phytopathogenic fungus Chrysoporthe cubensis has distinct groups of multicopper oxidase (MCO) coding genes, including new laccases, that could have the potential for biotechnological applications. Here, the complete genomic arsenal of MCOs from C. cubensis was identified and characterized. Laccases were induced, purified from the fungal crude extract, and these enzymes' potential to improve the sugarcane bagasse saccharification was tested. In silico genomic analysis revealed 13 MCOs classified as fungal ferroxidases; ascomycete laccases; laccases/ferroxidases; fungal pigments MCOs, and ascorbate oxidases. The C. cubensis cultivation in different lignocellulosic biomass yielded enzymatic extracts more efficiently for sugarcane bagasse saccharification than commercial preparations. The higher laccase activity (4.88 U g(-1)) was detected in the crude extract of the fungus cultivated on wheat bran and orange peel (3:1), and MCOs with laccase activity were purified from this protein extract. Mass spectrometry using MALDI-TOF/TOF identified two MCOs with 53.4 kDa and 74 kDa. The mixture containing the purified laccases oxidized 91\% of the phenolic compounds produced from the alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and allowed the improved saccharification yields. These enzymes are promising for application in biomass hydrolysis, especially in the detoxification of phenolic compounds.
The use of sustainable feedstock and low-cost precursor is an important prerequisite in developing sorbents for CO2 capture. In this research, nitrogen-modified porous carbon materials with varying ratio of carbon-melamine (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were synthesized from a sustainable and green-initiated feedstock, sugarcane bagasse, and solid-state impregnation of melamine and investigated as alternative sorbent in CO2 capture. This gives an insight into the effect of increasing the nitrogen content of porous carbon material on CO2 capture. The CO2 uptake of the nitrogen-modified carbon was at least 35\% more than that of the pristine porous carbon. Modified carbon with carbon-melamine ratio (1:2) demonstrates the highest CO2 uptake at ambient pressure and temperature (3.34 mmol/g), making it comparable to similar materials that have been reported. The superiority demonstrated by this adsorbent was attributed to a balance between its textural properties and chemical functionalization using nitrogen. The synthesized material also showed high selectivity and regeneration capacities. Adsorption of CO2 and N-2 on pristine and nitrogen modified carbon material was also examined using density functional theory (DFT) calculation at B3LYP/6-31G (d) level. The result obtained revealed that nitrogen-doped carbon material exhibited higher tendency to CO2 adsorption than pristine carbon material in accordance with the hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) principle. This work provides a new and efficient route for the synthesis of nitrogen modified carbon and application for similar adsorption processes.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the activity of commercial cellulases and on the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The influence of ultrasound on the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (2\% w v(-1)) was assessed using commercial enzymes (Celluclase (R) 1.5 L and Cellic (R) CTec2) in a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to determine the effect of ultrasound intensity, time and temperature of reaction medium. The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was enhanced by the application of ultrasound, leading to an 89.37\% higher concentration of reducing sugars in comparison with the control (unsonicated sample) under the optimal conditions validated for Celluclast 1.5 L (150.7 W cm(-2), 330 s, 25 degrees C). A high concentration of reducing sugars (91.81\% higher than the control) and a 66.31\% theoretical cellulose yield were obtained using the enzyme cocktail Cellic CTec2 under optimal conditions (150.7 W cm(-2), 75 s, 30 degrees C). Ultrasonication under appropriate conditions led to favorable results: increased catalytic activity of cellulases and increased degree of hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic substrate. These results evidence the potential of ultrasonic treatment in improving the performance of enzyme cocktails used for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse.
Carbon-based materials with great adsorption performance are of importance to meet the needs of industrial gas adsorption. Having massive agricultural wastes of sugarcane bagasse, China could use this waste into wealth. However, the comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse as precursor for biochar that can be used as adsorbent has not been extensively explored. In this study, a series of in situ sulfuric acid-modified biochar was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization process. The prepared biochar (SBAC-7) has a combination of two main advantages that are high microporosity (micropore surface area = 1106 m(2)/g) and being rich in S-containing functional groups on the surface. In particular, SBAC-7 showed an excellent adsorption capacity of toluene (771.1 mg/g) at 30 degrees C, which is nearly 3 times as high as that of the commercial activated carbons. Meanwhile, it showed great stability and cyclic regeneration performance with five toluene adsorption-desorption test cycles. This study provides a high-performance biochar for the adsorption-desorption cycle in practical engineering applications, and would contribute to the sustainable ``sugarcane production-bagasse utilization{''
In this work, low-cost microporous nano-activated carbon (MNSAC) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse using chemical activation with zinc chloride. The activated carbon prepared MNSAC was characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). MNSAC had BET, micropore analysis (MP), and t-plot surface area 1174.1, 1322.2, and 1401.5 m(2)/g, respectively, and was essentially microporous. Batch experiment was used to investigate the efficiency of MNSAC to remove toxic Cr(VI) ions from an artificial wastewater. Different adsorption behaviors towards toxic Cr(VI) ions have been studied to optimize adsorption status such as pH, initial concentration, absorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. Langmuir isothermal well fits experimental data compared to Freundlich isothermal model, which indicates that Cr(VI) ion adsorption process may be monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q(m)) of MNSAC obtained from Langmuir isotherm model was 277.78 mg/g. The regeneration of MNSAC was studied and the maximum removal of Cr(VI) ion was 93.61\%, 82.38\%, and 64.11\% in the consequent three cycles. The pseudo-second-model kinetic well described the experimental data of hexavalent chromium adsorption (R-2> 0.9900) compared to the other kinetic models studied. Thermodynamic parameters expose that adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous, and appropriate in nature. A negative increment G degrees value of Cr(VI) ion adsorption was found, which confirmed the spontaneous probability of the adsorption process.
Crop residues have an essential role in sustaining soil functions and the removal of sugarcane straw for bioenergy production can exacerbate the adverse impacts of mechanized harvesting on soil quality. A long-term field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of straw removal on soil physical quality in southern Brazil. We performed a multi-approach assessment including quantitative physical indicators (bulk density-BD; soil resistance to penetration-SRP; macroporosity-MaP; microporosity-MiP; mean weight diameter of aggregates-MWD), biological indicator (earthworm abundance), apparent electric conductivity (ECa) and visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS). In addition, VESS scores were correlated with quantitative indicators for testing its potential as a feasible integrative soil quality indicator. Straw removal rates (total removal, TR-0 Mg ha(-1); high removal, HR-5 Mg ha(-1); low removal, LR-10 Mg ha(-1); no removal, NR-15 Mg ha(-1)) were arranged in a randomized block design with four repetitions. Except for MaP, straw removal for four years affected all soil physical attributes, with higher soil degradation observed in TR and HR plots. Soil moisture, earthworm abundance and ECa values were reduced by higher rates of straw removal. The VESS method was able to detect the changes in soil structural quality, and VESS scores averaged 4.5 and 3.9 for the TR and HR plots respectively, thus revealing signals of severe structural degradation. The data also showed that VESS scores correlated with quantitative indicators broadly used for soil assessments, which suggest VESS as a reliable and integrative indicator for monitoring soil structural quality in sugarcane fields. Our findings support that LR, keeping about 10 Mg ha(-1) of straw on the soil surface, can be a management target to ensure the sustainability of bioenergy production.
In this study, the ability of chemically activated sugarcane bagasse (CASB) as a biosorbent for removing ibuprofen (IBP) from aqueous solution was evaluated. Sugarcane bagasse was activated using hexane and methanol. The effects of pH, contact time, IBP concentration, and temperature were evaluated in batch studies. Higher removal rates of IBP were found at pH 2.0. Kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption follows the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium biosorption isotherm was found to follow both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum biosorption capacity of CASB was estimated at 7.75 mg g-1 at 20 degrees C. According to the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model, the activation energy was calculated to be 7.07 kJ mol-1, indicating that a physical process mediated the IBP removal. Ther-modynamic analysis suggests that the biosorption is exothermic in nature and non-spontaneous. The FTIR analysis con-firmed the interactions between IBP molecules and biosorbent. We concluded that CASB exhibited the potential to be used in the removal of IBP from aqueous media.
The use of a jacket made of fiber reinforced cement mortar with tensile hardening behaviour for strengthening RC beams was investigated in this study. A full-scale test was conducted on beams measuring 1000mm in length. A 25mm jacket was directly applied to the surface of the beams to test its ability to repair and strengthen the beams. The beams were initially damaged and eventually repaired. Three types of beams which included unrepaired beams, beams repaired with normal mortar jacket and beams repaired with 10\% sugarcane bagasse fiber mortar jacket were studied. The jacket containing 10\% of sugarcane bagasse fiber enhanced the flexural strength of the beams.
Around 10 to 15 liters of vinasse are produced for every liter of bio-ethanol from sugar cane. This substantial volume of vinasse produced and associated polluting characteristics (mainly high potassium content and high BOD) raise major environmental concerns in most cane growing countries. Paturau (1989) reported vinasse BOD at around 25,000 to 50,000 ppm with 7.5 g/ml of organic matter content, 29\% mineral matter, 21\% gums, 17\% wax, phenolic bodies, lignin, 11\% reducing sugars. With these characteristics, uncontrolled dumping of vinasse on soil or in water bodies has been severely and rightly criticized. Despite the concern over the potential polluting effects of uncontrolled discharge of vinasse on soil, there are evidence of the beneficial effects on soil fertility when application of vinasse are properly managed. However, many questions remain to be answered. Understanding fluxes of water, plant nutrients and organic compounds associated with soil application of vinasse is critical to evaluate and mitigate its impact on soil and water quality. A large lysimeter study is being conducted at the EARTH University Campus (10 degrees 11' N, 83 degrees 35'W) to measure, quantify and understand water and solute fluxes in the unsaturated zone on two soils of Costa Rica (i.e., a Vertisol for the province of Guanacaste and an Entisol for the central valley). This paper presents the experimental design, flow simulation using Hydrus 2D and preliminary results from 24 lysimeters (2 soils x 3 treatments x 4 replications) of 9.84 ft x 16.4 ft in size each.
The capabilities of four white-rot fungi to improve the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse for ruminants were determined. Bagasse was cultured with Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (ATCC 90467) or C. subvermispora (CZ-3) at 26 degrees C for 8, 12 or 16 weeks. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) in untreated bagasse were 45.6 and 40.3\%, respectively. Meanwhile, the bagasse cultured with L. edodes and two strains of C. subvermispora, respectively, for 12 weeks, were elevated to 68.6 and 59.1\%, 60.6 and 49.9\% and 59.9 and 49.0\%, respectively. In contrast, the IVOMD and the IVNDFD in bagasse cultured with P. eryngii and P salmoneostramineus were the same or lower than those in untreated bagasse. In vitro gas production (IVGP) in bagasse cultured with L. edodes and two strains of C. subvermispora for 12 weeks was also higher than that of untreated bagasse. These changes in IVOMD, IVNDFD and IVGP demonstrate that L. edodes has a higher capability of improving the digestibility for ruminants than C. subvermispora, P. eryngii or P. salmoneostramineus.
By-products from sugarcane mills have a considerable energy potential, and therefore have been studied aiming to generate biogas emphasising biohydrogen (bioH(2)). Sugarcane molasses, a byproduct from sugar production, are rich in carbohydrates, thus easily biodegraded by anaerobic microorganisms. This study evaluated the production of bioH(2) in unfavorable pH (3.80) using molasses as a feedstock in an anaerobic structured bed reactor (AnSTBR-A) under thermophilic conditions (55 degrees C). The AnSTBR-A operated with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 60 g L-1 d(-1) was able to produce bioH(2) under long-term operation (392 days). The hydrogen yield (HY) was 1.18 mol H-2 mol total carbohydrates(-1). The results highlighted HY variation concomitant with metabolite concentrations. The main role to bioH(2) production in AnSTBR-A was acetate + lactate -> butyric + bioH(2), with a predominance of the organism belonging to the Thermoanaerobacterium genus. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A plant converting sugarcane bagasse to liquid fuels through thermal liquefaction in an Australian setting was modelled in ASPEN Plus. Ethanol was investigated as a liquefaction solvent due to its effect of higher yields and higher biocrude heating value compared to water (i.e. hydrothermal liquefaction). The plant produced 0.67 kg biocrude per kg dry feed, which was further processed to 0.46 kg liquid fuels per kg of dry feed for a total of 25.8 million L/y of biofuel product. Ethanol losses incurred the highest share in operating costs, although there are opportunities for cost reduction around lower solvent to biomass ratio. Over the plant life and with a corporate tax rate of 30\%, it was determined that the minimum selling price for the fuel products is US\$ 0.99/L, which was comparable to other liquefaction studies using water as solvent. It was demonstrated that continuous operation mode was economically more advantageous than semi-batch production. Product price, hydrodeoxygenation conversion efficiency and plant capacity were determined to be the factors to which NPV is most sensitive, while biocrude yield and hydrodeoxygenation conversion efficiency were the key factors in decreasing the minimum selling price of the product to a level that can be competitive.
This paper focuses on the study of the effect of modification of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) biomass as potential reinforcement for composites panel and thermal insulation. Both fibres were treated with three types of chemicals: 2\% silane, 4\% H2O2 and 4\% H2O2-2\% silane for 3 h. The influence of modified fibres content in composites was examined by structural changes using image analyser, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), tensile, interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and thermal characteristic. The diameter of both fibres was reduced after treatment and showed decreasing of lignin and hemicellulose in fibre. Tensile strength has been increased by 2\% silane treatment for both fibres and 4\% H2O2 treatment displays higher result for IFSS. Thermal properties of treated SCB fibre with silane display higher residual content and better thermal stability. SEM characterization showed that 2\% silane treatment removed silica bodies of OPEFB fibre while 4\% H2O2 treatment uniformly filled porosity of SCB fibre. Finally, results revealed that treated OPEFB fibre is enough to improve compatibility and mechanical properties, while treated SCB fibre was effective in thermal stability for fabrication of composite materials.
This paper aims to investigate the thermochemical behavior and synergistic effects of low-rank coal, and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) blends after pretreatment by trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ({[
Ethanol derived from biomass has the potential to be a renewable transportation fuel that can replace gasoline. This work was carried out to establish an optimized ethanol organosolv pretreatment of Norway spruce (Picea abies) for bioethanol production (63 wt\% EtOH, pH similar to 3.5 in aqueous phase, 170-240 A degrees C, 90 min) utilizing hydrolytic enzymes in the saccharification step. To test the generality of the method, a series of ethanol organosolv pretreatments were also performed on sugarcane bagasse (50 wt\% EtOH, pH similar to 3.5 in aqueous phase, 155-210 A degrees C, 90-120 min). The degree of delignification increased with increasing temperature during pretreatment, and the fastest increase was observed with sugarcane bagasse. The pretreatments were carried out in a batch mode. The maximum degree of delignification of similar to 65 \% was reached at similar to 235 A degrees C for Norway spruce, while sugarcane bagasse reached similar to 80 \% at similar to 210 A degrees C. Cellulose was subjected to degradation (5-10 \% points) at these temperatures. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (30 FPU/g cellulose, 32 pNPGU/g cellulose, 50 A degrees C, 48 h) of ethanol organosolv-pretreated biomass achieved complete conversion for both raw materials at the highest degrees of delignification.
On a global scale, the quantity of biomass waste is steadily increasing, particularly in densely populated urban areas. The electricity and heat energy generation from biomass gasification is a viable sustainable process and substitutes fossil fuels, which can decrease greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, reduce carbon dioxide gas. In this work, sugarcane bagasse as a biomass fuel was considered for combustible gas generation by utilizing an intensified downdraft-throated gasifier. The study showed that sugarcane bagasse has a calorific value of around 17.7 MJ/kg and can be densified in the form of briquettes, which is found to be an appropriate feedstock for gasification in a downdraft gasifier generating an average of 2.05 N m(3) of produced gas per kilogram of bagasse with a calorific value between 3.30 and 4.56 MJ/N m(3). Biomass feed rates for the gasifier varied between 2.87 and 7.44 kg/h were utilized in the experiments. The produced combustible gas mixtures were determined as CO, H-2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6, which constitute 25-27\% v/v of the entire produced gas. The volume of produced synthetic gas (syngas) ranged from 2.05 to 2.16 N m(3)/kg of bagasse gasified. Above 99\% transformation of solid carbon in the bagasse to product gas was accomplished by utilizing the intensive gasification system; however, it is required to apply a gas clean-up process to mitigate against any possible harmful impacts.
Aims In this study, we attempted to increase the productivity of Candida glycerinogenes yeast for ethanol production from non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates (NDSBH) by identifying the hexose transporter in this yeast that makes a high contribution to glucose consumption, and by adding additional copies of this transporter and enhancing its membrane localisation stability (MLS). Methods and Results Based on the knockout and overexpression of key hexose transporter genes and the characterisation of their promoter properties, we found that Cghxt4 and Cghxt6 play major roles in the early and late stages of fermentation, respectively, with Cghxt4 contributing most to glucose consumption. Next, subcellular localisation analysis revealed that a common mutation of two ubiquitination sites (K9 and K538) in Cghxt4 improved its MLS. Finally, we overexpressed this Cghxt4 mutant (Cghxt4.2A) using a strong promoter, P-CgGAP, which resulted in a significant increase in the ethanol productivity of C. glycerinogenes in the NDSBH medium. Specifically, the recombinant strain showed 18 and 25\% higher ethanol productivity than the control in two kinds of YP-NDSBH medium (YP-NDSBH1(G160) and YP-NDSBH2(G160)), respectively. Conclusions The hexose transporter mutant Cghxt4.2A (Cghxt4(K9A,K538A)) with multiple copies and high MLS was able to significantly increase the ethanol productivity of C. glycerinogenes in NDSBH. Significance and Impact of the Study Our results provide a promising strategy for constructing efficient strains for ethanol production.
The development in the area of natural-fibre-reinforced composites has greatly increased in recent years. Using castor oil polyurethane (PU) as matrix for composites reinforced with lignin and cellulose from sugarcane straw is in tune with economical and environmental interests. The aim of this work was the thermal degradation study of castor oil-polyurethane composites reinforced with cellulose from sugarcane straw. For the obtainment of cellulose, sugarcane straw was pretreated by steam explosion, followed by a delignification with NaOH. For the production of the PU, the polyol (castor oil) to diisocyanate mass ratio was 1.5:1.0. Reinforcement of the matrix was done changing the concentration of cellulose fibres (5,10,15,20\% w/w). Thermogravimetric analysis of the materials was carried out. The results obtained showed that the process of decomposition of the matrix occurs in one step, while for the composites it occurs in two steps. The addition of reinforcement in the matrix basically did not change the thermal stability of the composite.
Globally, concrete is widely implemented as a construction material and is progressively being utilized because of growth in urbanization. However, limited resources and gradual depravity of the environment are forcing the research community to obtain alternative materials from large amounts of agro-industrial wastes as a partial replacement for ordinary cement. Cement is a main binding resource in concrete production. To reduce environmental problems associated with waste, this study considered the recycling of agro-industrial wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), rice husk ash (RHA), and others, into cement, and to finally bring sustainable and environmental-friendly concrete. This study considered 5\%, 10\%, and 15\% of SBCA and RHA individually to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by weight method then combined both ashes as 10\%, 20\%, and 30\% to replace OPC to produce sustainable concrete. It was experimentally declared that the strength performance of concrete was reduced while utilizing SCBA and RHA individually and combined as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) at 7, 28, 56, and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, the initial and final setting time is increased as the quantity of replacement level of OPC with SCBA and RHA separates and together as SCM in the mixture. Based on experimental findings, it was concluded that the use of 5\% of SCBA and 5\% of RHA as cement replacement material individually or combined in concrete could provide appropriate results for structural applications in concrete.
Biomass is widely acknowledged as a renewable and abundant substitute for fossil fuels that is considered CO2-neutral. Thermal process-based energy extraction without proper carbon capture and storage still dominates biomass utilization and inevitably results in CO2 emission. It is appealing to develop a greener biowaste utilization method. Recently, biomass-derived small molecules were reported to be electrochemically reformed into valuable chemicals in a green process under ambient conditions. However, the reforming of raw biomass is still challenging, owing to its rigid and chemically stable structure. Herein, direct electroreforming of sugarcane bagasse waste for cogeneration of green hydrogen and valuable chemicals is reported. Having suppressed oxygen evolution and thus avoided hydrogen-oxygen mixture formation, our electroreforming process could be directly driven by photovoltaic electricity, presenting a safe and low-carbon route to green hydrogen and chemicals from raw biomass. Additionally, life cycle assessment shows that the electroreforming upcycling process driven by photovoltaic electricity and waste heat affords the lowest global warming potential amongst various process configurations, including conventional waste management methods, promising for decarbonisation and sustainable development. An efficient and environmentally friendly pretreatment-electrochemical upcycling process for sugarcane bagasse waste to cogenerate green hydrogen and formate.
The objective of this work was to evaluate water storage in a Plinthaqualf under different straw levels during the fourth ratoon season of a sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) crop. The study was conducted in the 2013/2014 crop season, with the cultivar SP-813250, at two soil depths (0.0-0.3 and 0.3-0.6 m), in a randomized complete block design, with five straw levels (0.0, 4.2, 9.5, 13.0, and 18.4 Mg ha(-1)) and four replicates. Soil moisture content was monitored with a time-domain reflectometer. The straw provided gains of up to 20 Mg ha(-1) stems and kept increased water storage in the soil, in comparison with the soil without straw, in all evaluated periods. Maintenance of up to 50\% (9.5 Mg ha(-1)) of sugarcane straw on soil surface promotes better water retention in the soil per Mg of straw added and delays the reach of critical water storage in the soil by up to 11 days, when compared with soil without straw cover.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are xylose oligomers that have numerous health benefits and can be produced by the acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan-rich materials. This study aimed to extract xylan from sugarcane bagasse and leaf with 6\% hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium and to hydrolyze it with Aspergillus versicolor endoxylanase and diluted acetic and sulfuric acids to produce XOS. The solubilization yields of xylan were 65.15\% and 69.7\% using sugarcane bagasse and leaf, respectively. The highest conversions of xylan from bagasse and leaf into XOS using acetic and sulfuric acids were 56.29\% and 53.65\%, and 40.16\% and 45.37\%, respectively. In enzymatic hydrolysis, the highest conversion yields were 67.43\% and 69.71\% for xylan from the bagasse and leaf, respectively. The results showed that acid and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in high XOS yields; however, enzymatic hydrolysis of the degradation products did not occur.
In this study, rice husk, rice straw, bamboo, sugarcane bagasse, and neem bark were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed pyrolyzer to examine the influence of operating conditions, such as the temperature of the pyrolysis process, residence time of volatiles, and reactor length, on the yield of bio-oil and individual gas components. The temperature of pyrolysis was varied from 350 to 650 degrees C at increments of 50 degrees C, and the length of the reactor was varied from 45 to 60 cm at intervals of 5 cm. The maximum bio-oil production of 46.93 wt\% and the pyrolysis char of 26.2 wt\% was obtained for bamboo at 450 degrees C. The highest amount of clean syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) was produced for neem bark (52.61 vol\%). The gaussian distributed activation energy model data exhibited a superior fit with the experimental data compared with the single-reaction model for bio-oil and all other individual component gases. The presence of C-H, C=C, alcohols and phenolic compounds indicated that the bio-oil obtained from all the biomass species could potentially be used as fuel. The steady-state mass and energy balances for the entire pyrolysis plant were obtained using the Aspen Plus simulation. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Advances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agroindustrial residues such as sugarcane bagasse, which is the major by-product of the sugarcane industry. Due to its abundant availability and despite the complex chemical composition, it can be considered an ideal substrate for microbial processes for the production of value-added products. In the present study we evaluated the enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and antioxidant compounds from sugarcane bagasse using XynZ from Clostridium thermocellum, a naturally chimeric enzyme comprising activities of xylanase and feruloyl esterase along with a carbohydrate binding module (CBM6). In order to reveal the biotechnological potential of XynZ, the XOS released after enzymatic hydrolysis using different substrates were characterized by capillary electrophoresis and quantified by high performance anion exchange chromatography. In parallel, the antioxidant capacity related to the release of phenolic compounds was also determined. The results indicated noteworthy differences regarding the amount of XOS and antioxidant phenolic compounds produced, as well as the XOS profile, functions of the pre-treatment method employed. The ability of XynZ to simultaneously produce xylooligosaccharides, natural probiotics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant molecules from natural substrates such as sugarcane bagasse demonstrated the biotechnological potential of this enzyme. Production of value-added products from agro-industrial residues is of great interest not only for advancement in the biofuel field, but also for pharmaceutical and food industries. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A kinetic model has been developed for batch fermentation of cane-sugar molasses for lactic acid production by Enterococcus faecalis RKY1. Parameters of the kinetic model have been determined based on experimental data by using genetic algorithm. The values of key kinetic constants are maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)) 1.6 h(-1), growth-associated constant for lactic acid production (alpha), 0.26 g g(-1); maximum specific lactic acid production rate (q(p,max)), 3 g g(-1) h(-1); maximum specific sugar utilization rate (q(s,max)), 3-33 g g(-1) h(-1). It has been observed that the growth of biomass and lactic acid production are affected by lactic acid inhibition and it has been taken into account with an exponential term. However, effects of substrate limitation and substrate inhibition have been found to be relatively small. When compared with batch experimental data, the model provides good predictions for growth of biomass, sugar consumption and lactic acid production profiles on media with initial molasses concentration ranging from 130 to 333 g/l with few exceptions. Effect of pH on kinetic parameters has also been studied. It has been found that the growth of biomass and lactic acid production are strongly influenced by pH. Optimum pH is found to be 7. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This study evaluated the physical-mechanical properties of three-layer particleboard made from sorghum stalk and sugarcane bagasse hybrid reinforced bonded with urea-formaldehyde resin. The production of particleboards using the sorghum and bagasse particles has been established at the ratio of (25 : 50 : 75) sorghum stalk and sugarcane bagasse with urea-formaldehyde as a matrix at different concentrations (50 kg/m(3), 60 kg/m(3), and 70 kg/m(3)) and pressing pressure (18 MPa, 20 MPa, and 22 MPa) through hand mixing from 3 to 5 minutes and then hot press within a temperature range of 160 degrees C to 180 degrees C for 4 minutes. The particleboards were produced with their proportions through the Taguchi design of the experiment (L-9) approach. The experimental results were analyzed using Taguchi design and ANOVA with a general linear model. The experimental results showed that internal bonding, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and moisture content were significantly improved with high resin content and pressing pressure from 18 MPa to 22 MPa. The thickness swelling value also dropped where the resin concentration varies from 50 kg/m(3) to 70 kg/m(3) and shows better board stability. In contrast, the water absorption increased as resin content was increased. Results from ANOVA provide that SS3B1P3UFR3 (3 : 1 ratio of Sorghum with bagasse, 22 MPa of pressing load, and 70 kg/m(3) urea-formaldehyde concentration) is the most optimal combination of variables for the better performance of particleboard.
Xylanase enzymes are useful to fractionate plant biomass, producing xylan, xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and antioxidant-derived XOS. In a biorefinery, pretreated biomass can be digested with xylanase prior to cellulose saccharification, enhancing the product portfolio in the process. With this vision, this study highlighted a wide range of new products attainable from alkaline-sulfite-pretreated sugarcane bagasse by treatments with endo-xylanase under controlled conditions. The developed process provided a crude extract corresponding to 29.7\% (w/w) of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The crude extract included a relatively polymeric glucuronoarabinoxylan fraction, DP2-DP6 xylooligosaccharides, and aromatic compounds. The enzymatically produced extract was fractionated with increasing ethanol concentrations {[
Wet-storage is the most common way to maintain sugarcane bagasse in the paper-making industry, although there were few studies on the structural alteration of lignins caused by a wet-storage system. Lignin preparations isolated from wet-stored bagasse in a laboratory simulated wet storage system, corresponding pulps, and spent liquors of soda-oxygen pulping were characterized by various analytical techniques, including elemental analysis (EA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The characteristics of these lignins were compared with those of lignin preparations isolated from fresh sugarcane bagasse samples. Eleven percent decrease of p-coumarate (p-CA) in the lignins from wet-stored raw materials were observed. p-Coumarate and tricin were completely removed during the pulping process. Results from this study suggested that syringyl units were more easily degraded and dissolved under low temperature soda-oxygen pulping conditions. Wet-storage for a certain period of time (14 days) did not modify lignin structure or degrade cellulose significantly. KEYWORDS: Wet-storage, Dioxane lignin (DL), Soda-oxygen lignin, Elemental analysis (EA),
In this work, recovery of phenolics from sugarcane bagasse was performed and total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities were measured. Four fractions were yielded after extraction with various solvents and ethyl acetate fraction was performed into further purification, producing 30 sub-fractions (G1-G30). Six compounds were isolated and their structures were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and high definition nuclear magnetic resonance (HD-NMR) spectroscopy as p-coumaric acid, tricin, luteolin, tricin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside, protocatechuic add and diosmetin 6-C-glucoside which was identified in this species for the first time. Tricin expressed highest antioxidant activity in ORAC assay (9.76 +/- 1.01 mu mol TE/mu mol) but no antioxidant activity in PSC and CAA assays. The structure-activity relationship was discussed to elucidate the different activities of the isolated phenolics in ORAL and CAA assays. Luteolin, p-coumaric acid and protocatechuic acid showed antiproliferative effect against MCF-7 cells with the EC50 at 28.45, 1856.90 and 3670.56 mu M, respectively. This work reported the recovery of individual phenolics from bagasse, which suggested bagasse could be an abundant source of bioactive phenolics.
In recent years, harvesting process of sugarcane is changing itself, passing through semi-mechanized for mechanized system, who, currently predominate in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Mechanized harvesting consists in a sequence of operations which includes cutting the pointer and chopping the stalk. The straw is a harvesting residue, and it stays in the ground, piling up above soil, with a possible prejudice for crop yield. An economic way to retract this straw is using mechanized processing for bailing it, involving hay balers, which are imported to Brazil and their use require regularly field conditions of work. Those balers could produce square or round bales, which can be sold to energy generation. This study aims to estimate economic efficiency indicators of round and square systems for sugarcane straw, establishing a relationship between baling costs and the incoming generated from those bales. Based on data set, round baling system was 26\% more efficient than square baling system, and that round baler has a lower purchase price and a higher compress ratio of biomass, allowing a greater potential for power generation, turning it a more advantageous in a possible marketing for bales produced. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the technological properties of particleboards manufactured from sugarcane and bamboo particles. Three mix proportions (25\%, 50\% and 75\%) and control particle-boards (100\% bamboo or residue) were adopted. Panels manufactured with 75\% bamboo particles and 25\% bagasse particles achieved the values required by the norm for thickness swelling in 24 h and internal bond. The highest compaction ratio enabled the formation of densitometric profiles with more pronounced peaks on the faces, as evidenced by the images, reduced wettability and increased the mass loss caused by brown rot fungi. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose was isolated in a one-step chemical extraction using hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. The polysaccharide containing 80.9\% xylose and small amounts of L-arabinose, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and glucose, was hydrolyzed by crude enzymatic extracts from Thermoascus aurantiacus at 50 degrees C. Conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis leading to the best yields of xylose and xylooligosaccharides (DP 2-5) were investigated using substrate concentration in the range 0.5-3.5\% (w/v), enzyme load 40-80 U/g of the substrate, and reaction time from 3 to 96 h, applying a 22 factorial design. The maximum conversion to xylooligosaccharides (37.1\%) was obtained with 2.6\% of substrate and xylanase load of 60 U/g. The predicted maximum yield of xylobiose by a polynomial model was 41.6\%. Crude enzymatic extract of T. aurantiacus generate from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose 39\% of xylose, 59\% of xylobiose, and 2\% of other xylooligosaccharides.
Sugarcane fibers have been studied as reinforcement fibers to develop biocomposites of sugarcane fibers-polypropylene (PP). In this study, two different alkaline solutions were used to modify the sugarcane bagasse fibers, i.e. 10\% v/v NaOH and 14\% v/v Ca(OH)(2) solution for 4 hours. Sugarcane fibers filled to polypropylene (PP) matrix was 3 cm, 5 cm and as their original length. They were added in the various weight percentage ratios between sugarcane fibers to PP of 20/80, 25/75, and 30/70. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the chemical structure of bagasse fibers after treatment. Composite strength was measured by tensile test which was performedin accordance with ASTM D638-03. The fracture surface of tensile tested composite specimens contained fibers from both treatment was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results from the tensile test show that performing NaOH treatment for 4 hours could increase the tensile strength of the composites to 24.92 MPa when original length sugarcane fibers was used in the 25/75 weight ratio. Meanwhilethe highest strength of 11.30 MPa was obtained when 5 cm fibers treated with Ca(OH)(2)were added in a weight \% ratio of bagasse fibers/PP at 25/75. The strength of composites decreases when bagasse fibers were added to 30 wt.\%. The SEM evaluation shows the mixture between sugarcane fibers and PP was not quite homogeneous. In addition to that is a greater number of fibers were found with the transversal orientation or perpendicular to the direction of tensile stress.
Some concern about biofuels has been expressed because the growing demand for biofuels could cause, among other potential impacts, farming lands to be used for producing biofuel instead of food, thus raising food prices. Such concern is also present when considering the relationship between sugar and fuel ethanol production. The sugar market is characterized by a low growth rate of demand, volatile prices, widespread interventions and, recently, an increasing surplus production. In parallel, an emerging world market for fuel ethanol has expanded by 12\% annually due to policy support. Some countries have mandated ethanol/gasoline blends, while others are looking for ways to introduce them or expand the existing market. The aim of this work is to assess the potential, in the short term, for fuel ethanol production by using intermediate molasses in countries that industrialize sugarcane. The following main sugarcane producing countries were taken as example: Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Australia, India, and Thailand. The result of this research shows that those countries could together produce an amount equal to approximately 16.5\% of the fuel ethanol produced worldwide in 2015. In addition, four countries could replace more than 10\% of their national gasoline consumption with ethanol produced from A molasses. This work, however, suggest producing fuel ethanol by using final molasses and 20\% of B molasses. That option would cause a 3\% average reduction in sugar production; but, this decline is nonetheless equivalent to the average growth rate of the global sugar surplus in the last three years. Moreover, the suggested scheme showed a favorable opportunity cost in comparison with the exclusive production of sugar. The proposed type of ethanol production could support the development of national ethanol markets in the short term, while more sustainable options (e.g., ethanol from residual lignocellulosic materials) are not available.
This study investigated Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) technology to improve the mechanical properties of cementitious composites containing incinerated sugarcane filter cake (IFC) using a calcifying bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. WH. Both IFC obtained after the first and second clarification processes, referred to as white (IWFC) and black (IBFC), were experimented. This is the first work to investigate the use of IBFC as a cement replacement. According to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results, the main element of IWFC and IBFC was CaO (91.52\%) and SiO2 (58.80\%), respectively. This is also the first work to investigate the use of IBFC as a cement replacement. We found that the addition of strain WH could further enhance the strength of both cementitious composites up to similar to 31\%, while reduced water absorption and void. Microstructures of the composites were visualized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cement hydration products were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) followed by Rietveld analysis. The results indicated that biogenic CaCO 3 was the main composition in enhancing strength of the IBFC composite, whereas induce tricalcium silicate (C3S) formation promoting the strength of IWFC composite. This work provided strong evidence that the mechanical properties of the cementitious composites could be significantly improved through the application of MICP. In fact, the strength of IFC-based cementitious composites after boosting by strain WH is only 10\% smaller than that of the conventional Portland cement. While using IFC as a cement substitute is a greener way to produce environmentally friendly materials, it also provides a solution to long-term agro-industrial waste pollution problems.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of a cellulosic substrate is the most critical step for the production of bioethanol. In our study, the hydrolysis of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SESB) under optimized conditions (8 \% substrate consistency, 22.5 U filter paper cellulase, 0.55 \% Tween 80) released a maximum of 461 mg per gram dry substrate sugars. We isolated a thermotolerant yeast strain, Blastobotrys adeninivorans RCKP 2012, from sugarcane bagasse collected from the Cooperative Sugar Mill, Sonepat, Haryana that was found to be capable of fermenting the enzymatic hydrolysate of SESB at 50 A degrees C. When grown under simultaneous saccharification and fermentation conditions, this yeast produced 14.05 g L-1 ethanol, which corresponds to a theoretical ethanol yield of 46.87 \%.
Levulinic acid is a key platform chemical. Even gasoline range chemicals could be produced from levulinic acid making it a strategically significant compound. Producing levulinic acid from biomass is attractive from economic as well as environmental aspects. An acid catalyzed hydrothermal process for converting biomass to levulinic acid is reported. The effect of biomass type, acid (HCl) concentration, and reaction temperature of hydrothermal treatment on the conversion of biomass and yield of levulinic acid were studied. Widely available cellulosic biomass and agricultural wastes, namely, Cicer arietinum, cotton, Pinus radiata and sugarcane bagasse were successfully converted to levulinic acid. Although HPCL analysis could not be performed, qualitative and quantitative analysis of levulinic acid was conducted using C-13 and H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Under optimal reaction conditions (423 K, 1 M HCl, 2 h) the yields of levulinic acid obtained from Cicer arietinum, cotton, Pinus radiata and sugarcane bagasse were 32.6, 44.0, 19.0 and 36.5 wt\%.
The effectiveness of column bioreactors for butanol fermentation from sugarcane molasses by Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 was investigated. This fermentation was operated at an initial pH of 6.5 and temperature of 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions. A 1-L bubble column bioreactor was used with various gas circulation rates ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 L/min. The highest butanol concentration (P-B, 8.72 g/L), productivity (Q(B), 0.24 g/L center dot h) and yield (Y-B/S, 0.21 g/g) were obtained with a gas circulation of 0.2 L/min. To improve butanol production efficiency, gas-lift column bioreactors with internal and external loops at 0.2 L/min of circulating gas were used. Higher P-B (10.50-10.58 g/L), Q(B) (0.29 g/L center dot h) and Y-B/S (0.22-0.23 g/g) values were obtained in gas-lift column bioreactors. These values were similar to those using a more complex 2-L stirred-tank bioreactor (P-B, 10.10 g/L; Q(B), 0.28 g/L h and Y-B/S, 0.22 g/g). Hence, gas-lift column bioreactors have potential for use as low-cost fermenters instead of stirred-tank bioreactors for butanol fermentation. When the gas-lift column bioreactor with an internal loop was coupled with a gas stripping system, it yielded an enhanced P-B and sugar consumption of approximately 9\% and 7\%, respectively, compared to a system with no gas stripping.
Bioflocculant MBF7 was produced by a novel bioflocculant-producing microorganism HHE-P7. In order to reduce the bioflocculant producing cost, culture experiments were conducted. The effects of medium components including carbon and nitrogen sources as well as culture conditions such as pH of molasses diluents, cultivating temperature, inoculum size were investigated. The results showed when the molasses waste was diluted at COD concentration of 2000 mg/L, the optimal culture conditions for MBF7 production by HHE-P7 were inoculum size 1\% (v/v), initial pH 5, cultivating temperature 25 C at the rotation speed 150 r/min. Under such conditions, MBF7 had a flocculating activity of 83\% for 5 g/L kaolin clay suspension. About 3.19 g crude bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of molasses fermentation broth.
In this work, analytical methods were developed for the cathodic determination of furfural in sugarcane bagasse by electroanalytical techniques using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel nanoparticles. The methods were developed based on linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The developed analysis methods presented a limit of detection between 2.5 x 10(-6) (DPV) and 4.9 x 10(-5) mol L-1 (LSV). The amperometric sensitivity was of the order of 10(-2) A mol(-1) L-1. The recovery study showed that the developed methods have good accuracy and repeatability, with a recovery of 98.4 and 103.7\% for LSV and SWV, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to sugarcane bagasse samples and an average furfural concentration of 12.9 +/- 0.2 g kg(-1) was found in the sugarcane bagasse.
Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total primary energy of sugarcane in the field. Today, its use for energy is incipient and it is mostly wasted by either burning in the pre-harvest or left on the ground to decay. Besides its potential use as feedstock for energy production, there are several possible agronomic benefits of the straw blanket left on the ground such as soil protection against erosion, increase of soil organic carbon content, inhibition of weed growth, nutrient recycling and reduction of soil water losses, to name a few. The balance of the impacts and the economic and energetic value of the straw indicate that the amount of the straw left on the ground that could be considered optimal is dependent on the local conditions, agricultural practices, characteristics of the straw and intended final use. This work is meant to shed some light into this subject to help the understanding of the importance of the various impacts of the straw blanket on the ground, the availability and quality of the straw, the economics of straw recovery and use and the main criteria for determining the amount of straw that can be recovered for bioenergy or biofuels production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pyrolysis behavior of ionic liquid (IL) pretreated coal and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was studied. Three blends of coal and SCB having 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios by weight were treated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ({[
A basal ration containing 50\% sugarcane bagasse was supplemented with 5\% urea, 10\% fresh cattle manure and 35\% water, and was then stored in sealed plastic bags for 30 and 60 days at ambient temperatures. Representative samples were taken on Days 0, 30 and 60 for analysis and nutritional evaluation. The results indicated that the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ammonia content of the treated ration was increased (47.6 to 54.4\%, 18.4 to 22.2\% and 0 to 2.2\%, respectively) after 60 days. The addition of 10\% cattle manure effectively hydrolysed the added urea into ammonia. The presence of ammonia at the end of the 60-day treatment indicated that the quality of the treated mixture was well preserved. The values of cell wall constituents such as neutral detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulose and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreased significantly and correlate well with each other. The cellulose content of the treated material increased significantly however. A complete formula ration was then developed containing 90\% of the basic treated mixture with 5\% molasses and 5\% rice polishings. A digestibility study was conducted on wethers. The mean voluntary feed intake was 3.70 kg DM 100 kg-1 liveweight. The mean digestibility values for DM, CP, CF, EE, Ash, NDF, acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose and ADL were 58.7 +/- 4.4, 84.4 +/- 3.9\%, 79.5 +/- 4.9\%, 82.6 +/- 3.7\%, 65.5 +/- 6.4\%, 54.4 +/- 11.9\%, 73.5 +/- 6.6\%. 79.6 +/- 5.2\% and 59.6 +/- 9.5\%, respectively. Overall, treating bagasse to form a mixed ration seems to have promising results.
Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) may be an interesting option to improve the operating conditions of anaerobic reactors used in vinasse treatment and provide an alternative for dairy cattle wastewater (DCW) management in regions near to ethanol industries. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of AcoD of sugarcane vinasse with DCW (84.8\% and 15.2\% of COD, respectively) in two up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB-R1 and R2) in series. The improvements in the nutritional conditions of the vinasse because of the co-digestion with the DCW, combined with effluent recirculation, provided average removals of total COD of 77\% for the overall system (R1 + R2) and volumetric methane production of 0.451 m(3) CH4 (m(3) d)(-1) for R1. From the theoretical potential of electrical power production, we verified the possibility of producing 10.65 kWh d(-1) per m(3) of vinasse in the UASB reactors. That is 39\% of the electrical energy needed to process one ton of sugarcane. Therefore, anaerobic co-digestion is an attractive alternative for energy use and reducing environmental problems of vinasse and DCW.
In this study, the combined strategy of using high solid load, on-site enzyme cocktails and surfactant was evaluated in saccharifications of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (HP-SB) and ethanol production. The hydrolyses were carried in fed-batch mode with a solid load of 10-40\% (w/v) at time intervals of 12 h, using two homemade enzyme extracts (ES1 from Aspergillus niger monoculture and ES2 from A. niger, Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus consortium), 10 FPU/gds of cellulase loading at 50 degrees C for 72 h. After optimization of solid loading, new saccharifications were performed with the addition of 5\% (w/v) surfactant (Triton X-100). The HP of SB led to a significant reduction of 69.26\% in hemicelluloses content, but also preserved the cellulose fraction in HP-SB. The increase of HP-SB load in hydrolysis from 10 to 35\% significantly improved the release of total reducing sugars (TRS), with an increase of 188.54\% in ES1 and 177.46\% in ES2. The use of Triton X-100 in saccharifications of HP-SB (30\% w/v) also positively contributed to TRS production, with an increase in TRS of 6.22\% in ES1(S) and 24\% in ES2(S). The fermentation of the hydrolysate after surfactant-assisted hydrolysis of HP-SB (30\% w/v) led to an ethanol yield of 81.70\% for F1(S) and 88.03\% for F2(S). Results demonstrated that the integrated use of high solid load, low-cost on-site enzyme cocktail and surfactant (Triton X-100) can be a promising approach to improve the efficiency of bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars. {[
Introduction. Sugarcane tends to increase its production demands, considering the world macroeconomic perspectives, due to the high demand of sugar and molasses for agro-industrial production. Objective. The objective of this review was to determine the state of the art about the use of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) crop and byproducts derived from its agro-industrial processing in ruminant feeding. Development. The sugarcane industry, as a species supplier of different raw materials and by-products resulting from the transformation to raw cane sugar or sugar, presents in the majority of countries dedicated to cultivation, some technological issues related mainly to the waste and wastage of bagasse, the cachaza and dehydrated cachaza. However, there are several studies showing the use of by-products in animal feed especially ruminants through various technologies, that improve the quality and availability of nutrients in them to be used by the animal. Conclusions. The sugarcane by-products have been used to make flours, silage, and supplementary blocks. This opens new paths for a sustainable and environmentally friendly production system. Furthermore, they allow to put aside the conception that was had in Colombia that the agro-industrial by-products were of low value and their obtaining generate a negative environmental impact.
A moderate halophile and thermotolerant fungal strain was isolated from a sugarcane bagasse fermentation in the presence of 2 M NaCl that was set in the laboratory. This strain was identified by polyphasic criteria as Aspergillus caesiellus. The fungus showed an optimal growth rate in media containing 1 M NaCl at 28 degrees C and could grow in media added with up to 2 M NaCl. This strain was able to grow at 37 and 42 degrees C, with or without NaCl. A. caesiellus H1 produced cellulases, xylanases, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and esterases. No laccase activity was detected in the conditions we tested. The cellulase activity was thermostable, halostable, and no differential expression of cellulases was observed in media with different salt concentrations. However, differential band patterns for cellulase and xylanase activities were detected in zymograms when the fungus was grown in different lignocellulosic substrates such as wheat straw, maize stover, agave fibres, sugarcane bagasse and sawdust. Optimal temperature and pH were similar to other cellulases previously described. These results support the potential of this fungus to degrade lignocellulosic materials and its possible use in biotechnological applications.
The enzymatic digestibility of alkali/peracetic acid (PAA)-pretreated bagasse was systematically investigated. The effects of initial solid consistency, cellulase loading and addition of supplemental beta-glucosidase on the enzymatic conversion of glycan were studied. It was found the alkali-PAA pulp showed excellent enzymatic digestibility. The enzymatic glycan conversion could reach about 80\% after 24 h incubation when enzyme loading was 10 FPU/g solid. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) results indicated that the pulp could be well converted to ethanol. Compared with dilute acid pretreated bagasse (DAPB), alkali-PAA pulp could obtain much higher ethanol and xylose concentrations. The fermentation broth still showed some cellulase activity so that the fed pulp could be further converted to sugars and ethanol. After the second batch SSF, the fermentation broth of alkali-PAA pulp still kept about 50\% of initial cellulase activity. However, only 21\% of initial cellulase activity was kept in the fermentation broth of DAPB. The xylose syrup obtained in SSF of alkali-PAA pulp could be well converted to 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae CGMCC 1.9131. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The agrowaste of sugarcane bagasse was used as a filler to improve the properties of rubber. Sugarcane bagasse waste was ground and sieved to a particle size less than 75 nm and then purified and chemically modified by an acetylation method and stearic acid adsorption. The modified bagasse was incorporated into styrene-butadiene rubber formulations with different concentrations (20, 30, 50, and 70 phr) in comparison with carbon black and hisil, commercial fillers used in industry. The physicomechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates were determined before and after thermal aging at 90 degrees C. The retained values of the tensile strength, elongation at break, and equilibrium swelling increased as the concentration of the modified bagasse increased in styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizates until 50 phr; after this concentration, the retained values of each property decreased. Rubber vulcanizates containing modified bagasse with a concentration of 50 phr may be better for retained values of the physicomechanical properties and equilibrium swelling in comparison with those containing carbon black, hisil, and untreated bagasse. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 3470-3476, 2009
Sugarcane bagasse is generated in large quantities during the processing of sugarcane in the sugarcane industry. For a country like Indonesia with its vast agricultural residues such as sugarcane bagasse, it is imperative to have an efficient power generation system utilizing the residues. Gasification of sugarcane bagasse is a carbon dioxide emission neutral source of energy and also has the advantage of syngas production. Syngas composition varies based on gasification technology used and can be adapted to specific applications. Among the gasification technologies that are widely used are downdraft and fludized beds. The objective of this work, therefore, is to provide a comparison between downdraft and fluidized bed gasification based on the production capacity of syngas using Aspen Plus simulation. The sugarcane bagasse used in the simulation was obtained from sugar factory PG Gempolkrep Mojokerto, East Java. The results show that at the ratio of steam to biomass equal 1.0, H-2 decreases with increasing temperature both with downdraft and fluidized bed gasification. CO increases with increasing temperature in the downdraft gasification, but decreases with increasing temperature in fluidized bed gasification. At temperature 750 degrees C, H-2 increases with increasing the ratio of steam to biomass, but decreases with increasing the ratio of steam to biomass. Meanwhile, CO decreases with increasing the ratio of steam to biomass for both downdraft and fluidized bed gasification. From the aspect of CO2 produced, it can be concluded that fluidized bed gasification is more environmentally friendly than downdraft gasification.
Aviation industry consumes about 177 billion liters of kerosene, moving more than 25,000 aircraft and 6 billion passengers. To achieve this, civil aviation generated around 781 million tons of CO2 in 2015, corresponding to 2 \% of all anthropogenic emissions of this greenhouse gas, with all the energy required coming from fossil sources. This work aims to synthesize 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2-hexen-1-ol from fusel oil, a sugarcane industry co-product, for the partial replacement of aviation kerosene. The additive obtained mixed in 3 \%, 5 \% and 10 \% contents in Jet A1 kerosene (QAV-1) exhibited viscosity (1,78 mm(2) s(-1)), flash point (>40 degrees C) and performance (<-54 degrees C) the current international standards, in addition to a potential biodegradability superior to fossil kerosene and a calorific value estimated in the mixture compatible with those required by ANP no 37.
Mechanized sugarcane green harvesting has been increasingly adopted in Brazil, rising straw availability at the field. Computer-aided tools are used to predict the optimum conditions for straw recovery systems. This study aims at developing a model-based method for optimization of sugarcane straw recovery costs and internal rate of return (IRR), as a function of sugarcane productivity, straw recovery fractions and transport distances considering two recovery systems: integral harvesting (IS) and baling system (BS). A simulation procedure using the Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB), according to a Central Composite Design (CCD) is used in this study. The scenarios were based on an autonomous ethanol plant, with milling capacity of four million tons per year. The influence of these agricultural parameters on the sugarcane straw recovery costs and internal rate of return was evaluated through this approach, where the CCD was used for the development of an empirical model for optimization as well as a statistical evaluation of results. An optimized IRR (26.3\%) was obtained for integral system, with low transport distance (20 km), maximum sugarcane stalk productivity (100 t ha(-1)) and maximum recovery fraction (70\%). The same conditions lead to higher IRR (26.2\%) for baling system. Results showed that the IS promotes the highest reduction of the agricultural components of straw recovery cost and the optimum IRR considering the vertical integration of sugarcane biorefineries was observed by adopting this system. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Natural fibers used in this study were both pre-treated and modified residues from sugarcane bagasse. Polymer of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was employed as matrix in to composites, which were prodUced by mixing high density polyethylene with cellulose (10\%) and Cell/ZrO2 center dot nH(2)O (10\%), using an extruder and hydraulic press. Tensile tests showed that the Cell/ZrO2 center dot nH(2)O (10\%)/HDPE composites present better tensile strength than cellulose (10\%)/HDPE composites. Cellulose agglomerations were responsible for poor adhesion between fiber and matrix in cellulose (10\%)/HDPE composites. HDPF/natural fibers composites showed also lower tensile strength in comparison to the polymer. The increase in Young's modulus is associated to fibers reinforcement. SEM analysis showed that the cellulose fibers insertion in the matrix Caused all increase of defects, which were reduced When modified cellulose fibers were Used. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of growing energy sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in three different metal mine tailings (Cu, Sn and Pb/Zn tailings) amended with uncontaminated soil at different mixing ratios. The results indicated that sugarcane was highly tolerant to tailing environments. Amendments of 20\% soil to Sn tailings and 30\% soil to Cu tailings could increase the biomass of cane-stem for use as the raw material for bioethanol production. Heavy metals were mostly retained in roots, which indicated that sugarcane was useful for the stabilization of the tailings. Bagasse and juice, as the most valuable parts to produce bioethanol, only accounted for 0.6\%-3\% and 0.6\%-7\% of the total metal content. Our study supported the potential use of sugarcane for tailing phytostabilization and bioenergy production.
The energetic utilisation of agricultural residues is considered to be an important element in any strategy to achieve renewable energy targets. In the approximately 80 cane-sugar producing countries there is potential to make better use of the fibrous residue known as bagasse. Subject to improved energy efficiency, sugar producers could supply energy either as ``green{''
N Fertilizer recommendations must be improved to optimize N use efficiency (NUE) for bioenergy crops. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that sites varying in historical usage of by-product differ in soil N-supplying power and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) responsiveness to N fertilization. Our aim was to quantify soil N availability and N fertilizer rates, sources, and application timings for their effects on sugarcane yield and NUE. Three N response trials, each involving 0 to 200 kg N ha(-1), were conducted in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, at sites varying historically in the usage of vinasse. Before fertilizer application and at harvest, soil inorganic N content was quantified and potential N mineralization estimated by the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT); stalk yield and sugar content were measured at harvest and used to estimate NUE. Sugarcane showed significant response to N fertilization only at the sites with no history of vinasse usage. Reducing the N rate from 120 to 80 kg N ha(-1) showed limited potential for lowering yield (similar to 1 \%), while increasing the NUE by 54 \%, which was far better than the 14 \% increase achieved by modifying the N source or application timing. Monitoring inorganic N and ISNT levels over time to estimate soil N-supplying power has potential for predicting the responsiveness of sugarcane to N fertilization; however, ISNT interpretations must consider factors that impede mineralization or crop N utilization, such as soil acidity or a limitation on the availability of Ca or P. Soil N testing can help optimize NUE for sustainable bioenergy production.
In this study, activated carbon was developed from sugarcane bagasse and its effectiveness in adsorbing lead (Pb2) ions from synthetic aqueous solution was examined. Sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SCBA) was developed in a tube furnace at a temperature of 900 degrees C, a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min, residence time of 3 hours, and at a nitrogen flow rate of 100 mL/min. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH and SCBA dosages on the adsorption process. The batch adsorption test showed that extent of Pb2+ adsorption by SCBA was dependent upon pH and SCBA dosage. The optimum pH for Pb2+ adsorption was found to be at pH 5.0. Maximum Pb2+ removal efficiency obtained from the batch studies was 87.3 \% at SCBA dosage of 10 g/L. Equilibrium adsorption data was described by Langmuir model with a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.9508. Maximum adsorption capacity according to Langmuir model was evaluated to be 23.4 mg/g. The adsorption capacity of the SCBA was compared with that of other plant-based adsorbents. SCBA is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution.
Fundamental chromatographic properties are reported that are related to the industrial separation of sugarcane molasses in a simulated moving-bed adsorber. The distribution coefficients of KCl, sucrose, glucose, and fructose on XUS-40166. 00 (K+) cation exchanger were determined by pulse testing to be 0.00, 0.22, 0.45, and 0.50 at infinite dilution at 70-degrees-C. The adsorption isotherm of KCl is quadratic; those of the sugars only slightly nonlinear and dependent on KCl concentration. HETP was found to be independent of fluid velocity for KCl in the range of the interstitial velocity of 5 to 35 cm/min, and increasing with upsilon for sucrose. At high fluid velocities the broadening of the sucrose band in a packed bed comes primarily from intraparticle mass transfer, with axial dispersion and film diffusion playing minor roles. The process for separation of sugarcane molasses was demonstrated on a 47-L, eight-column simulated moving-bed adsorber. A theoretical, staged model of the simulated moving-bed adsorber with one inert totally excluded and three linearly adsorbing components was found to give an excellent representation of the transient and steady-state behavior of the continuous separation of sugarcane molasses.
In the present study, sorption and detoxification of malachite green (MG) dye was executed using biochar resulting after pyrolysis of agro-industrial waste at 400, 600 and 800 degrees C. Maximum sorption of MG dye (3000 mg/L) was observed on the sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCB) prepared at 800 degrees C. The interactive effects of different factors like dye concentration, time, pH and temperature on sorption of MG dye were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum MG dye concentration, contact time, temperature and pH predicted through Box Behnken based RSM model were 3000 mg/L MG dye, 51.89 min, 60 degrees C and 7.5, respectively. ANOVA analysis displayed the non-significant lack of fit value (0.4566), whereas, the predicted correlation coefficient values (R-2 0.8494) were reasonably in agreement with the adjusted value (R-2 0.9363) demonstrating highly significant model for MG dye sorption. The applicability of this model was also checked through F- test (30.39) with lower probability (0.0001) value. Furthermore, the characterization of SCB was performed using fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FFIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surfaces (BET), total organic carbon (TOC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Phyto-toxicity and cytogenotoxicity studies showed successful removal of MG dye using SCB. In addition, the batch sorption studies for reutilization of SCB revealed that the SCB was effective in removal of MG for five repeated cycles. This technology would be effective for treating the toxic textile effluent released from the textile industries. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Relatively few studies have addressed the characterization of sugarcane straw (SCS) for production of fermentable sugars through enzyme hydrolysis. Straw is a major co-product of the sugarcane harvest in Brazil that has potential to sustainably increase cellulosic feedstocks in Brazil by 50\%. Pretreatment of 10\% w/v straw with liquid hot water (LHW) at 180 degrees C for 50 min (severity, So, of 4.05), solubilizes hemicellulose, preserves glucan, and generates 4.49 g/L soluble phenolic compounds in the resulting liquid. Extracts from washing pretreated solids with excess hot water followed by acetone resulted in 1.10 and 0.83 g/L phenolics, respectively. Acetone-derived extracts were more inhibitory and decreased glucose yield for enzyme hydrolysis of Solka Floc (a lignin-free cellulose) by 42\%. In comparison, pretreated straw washed with hot water or acetone was readily hydrolyzed to 92\% and 97\% by cellulase enzyme. Hydrothermally treated SCS has the potential to provide a valuable and added source of fermentable sugars suitable for bioprocessing into biofuels and bioproducts when cellulase enzyme inhibitors are removed after pretreatment.
Composites based on artificial polymeric matrices and nanostructures with novel properties have attracted attention due to their potential applications in biomedicine, wastewater treatment and electronics. In this paper, a smart bioplastic based on cellulose films with adsorbed magnetic nanoparticles was fabricated. A delignification of cotton and sugarcane bagasse was used to obtain the biopolymers. The composite was obtained by immersion of the cellulose-based biopolymers into a 24 nm MnFe2O4 ferrofluid. X-ray diffraction showed the crystalline formation of two polymorphs of cellulose, type I for cotton and type II for sugarcane bagasse, as well as the spinel structure of the nanoparticles. DSC/TGA showed that the composites thermal stability is independent of the source of extraction as well as the deposition of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles magnetic measurements showed a superparamagnetic hysteresis shape, which is maintained in the magnetic bioplastics. MFM showed the distribution of the nanoparticles over the bioplastics and its single domain features. The optical transmittance of the composite was not drastically affected by the adsorption of the nanoparticles. Such composites represent an exciting class of biodegradable functional materials for optical and magnetic applications.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a promising alternative feedstock for second-generation fuel ethanol production. Chemical SB pulp has high cellulose content (73.89\%) and low lignin content (0.49\%). SB pulp and pretreated SB were subjected to digestion by cellulase produced by Penicillium oxalicum EU2106. The results showed that SB pulp released the highest amount of reducing sugars, when compared with other pretreated SB. The glucan conversion reached 93.36\% after 96 h hydrolysis of SB pulp at an enzyme loading of 20 FPU/g solid and a solid loading of 60 g/L. Thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZM1-5 was employed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of SB pulp to ethanol, which was performed in multiple parallel fermentation tanks (500 mL working volume). A considerable amount of ethanol (18.79 g/L at 0.42 g ethanol/g cellulose) was produced when the solid loading was 60 g/L. All data indicated that SB pulp could be employed as an alternative material for bioethanol production. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This article presents data relating to the changes in absorbance of glucose during the acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using sulphuric acid. This dataset also contains the moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon of the sugarcane bagasse. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the interaction plots between reaction time, temperature, and ratio are also presented. The data revealed that absorbance of glucose is increasing by increasing the temperature and time. Moreover, the best ratio for the highest absorbance of glucose was achieved at 1:20. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.
Sugarcane trash (SCT) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are prospective feedstock materials for fast pyrolysis. However, their relatively high inorganic content, especially alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs), affects the quality of the produced bio-oil. This study evaluates the effect of SCT and SCB leaching by citric acid (CA) on the chemical composition of pyrolysis vapors, viz. by applying micro-pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS). Comparison was made between CA and well-known leaching agents including H2SO4, HCl and water. Accordingly, biomass samples were previously leached at different temperatures and leaching times. The results indicate that leaching with either citric acid or well-known inorganic acids causes the yields of levoglucosan in the pyrolysis vapors to increase by 5-8 fold. The mild structural changes in the lignocellulosic matrix, caused by hydrolysis during leaching, demonstrated to be as important for subsequent thermal degradation behavior (and thus increased anhydrosugars production) as the suppression of the intrinsic catalytic effect of the inorganic constituents by their removal during leaching. CA treatment generally favored the reduction in the total production of ketones and furans independently of leaching conditions (temperature, time). Differences in the range of leaching conditions tested (T = 25-50 degrees C; t = 1-12 h) had only minor influence on the composition of the pyrolysis vapors derived from CA pretreated sugarcane residues.
This study investigated a novel method of preparing magnetic biochar from sugarcane bagasse by microwave-assisted pyrolysis at a microwave power of 600 W. The samples were characterized by several methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and FTIR. The effects of the radiation time were investigated. The optimum conditions for producing high yield 69\% magnetic biochar from sugarcane bagasse by microwave heating were 30 min of radiation time and an impregnation ratio (Fe2O3: biomass) of 0.45. The magnetic biochar produced enhanced the route for the removal of 96.17\% of hazardous Cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solutions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is an agricultural residue rich in xylose, which may be used as a feedstock for the production of high-value-added chemicals, such as xylonic acid, an organic acid listed as one of the top 30 value-added chemicals on a NREL report. Here, Zymomonas mobilis was engineered for the first time to produce xylonic acid from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Seven coding genes for xylose dehydrogenase (XDH) were tested. The expression of XDH gene from Paraburkholderia xenovorans allowed the highest production of xylonic acid (26.17 +/- 0.58 g L-1) from 50 g L-1 xylose in shake flasks, with a productivity of 1.85 +/- 0.06 g L-1 h(-1) and a yield of 1.04 +/- 0.04 g(AX)/g(X.) Deletion of the xylose reductase gene further increased the production of xylonic acid to 56.44 +/- 1.93 g L-1 from 54.27 +/- 0.26 g L-1 xylose in a bioreactor. Strain performance was also evaluated in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a cheap feedstock, which resulted in the production of 11.13 g L-1 xylonic acid from 10 g L-1 xylose. The results show that Z. mobilis may be regarded as a potential platform for the production of organic acids from cheap lignocellulosic biomass in the context of biorefineries.
The objective of this study was to determine endogenous phosphorus excretion in sheep fed with different diets. Sixteen male growing sheep, received a basic diet with: 42\% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (HSB), 45\% lucerne hay (LH) plus 14\% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse, and 30\% citrus pulp (CTP) plus 40\% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse. A dose of 7.7 MBq P-32 was injected into the left jugular vein of each animal. The P endogenous fecal losses were: 1.69, 2.50, 2.33 and 1.45 g/animal for treatments HSB, LH, and CTP respectively (P > 0.05). The type of diet influenced slight endogenous P excretion but altered excretion of P in urine. Endogenous P excreted in feces (P-F) comes mainly from saliva and represents an important loss of P. The estimation of net requirements of phosphorus (P) for ruminants includes endogenous losses, which is also essential for calculating true absorption of this mineral. Physical structure of the feed may influence endogenous losses, altering the metabolism of P and also the demand of this mineral, therefore being important to know how different feeds affect endogenous P losses.
Phytoextraction has been proposed as an alternative remediation technology for heavy metal contamination, and it is well known that chelators may alter the toxicity of heavy metals and the bioavailability in plants. Our previous work demonstrated that an adsorbent-column chromatography can effectively separate melanoidin-like product (MLP) from sugarcane molasses. The aim of this study was to examine the chelating property of MLP and to evaluate the facilitatory influence on the phytoextraction efficiency of Japanese radish. The result showed that MLP binds to all the metal ions examined and the binding capacity of MLP toward Cu2+ seems to be the highest among them. The metal detoxification by MLP followed the order of Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ > Cd2+ > Co2+. Furthermore, in the phytoextraction experiment using copper sulfate, the application of MLP accelerated the detoxification of copper and the bioavailability in radish sprouts. Thus, these results suggest that MLP possesses the potential for an accelerator of phytoextraction in the copper-contaminated media.
Environmental benefits from bioenergy production derived from sugarcane crop residues (straw) can be lost by soil organic matter depletion resulting from excessive straw removal rates from fields. Soil organic carbon stock is the core for sustaining soil health, supporting nutrient cycling, and sequestering carbon dioxide. To find out that how much sugarcane straw can be removed from the field to produce bioenergy without changes in soil C concentrations, we investigated effects of straw removal rates (total, moderate, and no removal of sugarcane straw) on soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in an Oxisol and an Ultisol in southeastern Brazil for two years. Soil C and N fractions were affected by increased rates of straw removal at the second year. In the Oxisol, total straw removal decreased labile and microbial-C by similar to 30\% and soil C stock by 20\% compared to no straw removal. No removal decreased microbial-N and total N stock by similar to 15\% and similar to 20\%, respectively. In the Ultisol, no straw removal resulted in increases in C stock by >10\% and labile and microbial-C by similar to 20\% related to total straw removal. Total straw removal showed more microbial-N (similar to 10\%) and total-N stock (similar to 25\%) compared to no straw removal. The moderate straw removal intensity (i.e., 8 to 10 Mg ha(-1) of straw) may control the straw-C release to soil by straw decomposition. This study suggests that excessive straw removal rates should be avoided, preventing SOM depletion and consequently, soil health degradation. Moderate straw removal seems to be a promising strategy, but long-term soil C monitoring is fundamental to design more sustainable straw management and bioenergy production systems.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB), an abundantly found lignocellulosic material in many countries, has been exploited for the production of industrially important enzymes by filamentous fungi and bacteria. Yeasts have not been reported to utilize SB, particularly under solid-state fermentation (SSF). In this work, two yeast strains, MK-157 and MK-118 were co-cultured to produce a multienzyme preparation comprised of endoglucanase (EG), beta-glucosidase (BGL) and xylanase (XYL). Two Plackett-Burman Designs (PBDs) were executed separately to screen the factors affecting SSF of acid-pretreated and alkali pretreated SB for the production of multienzyme. The analysis depicted that SSF of alkali pretreated SB yielded higher titers of multienzyme than acid pretreated SB and three of the factors (temperature, inoculum size and incubation period) were exerting significant effect on the process. Consequently, the three factors were optimized by employing Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Under optimum conditions, i.e. inoculation of 0.5 ml g(-1) yeast co-culture in alkali pretreated SB and cultivation at 35 degrees C for 94 h gave the EG titers of 9.81 IU mL(-1) that was comparable to the predicted value of 9.61 IU mL(-1). Gravimetric analysis of untreated, pretreated and fermented SB showed that cultivation of the yeasts resulted in decrease in the quantity of cellulose, indicating utilization of this component. Moreover, alkaline pretreatment caused more delignification and disruption of the structure that was evident from scanning electron (SE) micrographs. SE microscopy also revealed that there were more changes in the structure of SB when cultivated with co-culture than with mono-culture. Furthermore, the fermented SB by co-culture adsorbed more dye (congo red) than the other SB indicating formation of pores in SB by the yeasts.
In an enzymatically driven lignocellulosic biorefinery, pretreatment and hydrolysis modules are the two most significant cost contributors for obtaining high gravity sugar solutions. The present study aimed to reduce the use of alkali and Cellic CTec2 during the bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Later its impact on the overall process economics and the environment was evaluated. During pretreatment, solid loading of 15\% (w/w) and use of 2\% (w/v) sodium hydroxide at 121 degrees C for 30 min emerged as an optimum strategy. It resulted in > 65\% delignification of SCB, retaining >= 90\% and 65\% of glucan and xylan fraction, respectively, in the pretreated biomass. Two approaches were evaluated in parallel to minimize the requirement of this commercial cellulase enzyme blend. The first strategy involved its partial replacement with an in-house enzyme cocktail by blending. The second route was performing hydrolysis with reduced loadings of cellulase enzyme blend above its optimum temperature, which gave more promising results. Hydrolysis of 20\% alkali pretreated SCB with cellulase enzyme blend dosed at 15 mg protein g(-1) glucan led to 84.13 +/- 1 and 83.5 +/- 2.3\% glucan and xylan conversion yields respectively in 48 h at 52.5 degrees C. The filtrate and wash fraction contained >= 165 and >= 65 g L-1 sugar monomers representing glucose and xylose. However, in both the fractions > 75\%, sugar accounted for glucose. The techno-economic analysis revealed that the sugar production cost from SCB was 1.32 US\$/kg, with the optimized bioprocess. Environmental impact study showed that the process contributed to 1.57 kg CO2 eq in terms of climate change.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) straw is a promising feedstock for bioelectricity and cellulosic ethanol in Brazil, but some straw is also needed to sustain nutrient cycling and crop yields. A literature review and two field studies were conducted to quantify above-ground macronutrient accumulation by sugarcane. Five straw removal scenarios using different amounts of biomass and nutrient composition data of top (green) and bottom (dry) leaves were constructed to estimate fertilizer requirements associated with straw removal in central southern Brazil. Calculated straw removal for five scenarios (S1 to S5) was 3.5, 7, 3, 6, and 12 Mg ha(-1), respectively. By removing 12 Mg ha(-1) of straw (S5), the potential N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S removal was 69, 7, 92, 45, 16, and 14 kg ha(-1), respectively. It represents a nutrient (NPK) replacement cost of US\$ 90.00 ha(-1) or US\$ 7.60 per Mg of removed straw. The scenario analysis shows that less-impacting strategies are those that maintain top leaves in the field and harvesting only bottom leaves (S1 and S2), whereas total removal (S5) could double NPK-fertilizer consumption in sugarcane fields by 2050. Our findings provide stakeholder guidelines for improved straw management, establish an economic value for accumulated plant nutrients, and promote both socio-economic and environmental benefits of more sustainable bioenergy production in Brazil.
Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis was optimized by dilute-acid pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic treatment. The studied parameters were microwave heating temperature, residence time, and enzyme dosage as the main factors in a central composite design. The amount of released total reducing sugars, glucose, pentose, phenolic compounds, and furfural were measured after each stage. The optimum conditions with suitable concentrations of inhibitors and reducing sugars were applied for bioethanol production. As an example, ethanol was obtained from reducing sugars by Pichia stipitis without detoxification.
Studies were carried out to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as an alternative to agar for micropropagation of apple clones to reduce the cost of micropropagation and improve the quality of the propagules. Significant improvement in the in vitro rooting process, coupled with cost reduction, were obtained by the use of sugarcane bagasse as a substitute for the traditionally used agar-gelled medium. The tests were undertaken with micro-cuttings of the apple rootstock Marubakaido (Malus prunifolia Borkh.) using a rooting medium composed of half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts and vitamins, 3\% (w/v) sucrose, and 0.49 muM indole-3-butyric acid. The plants grown on sugarcane bagasse yielded a 22\% increase in root length, 20\% increase in plant length, and 63\% increase in the number of roots, compared with agar-grown micro-cuttings. Particle size of the sugarcane bagasse had a significant impact on all those parameters, and the best results were obtained with bagasse comprising particles smaller than 0.18 mm. The results demonstrated that the sugarcane bagasse could be used effectively as a substitute for agar during rooting of apple shoots.
The search for new microbial strains that are able to withstand inhibitors released from hemicellulosic hydrolysis and are also still able to convert sugars in ethanol/xylitol is highly desirable. A yeast strain isolated from sugarcane juice and identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii was evaluated for the ability to grow and ferment pentoses in synthetic media and in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. The yeast grew in xylose, arabinose and glucose at the same rate at an initial medium pH of 5.5. At pH 4.5, the yeast grew more slowly in arabinose. There was no sugar exhaustion within 60 h. At higher xylose concentrations with a higher initial cell concentration, sugar was exhausted within 96 h at pH 4.5. An increase of 350 \% in biomass was obtained in detoxified hydrolysates, whereas supplementation with 3 g/L yeast extract increased biomass production by approximately 40 \%. Ethanol and xylitol were produced more significantly in supplemented hydrolysates regardless of detoxification. Xylose consumption was enhanced in supplemented hydrolysates and arabinose was consumed only when xylose and glucose were no longer available. Supplementation had a greater impact on ethanol yield and productivity than detoxification; however, the product yields obtained in the present study are still much lower when compared to other yeast species in bagasse hydrolysate. By the other hand, the fermentation of both xylose and arabinose and capability of withstanding inhibitors are important characteristics of the strain assayed.
The industries, such as plastics, paper, dyestuffs, and textile use dyes for their products by consuming substantial volumes of water. Subsequently, they cause a considerable amount of colored wastewater. Therefore, wastewater from industries must be treated before being discharged into the environment. The modern consideration has been focused on the direction of numerous natural solid constituents that are proficient in eradicating contaminants from water at low cost. Such adsorbent which can be used for dye removal from the wastewater is sugarcane bagasse. Our findings revealed that the sugarcane bagasse acts as an efficient adsorbent. It was very efficient to adsorb the direct yellow 12. Dyes removal ability of adsorbent at diverse flow degree, initial dye concentration, contact time, particle size and pH were studied, and superior results were found.
This study focus on the adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye using sugarcane bagasse biochar as adsorbent. Agricultural waste of sugarcane bagasse turned into low cost and eco-friendly biochar adsorbent was studied. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to analyse the effect of operating conditions which include contact time (10 to 45 minutes), adsorbent dosage (0.01 to 0.05 g) and initial concentration (10 to 40 mg/L) on the percentage of MG removal. Optimisation studies were conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) by employing central composite design (CCD). The correlation coefficient, R-2 for MG removal was found to be at 0.9878. Three dimensional (3D) surface graph and contour plot were used to analyse the interaction effect between parameters. The optimum conditions for MG removal which predicted by RSM were found to be at contact time of 42.26 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g and initial concentration of 39 mg/L which resulted in MG removal of 99.47\% at desirability of 1.000.
During the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass for subsequent microbial or enzymatic processing, the fiber reactivity typically increases with increasing severity but so does sugar degradation. Experimental results with sugarcane bagasse show that this tradeoff can be mitigated substantially by pretreatment in a flow-through (FT) mode. A model that incorporates both kinetics and mass transfer was developed to simulate the performance of pretreatment in plug flow, counter-current flow, cross flow, discrete counter-current and partial FT configurations. The simulated results compare well to the literature for bagasse pretreated in both batch and FT configurations. A variety of FT configurations result in sugar degradation that is very low (1-5\%) and 5-20-fold less than a conventional plug flow configuration. The performance exhibits strong sensitivity to the extent of hemicellulose solubilization, particularly for a conventional plug flow configuration.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of algal-bacterial biomass grown on wastewater has been used successfully for bio-methane production. However, challenges with AD of microalgae include inhibition due to accumulation of free ammonia (FA) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), alkalinity depletion, and/or pH outside optimal values. In this study, algal-bacterial biomass was cultured on high-strength wastewater and then co-digested with sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural waste product that is widely available in tropical regions of the world. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays were set up at approximately 2\% solids content with varying ratios of algal-bacterial biomass and sugarcane bagasse and varying substrate to inoculum ratios (S/I). Although methane content of biogas was similar in all digestion sets (61-67\%), co-digestion sets with algae and bagasse produced higher methane yields (145 and 101 mL CH4/g VS) than algae alone (61 and 82 mL CH4/g VS) or bagasse alone (74 mL CH4/g VS). A significant correlation (r2 = 0.88, p = 0.012) was observed between algal-bacterial biomass content of the substrate and total gas production and therefore methane yield. Environmental conditions, including pH, alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and VFA concentrations, were in the favorable range in all BMPs. However, co-digestion BMPs had greater initial release of COD, VFA, and TAN and greater VS reduction, indicating enhanced biodegradability of the substrates. Additional research is needed on the potential for using waste resources, such as wastewater and agricultural residuals, for biogas production in tropical regions.
One of the most widely used feedstocks for potable or biofuel ethanol fermentation is blackstrap molasses, a by-product of cane sugar production. Inconsistent quality of molasses frequently found in industrial production, however, makes ethanol production much less efficient and cost-ineffective. Besides fermentable sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) present in molasses, calcium is also found in the range of 10-20\% of the total carbonated ash (15\% by weight). In the sugar process, calcium is usually applied as lime, CaO, during defecation, which sometimes results in over-liming if juice quality is poor. In this study, the role of calcium residues (0-0.72\% w/v of Ca2+ in the form of calcium chloride) on fermentation efficiency of yeast was evaluated using model solutions of sucrose, glucose and fructose (20\% w/v). The results suggest a detrimental effect of calcium ions on yeast performance which was concentration dependent. A slight decrease in fermentation rates and ethanol yields was evident when calcium was present at 0.18\% w/v Ca2+ in all sugar solutions. This effect was more pronounced when calcium ion concentration increased. At 0.72\% w/v of Ca2+, the rates of fermentation and ethanol yields of all sugars were considerably decreased (the ethanol yields decreased by 14-25\% relative to the control sample, i.e. no calcium ion added). At a very high concentration of Ca2+ (2.16\% w/v), yeast fermentation of sucrose was almost absolutely inhibited. This might be, in part, due to the inhibition effect of invertase enzyme for conversion of sucrose to invert sugars, a limiting step in ethanol fermentation of sucrose by yeast. The pretreatment of molasses by acid prior to fermentation was then introduced to remove calcium which improved the fermentation efficiency.
Pyrolysis has been increasingly perceived as a promising technology to produce biofuel precursors (bio-oil) from agricultural residuals; however, there is a significant quality gap between a bio-oil and the fuels used for transportation. In this study, we autohydrolyzed pretreated sugarcane bagasse at three different conditions (180 degrees C-10 min, 180 degrees C-40 min, 200 degrees C-40 min), then we investigated the effect of this pretreatment on a subsequent pyrolysis stage. High-pressure ion-exchange chromatography (HPIC) and the C-13 cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that the autohydrolysis pretreatment significantly disrupted the hemicellulose fractions in the sugarcane bagasse and caused the breakage of lignin ether linkages in the sugarcane bagasse feedstocks. As the (PNMR)-P-31 results indicated, the autohydrolysis pretreatment removed carboxylic acid groups up to 66.7\%, which could significantly address the corrosion problem of bio-oils. Heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) analysis suggested that the autohydrolysis pretreatment effectively lowered the presence of the oxygenated aromatic compounds in the bio-oils. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of the bio-oils indicated that the oils from severely pretreated sugarcane bagasse pyrolyzed at a low temperature (i.e., 400 degrees C) contained lower-molecular-weight components similar to those present gasoline products.
Oligofructans are fructose-containing molecules joined by beta-glycosidic bonds. They are notable in functional and health-improving products and widely used in many industries. Their beneficial health properties have led to more research and development. Oligofructans can be produced using levansucrase-producing microbial fermentation with a sucrose-based substrate. Levansucrase is an important enzyme for production through sucrose hydrolysis and transfructosylation. In the present study, the comparative efficiency of carbon sources and the optimum conditions for oligofructans fermentation by Bacillus subtilis TISTR 001 were studied. Three carbon sources (sucrose, sugarcane juice, and molasses) and four substrate concentrations (15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees Brix) were studied under fermentation at pH 6.8, 30 degrees C, and 150 rpm for 168 h. The results showed that all substrates could be a suitable carbon source and had the same trends for both the production of levansucrase and oligofructans that were positively correlated with the substrate concentration. Oligofructans formation was confirmed by the changes in the sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and the produced oligofructans (kestose, nystose, 1-fructofuranosyl-D-nystose, and levan). Cane juice at 30 degrees Brix was found as the best carbon source with the highest levansucrase activity (2.81 x 10(7) Unit/mL) at 48 h and the maximum content of oligofructans (87.6 g/L) at 60 h with the kinetic parameters: specific growth rate of 0.12 h(-1), substrate consumption of 2.93 g/L/h, production yield of 0.36 g/g reducing sugar, and productivity of 1.10 g/L/h. These results identified the optimum conditions for efficient oligofructans production that should assist further research on their health benefits and future applications.
This study aimed to produce cellulases and xylanase from Aspergillus species in submerged cultivation using sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Nine strains of Aspergillus were obtained from the Colecao de Culturas Micoteca {[
The effects of three sugarcane waste-products from an ethanol production plant on the fractionation of Cd and Zn in high Cd and Zn contaminated soil and metal accumulation in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) were studied, using the BCR sequential extraction and aqua regia extraction procedures. A pot experiment was performed for 4 months with four treatments: no-amendments (control), boiler ash (3\% w/w), filter cake (3\% w/w) and a combination of boiler ash and vinasse (1.5\% + 1.5\%, w/w). The results showed that all treatments reduced the most bioavailable concentrations of Cd and Zn (BCR1 + 2) in soils (4.0-9.6\% and 5.5-6.3\%, respectively) and metal uptake (mu g) in the aboveground part of the sugarcane (up to 62\% and 54\% for Cd and Zn, respectively) as compared to the control. No visual symptoms of metal toxicity and no positive effect on the biomass production of sugarcane were observed. Both Cd and Zn were accumulated mainly in the underground parts of the sugarcane (root > shoot >= underground sett > leaf; and root > underground sett > shoot > leaf, respectively) and the translocation factors were below 1, indicating low metal uptake. The results suggested that even though sugarcane waste-products insignificantly promote sugarcane growth, they can be used in agriculture due to the low metal accumulation in sugarcane and the reduction in metal bioavailability in the soil.
Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugar and ethanol from sugarcane. The sugarcane industry has contributed to the strengthening of agribusiness, as well as economic and social development of the country. However, the production process of the sugarcane industry generates huge amounts of solid wastes in the form of ashes. These solid wastes have difficult disposal and can lead to problems of environmental pollution. Therefore, one should look for new alternative technologies viable for reuse or recycling of these abundant wastes. The essay's goal is to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as a low cost alternative raw material mixed with clay for production of red ceramic. Five formulations were studied with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.\% of waste mixed with kaolinitic clay. Ceramic pieces were prepared by uniaxial pressing and sintered at 1000 degrees C ( 24 cold cold). The pieces were characterized in terms of linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density, apparent porosity and compressive strength. It was proven, after results of tests performed, the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash waste significantly affects the technological properties of red ceramic. Therefore, the sugarcane bagasse ash waste can be used as an alternative raw material in red ceramic, since it is added in moderate amounts.
To enhance the codigestion of degradation and improve biomethane production potential, sugarcane bagasse and filter mud were pretreated by sodium hydroxide NaOH 1N at 100 degrees C for 15, 30, and 45 minutes, respectively. Biomethane generation from 1-liter batch reactor was studied at mesophilic temperature (37 +/- 1)degrees C, solid concentrations of 6\%, and five levels of mixing proportion with and without pretreatment. The results demonstrate that codigestion of filter mud with bagasse produces more biomethane than fermentation of filter mud as single substrate; even codigested substrate composition presented a better balance of nutrients (C/N ratio of 24.70) when codigestion ratio between filter mud and bagasse was 25 : 75 in comparison to filter mud as single substrate (C/N ratio 9.68). All the pretreatments tested led to solubilization of the organic matter, with a maximum lignin reduction of 86.27\% and cumulative yield of biomethane (195.8mL.gVS(-1), digestion of pretreated bagasse as single substrate) obtained after 45 minutes of cooking by NaOH 1N at 100 degrees C. Under this pretreatment condition, significant increase in cumulative methane yield was observed (126.2mL.gVS(-1)) at codigestion ratio of 25 : 75 between filter mud and bagasse by increase of 81.20\% from untreated composition.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product from the electricity cogeneration process. This residue is mainly composed of silica, so it can be reused as an aggregate and / or as a binder in cementitious matrices. The present work has as main objective to analyze the physicochemical properties of the sugarcane bagasse ash, when calcined at different temperatures, aiming at its application as a binder in a sustainable matrix. The residue (sugarcane bagasse) used in the present study was collected in the municipality of Porto Xavier, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, the residue was separated into four samples and then calcined in a muffle with controlled temperature, respectively: 500 degrees C, 600 degrees C, 700 degrees C and 800 degrees C, for a period of one hour. The residue calcination process aims to remove the organic matter present. For the analysis of the physical-chemical properties of the samples, the techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), pozzolanic reactivity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used. The results indicate a higher degree of amorphism in the sample calcined at 500 degrees C and a greater degree of crystallinity at 800 degrees C. Showing a material with great characteristics for use in the production of sustainable binders.
To overcome the problem of hygroscopic nature of urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB), formaldehyde and phosphoric acid were added to these (FUMMB). Eight fistulated male buffaloes weighing around 350 kg were divided into two groups and were offered the UMMB without or with formaldehyde and phosphoric acid as a lick. One kg wheat bran and ad libitum wheat straw were fed individually. The UMMB contained 37 parts sugarcane molasses, 10 parts each of urea, cement and fish meal, 32 parts wheat bran, 1 part common salt and 0.1 part vitablend Besides these, 225 ml formaldehyde and 45 ml phosphoric acid per 100 kg block were added to FUMMB. Dry matter intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern were similar in both the groups. As FUMMB was not found to be hygroscopic, it is recommended for practical use.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a widely available lignocellulosic by-product, could be potentially used in macrofungal bioconversion for high-value bioactive compounds. For macrofungus with poor lignin degradation capacity, its recalcitrant lignin structure blocked the release of fermentable sugars for cell growth. Herein, the main objective was to construct an effective delignification pretreatment strategy for SCB biotransformation and synthesis of bioactive substances by Agaricus sinodeliciosus var. Chaidam. Different pretreatments including chemical (alkali and Fenton oxidation) and ultrasound methods were used to intensify the delignification process. Physico-chemical characteristics of native and pretreated SCB were examined via XRD, XPS, FT-IR and C-13 ssNMR to characterize crystallinity index, surface lignin and chemical structure. Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes were also used to assess the ability of the macrofungus to degrade SCB. By comparing morphological structure, chemical composition and fermentation characteristics, a suitable multiple sequential pretreatment method was finally identified. Our findings revealed that Fenton-ultrasound-alkali pre-treatment has an optimum delignification effect on SCB with never-uncovered excellent ability to detoxify harmful substances produced by Fenton oxidation. Under this pretreatment condition, the cellulose content was increased by 106.45\%, whereas hemicelluloses and lignin were decreased by 48.34\% and 74.15\%, respectively. The macrofungal growth, intracellular polysaccharides, total phenols and terpenoids formation were 2.4, 1.46, 1.36 and 1.66 times higher than those of the untreated, respectively. Fermentation kinetic results showed outstanding fit and prediction of macrofungal growth and enzymatic activity secretion on above pretreated SCB. This study shed light on developing a novel pretreatment strategy for low-cost SCB lignocellulose transformation into high-value products.
Activated carbon (AC) from sugarcane bagasse was prepared using a simple two-step method of carbonization and chemical activation with four different activating agents (HNO3, H2SO4, NaOH, and KOH). Amorphous carbon structure as identified by X-ray diffraction was observed in all samples. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the AC had more porosity than the non-activated carbon (non-AC). Specific capacitance of the non-AC electrode was 32.58 F g(-1) at the current density of 0.5 A g(-1), whereas the AC supercapacitor provided superior specific capacitances of 50.25, 69.59, 109.99, and 138.61 F g(-1) for the HNO3 (AC-HNO3), H2SO4 (AC-H2SO4), NaOH (AC-NaOH), and KOH (AC-KOH) activated carbon electrodes, respectively. The AC-KOH electrode delivered the highest specific capacitance (about 4 times of the non-AC electrode) because of its good surface wettability, the largest specific surface area (1058.53 m(2) g(-1)), and the highest total specific pore volume (0.474 cm(3) g(-1)). The AC-KOH electrode also had a great capacitance retention of almost 100\% after 1000 GCD cycles. These results demonstrate that our AC developed from sugarcane bagasse has a strong potential to be used as high stability supercapacitor electrode material.
The electromagnetic interference (EMI) absorbing materials in various microwave frequency were required most now due to increasing demand of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for electronic devices with various electromagnetic environments. So, absorber materials are needed in RF/Microwave to eliminate and absorb electromagnetic energy. Absorbers can be used to create a free space environment in anechoic chamber. This work describes the performances which are the reflection loss and absorption for composite of sugarcane bagasse mixed with rubber tire dust microwave absorber in Ku Band frequency (12.4-18 GHz). The parameters such as dielectric properties, reflection coefficient (S-11) and transmission coefficient (S-21) were investigated. The main objectives of this research are to design and develop a microwave absorber with new green materials which are sugarcane bagasse and other waste material such as rubber tire dust. These agricultural wastes can help save the nature and the fabrication cost of microwave absorber can be reduced. Based on the result, it proved that the sugarcane bagasse-rubber tire dust can be a good alternative material to be used as microwave absorber and can operate in frequency range between 12.4 and 18 GHz.
The polymer blends obtained with residues that before were called wastes has been growing as a viable solution, allowing improvements in the mechanical properties and as sustainable alternative. This work reports the effects of blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and natural rubber (NR), with sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) as filler, with and without polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) how coupling agent. The dynamic mechanical behavior and a stress-strain analysis were studied. The materials were further evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and morphological observations. The results showed that incorporation of the PE-g-MA reduced the strain and improved the stress and the Young module of the mixtures. Moreover, the presence of SCBA increased the hardness while maintaining the tensile strength and the elongation behavior of the polymer. The results demonstrate the potential use of SCBA in the elastomer and thermoplastic mixture, free of vulcanization agents.
Two species of Chlorophyceae, Ankistrodesmus gracilis and Haemotococcus pluvialis, were used to compare and evaluate the effect of sugarcane molasses as a carbon source. Highest cell density in the two microalgae culture media was obtained in commercial culture media (CHU12 and WC). During exponential growth (day 1 to day 10), high cell density in H. pluvialis was detected for E. crassipes culture medium ranging between 0.4 x 10(5) cells mL(-1) and 1.7 x 10(5) cells mL(-1). Culture media were fundamental for growth under mixotrophic cultivation. Sugarcane molasses showed different results for the two microalgae with regard to growth performance, lipid and protein levels. Rates were high for H. pluvialis except lipid at the end of the experiment. In fact, A. gracilis presented almost double the lipid levels. Sugarcane molasses may be an alternative carbon source in laboratory conditions.
The ideal climatic and environmental conditions for sugarcane cultivation are present all year round in the tropical island of Sri Lanka. Given the annual sugar consumption of the nation, a significant amount of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a by-product with no intended commercial use but potential environmental and health risks, is produced. Numerous studies have been conducted recently to assess the viability of using SCBA as a pozzolanic material in structural applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the microstructure of SCBA samples from three sugar manufacturing facilities in Sri Lanka to identify the pozzolanic capacities. Several quantitative and qualitative characterization techniques have been utilized for the investigations. While maintaining the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 618 specification as the standard for pozzolanic properties, a comparative investigation of the attributes of samples from each location was conducted. Beyond that, the relationship between the SCBA generation process parameters and their impact on the properties of SCBA have been identified. Finally, the SCBA source of the Pelwatte unit has been identified as the ideal source for the pozzolanic material from the three locations, considering quality and the extent of additional treatments required before use. Other prospective areas of research on SCBA and its potential applications have been recognized.
Bioethanol from sugarcane is becoming an increasingly important alternative energy source worldwide as it is considered to be both economically and environmentally sustainable. Besides being produced from a tropical perennial grass with high photosynthetic efficiency, sugarcane ethanol is commonly associated with low N fertilizer use because sugarcane from Brazil, the world's largest sugarcane producer, has a low N demand. In recent years, several models have predicted that the use of sugarcane ethanol in replacement to fossil fuel could lead to high greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings. However, empirical data that can be used to validate model predictions and estimates from indirect methodologies are scarce, especially with regard to emissions associated with different fertilization methods and agricultural management practices commonly used in sugarcane agriculture in Brazil. In this study, we provide in situ data on emissions of three GHG (CO2, N2O, and CH4) from sugarcane soils in Brazil and assess how they vary with fertilization methods and management practices. We measured emissions during the two main phases of the sugarcane crop cycle (plant and ratoon cane), which include different fertilization methods and field conditions. Our results show that N2O and CO2 emissions in plant cane varied significantly depending on the fertilization method and that waste products from ethanol production used as organic fertilizers with mineral fertilizer, as it is the common practice in Brazil, increase emission rates significantly. Cumulatively, the highest emissions were observed for ratoon cane treated with vinasse (liquid waste from ethanol production) especially as the amount of crop trash on the soil surface increased. Emissions of CO2 and N2O were 6.9kgha1yr1 and 7.5kgha1yr1, respectively, totaling about 3000kg in CO2 equivalent ha1yr1.
The present paper deals with the investigation of the suitability and sustainability considerations of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) for the development of cellular lightweight (CLW) bricks. SBA was characterised and found suitable as a pozzolanic or a cementitious material. Physico-mechanical, durability and thermal tests were conducted on CLW-SBA bricks and the results conformed to the Indian standard requirements. The comparison showed that CLW-SBA bricks were lighter in weight (43\%) and higher in compressive strength (32\%) and had lower thermal conductivity (70\%) than commercially available fly ash (FA) bricks. The computationally developed CLW-SBA model (1m x 1m x 1 m) resulted in a 7\% improvement in thermal comfort and a 29\% cost saving as compared to the FA model room. The developed SBA bricks were found suitable for non-load-bearing wall construction with better physico-mechanical properties and more economic as compared to commercially available sustainable FA bricks.
One of the challenges associated with vinasse, the by-product of bioethanol production, is the high concentration of dissolved solids, largely in the form of K+, SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl-. While traditional desalination technologies such as evaporation and distillation are employed in the concentration of salts to recover purified or potable water, these methods are energy intensive. The application of a novel technology known as gas hydrate technology can make the process of desalination less energy intensive, since the latent heat of fusion is much less compared to the heat of vaporisation for water. Reliable gas hydrate equilibrium experimental data plays a crucial role in the design of a hydrate-based process to treat vinasse. The systems measured in this study were based on the results of an extensive literature review conducted on the characterisation of vinasse. The isochoric pressure search method was used to measure the dissociation points for carbon dioxide hydrate in the presence of mixed salt solutions and synthesized vinasse mixtures containing (5 wt \% KCl + 1 wt \% Na2SO4 + 0.5 wt \% MgCl2 + 0.5 wt \% CaCl2 + 2.2 wt \% ethanol + 0.5 wt \% propionic acid + 0.3 wt \% acetic acid). A thermodynamic model based on the solid solution theory of van der Waals and Platteeuw, UNIQUAC model along with Debye-Huckel term were used to calculate the hydrate dissociation conditions in the presence of mixed salts and synthetic vinasse mixtures. New UNIQUAC interaction parameters were optimized. Good agreement between the experimental data and model results were achieved. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Biorefineries are core units that convert biomass resources to energy and bioproducts, representing the sustainable alternative to traditional fossil-based processes. The market size of biorefineries is expected to reach U\$D 52,680 million by 2027, at a compound annual growth rate of 2.2\% in the period of 2021-2027 (MarketWatch, 2021). Among several types of bioresources, sugarcane is the most important source of sugar and the second source of ethanol worldwide, being also exploited as a solid fuel in an efficient cogeneration system to produce bioelectricity. Sugarcane is a prominent feedstock for other bio-based products that could be obtained from sugarcane juice or molasses, from the lignocellulosic residues of sugarcane, or from by-products of alcoholic fermentation, like vinasse and CO2. This manuscript presents the status of sugarcane biorefineries in terms of bioeconomy metrics, scientific advances, and technological development, gathering information from scientific literature and patent documents with the aim of highlighting possible paths and promising bioproducts to be obtained from this unique crop at industrial level.
The present study was focused on effective utilization of sugarcane bagasse holocellulose for bioethanol production. Saccharification of sugarcane bagasse was performed by employing two strategies viz. direct enzymatic hydrolysis and acid followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. In first case enzymatic saccharification of ammonia treated sugarcane bagasse was carried out using in house developed cocktail of cellulaseshemicellulases and maximum 614 mg/g reducing sugars were produced. By using second strategy, selective fractionation of hemicellulosic sugars was obtained by dilute acid hydrolysis which yielded 41.19 g/l of reducing sugars with pentoses as the major end product. The residual cellulose rich bagasse after alkali treatment was enzymatically hydrolyzed using commercial cellulases which yielded 571 mg/g of reducing sugars with hexoses as the major product. The sugars produced by both the strategies were used for ethanol production separately by suitable hexoses and pentose utilizing yeast strains. By comparative evaluation, it was revealed that direct saccharification of sugarcane bagasse using in-house developed cocktail of cellulases-hemicellulases was more advantageous as compared to acid-enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethnol production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Long-term vinasse application effects evaluation on the chemical and physical attributes of soils with different textures is fundamental to support waste application recommendation. The aim was to evaluate whether long-term vinasse application changes the chemical and physical attributes of clayey and sandy soils cultivated with sugarcane. The experiment was carried out in two areas in the southeast region of Brazil in soils with sandy (80 g kg(-1) clay) and clayey (490 g kg(-1) clay) textures. In each soil, there were two sugarcane management conditions, one with vinasse application for more than 10 years and the other without vinasse application. Ten disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in each area in the 0.00-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.30 m layers to evaluate soil chemical and physical attributes. Due to the dependence structure of the variables, multivariate factor analysis was applied. Vinasse application increased macronutrients content, on average, by 23\% in the clayey soil and 80\% in the sandy soil. In addition, long-term vinasse application increased the microporosity of the sandy soil by 22\%, enabling greater availability of water for sugarcane. Long-term vinasse application is a sustainable management for sugarcane areas, regardless of soil texture, as it increases soil fertility by increasing organic carbon and macronutrient contents and does not generate soil acidification potential.
The objective of this study was to examine the hydrothermal liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse using ethanol and black liquor (BL) in a pilot scale. Combinations of co-solvents (ethanol/water, ethanol/BL) were studied at various concentrations and reaction conditions. The maximum oil yield of 61\% was achieved with a reaction temperature of 300 degrees C for 30 min and using pure BL as a solvent, while the highest higher heating value (HHV) was obtained from a 50:50 ethanol-BL mixture. The oils contained alcohols, esters, phenolic compounds, aromatics, and heterocyclics. The O/C and H/C ratios of the oil were comparable with traditional biodiesel and commercial diesel. Although this study showed there are some improvements to be made to improve the chemical composition, the approach has potential for large-scale production of a substitute for fossil-fuel-based diesel. (C) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Retaining sugarcane straw over the soil after harvesting can improve soil structure and increase soil carbon stabilization, mainly in macroaggregates. We evaluated the carbon content in the aggregate classes in areas under burn and no-burn (adopted for five years) sugarcane management systems, focusing on the superficial layer (0.00-0.20 m). The experiment was carried in an Oxisol and the treatments consisted in burnt sugarcane, manual harvest; burnt sugarcane, mechanized harvest; and no-burn, mechanized harvest. The retention of sugarcane straw on the soil surface is justified by the increase in carbon content and carbon stock in the surface layer (0.00-0.20 m) by restructuring of the soil, even though it cannot match the structure of the soil under native forest. Our results suggest that in no-burn management the carbon not occluded inside aggregates was important to increase carbon stabilization in soil and that more attention should be given to macroaggregates 2.00-8.00 nun present in this management system, that showed higher carbon content and was responsible for increase of the geometric and weight diameter, increasing the erosion resistance in the long term in relation to burn systems.
Compact biomass for energy production can make it more attractive, increasing its density and calorific value. This study aims to compare briquettes made from different compositions of sugarcane straw and Licuri's bark. It was made 13 briquettes for each treatment: 100\% Licuri's bark (T1), 75\% Licuri's bark +25\% Sugarcane straw (T2), 50\% Licuri's bark +50\% sugarcane straw (T3), 25\% Licuri's bark +75\% sugar cane straw (T4) and 100\% sugarcane straw (T5). The briquettes were measured after 1, 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours of being made to analyze the longitudinal and diametrical expansion and to calculate density. The briquettes were submitted to mechanical testing of tensile strength by diametrical compression. Finally, five briquettes were submitted to friability test. It was performed ANOVA and Tukey test at 95\% probability. All briquettes formed successfully, as the longitudinal and diametrical expansion, all treatments stabilized after 24 hours, showing significant difference, with less expansion for the treatment with the highest percentage of Licuri's bark. The compaction increased the density of Licuri's bark 2.5 times (T1 = 0.982g.cm(2)). In the mechanical test, the T1 and T2 had higher maximum strength (34 kgf) differing from the others. For the friability test, the result wasn't satisfactory for any of the treatments, with loss of material between 68.3\% and 89.9\%. The briquettes formed with 100\% and 75\% of Licuri's bark have shown to be more resilient, with less expansion and denser, working against the use of sugar cane straw in their manufacture.
Vinasse (or stillage) is a byproduct from ethanol production, which contains organic matter, K, N, and other plant nutrients that is regularly used as soil fertilizer. However, high transportation costs limits its application in areas far from distilleries. The possibility of biogas production from vinasse, and the direct or indirect advantages of its use, is a way to reduce costs due to its concentration. Biodigested vinasse concentrate (BVC) is an alkaline product that is very different from common vinasse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of BVC with common vinasse (CV) or KCl, with or without N fertilization, on soil fertility and growth and nutrition of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plants. Plants were grown in pots containing Oxisol under different treatments and maintained for 60 d under greenhouse conditions; variables related to soil fertility, plant growth, and mineral nutrition were evaluated. It was observed that adding BVC induces higher soil pH (5.9 to 6.3) and lower potential acidity (13 to 10 mmol(c) dm(-3)) compared with KCl, and similar soil chemical changes to CV addition. Plants fertilized with BVC and N showed lower root dry matter (DM) (4.02 g) compared with those fertilized with KCl and CV (6.3 and 5.44 g, respectively). Plants fertilized with BVC have similar total DM (18.25 and 20.31 g) accumulation and nutritional conditions compared with those fertilized with CV and KCl. Plants fertilized with BVC had the highest Na accumulation (0.36 and 0.48 g plant(-1)).
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice straw (RS), abundant lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues in South-East Asia, are potent feedstocks for bioethanol production as they contain significant amount of glucose and xylose monomers after fractionation and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. To simultaneously convert glucose and xylose to ethanol, it requires co-cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida shehatae which are hexose and pentose-fermenting yeasts, respectively. Xylose-fermenting strain grows slower than glucose-fermenting one, therefore low efficiency of xylose-to-ethanol conversion was found. To enhance the efficiency of ethanol fermentation, the present work proposed to improve xylose assimilation by using co-immobilization of two strains in a packed bed bioreactor and to increase oxygenation of the medium by applying a recycled batch system when the recycle stream was intervened by a mixing system in a naturally aerated vessel. Initially, conversion of glucose and xylose to ethanol using pure culture was investigated. Subsequently, influence of different immobilization techniques was investigated. Cells entrapment in Ca-alginate beads provided considerably high ethanol yield over cells immobilized on delignified cellulose, and thus it was selected to use as inoculum in an immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB). The results showed that continuous ethanol production yielded 0.38 and 0.40 g/g corresponding to 74.5\% and 78.4\% theoretical yields from SCB and RS hydrolysate, respectively. However, recycled batch system produced significantly improved ethanol yield to 0.49 g/g and 0.50 g/g corresponding to 96.1\% and 98.0\% theoretical yields for SCB and RS hydrolysate, respectively. In this study, higher ethanol concentration and less unfermented sugar concentration was successfully achieved in the ICB with recycled batch system when using SCB and RS hydrolysate as the substrate.
The microbiota presents in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) straw can have benefits to produce sustainable crops, also can be used for the development of alternative processes to produce molecules of industrial interest and valorization of biomass and residues unexploited. Therefore, the objective of the present work was the isolation of the fungal microbiota present in the sugarcane straw (CP 72-2082) and its capacity to produce hydrolytic enzymes. The fungal microbiota was isolated by sampling for four months one sampling for month the straw in fields of the ``El Potrero{''
The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxicity of vinasse to cladocerans and fish before and after pH adjustment using an acute toxicity test. Linear and quadratic regression models were adjusted to demonstrate the concentration-response relationship between vinasse and the endpoints evaluated. The median lethal concentrations (LC50-48h) of vinasse before pH adjustment for Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna were 0.67\% and 0.80\% respectively, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50-96h) for Danio rerio was 2.62\%. After pH adjustment, the values increased for all organisms, demonstrating a decrease in toxicity. This study reported marked toxicity for vinasse to aquatic organisms with toxicity reduction after pH adjustment.
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have received much interest among metal oxide nanoparticles due to their various features and utilities in many disciplines, particularly electrical conductivity and energy trends. This study used sugarcane molasses as a reducing and capping agent for CuONP biosynthesis in electrical conductivity and supercapacitor applications. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV/Vis, TEM, EDX, SEM, FTIR spectra, TGA, and BET. TEM pictures revealed the development of CuONPs with mean diameters ranging from 29 to 55 nm, while SEM revealed the formation of CuONPs in nanorods. FTIR spectra confirmed the biomolecule functional moieties, which act as reducing agents for the CuONPs synthesis. Furthermore, at 417 degrees C, the CuONP nanocomposite produced a total weight loss of approximately 34.8\%. Also, the development of copper oxide on the nanocomposite is seen in the diffraction peaks of 2 = 36.7 degrees and 61.4 degrees. The results reveal that the AC/CuONPs electrode has exhibited the highest capacitance and the lowest resistance among the different AC/CuONPs nanocomposites prepared at different current densities. At 1 A g(-1), the specific capacitance of the AC and AC/CuONPs electrodes was 166 and 245 F g(-1), respectively, and the capacitance retention was 99.5 and 100\% of its initial value after 2000 cycles.
This work studied the effect of mixing ratio (MR) and turning frequency (TF) in biowaste composting (BW) with sugarcane filter cake (SFC) and star grass (SG), both on process performance (temperature, static respiration index, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and on product quality (pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nutrients, stability, maturity, total coliforms and faecal coliforms), through the Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for all the quality parameters. A joint effect of mixing ratio and turning frequency was demonstrated, highlighting the importance of studying the operational parameters simultaneously. The results of the PCA showed that the best operating conditions and therefore higher product quality is achieved with a TF of twice a week and MR between 20 and 30\% of SFC or SG. Additionally, it was found that a frequency of one turn per week generates the lowest product quality, regardless the co-substrate and the MR. The best treatment corresponded to BW composting with MR of 20\% SFC and TF of two turnings per week. The obtained results allow to optimize the operation in composting facilities. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biodegradable cellulose based on sugarcane bagasse is produced using alkaline treatment followed by bleaching method for dye removal. FTIR, Raman, SEM, EDS, XRD, and N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis were utilized to characterize the surface morphology and functional groups of the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and treated sugarcane bagasse (TSCB). The TSCB was investigated to remove of Crystal violet (CV) and Methylene blue (MB). Different factors influence the adsorption processes such as contact time, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, temperature, pH, and NaCl dose were studied. The Langmuir model was investigated to study the adsorption equilibrium behavior of CV and MB dyes by TSCB. A maximum adsorption capacities (q(max)) of 107.5 and 112.9 mgg(-1) was calculated for CV and MB-dyes, respectively. Also, the adsorption processes are physi-osorption with average energy values of E = 1.151 and 1.101 KJmol(-1) for CV and MB-dyes, respectively. The kinetic data of the investigated processes were controlled by the pseudo-second order (PSO) model with q(e,cal )(mgg(-1)) values of 59.3 and 58.9 mgg(-1) for CV and MB-dyes, respectively. Suggesting that chemical mechanisms may influence the removal of CV and MB dyes. Overall, TSCB was found to be an effective, environmentally friendly, and low-cost material to remove of cationic dyes in this research. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the production of cellulolytic enzymes by Acremonium strictum isolated from Brazilian Biome using different substrates. Fermentations were initially carried out using commercial substrates, including microcrystalline cellulose (AVICEL (R) and SERVACEL (R)) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). This was followed by fermentations performed using lignocellulosic biomass: sugarcane bagasse pretreated at different intensities. The fermentations were carried out in shakers at 150 rpm, 30 degrees C for 240 h. Four enzyme activities were determined: CMCase, FPase, cellobiase and beta-glucosidase. Among the substrates used, results showed that the sugarcane bagasse submitted to mild pretreatment was that which induced the microorganism to produce greater cellulolytic activities. This substrate was employed in the optimization study of cellulase production by A. strictum. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biomass Integrated Gasifier/Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (BIG/GTCC) systems in the sugarcane industry, are capable to produce more electricity per unit of biomass consumed than the conventional Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine (CEST) systems. A technical analysis of the introduction of BIG/GTCC technology in the sugarcane industry for electricity and heat generation, using wet sugarcane bagasse as fuel, was conducted. For sugar plants, with large steam requirements, the implementation of the ``pure{''
Clomazone exhibits high water solubility, low sorption in soil colloids, and therefore can leach and contaminate deep layers of soil profile and groundwater. In this work, the effect of the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse biochar in leaching and bioavailability of clomazone in red latosol was evaluated. Soil samples amended with 1\% (m/m) biochar were placed in different depths (0-1, 0-2.5 and 0-5 cm) on the top of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns filled with soil. Clomazone-based herbicide was applied, and rainfall was simulated on top of the columns. A validated chromatographic method, together with a greenhouse bioassay, were used to quantify and to evaluate the mobility and availability of clomazone along the columns. The incorporation of sugarcane bagasse biochar in the superficial layers at the column tops increased herbicide sorption, reduced its leaching and bioavailability in soil and scaled down the environmental risk of clomazone avoiding contamination of underground aquifer reservoirs.
Objective The extraction of the hemicellulose fraction of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by acid hydrolysis was evaluated in an autoclave and a Parr reactor aiming the application of the hydrolysate as a carbon source for lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi. Results The hydrolysis that resulted in the highest sugar concentration was obtained by treatment in the Parr reactor (HHR) at 1.5\% (m/v) H2SO4 and 120 degrees C for 20 min, reaching a hemicellulose conversion of approximately 82\%. The adaptation of the yeast to the hydrolysate provided good fermentability and no lag phase. The fermentation of hemicellulose-derived sugars (HHR) by L. starkeyi resulted in a 27.8\% (w/w) lipid content and Y-P/S of 0.16 g/l.h. Increasing the inoculum size increased the lipid content by approximately 61\%, reaching 44.8\% (w/w). Conclusion The hemicellulose hydrolysate from SCB is a potential substrate for L. starkeyi to produce lipids for biodiesel synthesis based on the biorefinery concept.
In this work we evaluated ethanol production from enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Two pretreatments agents, lime and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, were compared in their performance to improve the susceptibility of bagasse to enzymatic action. Mild conditions of temperature, pressure and absence of acids were chosen to diminish costs and to avoid sugars degradation and consequent inhibitors formation. The bagasse was used as it comes from the sugar/ethanol industries, without grinding or sieving, and hydrolysis was performed with low enzymes loading (3.50 FPU g(-1) dry pretreated biomass of cellulase and 1.00 CBU g(-1) dry pretreated biomass of beta-glucosidase). The pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide led to the higher glucose yield: 691 mg g(-1) of glucose for pretreated bagasse after hydrolysis of bagasse pretreated for 1 h at 25 degrees C with 7.35\% (v/v) of peroxide. Fermentation of the hydrolyzates from the two pretreatments were carried out and compared with fermentation of a glucose solution. Ethanol yields from the hydrolyzates were similar to that obtained by fermentation of the glucose solution. Although the preliminary results obtained in this work are promising for both pretreatments considered, reflecting their potential for application, further studies, considering higher biomass concentrations and economic aspects should be performed before extending the conclusions to an industrial process. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Little is known about milk fatty acid (FA) profile of cows fed diets based on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse. This study aimed to evaluate FA profile and nutritional quality indexes of milk fat of cows fed sugarcane bagasse and concentrate in the Brazilian northeast semiarid region. Multiparous Girolando cows were allocated in four diets based on different levels of sugarcane bagasse (30\%, 38\%, 46\%, and 54\% total DM) added to concentrate. Fatty acids C18:1 trans-11 (lowest value for 46\% inclusion) and conjugated linoleic acid (CIA) cis-9, trans-11 (lowest value for 46\% inclusion) in milk fat presented a quadratic pattern (P < 0.05). This trend was also observed for C18:1 cis-9 (P < 0.05), but at a lower magnitude. There was a reduction in concentration of C18:1 trans-10 (0320 to 0.148 g 100 g(-1) total FA) and CLA trans-10, cis-12 (0.008 to 0.004 g 100 g(-1) total FA) according to the levels of sugarcane bagasse increase. The greater inclusion of bagasse and consequent reduction in the proportion of concentrate, notably corn, cause an increase in concentration of medium-chain saturated FA and a linear reduction of C18:3 n-3 and C18:2 n-6, with a consequent increase in the indexes of atherogenicity (2.82 to 3.2) and thrombogenicity (3.39 to 3.84) and a decrease in ratio of hypo/hyper-cholesterolemic (0.44 to 037) and omega-6:omega-3 (12.44 to 8.80) in milk fat. Results indicate that different levels of sugarcane bagasse change the FA content in cows' milk when bagasse is an exclusive roughage source in the diet. The greater inclusion of sugarcane bagasse reduces the quality of milk fat of dairy cows. The lowest level of sugarcane bagasse inclusion tested (30\%) promotes greater milk yield and healthier milk fat.
This research addresses the suitability of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in concrete used as partial cement replacement. Two grades of concrete M15 and M20 were used for the experimental analysis. The cement was partially replaced by SCBA at 0\%, 5\%, and 10\%, by weight in normal strength concrete (NSC). The innovative part of this study is to consider two grades of concrete mixes to evaluate the performance of concrete while cement is replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash. The cylindrical specimens having size 150 mm x 300 mm were used and tested after curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was observed through the experimental work that the compressive strength increases with incorporating SCBA in concrete. Results indicated that the use of SCBA in concrete (M20) at 5\% increased the average amount of compressive strength by 12\% as compared to the normal strength concrete. The outcome of this work indicates that maximum strength of concrete could be attained at 5\% replacement of cement with SCBA. Furthermore, the SCBA also gives compatible slump values which increase the workability of concrete.
Straw removal for bioelectricity, cellulosic ethanol, or other bio-products has become a common practice in Brazilian sugarcane areas, but long-term effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and yield are unknown. Our objective was to quantify tillage intensity and removal levels on SOC stocks and sugarcane yield on contrasting edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil. Conventional tillage-CT and reduced tillage-RT coupled with three straw removal levels (none-NR; moderate-MR; total-TR) were combined to create six treatment combinations: CTNR, CTMR, CTTR, RTNR, RTMR, and RTTR, respectively. Sugarcane yield was measured annually and soil samples to a depth of 40 cm were collected and analyzed before and after 5 years of treatments. Neither tillage practices nor straw removal significantly affected sugarcane yield on sandy loam soil, but CTMR, CTTR, and RTTR showed substantial yield reductions on clayey soil. SOC stocks for RTNR increased by as much as 1.64 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) on clayey soil, while CTMR and CTTR favored depletion of SOC stocks on both soils. Overall, each Mg of straw returned to the soil increased SOC stock by 95 kg ha(-1) for clayey soil under both tillage practices and 55 kg ha(-1) for sandy loam under the CT system. Furthermore, straw removal decreased microbial biomass C and b-glucosidase activity. These findings suggest that the adoption of RT attenuates the adverse impacts of straw removal on SOC stocks while ensuring sugarcane yields for a more sustainable bioenergy production in Brazil.
In order to mitigate environmental damage and reduce the exploitation of clay banks caused by the production of fired brick, research on the effect of the partial replacement of clay (CLAY) by industrial waste is under development. It has been reported that in brickmaking the partial substitution of clay with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) affects the physical and mechanical properties by increasing absorption and reducing compressive strength. SCBA is a waste material produced in large quantities by the sugar industry and is generally discarded in open dumps. This research evaluates the effect of the partial replacement of CLAY with agricultural and industrial waste on the strength and durability properties of fired bricks. In the first phase of this study, CLAY was partially replaced by untreated sugarcane bagasse ash (UtSCBA), and in the second phase by combinations of UtSCBA plus fly ash (FA) and UtSCBA plus silica fume (SF). Binary and ternary mixtures were elaborated and characterized. The plasticities of all mixtures were evaluated, and bricks were fabricated at 900 and 1000 degrees C for the binary mixtures and at 900, 1000 and 1100 degrees C for the ternary mixtures. The fired bricks were tested for linear shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, initial rate of absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength. It was found that the bricks made with 70CLAY + 20UtSCBA + 10SF mixture fired at 1100 degrees C are only 2.08\% more resistant to compression, 84\% more resistant to bending, and only 7.03\% lighter than the control bricks: nevertheless, with this mixture the use of clay is reduced by up to 30\%. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Atmospheric pressure O-2 plasma was used to produce ozone in order to treat sugarcane bagasse as a function of particle sizes. The fixed bagasse moisture content was 50 \%. The delignification efficiency had small improvement due to ozonation process as a function of particle size, varying from 75 up to 80 \%. Few amounts of hemicellulose were removed, but the ozonation has not been affected significantly with particle size variance as well (from 30 up to 35 \%). The cellulose presented some losses below 1.0 mm size (8-15 \%) which was an unexpected result. The conversion of cellulose content into free sugar has shown a significant increase as the particle size has diminished as well. The best condition of the bagasse particle size was for 0.08 mm. For this case, a great quantity of cellulose (78.8 \%) was converted into glucose. Optical absorption spectroscopy was applied to determine ozone concentrations in real time where the samples with typical bagasse particle sizes equal or below to 0.5 mm had shown a better absorption of ozone in comparison with greater particle size samples.
Pretreatment technology has attracted much attention as an effective method for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse into biochemicals. However, residual lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) can negatively impact the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse. In this work, the changes in bagasse LCC after pretreatment with hot water and dilute acid were characterized by component analysis, C-13 NMR and H-1 -C-13 HSQC NMR to reveal the correlation between LCC structure and cellulase adsorption. A real-time dynamic model of LCC affecting adsorption of cellulase was constructed using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D). The QCM-D results demonstrated that cellulase exhibited different adsorption characteristics on different LCCs. For example, the maximum adsorption capacities for cellulase onto the raw material LCC (RW-LCC), hot water pretreated LCC (LHW-LCC), and dilute acid pretreated LCC (AP-LCC) at 4 degrees C were 29.0 ng/cm(2), 94.9 ng/cm(2) and 129.8 ng/cm(2), respectively. In addition, the adsorption rate constants for cellulase on RM-LCC, LHW-LCC and AP-LCC at 4 degrees C were 0.09, 0.14 and 0.19, respectively. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse pretreated by combining O-2 and NaOH with different variables was conducted to improve its enzymatic digestibility and sugar recovery, and the results were compared with sole NaOH pretreatment. Lignin removal for O-2-NaOH pretreatment was around 10\% higher than that for sole NaOH pretreatment under the same conditions, and O-2-NaOH pretreatment resulted in higher glucan recovery in the solid remain. Subsequently, O-2-NaOH pretreated sugarcane bagasse presented more efficient enzymatic digestibility than sole NaOH pretreatment. Under the moderate pretreatment conditions of combining 1\% NaOH and 0.5 MPa O-2 at 80 degrees C for 120 min, a high glucan conversion of 95\% was achieved after 48 h enzymatic hydrolysis. Coupled with the operations of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, an admirable total sugar recovery of 89\% (glucose recovery of 93\% and xylose recovery of 84\%) was obtained. The susceptibility of the substrates to enzymatic digestibility was explained by their physical and chemical characteristics. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this paper, we report a route to produce levoglucosan (LGA), a biomass-derived platform-molecule that is starting material to obtain various compounds of industrial interest, such as lipids, citric acid, ethanol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furans, aromatic hydrocarbons among other biobased products. Among the several routes to obtain LGA, the fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass containing glucose monomer has received growing attention due to economic and environmental reasons. In this work, we have developed a new method based on the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse before the fast pyrolysis with a series of Keggin-type heteropolyacids (i.e., H3PW12O40, H3PMo12O40, and H4SiW12O40), which are solid catalysts easy to handle. Sugarcane bagasse, a biomass waste generated at large scale by food and fuel industries was the feedstock selected. The effects of the main variables of the acid pretreatment such as the nature of the catalyst, time, and temperature of the process were assessed. The efficiency of different pretreatments was examined by the analysis of product distribution obtained from fast pyrolysis. This new method resulted in a significant increase in LGA yield (32 \%) as compared to those from pure water pretreated (5 \%) and untreated sugarcane bagasse (4 \%). Among all the acid catalysts tested, the H3PW12O40 was the most active and selective, due to highest Bronsted acidity strength. The great improvement in LGA yield was attributed to the structural changes in sugarcane bagasse occurred during the acidic pretreatment, which were confirmed by thermal analysis (TG/DTG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) performed before and after the treatment.
Semiflowable self-consolidating concrete (SF-SCC) is a new type of self-consolidating concrete with flowability, green strength, and shape-holding ability in the fresh state. SF-SCC is cost-effective, energy-efficient, and low-carbon-footprint concrete because vibrators can be eliminated. This paper discusses the fresh, strength (compressive, splitting tensile, and flexure), durability (chloride ion penetration, water absorption, and water penetration), and microstructural properties of SF-SCC mixes with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the cement replacing material at 10\%-50\% by weight of cement. The results show that all the mixes complied with the requirements of fresh properties of SF-SCC. The strength and durability results were used to validate the suitability of such SF-SCC mixes for rigid pavement construction as per the specifications of the Indian Roads Congress (IRC). It can be concluded that the mixes with as much as 40\% SCBA can be used in urban roads. All the mixes with as much as 50\% SCBA can be used in the construction of road pavements in the interior part of rural areas, i.e., village roads. The study also involved Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) analysis for ranking of the mixes.
Ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse pith hydrolysate by thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453 was analyzed using response surface methodology. Variables such as Substrate Concentration, pH, fermentation time and Na2HPO4 concentration were found to influence ethanol production significantly. In a batch fermentation, optimization of key process variables resulted in maximum ethanol concentration of 17.44 g/L which was 88\% of the theoretical with specific productivity of 0.36 g/L/h.
This work presents an experimental efficiency analysis of sugar cane bagasse boilers performed according to the first law of thermodynamics. The methodology employed to determine efficiency regarding the first law is the indirect or energy losses method, based on the energy balance method established in the most recent standards, ASME PTC 4-2008 and EN 12952-15:2003. Experimental data were obtained from boilers installed in sugar and ethanol mills in the state of So Paulo, Brazil. Calculation of heat losses through the boiler walls is presented in detail and compared with a previous calculation method recommended in an older standard (ASME PTC 4.1 1964). Moreover, calculation of the uncertainty of the efficiency determination is presented and discussed. On the basis of the obtained results, the main causes of energy losses are identified, and suggestions aimed at improving boiler efficiency are made.
Sugarcane biomasses, such as bagasse and straw, are abundant and represent renewable sources for the production of molecules of economic interest, such as xylan. However, the solubilization methods for this macromolecule face the material recalcitrance and, consequently, need a higher amount of chemicals. This study brings as the fractioning of biomass for xylan extraction, aiming to verify how the recalcitrance of different segments of the plant may interfere with the process of xylan solubilization. Hydrogen peroxide was applied in the xylan solubilization starting from the bagasse, moving on to the leaf and stem, which was fractionated in internode, node, and external fraction (which contains epidermis). The solubilized xylan was evaluated as a substrate for the determination of the enzymatic activity of xylanase. The solubilized xylan was monitored for its solubility and for impurities, such as salt and residual lignin content. The results of xylan solubilization with 6 \% of hydrogen peroxide were 86.28, 65.39, 76.78, 97.95, 96.48 \%, successively for bagasse, internode, node, external fraction, and leaf. With the application of 3\% peroxide, the yield decreased to lower than 30 \%, except for the internode and the leaf, which showed 47.85 and 46.15 \%, respectively. The RMN analysis suggested similarity among the xylan samples solubilized from the different sugarcane anatomic fractions. The highest enzymatic activities were found with the solubilized xylan, instead of the commercial one. The solubility and purity tests (low salt content) indicate that the solubilized xylan presented characteristics similar to commercial xylan or even better than it.
Thermogravimetric analysis was made of slow sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. Several models of primary decomposition were tested and compared. Kinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear regression and the differential evolution method. A one-step reaction model with first-order and n-order kinetics, a consecutive reaction model, and an independent parallel reaction model were employed in the modeling. The results show that the one- step model does not accurately represent the data of weight loss (TG) and its derivative (DTG). The consecutive reaction model yielded the expected activation energy results for the first two peaks corresponding to hemicellulose and cellulose, but inaccurate results for lignin. The independent parallel reaction model yielded the best results for the three subcomponents. The mass fraction of each subcomponent was estimated by the three independent parallel reaction models, showing values consistent with those reported in the literature.
Articles on the applicability of briquetting to the production of mushrooms are rare. Therefore, this research provides the scientific community and, mainly, producers, unpublished technical information regarding the productive yield of oyster mushroom cultivated in sugarcane bagasse briquettes supplemented with bioproducts of cereals. In 30 days of axenic cultivation, 6 tons-force briquettes with 80\% humidity resulted in higher productivity (30.4\%), and generated the lowest physical volume of exhausted compound (44.8\%), thus, overcoming the technical performance of the other briquetting matrices tested, and even of methods traditionally used for the preparation of substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation on a commercial scale. The conclusion is, therefore, that the axenic cultivation of P. ostreatus var. Florida in sugarcane bagasse briquettes, supplemented with bioproducts of cereals, has technically qualified as an original and efficient method for the production of high biological value protein by the recycling of agricultural residues and can therefore guarantee multiple economic benefits to the agribusiness of the oyster mushroom, in addition to allowing reduction of environmental impacts by the restricted generation of exhausted compound in the post-harvest stage.
Lignocellulosic biomass such as sugarcane bagasse is non-food biomass that can be used to produce ethanol. Lignocellulose is a complex network of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which requires pretreatment to improve access to cellulose for hydrolysis which produces glucose for fermentation. Lignin prevents access to cellulose thus delignification using alkaline is often included before hydrolysis. A variety of pre-treatment methods exist requiring different raw materials and operating conditions thus having different economics and environmental impacts. This paper aims to use computer modelling in an optimisation environment called GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) to screen a host of pretreatment options of sugarcane bagasse for bio-ethanol production. The criteria to determine the best pretreatment option evaluates both economic and environmental objectives. Pre-treatment options included steam explosion, with and without acid catalysis, and acid pre-treatment. Methane was produced from xylose formed in pre-treatment in all options. Delignification using NaOH was included in some investigated pre-treatment flowsheets. The delignification was included in these flowsheets prior to the hydrolysis stage which used either acid or enzymes. The solution space was used to evaluate possible flowsheets in terms of the two aforementioned objectives. For a scenario where methane is the only desired product, steam explosion would be recommended. Adding acid hydrolysis to steam explosion (SA) to produce bio-ethanol increases profitability and reduces environmental impact however the glucose flowrate from this flowsheet is low. For a scenario where higher glucose flowrate is desired, steam explosion with enzymatic hydrolysis pre-treatment flowsheet is recommended however the environmental impact of this flowsheet may be large depending on the energy efficiency of enzyme production.
This research study aimed to evaluate the release and dynamics of P over time using mineral fertilizers - triple superphosphate (TSP) and rock phosphate (RP) - associated with filter cake (FC), a byproduct of the sugarcane industry. The P concentration in soil solution, the potential acid phosphatase activity, the P content in the leaves, and the changes promoted in the soil P pools were evaluated in two short crop cycles in a greenhouse experiment. The addition of FC was responsible for increasing RP solubilization and the P content in the leaves. The reduction in the amount of P supplied via TSP, when associated with FC, did not affect the soil solution P concentration, resulting in satisfactory crop P uptake. FC addition also positively affected the labile and moderately labile P pools in the soil, resulting in higher P availability for the crop. The association of RP with FC demonstrates considerable potential for expanding the use of RP in sugarcane fertilization without the need for costly industrial processes. Furthermore, the combination of this byproduct with TSP enables reductions in the supply of P in the form of soluble mineral fertilizers, with environmental and economic advantage.
Purple soils (Eutric Regosols) are widely distributed in humid subtropical Southwest China. They are characterized by high nitrification activities, with risks of severe NO3 (-) leaching. Incorporation of crop residues is considered an effective method to reduce NO3 (-) loss. In the present study, we compared the effects of alfalfa, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse on gross N transformation turnover in a purple soil (purple soil, pH 7.62) compared with those in an acid soil (acid soil, pH 5.26), at 12 h, 3 months, and 6 months after residue incorporation. The gross N transformation rates were determined by N-15 tracing. All tested crop residues stimulated the gross N mineralization rates, but reduced the net mineralization rates in both soils at 12 h after residue incorporation; however, the extent of the effect varied with the crop residue qualities, with rice straw having the strongest effects. Crop residues reduced net nitrification rates by depressing gross autotrophic nitrification rates and stimulating NO3 (-) immobilization rates in the purple soil, particularly after rice straw incorporation (net nitrification rate decreased from 16.72 mg N kg(-1) d(-1) in the control to - 29.42 mg N kg(-1) d(-1) at 12 h of residue incorporation); however, crop residues did not affect the gross autotrophic nitrification rates in the acid soil. Crop residue effects subsided almost completely within 6 months, with sugarcane bagasse showing the longest lasting effects. The results indicated that crop residues affected the N transformation rates in a temporal manner, dependent on soil properties and residue qualities.
This work aims to demonstrate the importance of hydrothermal alkaline sulfite pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse in the delivery of fermentable sugars. The pretreatment conditions, namely sodium sulfite loads (5.0-10.0 wt\%), temperatures (140-160 degrees C) and reaction times (30-60 min), were tested according to the full factorial design of experiments. The employed pretreatment was characterized by high lignin removal (43-77 wt\%) and partial extraction of xylans (up to 25.0 wt\%), mainly by cleavage of acetyl and arabinosyl groups. After 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis with 10 FPU (filter paper unit) cellulase and 10 CBU (cellobiose unit) -glucosidase per g of pretreated bagasse, the conversion of the carbohydrate-enriched substrates was in the range of 51 to 80 mol\% for cellulose and 45 to 71 mol\% for xylans. The best hydrothermal alkaline sulfite pretreatment conditions (10.0 wt\% sulfite load, 150 degrees C and 45 min) were found to be highly efficient for the delivery of fermentable sugars with a yield as high as 40.4 +/- 1.9 g for 100 g native bagasse.
Microbial oil is one of alternative sources for biofuel and value-added chemical production in biorefining process of lignocellulosic biomass. The bottleneck of this process is the low conversion rate of lignocellulose biomass to the target product. This research aims to optimize microbial oil production as raw material for biorefining process from agricultural waste by using Plackett-Burman (PB) design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Acid-hydrolysates of cassava pulp and sugarcane bagasse were converted to bio-oil by fermentation activities of two oleaginous yeasts, designated as MSU2 and Ka28. The fermentation parameters were screened by PB design to identify their impacts on oil yield, and the condition of each parameter was optimized by RSM to maximized oil yield. The predicted optimal condition obtained from RSM provided the highest lipid yield at 34.56 and 21.85\% from hydrolysates of cassava pulp and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. Then, fatty acid compositions in oil were analyzed by GCMS, and our results demonstrated that palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major constituents at 72.95 and 195.01 mg/g-crude lipid, respectively. These fatty acid distribution profiles were suitable for application in biodiesel production and suggested the utilization of agricultural waste in biorefining process.
The use of renewable residues as a source of nutrients, associated with chemical input, can provide better efficiency, greater amount of nutrients available to the plant and reduce its application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different organic residues associated with chemical fertilizer (NPK) on sugarcane rooting and yield. The experiment was conducted in a Typic Quartzipsamments soil, located in Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, from October 2010 to September 2013. The plots were 4 x 5 m (20 m(2)), set in a randomized block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of poultry litter (10 t ha(-1)), filter cake (10 t ha(-1)), vermicompost (10 t ha(-1)) and vinasse (300 m(3) ha(-1)), all associated with basic NPK fertilizer, and control (only basic fertilization). All sources were applied in the furrows before planting, with the exception of vinasse, which was applied through fertigation. The results showed that treatment with filter cake obtained the highest amount of roots with yield gain in the 1st and 2nd harvests.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (24-1 h) on continuous biohydrogen production from sugarcane molasses in three expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors under mesophilic conditions (30 +/- 1 degrees C). The sugarcane molasses concentrations were 5 g (EGSB-5), 10 g L-1 (EGSB-10) and 15 g L-1 (EGSB-15). In EGSB-5, hydrogen was not detected. The main volatile fatty acids produced were acetic (30.0-50.0\%), butyric (13.0-30.0\%) and propionic (13.0-45.0\%) acids. In this reactor, the formation of acetic acid through the homoacetogenesis reaction (23-51\%) explains the absence of hydrogen. The maximum hydrogen production rates were observed at an HRT of 1 h in EGSB-10 (4.56 L day(-1)L (-1)) and EGSB-15 (13.92 L day(-1) L-1). The main metabolites detected in EGSB-10 and EGSB- were butyric (8.0-51.0\%), lactic (6.0-50.0\%) and propionic (4.0-57.0\%) acids. The metabolic pathways responsible for hydrogen production in both reactors were similar and were associated with increased production of butyric acid and lactic acid, thus explaining the low hydrogen yields (maximum of 0.25 mol H-2 mol(-1) hexose).
The use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate as a carbon source for enhanced oil production by activated sludge microbial cultures was investigated. Cultivation of raw activated sludge inoculum using pure xylose as carbon source was necessary prior to bagasse hydrolyzate feeding for microbial acclimation to this pentose sugar, the major component of the hydrolyzate. Lipid contents from 40 to 47\% (dry cell weight) were achieved under high C:N ratio following bagasse hydrolyzate feeding; however nutrient supplementation was found to be necessary in order to maintain viable cell biomass levels (>10 g/L) to achieve a high lipid titer (7.62 g/L). Hence, a process involving sequential batch feeding of hydrolyzate with and without nutrients was proposed and simulated using the Logistic and Luedeking-Piret models. Analysis of the product lipids showed up to 50\% saponifiable fractions and dominance of C-16 and C-18 fatty acids, demonstrating their suitability as biofuel feedstock. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Back in 1970s and 1980s, cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills were primarily designed to consume all bagasse, and produce steam and electricity to the process. The plants used medium pressure steam boilers (21 bar and 300 degrees C) and backpressure steam turbines. Some plants needed also an additional fuel, as the boilers were very inefficient. In those times, sugarcane bagasse did not have an economic value, and it was considered a problem by most mills. During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, sugarcane industry faced an open market perspective, thus, there was a great necessity to reduce costs in the production processes. In addition, the economic value of by-products (bagasse, molasses, etc.) increased, and there was a possibility of selling electricity to the grid. This new scenario led to a search for more advanced cogeneration systems, based mainly on higher steam parameters (40-80 bar and 400-500 degrees C). In the future, some authors suggest that biomass integrated gasification combined cycles are the best alternative to cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills. These systems might attain 35-40\% efficiency for the power conversion. However, supercritical steam cycles might also attain these efficiency values, what makes them an alternative to gasification-based systems. This paper presents a comparative thermoeconomic study of these systems for sugarcane mills. The configurations studied are based on real systems that could be adapted to biomass use. Different steam consumptions in the process are considered, in order to better integrate these configurations in the mill. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The secondary reactions during biomass pyrolysis inhibit the selective conversion of biomass into value-added oxygenated platform chemicals. Herein, regulating the secondary reactions during pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was systemically explored by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature and H2SO4 loading. It is found that reducing the pyrolysis temperature of sugarcane bagasse from 500 to 300 C-circle suppresses both primary and secondary reactions. Further adjusting H2SO4 loading can promote primary depolymerization reactions and secondary dehydration reactions during pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 300 C-circle. When H2SO4 loading is less than 0.5 \%, the depolymerization of hemicellulose to form xylosan dominates. The highest yield of xylosan (30.3 \%) is obtained by the pyrolysis of 0.5 \% H2SO4-loaded sugarcane bagasse at 300 C-circle. When H2SO4 loading further increases from 0.5 to 1.0 \%, the depolymerization of cellulose to levoglucosan becomes the major reaction. The highest yield of levoglucosan (34.2 \%) is produced by pyrolysis of 1.0 \% H2SO4-loaded sugarcane bagasse at 300 C-circle. When H2SO4 loading is greater than 1.0 \%, the secondary dehydration reactions of cellulose and hemicellulose to respective levoglucosenone and furfural are dominant. These findings demonstrate that adjusting H2SO4 loading is capable of regulating primary and secondary reactions during biomass pyrolysis at low temperatures, thus enabling product switching.
Thermoplastic starch (TPS)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) based nanocomposites were prepared by thermally plasticizing regular cornstarch by sorbitol and reinforcing it with cellulose nanofibers extracted from sugarcane bagasse using alkali steam explosion coupled with high shear homogenization. High shear results in shearing of the fiber agglomerates resulting in uniformly dispersed nanofibers. Final nanofibers size was found in the range of 30-40 nm. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize cellulose nanofibrils and thermoplastic starch/cellulose nanofiber based nanocomposites like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Tensile and barrier properties of prepared nanocomposites were also examined. Nano-reinforcement resulted in substantial improvement of mechanical and barrier properties of the composites as compared to the neat polymer. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E55-E64, 2018. (c) 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
In this study, the capacity of chemically modified sugarcane bagasse, for the retention of metallic ions of plumbum was evaluated. The modification was realized by sulfuric acid (1.0 molL(-1)), and carboxylate groups react with biomass cellulose. The synthetic effluent solutions were prepared from Pb (NO3)(2), obtaining concentrations of 2 to 80 mgL(-1) of the metal. The adsorption tests were developed by finite bath method. These experiments were carried out at temperatures of 30, 45 and 60 degrees C with equilibrium time of 24 hours. The concentration of the metal in solution was analyzed by spectrophotometric technique. The experimental results showed the highest adsorption capacity was reached at 30 degrees C, with approximately 4.8 mg of adsorbed metal per gram of adsorbent. The adsorption process was better described by Langmuir model and Freundlich's model was not significant statistically. By thermodynamic parameters, it was possible to verify the exothermic character of the studied process which it is agree with the best results obtained for the adsorption at the lowest temperature studied (30 degrees C). The system also indicated to be a spontaneous process, through the negative values obtained for the free energy of Gibbs and to be configured as a physical adsorption, according the value obtained for the enthalpy of the process, approximately, -7.55 KJ/Kmol.
This investigation was carried out in Patrocinio Paulista municipality, located in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sugarcane has been extensively cultivated in the area in order to be utilized by the sugar and ethanol industries. The major effluent from the ethanol industry, vinasse, has been applied in the sugarcane fields as an alternative to supply several nutrients in crop production. Because it may represent a major environmental problem in that area, with implications to human health, soil samples from six points were collected and analyzed in order to evaluate the main factors related to the vinasse application in the ground. The importance of clays, iron oxides, organic matter and minor refractory minerals was also considered for explaining several relationships identified from the acquired data.
The scope of this paper is to make a feasibility analysis for energy production from sugarcane byproducts in Pen). Therefore, it is shown the history, methods, current scenario and future prospects of sugarcane plantations related to the ethanol industry and the sugar industry. There will be shown analysis of harvest residues (top and leaves). Bagasse is a mill residue, produced after sugarcane juice is extracted from the sugarcane. Nowadays this residue is burnt in boilers and this energy is used to generate steam. In the other hand, harvest residues represent a significant part of the energy contained in the sugarcane, but it is left in the field, or worse; burnt before the harvest. There will also be shown an estimated value of the electricity generation potential from sugarcane residues. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Steam explosion can be used to pretreat lignocellulosic materials to decrease energy and chemical consumption during pulping to obtain environmentally friendly lignin and to improve lignin yield without changing its structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extraction of lignin from oil palm mesocarp fibers and sugarcane bagasse using steam explosion pretreatment followed by acetosolv. The biomasses were pretreated at 168 degrees C for a reaction time of 10 min. Steam explosion combined with acetosolv at lower severities was also carried out. Steam explosion followed by acetosolv increased the lignin yield by approximately 15\% and 17\% in oil palm mesocarp fibers and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. In addition, steam explosion decreased the reaction time of acetosolv four-fold while maintaining the lignin yield from sugarcane bagasse. Similar results were not obtained for oil palm mesocarp. High-purity and high-quality lignins were obtained using steam explosion pretreatment with structural characteristics similar to raw ones. Sugarcane bagasse lignin seems to be a better option for application in material science due its higher lignin yield and higher thermal stability. Our findings demonstrate that steam explosion is efficient for improving lignin yield and/or decreasing pulping severity. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This research focuses on the development of paper from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes, viz., corn husk (CH), which is an underexplored material and sugarcane baggase (SB), in varying proportions, through soda pulping and enhancement of their functionalities through chitosan and beeswax-chitosan emulsion coatings. Fiber digestion was done at optimized conditions; followed by blowing, quenching and then refining of both treated CH and SB pulp to a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of 400-450 mL. The handsheets of 80 GSM (grammage) were prepared as per the standard ISO-5269/1 and were tested for their mechanical and barrier properties as per standard methods of ISO. Handsheets developed from the blend of SB and CH (50:50) and SB fibers (100\%) were found to have better mechanical strength (in terms of burst, tensile and tear strength) in comparison to CH fibers (100\%). The effect of coatings on mechanical, water resistance, micro-structural, and biodegradable properties of the cellulose papers were also assessed. The chitosan coating significantly improved (p < 0.05) the mechanical properties of papers, the barrier properties against water vapor, moisture and air were also enhanced (up to 85\%). Papers coated with beeswax-chitosan emulsion had the longest absorbency time, followed by chitosan-coated and uncoated papers. The results advocated for beeswax-chitosan emulsion as the best among the coatings tested, for aforementioned cellulose papers to enhance their barrier properties. {[
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be flows in crowded reinforcement without segregation and it flows under its own weight without vibration. Sugarcane Bagasse ash (SCBA) (agricultural waste) is present in massive amounts in India. The use of SCBA in SCC is described in this paper as a feasible solution to envi-ronmental concerns. The usage of bagasse ash is important for sustainable development since it decreases carbon emissions and structural costs. The goal of this study is to discover and compare the fresh and strength properties of SCC made using SCBA as replacement of cement in 0, 10, 15 and 20\%. The fresh characteristics of SCC are marginally lowered when the proportion of SCBA increases due to partial cement replacement, but they remain within the EFNARC range. It has been discovered that using it in SCC improves its strength properties.Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Latest Developments in Materials \& Manufacturing
This study focuses on the potential of sugarcane bagasse for the remediation of Foron Black RD 3GRN (FB-3). Biomass was modified by acid, alkali, chelating agents, organic solvents and surfactant treatments and employed for adsorption. Different varieties of sugarcane bagasse biomass namely modified, native and immobilized were employed for adsorption of dye and process variables were optimized. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of dye (262.87 mg/g) were cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) treated biomass, pH 6, dose of sorbent 0.05 g and temperature 30 degrees C. The adsorption data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis exhibited the contribution of carboxylic and carbonyl groups in the adsorption of dye. The results have shown that CTAB-treated sugarcane bagasse is a potential adsorbent for textile effluents.
The alcohol industry contributes significantly to the Brazilian economy, having high power generation potential through vinasse, the main waste produced with a high organic load. The amount of sugarcane and the volume of vinasse produced were calculated. Also, the production of biogas from the cultivation area belonging to each municipality of the state was estimated. Economic viability was assessed using the net present value (NPV) and the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) parameters. According to the results obtained, energy potential, NPV and LCOE maps were generated from all municipalities, followed by the combination of the cartographic information with the generated energy data, obtaining several classes through the Jenks optimization method of ArcGis (R) software. Total electric power generation was determined to be 659 GWh/yr; 33\% of the studied municipalities were identified as economically viable. The total energy output would be able to provide power to 295,702 inhabitants and 0.45\% of the state's energy demands. Power and viability maps were constructed for better visualization of the results. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bio-syngas from gasification of sugarcane bagasse is one of the most promising sources for renewable energy. As an agriculture-based biomass, sugarcane bagasse has a high content of moisture (46-52\%), fibrous (43-52\%) and low bulk density (80-120 kg/m(3)). This quality of bagasse will tend to initiate agglomeration and cause de-fluidization. It will disturb the gasification process and finally will decrease yield and quality of syn-gas. Its chracteristics in low quality can be improved by pretreatment, i.e., torrefaction process, addressed by slow heating of biomass on wet or dry conditions on atmosphere pressure for 1 hour before it is used as feedstock gasification. This preliminary work features an experimental investigation of torrefaction process of Indonesian sugarcane cane bagasse. Temperature of torrefaction varies from 150, 175, 200, 225, 250 and 300 degrees C. For bagasse gasification process, the optimum temperature of dry torrefaction is 150 degrees C. At this temperature, yield of syngas will higher than other torrefaction temperature. Temperature of dry torrefaction will give energy saving opportunities than that's of wet torrefaction (180 degrees C, 1 hr). Analysis ultimate and proximate also indicate that sugarcane bagasse with temperature torrefaction 150 degrees C give better result than other torrefaction's temperature in high content of hydrogen and low content of carbon. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The structure of lignin after dilute phosphoric acid plus steam explosion pretreatment process of sugarcane bagasse in a pilot scale and the effect of the lignin extracted by ethanol on subsequent cellulose hydrolysis were investigated. The lignin structural changes caused by pretreatment were identified using advanced nondestructive techniques such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), quantitative C-13, and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The structural analysis revealed that ethanol extractable lignin preserved basic lignin structure, but had relatively lower amount of beta-O-4 linkages, syringyl/guaiacyl units ratio (S/G), p-coumarate/ferulate ratio, and other ending structures. The results also indicated that approximately 8\% of mass weight was extracted by pure ethanol. The bagasse after ethanol extraction had an approximate 22\% higher glucose yield after enzyme hydrolysis compared to pretreated bagasse without extraction. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The colored material (X) was effectively separated from sugarcane molasses using reversed-phase chromatography. Characterization of the molecular structure of sample X was performed using infrared absorption (IR) spectrometry, mass spectrometry (MS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The IR spectrum was similar to that of commercial humic acid, and the MS analysis showed that the sample possessed relatively small heterogeneous molecules with molecular masses around 234, 446, 657, 868, and 1079 Da. On the other hand, X sample showed an inhibitory activity toward the cysteine proteinase papain. Furthermore, the inhibitory (G-1) and weak inhibitory (G-2) fractions were separated from sample X using gel permeation chromatography. Samples G-I and G-2 inhibited papain partial-noncompetitively and had the inhibition constants of 5.01 x 10(-5) and 1.08 x 10(-3) M, respectively. Interestingly, in the DLS experiment, the Stokes radius of sample G-1 was similar to 2 nm, about twice one of sample G-2. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this paper NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH, and H2O2 were applied to bagasse pith, to study their action on single cell protein production using a mixed culture of Cellulomonas flavigena and Xanthomonas sp. (strains CDBB-B-532 and ATCC-31920). The chemicals were sprayed under mild conditions as in previous work. Studies of pore size, lignin and phenolic content changes occurring on pith were performed since they correlate with carbohydrate utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Fermentation data in decreasing order were: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH, and H2O2. Material pretreated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2 showed increased cell growth as a function of time given by the logarithmic curve Y = A + BlnX, where Y represents cell growth, X is time and B is a constant. Decreased lignin content as a function of time was observed during pretreatment with calcium and sodium hydroxide, showing low delignification and relatively high amounts of phenolic compounds released, such as p-coumaric and ferulic acid. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that pith was mainly composed of microfibrils and parenchymatose cell wall. In addition, light microscopy presented swelling of vessels in pith pretreated with Ca(OH)2 and NaOH which was evident by the increased pore size of vessels in pith.
Loss circulation is the total or fractional loss of drilling fluid known as mud, that happens when the fluid flows into fractures of formations, hence hindering its recirculation in oil and gas well during drilling process. This phenomenon poses a serious threat during drilling activities, especially in ensuring the consistency of formations' structure and pressure of the well. To minimize this problem, fluid loss additive known as lost circulation material (LCM) is mixed into drilling mud to seal the formation in order to prevent further loss of drilling mud. The objectives of this paper are to conduct parametric study of banana peels and sugarcane bagasse as environmentally friendly LCM additive for drilling mud application and to investigate thermal stability of the formulated banana peels and sugarcane bagasse-based LCM. The performance of banana peel and sugarcane bagasse with different particle size were tested using Fann Viscometer and Low Pressure, Low Temperature (LPLT) filter press. The performance of the banana peels in theological properties and filtration properties studies exhibited higher efficiency compared to the sugarcane bagasse and mud ithout LCM. The thermal stability test conducted on water-based mud with banana peels as LCM indicates that temperature significantly affects the stability and resistant theology of the water-based mud.
The aim of this work was investigate the kinetics of the thermal decomposition reaction of sugarcane straw. The thermal decomposition experiments were conducted at four heating rates (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 degrees C/min) in a thermogravimetric analyzer using nitrogen as inert atmosphere. The kinetic analysis was carried out applying the isoconversional method of Friedman, and the activation energies obtained varied from 154.1 kJ/mol to 177.8 kJ/mol. The reaction model was determined through master plots, corresponding to a two-dimensional diffusion. The pre-exponential factor of 1.82 {*
The vinasse is a polluting effluent generated in large quantities in the ethanol production process, whose disposition is problematic and costly. In this work, the vinasse problem is addressed through a comparison between four alternatives for treating it with energy recovery: (i) concentration in an evaporator system until 25 Brix for volume reduction (CONC); (ii) concentration in an evaporator system until 65 Brix, with subsequent incineration of concentrated vinasse (CONC + INC); (iii) anaerobic biodigestion (BIOD); and anaerobic biodigestion and digestate treatment by membranes (BIOD + MEM). The techno-economic assessment is performed through mass and energy balances, evaluating two configurations of the cogeneration system: considering back-pressure (BPST) and condensing-extraction (CEST) steam turbines, in combination with an economic feasibility evaluation. Furthermore, an evaluation of GHG emission was performed in each case. The BIOD + MEM and CONC cases promoted a significant reduction in effluent volume (53\% and 82.8\% respectively), while the CONC + INC case practically eliminated the disposal expenses of this effluent. Regarding the cogeneration system, the BIOD case presented the highest bagasse surplus (59.9 kg/t cane) for the BPTS configuration, while the CONC + INC case presented the highest electricity surplus (89.7 kWh/t cane) for the CEST configuration. As for the economic assessment, the cases CONC with BPST, and CONC + INC for both BPTS and CEST presented economic feasibility, while the GHG emission assessment indicates that the BIOD case with BPST is the option with the lowest emissions. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to evaluate eventual variations in market and operating conditions.
The sugar cane residue bagasse is an underutilized renewable agricultural material. Bagasse is generally grey-yellow to pale green in color. It is bulky and quite nonuniform in particle size. As it is produced at the sugar mills, bagasse is used as fuel in the power plant. However, wherever there is large scale production of sugarcane, there will be excess bagasse which must be disposed of by other methods such as burning, dumping, land burial, etc. Thus, an economic use of the excess bagasse could both increase the profits of the sugar mill and solve an environmental problem. In this work an attempt has been made to upgrade the value of this agricultural residue by bonding with resin to produce composites for suitable applications.
Low-cost nitrogen sources, i.e., dried spent yeast (DSY), rice bran (RB), soybean meal (SM), urea and ammonium sulfate were used for batch butanol fermentation from sugarcane molasses by Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 under anaerobic conditions. Among these five low-cost nitrogen sources, DSY at 1.53 g/L (nitrogen content equal to that of 1 g/L of yeast extract) was found to be the most suitable. At an initial sugar level of 60 g/L, the maximum butanol concentration (P-B), productivity (Q(B)) and yield (Y-B/S) were 11.19 g/L, 0.23 g/L<bold>h and </bold>0.31 g/g, respectively. To improve the butanol production, the concentrations of initial sugar, DSY and calcium carbonate were varied using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design. It was found that the optimal conditions for high butanol production were initial sugar, 50 g/L; DSY, 6 g/L and calcium carbonate, 6.6 g/L. Under these conditions, the highest experimental P-B, Q(B) and Y-B/S values were 11.38 g/L, 0.32 g/L<bold>h and </bold>0.40 g/g, respectively with 50\% sugar consumption (SC). The P-B with neither DSY nor CaCO3 was only 8.53 g/L. When an in situ gas stripping system was connected to the fermenter to remove butanol produced during the fermentation, the P-B was increased to 15.33 g/L, whereas the Y-B/S (0.39 g/g) was not changed. However, the Q(B) was decreased to 0.21 g/L<bold>h with </bold>75\% SC.
Xylan is a structural component of the plant cell wall, the most abundant hemicellulose in the nature and generally is considered as an agricultural waste. However, due to upcoming environmental changes, and the excess of residues generated by industrial process, sustainable methods are being applied in the waste management. The world interest in the utilization of agricultural residues as a source to produce biofuel and other products is increasing. Brazil is the biggest producer of sugarcane in the world generating around 110 million tons of dried bagasse. The hemicellulose in sugarcane bagasse is rich in xylan and can be used to produce xylose, xylitol, second-generation ethanol and xylooligosaccharides (XOS). This work, investigated the combination of the pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid followed by the application of a recombinant xylanase from Bacillus subtilis to produce XOS from sugarcane bagasse. The main products released by the xylanase after the exposure of sugarcane bagasse to different periods of pre-treatment were xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and also is less amounts xylooligomers up to 11 mers (X11), suggesting that is an endo-acting xylanase. The process yielded was 113 and 119 mg/g of xylooligomers from sugarcane bagasse pre-treated with peroxide-HAc for 7 and 8 h, respectively. The hydrolyzed xylooligomers were identified and quantified by HPAE-PAD validating the efficiency of both methods applied to XOS production from sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse is the main byproduct of sugarcane mill, ready available at the production site so that it may be a suitable raw material for the production of biofuels, chemicals and electricity. Among the methods that have been widely studied, there are thermochemical processes such as gasification, pyrolysis and direct combustion. The direct combustion is used to produce electricity while the pyrolysis and gasification are used to obtain high value-added products such as bio-oil and synthesis gas (Syngas). In this study we performed a comparison between the experimental results by pyrolysis and gasification reactions. The pyrolysis and gasification of sugarcane bagasse was carried out, using a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor in order to produce bio-oil (pyrolysis) and Syngas (gasification). The gasification and pyrolysis were studied and evaluated the char, tar and gas production as well as the composition of the gas produced. For the pyrolysis temperature was varied from 500 degrees C to 900 degrees C and a quite broad reaction time range was considered. In gasification were evaluated the reaction temperature equal to 900 degrees C, reaction time and steam/bagasse ratio equal 2.0. The behavior for both process was presented.
A rice straw - cellulose utilizing mold was isolated from rotted rice straw residues. The efficient rice straw degrading microorganism was identified as Trichoderma reesei. The results showed that different carbon sources in liquid culture such as rice straw, carboxymethyl cellulose, filter paper, sugar cane bagasse, cotton stalk and banana stalk induced T. reesei cellulase production whereas glucose or Potato Dextrose repressed the synthesis of cellulase. T. reesei cellulase was produced by the solid state culture on rice straw medium. The optimal pH and temperature for T. reesei cellulase production were 6 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Rice straw exhibited different susceptibilities towards cellulase to their conversion to reducing sugars. The present study showed also that, the general trend of rice straw bioconversion with cellulase was more than the general trend by T. reesei. This enzyme effectively led to enzymatic conversion of acid, alkali and ultrasonic pretreated cellulose from rice straw into glucose, followed by fermentation into ethanol. The combined method of acid pretreatment with ultrasound and subsequent enzyme treatment resulted the highest conversion of lignocellulose in rice straw to sugar and consequently, highest ethanol concentration after 7 days fermentation with S. cerevisae yeast. The ethanol yield in this study was about 10 and 11 g.L-1.
Biofuel briquettes were prepared using banana peels, rattan waste, coconut shells and sugarcane bagasse through a conventional method that involved drying, carbonizing, crushing, mixing with cassava starch as binder, compacting and drying. Briquettes produced were evaluated by proximate analysis using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard. Results of mass reduction study show that the losses are more important for banana peels (97.98\%) and sugarcane bagasse (96\%). Bulk density of briquettes produced is in the range 0.470-0.851 cm(3)/g; results of proximate analysis show that high calorific values of briquettes produced are 16.98, 30.07, 32.16 and 25.93 MJ/kg for banana peels, rattan waste, coconut shells and sugarcane bagasse respectively; of the four different residues used, volatile matters are slowly lower to the recommendation of literature, ash content has values in the range 7.44-11.95\%, and moisture content is relatively higher than other agricultural residues especially banana peels and sugarcane bagasse.
Self compacting concrete (SCC) is a development of conventional concrete, in which the use of vibrator for compaction is no more required. This property of self compacting concrete has made its use more attractive all over the world. But its initial higher supply cost over conventional concrete, has hindered its application to general construction. Therefore, for producing low cost SCC, it is prudent to look at the alternates to help reducing the SSC cost. This research is aimed at evaluating the usage of bagasse ash as viscosity modifying agent in SCC, and to study the relative costs of the materials used in SCC. In this research, the main variables are the proportion of bagasse ash, dosage of superplasticizer for flowability and water/binder ratio. The parameters kept constant are the amount of cement and water content. Test results substantiate the feasibility to develop low cost self compacting concrete using bagasse ash. In the fresh state of concrete, the different mixes of concrete have slump flow in the range of 333 mm to 815 mm, L-box ratio ranging from 0 to 1 and flow time ranging from 1.8 s to no flow (stocked). Out of twenty five different mixes, five mixes were found to satisfy the requirements suggested by European federation of national trade associations representing producers and applicators of specialist building products (EFNARC) guide for making self compacting concrete. The compressive strengths developed by the self compacting concrete mixes with bagasse ash at 28 days were comparable to the control concrete. Cost analysis showed that the cost of ingredients of specific self compacting concrete mix is 35.63\% less than that of control concrete, both having compressive strength above 34 M Pet. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
By screening out total nine sugarcane cultivars that contain directly-fermentable sugars, this study examined largely varied hexoses yields from direct enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse residues. Using two representative sugarcane bagasse substrates, this study sorted out optimal K3PO4 pretreatments by performing classic response surface methodology, which respectively extracted 58\% and 63\% lignin and significantly reduced cellulose CrI and DP values in two pretreated bagasse residues. These consequently led to remarkably raised cellulose accessibility by 1.4- and 3.6 folds for near-complete biomass enzymatic saccharification with hexoses yields close to 100\% (\% cellulose). Notably, unlike physical (hot water, steam explosion) and chemical (acid, alkali) pretreatments as previously examined, this optimal pretreatment (6.4\% K3PO4, 144.0 degrees C, 1 h) could not significantly extract arabinose-rich hemicellulose, suggesting that almost all xylose of hemicelluloses was applicable for engineered yeast co-fermentation to achieve maximum bioethanol at 29\% (\% dry matter) without the necessity of solid-liquid separation, water washing, and detoxification process. Furthermore, this study collected all K3PO4 liquid waste as chemical fertilizer into rice culture for much enhanced plant growth and biomass production up to 1.5 folds. Therefore, this work has proposed a mechanism model to highlight a cost-effective and green-like strategy for high yield of bioethanol with potential value-added bioproducts by using sugarcane bagasse and other lignocellulose residues.
The aim of this work was evaluate the effect of the addition of sugarcane bagasse and asparagus peel fiber on the physical and mechanical properties of baked foams based on oca starch. Low concentrations of fiber reduce the density of the foams and the addition of fiber does not improve the flexural strength of the foams, but generates harder and deformable trays. High concentrations of sugarcane bagasse fiber generate more compact trays with a lower water absorption capacity than the control. Foams with asparagus peel fiber showed higher rates of thermal degradation than the control but not so extensive as to affect their applicability. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
In order to improve the efficiency of conversion of lignocellulosic materials to simple sugars in an environmentally friendly manner, the efficiency of ultrasonic pretreatment, as an alternative pretreatment method to conventional ones, was studied. Ultrasound waves with their mechanical features on degradation of organic network and effect on the chemical reactions can be used as the new method for pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. The influences of enzyme, particle size, acid concentration, power of ultrasound, and time of irradiation of ultrasound on releasing the simple sugars were investigated. The optimal conditions of pretreatment were obtained by using Taguchi method. The results indicate that the sequence of influential factors is enzyme, particle size, acid concentration, duration of ultrasonication, and power of ultrasound. Under optimal conditions (using enzyme, particle size < 0.18 mm, acid concentration (v/v) 3\%, ultrasound power 120 W and 180 s ultrasound time) the sugars' yield was 26.01 (g/L) which was 94.49\% of the expected theoretical result. This suggests that ultrasound-acid pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse can be used as an effective method for pretreatment though at this stage much more information is required. Copyright (C) 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is made up of cellulose (32-43\%), hemicellulose (19-34\%) and lignin (14-30\%). Due to high recalcitrant nature of SB, pretreatment is required to deconstruct its structure and enrich the cellulosic fraction. A two-stage NaOH and maleic acid pretreatment was applied to SB to enrich its cellulosic fraction. SB used in the present study is composed of cellulose (40.4 wt\%), hemicellulose (20.9 wt\%), lignin (22.5 wt\%) and ash (4.0 wt\%). After one-stage NaOH pretreatment, its cellulosic fraction increased to 61.8 wt\% and later increased to 80.1 wt\% after the second-stage acid pretreatment. Lignin fraction decreased to 3.0 wt\% after onestage NaOH pretreatment and remained unaffected after the acid pretreatment step. Hemicellulose fraction decreased substantially after the second-stage pretreatment with maleic acid. Pretreated SB displayed high crystallinity index and improved enzymatic digestibility. Hydrolysates of pretreated SB contained very low amount of xylose and subsequent fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae -IQAr/45-1 resulted to ethanol level of 8.94 g/L. Maximal ethanol yield of 0.49 g/g (95.8\% of theoretical yield) and productivity of 0.28 g/L/h was attained. At the same time, biomass yield and productivity of 0.47 g/g and 0.27 g/L/h respectively were obtained. Two-stage NaOH and maleic acid pretreatment led to similar to two-fold increase in cellulosic fraction and enhanced the enzymatic digestibility of SB up to 70.4\%. The resulted enzymatic hydrolysate was efficiently utilized by S. cerevisiae -IQAr/45-1 to produce high yield of ethanol. Thus, optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis at low enzyme loading is expected to further improve the process and reduce cost.
Sugarcane is one of the most promising biomass resources in the developing bioeconomy. It is a source of fermentable sugars and of lignocellulosic biomass that can be converted to a variety of products. Brazil is the leading producer of sugarcane, with 734 million tons projected for 2022 and a yield of 74 tons per hectare. Sugarcane is already an important source of sugar, ethanol, and electricity through the direct burning of sugarcane bagasse, but its potential goes far beyond these products. For being easily fermentable, sugarcane juice is a promising source for other bio-based products, and the valorization of sugarcane residues in existing biorefineries has enormous potential, from the production of biogas from vinasse to the valorization of CO2, recovery of xylans and xylooligosaccharides, production of hydrogels, biosorbents, and 3G bioproducts. This manuscript will address the impact of sugarcane in the Brazilian bioeconomy, the status of technological development in sugarcane biorefineries, and the perspectives for sugarcane and its residues in a circular bioeconomy.
Concrete is the most dynamic engineering material in construction industry because of its strength properties as well as its durability. The consumption of raw materials not only depleted natural resources but also increases the toxic material in the environment by the construction industries. The substitute products have been found to save the environment and natural resources up to some extent. In the same context, some usual composition of concrete mix is replaced by industrial/ natural wastes such as Fly Ash, Sugarcane bagasse ash and Banana fibre. The samples were prepared with the different composition using different \% replacement of cement and sand. Therefore, concrete mix is developed using fly ash (replacing 20\% of cement) and partial replacing sand by an industrial waste i.e. Sugarcane bagasse ash (replacing 0\%,10\%,20\% of sand) with adding banana fiber (0\%,2.5\%,5\%). Samples were evaluated and compared with standard concrete mix under characteristic compressive strength and flexural strength. It was observed that observed that addition of 2.5\% of banana fibre in Cement; partially replaced by 20\% of Fly Ash, and Sand; partially replaced by 10\% of Bagasse Ash is the best Combination which gives better mechanical properties. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing \& Characterization.
Vinasse the main residue of bioethanol production can be used as a substrate in microbiological processes to obtain value-added products. However, it is necessary to use amicrobial consortiumwith high capacity to produce hydrogen (H-2) and volatile fatty acids (VFA). There is no consensus on the best inoculum pretreatment to eliminate hydrogen-consuming bacteria. Thus, the present study evaluated the influence of three methods of heat pretreatment of the inoculum: T1 = 90 degrees C/10 min; T2 = 105 degrees C/120 min; T3 = 121 degrees C/20 min for the production of H-2 and VFA using vinasse as substrate. The effect of the concentration of vinasse and the initial pH (5, 6 and 7) were also evaluated. The highest hydrogen production (821.34 mL) and yield (4.75 mmol H-2 g(-1) COD) was obtained using undiluted vinasse at pH 6 and T1 pretreatment. The highest number of copies of the Fe-hydrogenase genes confirms the higher H-2 production. The presence of Clostridium and facultative anaerobic microorganisms Bacillus and Enterobacter in the microbial consortia were confirmed by isolation and PCR-DGGE. The highest production of VFA was obtained at pH 7 and T3 pretreatment. This study showed that dark fermentation could be driven by the inoculum pretreatment and pH selecting different process either for the production of H-2 or VFA from vinasse in natura, without addition of supplements.
In this study, the sugarcane bagasse biomass was modified and purpose as a bio-adsorbent to remove Remazol red dye from wastewater. The sugarcane bagasse was calcined at 200 degrees C, followed by the treatment with 1\% chitosan solution. The adsorbent was morphologically characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD analysis to study further the effect of chemical modification techniques on calcined biomass of sugarcane bagasse. Treated calcined sugarcane showed an irregular surface and appearance of pores effects of an acidic chitosan solution. It also clarified the presence of an active site for dye absorption on the adsorbent's surface, which is necessary for the dye adsorption attachment site. The adsorption performance revealed that treated sugarcane bagasse performed better with an optimum adsorbent dosage of 150 mg at an equilibrium time of 60 min. Remazol Red removal favored acidic conditions at pH 4 and decreased as dye concentration increased. With an R2 value, the equilibrium data adsorption fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Levulinic acid is a new green platform chemical used to the synthesis of a variety of materials for numerous applications such as fuel additives, polymers and resins. It can be produced using renewable resources such as biomass like sugarcane bagasse which are cheap and widely available as waste in Indonesia. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid with a solid liquid ratio 1:10. The effects of hydrochloric acid concentration at temperature of 180 degrees C and reaction time of 30 min were studied. The presence of levulinic acid in product of hydrolysis was measured with gas chromatography (GC). It was found that the highest concentration of levulinic acid was obtained at 1 M hydrochloric acid in 25.56 yield\%.
A systematic study on characteristics and pozzolanic reactivity was conducted on as-received/raw (untreated) sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) samples collected from 30 different sugar industries spreading over an area of 78,226 km(2). The pozzolanic reactivity of these SCBA samples was assessed through six different methods viz. strength activity index (SAI), modified Chapelle test (MCT), Frattini test, saturated lime test, electrical conductivity test and thermo-gravimetric analysis. It is evident from the results that SCBA has the ability to be pozzolanic on account of amorphous silica in a raw state. However, the coarser particles, loss of ignition (LOI), and porous nature of SCBA are the bottlenecks towards the strength development of SCBA blended cement mortars. The pozzolanic reactivity dominating parameters like AFS (Al2O3 (A) + Fe2O3 (F) + SiO2 (S)) content (greater than 70\%), LOI (<20\%), and amorphous silica (>25\%) need to be predominantly observed during the selection of desirable SCBA sample for the cement-based system. The use of the modified Chapelle test with the strength activity index for assessment of the pozzolanic reactivity and selection of desirable SCBA samples seems to be decisive, based on the comparison of pozzolanic reactivity test methods. Finally, a simple protocol for the selection of the best sample of SCBA from different sources for its use in the cement-based products through rapid and reliable way is suggested. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thailand is an Asian country located in tropics of South-East Asia. Thailand started to produce jaggery and sugar more than 600 years ago and used to import sugar from the Philippines and Indonesia. Thai government has been promoting the Thai sugar industry and has established the first white sugar factory with the capacity of 500-ton cane per day in 1937. During the last decade, Thai sugarcane production has been increased drastically 50\% in 2015 compared to year in 2007 from 63.8 to 105.9 million MT. Thailand becomes the second largest sugar exporter. Due to the decrease in world economics growth, increasing human population, climate change, demand for food energy and water including environmental concern are increased. Industrial bio-refineries and/or bio-based industries are focused as one of the possible solutions. Sugarcane and sugar would be one of the main feedstock for those bio-economy growths of Thailand. Molasses, co-products from sugar industry, has also been being used for ethanol production, which promoted as bio-fuel mixed with fossil oil, and bagasse is used as the biomass for the alternative energy. Thai government has the future plan until 2036 to increase the cane production up to 180 Million Ton cane. Thai sugarcane and sugar industry is continuously growing to meet the food and non-food requirements of South-East Asian region.
GC x GC/TOFMS was applied in the characterization of organic extracts, which were obtained by solid phase extraction (SPE) with C18 commercial cartridges and liquideliquid extraction (LLE) using three solvents of increasing polarities (hexane, dichloromethane and chloroform), from the aqueous phase generated during the pyrolysis of sugarcane straw. Many oxygenated compounds were identified and classified as acids, phenols, aldehydes and ketones, with a high predominance of phenolic compounds, mainly catechol. GC x GC/TOFMS coupled to some computational tools allowed the identification and classification of the compounds according to their chemical class, number of carbons, number of substituents in the alkyl chains, molecular weight and main peaks in fragmentation spectra. Some identifications were only possible to detect using spectral deconvolution of the mass spectra, and it was possible to clearly classify a series of alkyl phenols (from C1 to C4 alkyl substitutes) and alkyl benzenediols (probably catechols, from C1 to C3 alkyl substitutes). A sequential combination of the preconcentration of the analytescombined with high-resolution techniques of separation and identification allowed the total characterization of these compounds in the aqueous phase. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of pseudo-infinite methanol in increasing the rate of esterification and transesterification reactions was studied using oil palm trunk (OPT) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) derived solid acid catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by incomplete carbonisation at 400 degrees C for 8 h, followed by sulfonation at 150 degrees C for 15 h and characterised using TGA/DTA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, EA and titrimetric determinations of acid sites. Under optimal reaction conditions, the process demonstrated rapid esterification of palmitic acid, with FAME yields of 93\% and 94\% in 45 min for OPT and SCB catalysts, respectively. With the process, moisture levels up to 16.7\% accelerated the conversion of low FFA oils by sulfonated carbon catalysts, through moisture-induced violent bumping. Moisture assisted transesterification of palm olein containing 1.78\% FFA and 8.33\% added water gave FAME yield of 90\% in 10 h, which was two folds over neat oil. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this work, the effect of bagasse ash from waste sugarcane industries on American society for testing and materials in carbon steel A36 (ASTM A36) was investigated. The ash caused the formation on the surface of the samples' carbon sheet, thereby improving the hardness of the materials' property. The samples were polished and cleaned in preparation for hardness tests (Rockwell) and microstructural investigation. Furthermore, the bagasse was sintered in a furnace at 400 degrees C for 3 h to bagasse ash. Additionally, the ash was sifted to a sample size of 100 mu m and mixed with 100:0, 90:10, and 80:20 ratios of barium carbonate (BaCO3). The samples were calcined in a pack carburizing box between bagasse ash and BaCO3 at 950 degrees C for 8 h. The carburized samples were used to classify by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OMS), and Optical Microscopy (OM), respectively. The results revealed that 88\% of carbon by weight of bagasse ash contributes to significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the ASTM A36 steel.
Although high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis has emerged as an efficient strategy of sugar production from lignocellulosic materials, this process requires several steps to increase its efficiency. Current strategies include treatments to remove noncellulosic macromolecules. Here, dilute alkaline extraction was controlled to remove loosely bound xylan from sugarcane bagasse, and 14.7\% (w/w) was recovered by ethanol precipitation. To the supernatant, sodium sulfite (5\% w/w) was added to pretreat the residual sugarcane bagasse with alkaline sulfite ethanol (ASE). The sequential process allowed the removal of 85\% of lignin, producing a carbohydrate-enriched solid. Incubation of ASE-pretreated bagasse with xylanase released up to 43\% of the xylan as oligomers. Subsequent enzymatic saccharification was performed at initial solid loadings, 5, 10, and 15\%. The conversion of ASE-pretreated bagasse yielded 84.4\% glucan hydrolysis or 75 g/L glucose at 15\% solids after 48 h, while samples with reduced xylan contents had lower water retention, and achieved relevant glucan hydrolysis yield (73\%) and glucose titer (87 g/L). Enzymatic saccharification at high solid loading was dependent on xylan removal, and control of excess residual xylan may play an important role in fine-tuning product formation in high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucan fraction.
This study examines the fermentation of autohydrolyzed and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (C(4)mimOAc) pretreated sugarcane bagasse, using four different yeast strains to determine the efficiency of bioethanol production. Three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and one of Scheffersomyces stipitis (S. stipitis) were employed in this study. It was observed that the sugarcane bagasse autohydrolyzed at 205 degrees C for 6 min with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis exhibited the maximum ethanol yield of 70.92 +/- 0.09 mg/g-substrate when S. cerevisiae MZ-4 was used. However, a slightly higher ethanol yield of 78.78 +/- 0.94 mg/g-substrate was obtained from C4mimOAc pretreated bagasse employing S. cerevisiae MZ-4. The study showed that the newly isolated MZ-4 strain exhibited better ethanol yield as compared to commercially available yeast strains S. cerevisiae Uvaferm-43, S. cerevisiae Lalvin EC-1118, and S. stipitis.
Ammoniacal nitrogen is considered as one of the major pollutants of the leachate generated from the landfill site and has the potential to deteriorate the environment as well as health. Considering this, locally available agricultural waste, i.e., sugarcane bagasse ash, was employed as an adsorbent for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from landfill leachate. Batch-mode experiments were conducted to see the effect of dose (2-60 g L-1), pH (2-12), and temperature (20-60 degrees C) on ammoniacal nitrogen adsorption. Application of sugarcane bagasse ash showed 60\% removal of ammoniacal nitrogen (50 mg L-1 strength) at an optimum dose of 20 g L-1 and 180 min of contact time with an adsorption capacity of 0.31 mg g(-1). The Langmuir adsorption model was found to be best fit at 40 degrees C with R-2 = 0.944, depicting a monolayer coverage of ammoniacal nitrogen onto sugarcane bagasse ash. According to the result, solute uptake rate could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model (R-2 = 0.928), whereas the intraparticle diffusion model and Boyd plot indicated that the overall adsorption rate is governed by the external mass transfer. Thermodynamic studies revealed that adsorption is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in nature. Hence, the study shows that sugarcane bagasse ash could turn out to be a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from leachate
The work shows the energy potential of blends of sugarcane bagasse with the mango tree and cashew tree's pruning. The samples were characterized by gross calorific value, density, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon), elemental analysis and thermogravimetry. The blends were prepared with different mass fractions. After evaluation of the samples qualitative and quantitative analyses, it was verified which blends showed the better results and then the briquettes were prepared. The blends of sugarcane bagasse:mango tree pruning (fractions 50\%:50\%), sugarcane bagasse:cashew tree pruning (fractions 50\%:50\%), and sugarcane bagasse:cashew tree pruning:mango tree pruning (fractions 50\%:25\%:25\%) were used to the briquettes production. The last part of the work shows the difference between the energy potential of the briquettes and the sugarcane bagasse. The energy density of the briquettes of sugarcane bagasse and mango tree pruning increased from 1.79 to 13.55 (kJ cm-3), in relation to the uncompacted material. The cashew tree pruning's briquettes varied from 1.97 to 12.75 (kJ cm-3), and the briquettes of sugarcane bagasse:cashew tree pruning:mango tree pruning varied from 2.46 to 12.18 (kJ cm-3). The sugarcane bagasse briquette showed a variation of 1.25 to 13.22 (kJ cm-3). The investigation of the energy potential of agricultural bioproducts (mango and cashew tree's pruning) in mixture with sugarcane bagasse presents to the sugaralcohol industry a new possibility of reuse of biomass waste to obtain of energy.
Removal or reduction of nitrogen compounds in natural waters resulted from discharge of industrial and agricultural activities, which has environmental and human health problems, is necessary. In this study, the effect of initial nitrate concentration (15.5, 50, 80, 120 and 200 mg/L), pH (1-7) and contact time (4.5-36 h) on the adsorption efficiency of cane bagasse modified by ZnCl2 was investigated to remove nitrate from groundwater sources in Izeh city, Khuzestan province of Iran. Adsorption performance was evaluated using Freundlich, Langmuir and Bet isotherms and the first-order and pseudo-second order feed removal models. Results showed that for modified bagasse, the system reached equilibrium after 32 h and the maximum adsorption occurred at pH = 4. Also, the removal efficiency increased by decreasing the concentration of nitrate. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm. The results of the study showed that the modified bagasse fiber absorbent has a great potential for nitrate removal. Because of the inexpensiveness of bagasse fiber and especially bagasse abundance in Khuzestan province, it is suggested to remove nitrate from groundwater of Izeh city via cane sugar (bagasse) modified by zinc chloride.
The sugarcane industry generates several by-products including the harvest residue (straw) and the fibrous fraction following juice extraction (bagasse). The conversion of sugarcane industry by-products into value-added products is of paramount importance from a sustainable circular economy perspective. Also, the increase of second-generation bioethanol production has triggered the development of approaches to convert residues into functional bioproducts thus increasing the overall sustainability of the process. Lignin is the major biopolymer in nature, and one of the three main components of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and straw (SCS) biomasses. Due to the potential of lignin as natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and ultraviolet protector, lignin-based research and new product development have significantly increased. Therefore, this review aims at updating the progress on the valorization of SCS and SCB, and emphasizing their main potential bioactivities and applications, thus serving as a valuable reference material for the academy and industry. A brief introduction of the sugarcane and sugar industry in terms of by-products generation and current end-uses is presented. Recent research studies on SCB and SCS delignification techniques, lignin purification/separation and the main physical-chemical differences between SCS and SCB are covered. The most reported biological activities for sugarcane lignin and their potential applications in the cosmetic and materials fields are also detailed in this review.
An economic analysis for ethanol and electricity production in the sugarcane crushing industry in South Africa through first- and second-generation technologies, and integration strategies was carried out. The analysis included capital allowances to upgrade the energy efficiencies of existing sugar mills, to allow co-production of electricity, production of second-generation ethanol from hemicellulose, and export of lignocellulose residues from these facilities. Methodologies included mass and energy balances in Aspen Plus and economic models in MS Excel to determine the required selling prices for electricity, sugarcane residues and ethanol, for these investments. The required selling price for electricity for the sugarcane crushing industry was US\$ 97/MWhr, while that of bagasse residues was US\$ 90/ton. A first-generation ethanol plant with electricity co-generation from bagasse has an ethanol selling price of US\$ 0.84/I, which was highly dependent of the cane price, and reduced significantly when second-generation production from hemicelluloses of bagasse and trash was incorporated. The selling price of US\$ 0.38/I for integrated second-generation ethanol at a sugar mill was the lowest, but however, was highly dependent on technological efficiency. Standalone second generation ethanol was unfeasible due to the costs of the infrastructure needed to provide bagasse as a feedstock. (C) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse to obtain a high efficiency conversion of polysaccharides in monosaccharides is dependent on factors related to the morphology and chemical composition. Therefore, a pretreatment step is necessary to obtain a less recalcitrant substrate. Here, alkaline sulfite with ethanol (ASE) was employed to pretreat sugarcane bagasse aiming to produce substrates enriched in carbohydrates with greater cellulose accessibility. A xylanase stage was evaluated as a strategy to remove arabinoxylan fraction from pretreated bagasse and to verify the influence of the addition of the enzyme xylanase (5, 50, and 500 IU/g material) on the characteristics of ASE pretreated bagasse from 5 to 15\% dry matter. The highest xylan extraction yield of 59\% was achieved when working at 15\% solids and xylanase dosage of 500 IU/g substrate. The interaction of enzyme and solid loadings was positive to arabinoxylan extraction, however the excessive removal of arabinoxylans caused changes on biomass fiber surface and a decrease in water absorption. The cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis of ASE bagasse ASE pre-extracted by xylanase was nearly paralleled to the control sample, at 15\% solids. This study shows that the enzymatic removal of xylan from pretreated bagasse provides a promising condition for the generation of the value-added product in the biorefinery process.
Herbicide formulations can alter the herbicide performance, affecting the application safety and weed control efficiency. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the dynamics of clomazone herbicide applied single and combined with sulfentrazone on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw. Laminated polypropylene containers filled with sugarcane straw (10 t ha(-1)) were subjected to two clomazone formulations (microencapsulated and conventional formulations; 1200 g ha(-1)) applied single or combined with sulfentrazone (600 g ha(-1)) with four replications, and the experiment was duplicated. The application was performed indoors with an automated sprayer. After application, accumulated rainfall depths (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mm) on the treated containers were simulated soon after the herbicide applications, and the percolated waters were subsequently collected for herbicide quantification by chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The microencapsulated formulation of clomazone applied single or combined with sulfentrazone enabled the recovery of higher quantity of clomazone (>80\%), with the advantage that a large percentage remained encapsulated (>70\%), thus decreasing losses and increasing the product efficiency. The 30 mm simulated rainfall efficiently carried the clomazone herbicide when its microencapsulated formulation was applied, whereas its conventional formulation required higher rainfall depths (60 mm). Sulfentrazone was easily carried through the sugarcane straw by the rainfall depths when it was combined with clomazone, regardless of the clomazone formulation. The clomazone formulation affect the percolation dynamics of this herbicide through the sugarcane straw.
This work aimed at the construction and structural evaluation of modular panel with reforested wood, particleboards of sugarcane bagasse and a bi-component resin based on castor oil, for use in lateral closing for construction of crowding pens and chutes for cattle handling facilities. The quality of the particleboards was evaluated considering the requirements of NBR 14810 (ABNT, 2006) and A208.1 (ANSI, 1999). The structural performance of the modular panel was evaluated by the soft body impact testing. The results indicate that the particleboards have physical and mechanical properties that meet the minimum recommendations of the normative documents for structural use. The modular panel shows structural performance suitable to withstand impact loads equivalent to conditions of use, and can be used in cattle handling facilities.
Lignocellulosic fibers extracted from sugarcane bagasse were treated with NaOH solutions of different concentration (0-40 wt\%) to study the effect of alkali treatment on the composition, structure and properties of the fibers. Composition was determined by the van Soest method, structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while mechanical properties by tensile testing. Hemicellulose and lignin content decrease, while cellulose content goes through a maximum as a function of alkali concentration. Crystallinity changes only slightly and microfibril angle (MFA) remains constant thus structural effects and especially MFA are not the primary reasons for changing properties. The Young's modulus of the fibers shows a slight maximum at around 2-4 wt\% NaOH content, while tensile strength goes through a much more pronounced one at around 5-8 wt\%. Direct correlation between structure and mechanical properties was not found indicating that composition is more important in the determination of properties than structure. Regression analysis proved that the combination of several compositional variables determines mechanical properties in a non-linear manner. The improvement in fiber properties was explained with the dissolution of weak amorphous fractions and the relative increase of cellulose content.
In this work, dietary fibers (DF) were synthesized from SCB wastes, incorporated in different amounts (5, 10, 15 and 20 g kg-1) into wheat flour to formulate composite cookies. At the same time, they were compared with biscuits prepared with 100 g kg( -1) wheat flour (control), evaluating their potential application in bakery products. Both, the DF and the cookies were analyzed from textural, physical, sensory, proximal and microbial features. The DF of SCB residues favorably presented a high content of insoluble dietary fiber 85.46 g kg -1 with only 1.3 g kg( -1) of soluble fibers indicating satisfactory conditions to human consumption. The composite cookies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the L{*
The aim of this work was to determine whether molasses, a by-product of sugar manufacture, alone or combined with gypsum, could improve the structural stability of sodic soils used for sugarcane production. A Burdekin sandy clay loam with an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 7.9, and a Proserpine loamy sand with an ESP of 18.8 were incubated with molasses (0 and 10 t/ha) and gypsum (0 and 10 t/ha) for 12 weeks, during which time they were leached 5 times with water (0.5 pore volumes each time). In the Burdekin soil, molasses and gypsum, either alone or combined, decreased spontaneous clay dispersion from 2.6 to <0.2 g/kg soil. Mechanical dispersion was reduced from 21.2 to <0.2 g/kg soil by gypsum alone, and to 14.9 g/kg soil by molasses alone. Molasses and gypsum both increased wet aggregate stability, with the combined effect being greatest; the proportion of aggregates >250 mum was 31\% in the control and 71\% with molasses + gypsum. Electrical conductivity (EC1:5) was 0.1 and 1.9 dS/m, pH(1:5) in water was 7.7 and 7.1, and ESP was 4.1 and 0.2 in the control and molasses + gypsum treatments respectively. In the Proserpine soil, the amounts of dispersible clay were much less than in the Burdekin soil. The effects of molasses and gypsum in decreasing spontaneous and mechanical clay dispersion were similar to those in the Burdekin soil, but less pronounced. Molasses and gypsum, either alone or combined, improved the structural stability of both soils by decreasing dispersion and/or slaking. An implication of this work is that molasses may be a useful ameliorant for sodic soils, either alone or combined with gypsum.
Trials referring applicability of the final product, such as durability tests to fungi and termites are crucial in developing panels. Therefore, panels made with different percentages of sugarcane bagasse particles (Saccharum sp.) and eucalyptus fiber (Eucalyptus grandis), bounded with two dosages of urea formaldehyde resin (13\% and 16\%), were evaluated for biological resistance (bioassays) to termites and fungi, which is fundamental in defining use and application of the final product. We used the termite species Reticulitermes santonensis, rhinotermitidade, and the fungy Pleurotus ostreatus, a white rot basidiomycete, according to AFNOR standardization procedures. In general, the new panels were not resistant to bioassays and there was a similarity in the dynamics of attack and mass loss among the different doses of resin applied, thus evidencing the need of applying protective coating on the panels surface or adding termiticide and fungicide products.
Levulinic acid (LA) is a promising platform chemical that can be produced from C6-sugars of lignocellulose. However, direct conversion of lignocellulose leads to the predefined by-products furfural and a solid residue, composed of lignin and humins. Enabling independent conversion of the major biomass components would increase the flexibility in terms of the products of a biorefinery. Therefore, this work focuses on integrating LA production into a biorefinery, which fractionates the biomass with a thermal -enzymatic treatment using hot water and enzymes only. Besides a glucose solution, used for LA production, a hemicellulose rich hydrolysate and solvent free lignin were recovered. The yields for the C6-fractions after thermal and enzymatic treatment were 95.8 mol\% and 62.1 mol\%, respectively. The influence of temperature (160-200 C-circle), residence time (3-90 min) and acid concentration (0.25-1 M) on LA synthesis, following thermal -enzymatic treatment was investigated by statistical methods, achieving a maximum LA yield of 67.7 mol\%. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This paper analyzes the influence of pH, temperature and degree of hydrolyzate concentration on the removal of volatile and nonvolatile compounds from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate treated with activated charcoal before or after the vacuum evaporation process. Furfural and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural were almost totally removed in all the experiments, irrespective of pH and temperature and whether the charcoal was added before or after the vacuum evaporation process. Adding activated charcoal before the vacuum evaporation process favored the removal of phenolic compounds for all values of pH. Acetic acid, on the contrary, was most effectively removed when the activated charcoal was added after the vacuum evaporation process at an acid pH (0.92) and at the highest degree of hydrolyzate concentration (f=4). However, addition of activated charcoal before or after vacuum evaporation at an acid pH (0.92) and at the highest degree of hydrolyzate concentration (f=4) favored the removal of both acetic acid and phenolic compounds.
Using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for identification, three strains of Aspergillus terreus were identified and designated AUMC 15760, AUMC 15762, and AUMC 15763 for the Assiut University Mycological Centre culture collection. The ability of the three strains to manufacture lovastatin in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The most potent strain was strain AUMC 15760, which was chosen to ferment nine types of lignocellulosic waste (barley bran, bean hay, date palm leaves, flax seeds, orange peels, rice straw, soy bean, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat bran), with sugarcane bagasse turning out to be the best substrate. After 10 days at pH 6.0 at 25 degrees C using sodium nitrate as the nitrogen source and a moisture content of 70\%, the lovastatin output reached its maximum quantity (18.2 mg/g substrate). The medication was produced in lactone form as a white powder in its purest form using column chromatography. In-depth spectroscopy examination, including H-1, C-13-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, optical density, and LC-MS/MS analysis, as well as a comparison of the physical and spectroscopic data with published data, were used to identify the medication. At an IC50 of 69.536 +/- 5.73 mu M, the purified lovastatin displayed DPPH activity. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis had MICs of 1.25 mg/mL, whereas Candida albicans and Candida glabrata had MICs of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively, against pure lovastatin. As a component of sustainable development, this study offers a green (environmentally friendly) method for using sugarcane bagasse waste to produce valuable chemicals and value-added commodities.
In the present work, we compared the chemical profile of the organic compounds produced in non-catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 500 degrees C with those obtained by the in-line catalytic upgrading of the vapor phase at 350 degrees C. The influence over the chemical profile was evaluated by testing two Ni-based catalysts employing an inert atmosphere (N-2) and a reactive atmosphere (H-2) under atmospheric pressure with yields of the liquid phase varying from 55 to 62\%. Major changes in the chemical profile were evidenced in the process under the H-2 atmosphere, wherein a higher degree of deoxygenation was identified due to the effect of synergistic action between the catalyst and H-2. The organic fraction of the liquid phase, called bio-oil, showed an increase in the relative content of alcohols and phenolic compounds in the GC/MS fingerprint after the upgrading process, corroborating with the action of the catalytic process upon the compounds derived from sugar and carboxylic acids. Thus, the thermal conversion of sugarcane bagasse, in a process under an H-2 atmosphere and the presence of Ni-based catalysts, promoted higher deoxygenation performance of the pyrolytic vapors, acting mainly through sugar dehydration reactions. Therefore, the adoption of this process can potentialize the use of this waste biomass to produce a bio-oil with higher content of phenolic species, which have a wide range of applications in the energy and industrial sectors.
Extensive use of chemical fertilizers to increase yields of crops grown in rain-sheltered houses may impair the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil. Organic liquid fertilizer based on vinasse produced by sugarcane fermentation is increasingly being used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. The objectives of this study were to analyze the growth characteristics, yields, and nutrient utilization efficiency and measure the effect of soil microbial enzymatic activity when using organic liquid fertilizer based on condensed molasses soluble with red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under protected cultivation. Four different fertilizer treatments were applied: no fertilizer (CON), chemical fertilizer (CF), chemical liquid fertilizer (CL), and organic liquid fertilizer (OL). Soil and plant nutrient contents, plant nutrient use efficiency, and soil enzyme activity were analyzed in each treatment. The fresh and dry weights of red peppers treated with organic liquid fertilizer increased, and fruit dry weight was similar between CF and OL. The P and K use efficiency of red peppers treated with organic liquid fertilizer increased, and the organic matter and available P2O5, K, and Ca contents of soil in organic liquid fertilizer treatment increased compared to chemical fertilizer treatment. In addition, the urease and beta-glucosidase activity in organic liquid fertilizer treatment increased significantly, which may stimulate nitrogen and carbon circulation in soil. In this study, it is shown that the use of organic liquid fertilizer based on vinasse of soluble condensed molasses improves red pepper production similar to chemical fertilizers in addition to improving the soil chemical properties and microbial activity.
The use of biomasses is becoming increasingly appealing alternative, to give an partial solution lack of energy, with an ecofriendly approach, having on sugarcane a solid fundament; that receives the new and valuable complement of the innovative concept of the biorefineries it is productive installations, that can be summarized as to reach the higher overall yield from the raw materials, with the lowest environmental impact, at minimum energy input and giving the maximum of the energy output. The biorefinery is the true valuable option of a wide diversification, with by-products like the single cell protein and biogas from the distillery vinasse, new oxidants like methanol, second generation biofuels, biobutanol, etc. In this context this paper presents a study of five different configurations of biorefineries. Each case study being a system based on an autonomous distillery or sugar mill with an annexed distillery and coproduction of methanol from bagasse. The paper includes the use of sugarcane harvest residues (mainly straw) and a BIG-GT plant (Biomass Integrated Gasification-Gas Turbine) as alternatives to fulfill the energy demands of the complex. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Most of the developing countries are very rich in agricultural and natural fibres. It has got a very large percentage of production of rice husk, jute, stalk, baggase and coconut fibre in India. All these natural fibers have excellent physical and mechanical properties and can be utilized more effectively in the development of composite materials for various industrial applications. The present study deals with the effects of natural fibers on some mechanical properties of the Epoxy composites. This research was carried out by reinforcing the matrix (Epoxy) resin with natural fibre (cane sugar fibers) and glass fiber. The natural fibers were exposed to chemical treatment before reinforcement. The hybrid composites reinforced with chopped glass and cane sugar fibers were produced using hand layup method. Each sample was fabricated with different 10, 20, and 30 percent by volume of sugar cane fiber. After preparation of composite material, the mechanical properties like flexural and impact strength were studied. Cane sugar fibre composites were found to have the higher values of flexural strength (490.77 MPa) and impact strength 93.92 KJ/m(2)) than chopped glass fiber composites (flexural strength 93.19 MPa and impact strength (23.92 KJ/m(2)). It was found that the addition of natural fibers (cane sugar) along with chopped glass fibers improve the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The technically controlled use of industrial residues in replacement of natural resources for the production of new products with comparable quality presents a great economic and sustainable contribution. In this sense, this work sought to develop self-compacting mortars with partial replacement of sand by sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) by a rheological study of the optimum dosage of superplasticizer to cement ratio. The self-compacting parameters were obtained by analyzing the relative flow area and relative flow time, adapting from mortar flow tests. Besides one sample composed only of sand as fine aggregate, the self-compacting mortars presented replacement rates of sand by sugarcane bagasse ash, in mass of 5, 10, 20, 25, 30 and 40\%. The results demonstrated that it was possible to reduce up to 489 and 56 kg of sand and cement, respectively, to produce 1 m(3) of self-compacting mortar with sugarcane bagasse ash considering the expressive replacement rate of 40\% of sand by SCBA.
The determination of low-level sucrose residue in sugarcane bagasse was investigated by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy to increase the level of sugar production in on-line sugar processing. The efficacy of ATR spectroscopy and chemometrics is described to determine the sucrose level of 0.5 percentage (w/w) or less. The ATR spectra from a range of sugar concentrations obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer in its finger print region (900-1200 cm(-1)) were incorporated to compute the calibration model using chemometrics approaches such as partial least square and principal component regression. Through the use of this procedure, a calibration model based on absorbance spectra was computed for sucrose residue with standard errors of calibration of 0.662\% and standard of prediction of 0.34\% over 0.5-5\% range. The correlation coefficient (R-2) value of 0.998-0.988 suggested the accuracy of the calibration model. An independent set of twenty samples of sucrose solution was used to reconfirm the modal. Ten sugarcane bagasse samples were prepared in vitro and sucrose concentration were predicted using develop calibration model. The mathematically extracted sucrose concentrations were verified for accuracy by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results presented demonstrate that described technique is effective to determine sucrose level < 0.5\% (w/w) in sugarcane bagasse during sugar processing. The importance of timeframe for the analysis and the feasibility of using ATR spectroscopy to screen sucrose residue in sugarcane bagasse samples is discussed.
A sugarcane bagasse nanocellulose-based hydrogel was developed as a colourimetric freshness indicator for monitoring spoilage of chicken breast. Nanocellulose was prepared from sugarcane bagasse cellulose filaments by TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and then used to form a strong self-standing hydrogel matrix through Zn2+ cross-linking. The hydrogel worked as a carrier for pH-responsive dyes (bromothymol blue/methyl red), which changed colour according to the freshness of the chicken sample. CO2 levels were found to increase with the spoilage of chicken, relative to rising levels of micro-organisms. The indicator hydrogel optical colour changed from green to red on the third day, as the log CFU/g passed the limit of acceptability for human consumption and emission of complicated volatiles. This new design of colourimetric freshness indicator made with a nano cellulose hydrogel has a quick response to chicken spoilage and is expected to facilitate the utilisation of bagasse nanocellulose as a value-added material in intelligent packaging.
Sugar industries generate large quantities of sugarcane bagasse ash as a by-product, which is subsequently landfilled despite its potential to be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete, similar to the currently used rice husk ash. Even though the pozzolanic nature of bagasse ash is known, the performance of bagasse ash along with other industrial by-products such as tire rubber powder in construction products has not yet been investigated. Hence, the combined use of uncontrolled burnt sugarcane bagasse ash as a supplementary cementitious material and rubber tire powder as fine aggregate for the development of cement concrete and alkali-activated concrete with minimum characteristic compressive strength 35 MPa is investigated in the present study. It was observed that a maximum of 10\% unprocessed bagasse ash along with 10\% rubber powder could be used in concrete paver blocks. Besides, 30\% unprocessed bagasse ash by weight of the binder can be used along with 10\% rubber powder in the case of alkali-activated concrete. Together, up to 40\% of the ingredients in alkali-activated concrete were effectively replaced with bagasse ash and rubber powder. The influence of different parameters on the performance of alkali-activated binders was also investigated and the optimum performance was witnessed for specimens activated with 8 M sodium-based activators and cured at ambient conditions. Therefore, bagasse ash and waste rubber tire powder can be used as value-added products in construction instead of their disposal as waste.
The feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse ash waste (BA) as an alternative raw material for clinker production was investigated. The effect of the BA on the mineral and mechanical properties of clinker at various sintering temperatures, as well as its environmental impact, was examined. The addition of BA increased the formation of C2S at 1,250 degrees C but adversely affected the formation of C3S at 1,450 degrees C, which caused compressive strength loss. However, the addition of BA up to 1.0 percent by weight at 1,450 degrees C meets the ASTM standard that requires a minimum compressive strength of at least 19.0 MPa for seven days of curing time. In The EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) revealed that concentrations of As, Cr, Pb, Fe, and Mn in the raw BA exceeded applicable limits These elements were not detected or were negligible after the sintering process. Results indicate that sugarcane BA waste can be used as an alternative raw material in clinker production as a means of recycling this waste product, thus contributing to sustainable waste management. (C) 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
De-lignification of sugarcane bagasse at varying conditions using hydrogen peroxide as solvent was studied and optimum conditions reported. The parameters studied are bagasse particle size, temperature and pH of contact and time of exposure to hydrogen peroxide. A laboratory size 1 litre working volume fermenter equipped with automatic pH and temperature controls was adapted to study effects of temperature (30, 40, and 50 degrees C) and pH (8, 9, 10 and 11) on bagasse de-lignification using 3\% v/v hydrogen peroxide at 3\% w/v `solid loading' over a period of 60 h. Throughout the experiments, agitation speed of the impeller was maintained at 500 rpm as this ensured perfect mixing as confirmed by tracer experiments conducted. Results obtained for 3 mm particle diameter showed increase de-lignification when compared with those for 0.6 mm particle diameter. Maximum de-lignification of 2.6 g/l lignin concentration was obtained at 50 degrees C, pH 10 and 0.3 mm particle diameter after 48 h. Also, both temperature and pH reduced significantly within 24 h when not controlled at set point resulting in lesser amount of lignin removal. Finally, second order rate law with 0.0013 litre (mole h)(-1) rate constant at 50 degrees C and activation energy to gas constant ratio of 7199 K was found to represent de-lignification of sugarcane bagasse at optimum pH using hydrogen peroxide.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was treated in three stages using ozone oxidation (O), washing in an alkaline medium (B) and ultrasonic irradiation (U). The impact of each pretreatment stage on the physical structure of the SCB was evaluated by its chemical composition, using an infrared technique (FTIR-ATR), and using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The pretreatment sequence O, B, U provided a significant reduction of lignin and hemicellulose, which was confirmed by changes in the absorption bands corresponding to these compounds, when observed using infrared. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed an increased thermal stability in the treated sample due to the removal of hemicellulose and extractives during the pretreatment. This pretreatment released 391 mg glucose/g from treated SCB after the enzymatic hydrolysis, corresponding to a yield of 94\% of the cellulose available. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In industrial yeast fermentation processes, single-cell yeast suspensions are usually preferable to cells in aggregates, as single cells exhibit a larger contact area with the nutrient medium, which in many cases helps optimize the process. In addition to affecting fermentation time and efficiency, cell aggregates (e.g., pseudohyphal yeast morphology) may also impair centrifugation systems, one of the most expensive and complex steps of the production process that involves the recovery of yeast cells for subsequent fermentation cycles. To date, no standard technique allows for a systematic diagnosis of yeast morphology in real time during sugarcane biofuel fermentation. Accordingly, we investigate an in situ microscope (ISM) for online monitoring of the density and morphology of an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain widely used in Brazilian distilleries (PE-2). During batch and repeated batch sugarcane molasses fermentation, the instrument revealed single cells, budding yeast cells, and pseudohyphae, all in a variety of sizes and shapes. The ISM image analysis indicated that the volume of single yeast cells increased by roughly 40\% over the lag phase before budding and remained approximately constant thereafter. Pseudohyphae with three and more cells appeared mostly during the stationary phase. Cooling problems were simulated by raising the temperature from 33 to 45 degrees C. During this thermal stress, single cells as well as budding cells and pseudohyphae forming cells became smaller and exhibited intracellular inhomogeneities. From these results, we conclude that an ISM is a useful tool for monitoring yeast morphology during sugarcane fermentation. Atypical morphologies can be detected early and be used as an automatic warning system.
Experiments are carried out to determine the effects of different system parameters viz, gasification temperature, equivalence ratio, steam to biomass ratio and bed materials acting as catalyst for the production of hydrogen from sugarcane bagasse. Energy audit report is proposed for the gasification process where net energy output is calculated to be 5.296 kW h for 1.0 kg of feed. A mathematical expression is developed for the yield of hydrogen by correlating above mentioned system parameters. Calculated values of hydrogen yield thus obtained are compared against the experimentally observed values. Energy balance gives 56 gms of the hydrogen production per kg of dry sugarcane bagasse. Carbon conversion efficiency and the cold gas efficiency are calculated to be 89.34\% and 80.65\% respectively. The optimum hydrogen yield is observed to be 37.98\% on N-2 and S free basis. This is achieved at a temperature of 700 degrees C, equivalence ratio of 0.25 and steam to biomass ratio of 0.5 with the bed material of 1:1 red mud - sand mixture. Heating value of hydrogen obtained from the product gas is found to match with the calculated net energy output implying the satisfactory performance of the gasifier with respect to hydrogen yield. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The mechanized harvesting process of sugarcane seedlings affects the mechanized planting operation in the sense that straw adhered to the billet can reduce the quantity of non-viable gems obtained as a result of mechanical damage sustained during the mechanized operation. This study proposes a method to improve the quality of the implantation of sugarcane crop by prevention of damages caused mainly during October/November, when adverse climatic conditions of higher water stresses and high temperatures exist. The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of the sugarcane planting operation using seedlings with and without straw, distributed by planters and distributors of chopped sugarcane, and comparing their performance to that of semi-mechanized planting. The study was conducted at Fazenda Santa Clara, located in Pradopolis - Sao Paulo, Brazil and considered five processes: mechanized planting of seedlings without straw, mechanized planting of seedlings with straw, mechanized distribution of seedlings without straw, mechanized distribution of seedlings with straw, and semi-mechanized planting. Fifty sample points were used to collect data for each process, as per the principles of Statistical Process Control. The number of unfeasible gems and faults in the stand reduced with the presence of straw in the grinding wheel, in addition to less variability being presented. The presence of straw in the billet enabled the best overall quality of sugarcane plantation.
Modifications in sugarcane bagasse (SCB) from ozonolysis (O) NaOH (B) and ultrasound (U) (OBU) treatment for cellulosic ethanol production by enzymatic hydrolysis, were evaluated when increasing the exposure time of SCB to ozone. The lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose after treatment were quantified: lignin removal and a consequent increase in cellulose content were shown using an infrared spectroscopic technique (ATR-FTIR) and chemical characterization. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) proved that OBU treatment does not affect the crystalline cellulose portion and electron microscopy techniques established that the fiber region most affected by the OBU treatment was the secondary cell wall, where the greatest lignin content is located. For OBU-60 treatment the lignin content was reduced and consequently there was a significant increase in cellulose content. After enzymatic hydrolysis, this pretreated SCB released 418 mg glucose/g, corresponding to six times more than untreated SCB and a yield of 93\% of the cellulose available. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
New biodegradable trays based on cassava starch blended with sugarcane bagasse (SB), as the main component, and cornhusk (CH), malt bagasse (MB), or orange bagasse (OB) have been investigated. Gelatinized cassava starch solution was used as binder. The resulting trays displayed thickness between 3.505 +/- 0.18 and 3.964 +/- 0.52 mm and density between 0.199 +/- 0.01 and 0.213 +/- 0.02 g/cm(3). All the biodegradable trays presented high water sorption capacity during storage under high or medium relative humidity. Mechanical analyses revealed that addition of different amounts of agroindustrial residues (CH, MB, or OB) to the materials affected resistance, making the biodegradable trays more rigid than EPS trays. Biodegradability tests demonstrated that all the trays fabricated from agroindustrial residues were more susceptible to degradation. Trays containing over 20\% OB were completely degraded within 60 days. In conclusion, fibrous agroindustrial residues can be potentially employed to produce biodegradable trays, especially the combination of sugarcane bagasse and cornhusk.
Syngas production via steam-based thermochemical gasification of Brazilian sugarcane bagasse, using concentrated solar energy for process heat, was thermodynamically and experimentally investigated. Energy and exergy analyses revealed the potential benefits of solar-driven over conventional autothermal gasification that included superior quality of syngas composition and higher yield per unit of feedstock. Reaction rates for the gasification of fast pyrolyzed bagasse char were measured by thermogravimetric analysis and a rate law based on the oxygen exchange mechanism was formulated. In order to provide residence times long enough for adequate char conversion, a laboratory-scale entrained flow reactor that combines drop-tube and fixed-bed concepts was developed. Testing was performed in an electric furnace with the final aim to supply heat by concentrated solar radiation. Experimental runs at reactor temperatures of 1073-1573 K and a biomass feed rate of 0.48 g/min yielded high-quality syngas of molar ratios H-2/CO = 1.6 and CO2/CO = 0.31, and with heating values of 15.3-16.9 MJ/kg, resulting in an upgrade factor (ratio of heating value of syngas produced over that of the feedstock) of 112\%. Theoretical upgrade factors of up to 126\%, along with the treatment of wet feedstock and elimination of the air separation unit, support the potential benefits of solar-driven over autothermal gasification. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper aims to identify the environmental, socioeconomic, and social hot spots and to find ways to enhance the sustainability of selected food, fuel, and fiber products from sugarcane, i.e., sugarcane, sugar, electricity from bagasse, and molasses-based ethanol. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) were used to examine the environmental, socioeconomic, and social performances of the various sugarcane-based products. All data from the field were collected during the production year 2014/2015. The environmental data were analyzed using the ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment method. Social data were analyzed using performance reference points method, using social indicators from relevant standards/guidelines. Interesting results from the study are that some problems such as cane trash burning and overuse of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals are the main causes not only of negative environmental performance, but also of negative socioeconomic and social performances. Moreover, recommendations to help increase the sustainability of the Thai sugar industry for each stakeholder group have been provided. These include, for example, using demonstration farms in the same areas, zoning of agricultural crops, implementing large area-based agriculture policy, and making local regulation to prohibit cane trash burning. {[
Bioethanol is promoted as a transportation fuel due to its perceived benefits; reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, substituting fossil fuels, enhancing energy security, and promoting the rural economy. This study aims to evaluate the availability potential, energy performance, and environmental sustainability of bioethanol from sugarcane molasses in Pakistan. It was found that the current potential of molasses-based bioethanol is enough to replace around 7\% of total gasoline consumption in the country. The results indicated that the use of E10 (10\% blend of bioethanol with gasoline) instead of gasoline would result in the reduction of GHG emissions by 8\%, human carcinogenic toxicity by 3\%, and fossil resource scarcity impacts by 9\%. However, E10 has comparatively higher impacts than gasoline on acidification by 20\% and on freshwater eutrophication by 43\%. Further benefits of molasses-based bioethanol were evident in terms of high energy gains where each MJ of the total energy input provided about 2 MJ of energy output from bioethanol and each MJ of fossil-based energy input resulted in the production of around 6 MJ of energy output from bioethanol. Furthermore, considerable improvements in performance were indicated by contemplating different existing practices and plant arrangements. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
To improve the efficiency of hydrothermal pretreatment for better methane production and minimizing sugarcane bagasse recalcitrance, hydrogen peroxide was studied as an impregnation agent before hydrothermal pretreatment. Hydrothermal pretreatment was conducted employing three factors: temperature (160, 180, 200 degrees C), time (5, 12, 19 min) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (2, 4, 6 \% v/v) by central composite design. Pretreated solid fraction resulted in a maximum of 73.1\% delignification, 75.8\% xylan removal besides 139.5\% glucan increase. Liquid fraction was observed with 3005.63 ppm of total phenolic content, 17.7 g L-1 CODs (Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand) along with minimal concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (0.01-0.06 mg mL(-1)), furfural (00.06 mg mL(-1)), and acetic acid (0.11-0.58 mg mL(-1)). Digestion experiments resulted in 323.3 NmL g(-1) TVS methane in comparison to 147.8 NmL g (-1) TVS for raw bagasse. Most abundant bacterial genera identified were uncultured AUTHM297 (Thermotogales) whereas Methanosaeta were the abundant methanogenic archaeal genera. The study resulted in a 118.64\% increase in methane production in comparison to raw bagasse indicating the importance of the impregnation step before hydrothermal pretreatment.
The use of alternative energy that is economically favorable for power generation is not a new issue, but the need to transit to a new energy low carbon pool is growing and replacing the use of fossil fuels stepwise by other cleaner energies, like bioenergy. The production of sugarcane and derivatives is a high energy intensive industry that has partially replaced the use of fossil fuels in the sugar mills, in order to diminish operational costs and improving the performance due to cogeneration capabilities. Nevertheless, there are few techno-economic analysis derived from the substitution of fossil fuels by biomass in energy cogeneration together with environmental impacts. In this work, we compare the techno-economical implementation and attributional life cycle analysis of a sugar production process using fuel oil or sugarcane bagasse for energy cogeneration of a sugar mill located in southern Mexico. The results favor the use of sugar cane bagasse with a bagasse processing capacity of 2852t per day when compared to the use of fuel oil. The first shows a cost per unit of energy produced of 5.5 vs. 14 USD/GJ for fuel oil; and a potential environmental impact index of 2528 vs. 20,200 PEI/GJ for the latter. The use of solid biofuels derived from wastes in food-related industries, such as sugar production, can support positive synergies at the environmental-water-food-energy nexus. (C) 2019 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was produced byPseudomonas mendocinaCH50 using a cheap carbon substrate, sugarcane molasses. A PHA yield of 14.2\% dry cell weight was achieved. Chemical analysis confirmed that the polymer produced was a medium chain-length PHA, a copolymer of 3-hydroxyoctanoate and 3-hydroxydecanoate, P(3HO-co-3HD). Lime oil, an essential oil with known antimicrobial activity, was used as an additive to P(3HO-co-3HD) to confer antibacterial properties to this biodegradable polymer. The incorporation of lime oil induced a slight decrease in crystallinity of P(3HO-co-3HD) films. The antibacterial properties of lime oil were investigated using ISO 20776 againstStaphylococcus aureus 6538P andEscherichia coli 8739, showing a higher activity against the Gram-positive bacteria. The higher activity of the oil againstS. aureus 6538P defined the higher efficiency of loaded polymer films against this strain. The effect of storage on the antimicrobial properties of the loaded films was investigated. After one-year storage, the content of lime oil in the films decreased, causing a reduction of the antimicrobial activity of the materials produced. However, the films still possessed antibacterial activity against S. aureus 6538P.
A low temperature lignocellulose pretreatment process was developed using acid-catalysed mixtures of alkylene carbonate and alkylene glycol. Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with mixtures of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethylene glycol (EG) was more effective than that with mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC) and propylene glycol (PG). These mixtures were more effective than the individual components in making bagasse cellulose more amenable to cellulase digestion. Glucan digestibilities of >= 87\% could be achieved with a wide range of EC to EG ratios from 9 : 1 to 1 : 1 (w/w). Pretreatment of bagasse by the EC-EG mixture with a ratio of 4 : 1 in the presence of 1.2\% H2SO4 at 90 degrees C for 30 min led to the highest glucan enzymatic digestibility of 93\%. The high glucan digestibilities obtained under these acidic conditions were due to (a) the ability of alkylene carbonate to cause significant biomass size reduction, (b) the ability of alkylene glycol to cause biomass defibrillation, (c) the ability of alkylene carbonate and alkylene glycol to remove xylan and lignin, and (d) the magnified above attributes in the mixtures of alkylene carbonate and alkylene glycol.
The vinasse, effluent generated in the distillation step of the ethanol production process, has polluting characteristics and is generated in large amounts, making its disposition problematic and costly. The present study addresses the vinasse problem through a comparison between two alternatives for the energy use of it: i) vinasse concentration and subsequent incineration of concentrated vinasse; and ii) vinasse anaerobic biodigestion. A simulation of a base case; namely, a conventional sugar and ethanol production process, was performed using the Aspen Plus (R) software. The comparison was carried out through energy, exergy and economic analyses. The energy analysis evaluates the impacts of these technologies in the cogeneration system, while the exergy analysis comprises the calculation of irreversibilities and exergy efficiencies. Finally, the economic analysis includes the calculation of costs and revenues of each alternative, in order to evaluate their feasibility. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Results show that energy and exergy efficiencies are in the same range for both alternatives; however, the economic assessment indicated the vinasse incineration as the best alternative for the assumed conditions. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The straw on the soil in the green cane harvesting system acts as a physical barrier to the action of the pre-emergence herbicides. However, some herbicides have physico-chemical characteristics to pass through the straw in water solution. The aim was to evaluate the influence of different densities of sugarcane straw on the leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor in a tropical soil (Oxisol-Typic Hapludox) in a system of green cane harvesting. The experiment was carried out using glass columns filled with soil, with and without sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10, and 20 t ha(-1)) on the top of the soil. C-14-aminocyclopyrachlor was applied followed by 200 mm of simulated rain for 48 h. The herbicide was detected in all soil layers (0-30 cm), and in the leachate (> 30 cm), in small trace amounts (ae<currency> 0.21\%) in all treatments, showing that aminocyclopyrachlor undergoes a high degree of leaching in the clayey soil. In the absence of straw, 39\% of the herbicide remained in the upper layer (0-5 cm). In the presence of straw, the herbicide was distributed through the soil profile, mainly from 0 to 25 cm. Forty percent more herbicide was retained in the straw with 20 t ha(-1) of sugarcane straw. Thus, it is concluded that the straw in high amounts retains aminocyclopyrachlor, but does not prevent it from reaching the soil; the high solubility of the herbicide and intense rainfall in a short period of time are factors that contribute to the herbicide passing through this barrier.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on the compressive strength and water absorption index of soil-cement bricks. The ash was sieved without chemical and/or physical treatment to reflect the use of this material in real manufacturing processes. The addition of natural ash decreased the quality of the bricks, reducing the compressive strength and increasing the water absorption index.
This study presents the ultrasound assisted ammonia pretreatment (UAAP) of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and the influence of SCB particle size, liquid ammonia concentration, sonication time, temperature and liquid to solid ratio (LSR) on cellulose recovery and delignification. The maximum cellulose recovery and delignification observed at the optimum conditions (particle size 0.274 mm, sonication time 45 min, ammonia concentration 10\%, LSR 10 mL/g and temperature 80 degrees C) were 95.78 and 58.14\%, respectively. The dilute acid hydrolysis of pretreated SCB produced 16.58 g/L glucose, 8.21 g/L xylose, 2.78 g/L arabinose, 0.81 g/L furfural and 1.79 g/L acetic acid. The hydrolysate contained less inhibitors compared to the values reported in the literature during fermentable sugar production. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
One way to reduce mineral fertilizers is to use alternative fertilizers instead, such as the byproducts from the food industry. In the present study we evaluated the effects of sugarcane bagasse ash on the physiology, growth, and development of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.). We conducted an experiment in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with two sunflower cultivars (Multissol and Catissol), five sugarcane bagasse ash doses (0.0, 3.125, 4.687, 6.25, and 7.812 mg ha(-1)), and 5 replicates. At 85 days after planting we determined the plant height; leaf number; stem diameter; internal and external diameter of the flower chapter; leaf area index; shoot dry weight; net assimilation rate; dry mass production rate; relative and absolute growth rate; extravasation of electrolytes; relative water content; photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and the chlorophyll a/b ratio); and soluble carbohydrates, proteins, and proline. The height, number of leaves, and shoot dry mass increased due to the availability of nutrients contained in the ash. The incorporation of ash into the soil increased the photosynthetic activity (chlorophyll a and b) of both sunflower cultivars. The diameter of the stem, leaf area index, and relative growth rate of both sunflower cultivars increased with increasing ash dose. Therefore, the ash can be used as an alternative fertilizer, complementing or replacing mineral fertilizers.
Bagasse sugarcane (BSC) has low fibre strength due to low cellulose content. Hence, by adding a strong secondary fibre that is high in cellulose such as pineapple leaf fibre (PALF), the fibre strength of the system can be improved. High portion of PALF decreased the composite paper performance because the high composition of PALF tends to produce flocs and agglomerates fibres. The arrangement of the fibres in composite paper should be improved so that this agglomerate's effect could be overcome. A novel multilayer hybrid fibre composite was used. BSC/PALF with several hybrid ratios was studied in terms of the mechanical and moisture properties of the produced paper sheet and the results showed that multilayer hybrid composite paper produced higher in hybrid composite paper's properties compared with random hybrid composite paper. The colour of multilayer hybrid fibre composite paper resembled the natural bright colour of BSC and the multilayer hybrid fibre composite paper also shown a slightly low weight loss percentage compared with the random hybrid fibre composite paper after 60 days of soil burial test. As a conclusion, multilayer hybrid fibre composite produced the stronger interfibre bonding and overcome the agglomerate's effect between BSC/PALF compared with random hybrid fibre composite.
Polypropylene composites were prepared from neat and alkali-treated sugarcane bagasse fibers. The results showed that alkali treatment leads to an increase in composite stiffness and strength. A maximum is achieved in these properties at around 5 wt\% NaOH content of the treating solution. The increase in properties was assigned to the improvement in inherent fiber characteristics. Acoustic emission testing and electron microscopy showed that the two main local deformation processes related to the fibers are their fracture and debonding; the latter is accompanied by the shear yielding of the matrix. Increased inherent strength of the fibers results in an increase in the fracture initiation stress and fracture energy of the composites. Interfacial adhesion has a slight effect on stiffness, but more significant on strength and impact resistance. Changing adhesion modifies the relative importance of local deformation processes, the number of debonding events decreases, while fiber fracture increases with increasing adhesion. Increased interfacial adhesion improves stress transfer and the load bearing capacity of the fibers as well, but suppresses matrix yielding. Alkali treatment increases inherent fiber strength, which can be directly correlated with composite strength.
Bio-inspired iridescent materials can possibly replace organic dyes and pigments, however, fabricating materials that resemble the appearance of absorbing pigments is challenging. Extracting cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from waste biomass is a sustainable practice in light of socio-economic and environmental concerns. In an attempt, CNCs from sugarcane bagasse are isolated through acid hyrdolysis. Stable anisotropic dispersions of CNCs are doped with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Iridescent composite films are cast from these suspensions through evaporation-induced self-assembly approach (EISA). The physicochemical properties of the films are studied at different loadings of PVP. These iridescent CNC/PVP composite films are then ball-milled to produce iridescent red and blue tone color pigments. The morphology and optical properties of pigments are studied through Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Hot-stage Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM). These pigments are then re-dispersed in a transparent polar polymer matrix to visually observe the color induced by them using solvent casting approach. In this study, sugarcane bagasse-derived cellulose nanocrystal based structural color pigments offer sustainable alternatives to traditional dyes. These pigments utilize the inherent optical properties of cellulose, creating vibrant and eco-friendly colors without the need for harmful chemicals. This work holds promise for various implications in textiles, coatings, and beyond.image
Recently, highly efficient production of valuable furan-based chemicals from available and renewable lignocellulosic biomass has attracted more and more attention via a chemoenzymatic route in an environmentally friendly reaction system. In this work, the feasibility of chemoenzy-matically catalyzing sugarcane bagasse into furfurylamine with heterogeneous catalyst and omega-transaminase biocatalyst was developed in the deep eutectic solvent (DES) ChCl:Gly-water. Sulfonated Al-Laubanite was firstly synthesized to catalyze sugarcane bagasse to furfural. SEM, BET, XRD, and FT-IR were used to characterize Al-Laubanite. Catalyst Al-Laubanite structure was significantly different from carrier laubanite. High furfural yield (60.9\%) was achieved by catalyzing sugarcane bagasse in 20 min at 170 degrees C and pH 1.0 by Al-Laubanite (2.4 wt\%) in the presence of ChCl:Gly (20 wt\%). Potential catalytic mechanism was proposed under the optimized catalytic condition. In addition, one recombinant E. coli CV harboring ut-transaminase could completely transform biomass-derived furfural to furfurylamine at 40 degrees C and pH 7.5 using L-alanine as amine donor in ChCl:Gly-water (20:80, wt:wt). This established chemoenzymatic cascade reaction strategy was successfully utilized for valorization of biomass into furan-based chemicals in the benign ChCl:Gly-water system.
In this paper a techno-economic analysis for a sugarcane biorefinery is presented for the Colombian case. It is shown two scenarios for different conversion pathways as function of feedstock distribution and technologies for sugar, fuel ethanol, PHB, anthocyanins and electricity production. These scenarios are compared with the Colombian base case which simultaneously produce sugar, fuel ethanol and electricity. A simulation procedure was used in order to evaluate biorefinery schemes for all the scenarios, using Aspen Plus software, that include productivity analysis, energy calculations and economic evaluation for each process configuration. The results showed that the configuration with the best economic, environmental and social performance is the one that considers fuel ethanol and PHB production from combined cane bagasse and molasses. This result served as the basis to draw recommendations on technological and economic feasibility as well as social aspects for the implementation of such type of biorefinery in Colombia. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of different roughage sources as an exclusive feed for goats and sheep from the determination of nutrient intake and digestibility. Five goats and five sheep were used and arranged in a double 5 x 5 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of cactus Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck cladodes (Nopalea) + urea + sugarcane bagasse (NUB), cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes (Opuntia) + urea + sugarcane bagasse (OUB), Tifton hay (TH), maize silage (MS), and forage sorghum silage (SS). Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intakes of NUB were greater than SS (0.620 and 0.058 versus 0.416 and 0.040 kg/day). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was higher for NUB (1.52 Mcal/day). The DM digestibility did not change between the roughages (59\%). The NUB, OUB, and MS organic matter digestibility (OMD; 62.4\%) were greater than that of SS (57.4\%). The roughage consisting of cactus cladodes associated with urea and sugarcane bagasse presented a greater nutritional value, similar to MS and TH, and higher than SS. Cactus cladodes associated with urea and sugarcane bagasse are recommended as an alternative to conserved feed.
With sweet sorghum production and subsequent accumulation of bagasse on the rise, it is important to look for novel uses for its by-products. Bagasse, the solid fibrous product left after sweet sorghum stalks are crushed to remove juice, is partially reapplied to the field to enhance subsequent crops. The majority of bagasse remains largely underutilized because more is produced than can be practically applied to fields. This study determined sweet sorghum bagasse chemical and microbiological properties for use as a fuel source. It was determined that sweet sorghum variety had no major effect on fuel value. Microbes have the potential to consume sugars and other beneficial compounds in bagasse, but our analysis of microbial counts showed that microorganisms did not reduce the fuel value of the bagasse tested. Sweet sorghum bagasse was also found to have favorable fuel value when compared to sugarcane bagasse, due to its lower ash and higher fixed carbon contents.
Microalgae are a promising aquatic culture for supplying biofuels and other bioproducts in the near- to medium-term. For this potential to develop into reality, an interesting alternative is to couple microalgae production with large-scale facilities in order to benefit from process integration. This review aims at analyzing the main inputs of microalgae cultivation and how they could be supplied by integrated biorefineries, namely carbon source, nutrients, water use, plant location and geographic conditions. A special focus is given to Brazilian sugarcane mills acting as hosting complexes for microalgal biomass production. Such industrial plants are able to supply cheap carbon for microalgae growth in the form of CO2 from boiler emissions, ethanol fermentation off-gas, or biogas from vinasse anaerobic digestion; water, organic molecules, and nutrients from in natura or processed vinasse; and renewable electrical energy obtained from sugarcane bagasse and straw burning. The effects of the location of possible sugarcane-microalgae biorefineries are also discussed, particularly points related to land suitability and availability in Brazil.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical-mechanical properties and the density profile of panels produced with sugarcane bagasse particles with two sizes (0.50 and 0.85 mm) and with pre-treatment (particles treated in hot water at 70 degrees C for two hours) and without pre-treatment. The nominal density of the panels was 0.65 g cm(-3). The cycle parameters were 35 kgf cm(-2) of pressure, temperature of 180 degrees C and 10 min of pressing. The physical and mechanical tests were performed according to the requirements of NBR 14810-2006. The density profile of the particleboards was obtained by X-ray densitometry. The water absorption in two hours was higher in the panels produced with particles treated in hot water. The other physical and mechanical properties were not influenced by the evaluated factors. The apparent density varied along the thickness of the panels, with more pronounced peaks in the outer layers, thus presenting a vertical density gradient within the normal range for this type of panel. The physical-mechanical properties do not meet the minimum requirements by the NBR 14810 (2006) for non-structural panels for indoor use in dry conditions (Type P2).
Saccharification of widely available agro-industrial waste product, sugarcane bagasse (SB) can be achieved by microbial enzymes. Since single enzyme cannot completely saccharify SB, therefore, enzyme cocktails are designed for effective saccharification. In this study, alkali (NaOH) pretreated SB was saccharified using enzyme preparations from a halotolerant bacterium, Bacillus vallismortis MH 1 and a thermophilic bacterium, B. aestuarii UE25. The factors affecting the process of saccharification were statistically optimized by Central Composite design (CCD). After analysis, CCD predicted the optimum conditions i.e. 8.08 U of B. vallismortis MH 1 and 1.92 U of B. aestuarii UE25 for 1 g of substrate; temperature, 65 degrees C; pH, 4; and reaction time, 48 h. Under optimal conditions, 501 mg g(-1) reducing sugars were obtained after the saccharification of pretreated SB. The structural analysis of substrate by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis showed damaged structure, increased porosity and a reduction in cellulosic content, indicating significant degradation of the SB by the enzyme cocktail. Hence, it can be concluded that enzyme cocktail used in this study is effective for the saccharification of alkali pretreated SB.
This study presents the sono-assisted pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for the production of bioethanol. The effect of sono-assisted alkali (NaOH) pretreatment on the removal of hemicellulose and lignin from SCB was studied and the results showed 80.8\% of hemicellulose and 90.6\% of lignin removal. Sono-assisted enzymatic saccharification was performed with Cellulomonas flavigena (MTCC 7450) and the yield was found to be affected by liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), cell mass and pH. The optimum reaction time, LSR, cell mass and pH were found to be 360 min, 15:1, 15 g/L and 6.0 respectively. At optimum conditions, the maximum glucose yield obtained was 91.28\% of the theoretical yield and the maximum amount of glucose obtained was 38.4 g/L. The enhancement in performance may be correlated with the swelling of cellulose and accelerated enzymatic saccharification due to the application of ultrasound. The hydrolyzate obtained was fermented using Zymomonas mobilis (MTCC 89) and about 91.22\% of the theoretical ethanol yield was observed in 36 h of fermentation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bagasse fiber, typically containing 50\% moisture, is burned to generate electricity and steam. Pre-combustion drying of fiber increases boiler energy efficiency and steam production, and has been demonstrated to reduce environmental impacts. However, uncertainty surrounding dust explosions are limiting its uptake and bagasse dust has potentially harmful health impacts. Here we propose new methods to assist in assessing dust liberation in bagasse fiber drying. Quantification of liberated combustible dust from bagasse fiber across a typical range of post-drying moisture contents (30 to 45 wt\%) was undertaken. Laser diffraction and sieving techniques were used to characterise bagasse fiber and dust particle size distributions, as well as quantify the mass fraction of dust liberated during cascading drying operations. Moisture content was found to significantly influence the liberation of combustible dust, defined as particles in the sub-425 mu m range. Drying from 45 to 30\% moisture led to a 260\% increase in liberated dust particles. Image analysis of dust clouds in falling fiber curtains were used to qualitatively assess and confirm the observations from the dust liberation sieving method. Scanning electron microscope imaging and dust particle specific surface area analysis provide further valuable insights into bagasse material properties that contribute to increased risk during drying.(c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse burning ashes are alternative renewable materials in the development of sustainable products in civil construction industry. They contain a high percentage of silica, being useful as filler or pozzolanic material. In this context, this work aimed to carry out a prospective study on cementitious mortars containing sugarcane bagasse ashes considering both sand and cement partial replacement. The study accomplished a literature review (articles and patentes) until March 2021. The search for articles was carried out in the Scopus, Web of Science and Scielo databases, and for patents, National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), from Brazil, Public Patents in Latin America and Spain (LATIPAT), United States Patent and Trademark Office, Espacenet and Patentscope. The following keywords were used: mortar, bagasse, ash and sugarcane. For the INPI and LATIPAT databases the same words in Portuguese. Through this search methodology, 427 scientific articles and 12 patents were obtained. After a careful analysis of these documents, 34 articles and no patent relevant to the proposed theme were selected. In these references, sugarcane bagasse ashes were used in replacements of 7.5-40\% for sand and 5-20\% for cement. The ashes contributed to improve the rheological and mechanical properties and durability of cement mortars, with cement replacements being the most used. The articles highlighted that different types of treatment used for sugarcane bagasse ashes improved their pozzolanicity. The reuse of these agro-industrial wastes is an interesting and promising strategy to contribute to environmental sustainability, in addition to being able to produce civil construction products with superior properties to those without the presence of ashes, and at low cost.
Mechanical recycling is utilized to reuse waste and obtain other plastic products via the reprocessing of a material in industrial equipment. Natural fiber composites have become more popular in recent years; however, these composites' mechanical behavior remains less well-understood than single polymers' behavior after recycling. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the degradation of different sugarcane fibers/polypropylene composites using new grinding and injection processes and to evaluate the mechanical properties of these materials using analysis of variance (ANOVA). This work reveals the mechanical behaviors of recycled natural fiber composites that contain thermal stabilizer additives. Polypropylene composites reinforced with differently treated bagasse and straw fibers (10 and 20 wt\%/PP) were obtained through melt mixing using a high-intensity thermokinetic mixer and were subsequently injected. The recycled composites exhibited decreased tensile strength relative to the original composites. However, when thermal stabilizers were added, the mechanical properties were maintained or increased, depending on the fiber and additive types.
An extracellular polysaccharide producing bacterium Zoogloea sp. was isolated from an agro-industrial environment in the north-eastern region of Brazil. The extracellular polysaccharide produced from sugarcane molasses was hydrolysed with trifluoroacetic acid (mild and strong conditions) giving 88\% of soluble material. The main monosaccharides present in the soluble fraction were glucose (87.6\%), xylose (8.6\%), mannose (0.8\%), ribose (1.7\%), galactose (0.1\%), arabinose (0.4\%) and glucuronic acid (0.8\%). Methylation analysis of the polysaccharide showed mainly 2,3,6-tri-O-methylhexitol (74.7\%) and 2,3,-di-O-methylhexitol (17.7\%). Enzyme hydrolysis of the polysaccharide with a cellulase confirmed the presence of (1 --> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. ALI rights reserved.
The brown compounds in the ultrafiltration permeates resulting from the alkaline-hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse were determined to be composed mainly of lignin monomers. These monomers significantly influence the separation and purification of p-coumaric acid. Addition of 3\% of activated charcoal removed 78.10\% of the compounds' color value but adsorbed only 14.36\% of the available coumaric acid in alkaline conditions. Decoloration by the application of activated charcoal before purification by anion exchange chromatography ensured the repeated use of the resins and crystallization of p-coumaric acid, thus significantly reducing preparation costs. A total of 8.56 g of crystal contained 95.2\% of coumaric acid was obtained from 1 kg of sugarcane bagasse after decoloration and separation. (C) 2011 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a concrete that can flow and compact by itself without vibrator. The ability of SCC to flow by itself makes this concrete very suitable for construction that has very small reinforcement gaps. In this study, SCC was designed to get a compressive strength above 60 MPa at the age of 28 days. Sugarcane bagasse ash was used as substitution material for cement replacement. Percentages of sugarcane bagasse ash used were 10\%, 15\%, and 20\%. There were three w/c values that vary from 0.275, 0.300, and 0.325. Testing standards referred to ASTM, EFNARC and ACI. The fresh concrete test was slump flow, L-box and V-funnel. The maximum compressive strength was in the mixture with the sugarcane bagasse ash composition of 15\% and w/c = 0.275 which was 67.24 MPa. The result of SEM test analysis found that the mixture composition with 15\% sugarcane bagasse ash has solid CSH structure, small amount of pores, and smaller pore diameter than other mixtures.
Edible mushrooms are seen as a way of increasing dietary diversity and achieving food security in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to develop substrates using locally available agro-industrial by-products and animal manures to enhance the production of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms in Ethiopia. The hypothesis was L. edodes mushroom production on seven different substrates: 100\% sugarcane bagasse (S1), 80\% sugarcane bagasse, 20\% cow dung (S2), horse manure (S3), chicken manure (S4), cottonseed hulls (S5), sugarcane filter cake (S6), and sugarcane trash (S7). Mushroom yield and biological efficiency were significantly affected by substrate type (p < 0.05). A significantly higher yield (434.33 g/500 g of substrate) and biological efficiency (86.83\%) were obtained using substrate S4 while lower yield (120.33 g/500 g) and biological efficiency (24.33\%) were obtained using substrate S7 than when using other substrates. The largest first flush of mushrooms was obtained on S4, and five flushes were produced on this substrate. S4 also had the highest biological efficiency, the highest nitrogen content, and the lowest C:N. Chicken manure is rich in nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which are crucial for Shiitake mushroom growth. Thus, substrate S4 would be a viable option for cultivating Shiitake mushrooms, particularly in regions where chicken manure is readily available. Substrate S2 also provided high yields and rapid fructification and would be a suitable alternative for Shiitake mushroom cultivation.
Thermobifida fusca is a moderately thermophilic soil bacterium belonging to Actinobacteria. It has been known for its capability to degrade plant cell wall polymers except lignin and pectin. To know whether it can produce enzymes to facilitate lignin degradation, the extracellular proteins bound to sugarcane bagasse were harvested and identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Among the identified proteins, a putative copper-containing polyphenol oxidase of 241 amino acids, encoded by the locus Tfu\_1114, was thought to presumably play a role in lignin degradation. This protein (Tfu1114) was thus expressed in E. coli and characterized. Similarly to common laccases, Tfu1114 is able to catalyze the oxidation reaction of phenolic and nonphenolic lignin related compounds such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and veratryl alcohol. More interestingly, it can significantly enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse by xylanase and cellulase. Tfu1114 is stable against heat, with a half-life of 4.7 h at 90 A degrees C, and organic solvents. It is sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and reducing agents but resistant to sodium azide, a potent inhibitor of laccases. Atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated that the ratio of copper to the protein monomer is 1, instead of 4, a feature of classical laccases. All these data suggest that Tfu1114 is a novel oxidase with laccase-like activity, potentially useful in biotechnology application.
Levulinic acid (LA) is an important biomass-based chemical. The preparation of LA from bagasse is of great practical significance for the comprehensive and efficient utilization of biomass. Biomass bagasse is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The cellulose is mainly degraded to glucose, and hemicellulose is mainly degraded to xylose, with dilute acid treatment at high temperature. In this research, we produced the LA from bagasse with dilute acid treatment at high temperature. The influences of residence time (10-60 min), reaction temperature (170-240 degrees C), liquid-to-solid ratio (5:1-25:1 mL/g), and acid concentration (1-5\%) on the synthesis of LA were investigated by statistical methods, achieving a maximum LA yield of 16.25\%. Additionally, LA was isolated and extracted from bagasses hydrolysate by ion exchange and vacuum distillation. The adsorption capacity of different resins was determined and compared. The optimal resin to acquire better adsorption capacity was determined. The better adsorption capacity was obtained when the D301 resin was selected as the filter for ion exchange. The height-to-diameter rate, eluent flow rate, elution volume of ion exchange column were 10, 0.84 BV/h, 56.4 mL, respectively. The eluent was then distilled under vacuum, collecting the components at 130-140 degrees C. The total yield and purity of LA were 67.1\% and 78\%, respectively.
Reactive red 120 is used as a textile dye for fabric coloring. The dye waste is produced during textile finishing process subsequently released directly to water bodies which giving harmful effects to the environment due to the carcinogenic characteristic. Adsorption process becomes an effective treatment to treat textile dye. This research emphasizes the treatment of textile dye namely reactive red 120 (RR120) by using sugarcane bagasse powder. The batch study was carried out under varying parameters such as 60 minutes contact time, pH (1-8), dye concentration (5-25 mg/L), particle size (125-500 mu m) and biosorbent dosage (0.01-0.2 g/L). The maximum adsorption percentage of RR120 was 94.62\%. The adsorption of dye was increased with the decreasing of pH, initial dye concentration and particle size. Sugarcane bagasse powder as low-cost biosorbent was established using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This locally agricultural waste could be upgraded into useful material which is biosorbent that promising for decolorization of colored textile wastewater.
This study evaluated the full-scale vinasse anaerobic digestion for industrial application. Twelve scenarios were simulated, considering single (methanogenic reactor) and two-stage systems (acidogenic + methanogenic reactors), raw and concentrated vinasse, thermophilic and mesophilic conditions for methanogenesis and usage of acidogenic or methanogenic reactor effluent to dilute vinasse. A single-stage anaerobic digestion system of 17,433 m(3) necessary to treat all the raw vinasse produced by a mill with a grinding capacity of 3.3 million tons of sugarcane per season can generate a power of 11.1 MW with an energy yield of 4.6 MJ/kg CODremoved. Two-stage system scenarios where vinasse was diluted with acidogenic reactor effluent had worse energetic recoveries than the single-stage system. Nonetheless, the usage of the methanogenic reactor effluent to dilute vinasse and its own influent in a two-stage system achieved an energetic recovery at least 34\% higher than that of the single-stage system. In the best two-stage scenario, the total working volume was 19,666 m(3), combining thermophilic acidogenic reactors and mesophilic methanogenic reactors, with an energy yield of 7.0 MJ/kg CODremoved. The different combinations of temperatures allow for a safer and more economic operation. The proposed novel industrial configuration can be divided into two parallel acidogenic reactors of 1,800 m(3) each, and those reactors are in series with eight parallel methanogenic reactors of 2,828 m(3) each. The electricity produced by the fullscale system can supply an energy demand of 24 thousand inhabitants per harvest season (9.7 kWh per ton of sugarcane). This study presents a novel discussion for sugarcane industry decision makers, such as plant managers, process and project engineers, providing a trade-off between highest energy production, optimal COD removal and lowest reactor volume (CAPEX investment) that better fits their needs.
The damaging effect and challenges associated with the use of fossil fuel is enormous and very costly. Biofuels could be obtained from plant biomass wastes which are known to be sources of environmental pollution and breeding grounds for vectors of diseases. Sugarcane bagasse was exploited as a renewable substrate for obtaining bioethanol using Streptomyces strain COB KF977550 as inoculum. Submerged aerobic batch fermentation was performed in flasks containing mineral salts medium supplemented with 5.0 g (w/v) sugarcane bagasse. Incubation was done in a shaker (150 rpm) at 30 degrees C for 21 days. Microbial growth was assessed by measurement of the optical density (O.D-600nm) at 3-day intervals. Fractional distillation was carried out in batch mode using a simple fractional distillation setup. Metabolic products were determined using GC-FID. Further analyses were performed using FTIR and GC-MS. The optical density of S.coelicolor strain COB KF977550 increased from 0.9 to 1.41. The GC-FID showed that 43.08 g/L ethanol was generated. Interestingly, the results showed the presence of diverse biochemicals released into the medium in addition to the main product ethanol. Ten carboxylic acids including formic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, lactic acid, n-valeric acid, and 3-hydroxybutyric acid were identified as biochemical organic acids by-products. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative.
The capacity of activated carbons obtained from different raw materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, babassu (Orbygnia speciosa), and coconut (Cocus nucifera) shells, to remove residual chlorine is studied. The influence of particle size and time of contact between particles of activated carbon and the chlorinated solution were taken into account. The adsorptive properties of the activated carbons were measured by gas adsorption (BET method), using an ASAP 2010 porosimeter, and liquid phase adsorption, employing iodine and methylene blue adsorbates. The activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse was the only adsorbent capable of removing 100\% of the residual chlorine.
Experimental trials of the dilute acid hydrolysis of bagasse hemicellulose to produce xylose, arabinose, glucose, acid-soluble lignin (ASL) and furfural were conducted using a temperature-controlled digester. The reaction conditions varied were; temperature (80-200degreesC), mass ratio of solid to liquid (1:5-1:20), type of bagasse material (i.e. bagasse or bagacillo), concentration of acid (0.25-8 wt\% of liquid), type of acid (hydrochloric or sulphuric) and reaction time (10-2000 min). Kinetic modelling of the global rates of formation of products was performed. The most accurate kinetic model of the global reaction for the decomposition of xylan was a simple series hydrolysis of xylan to xylose followed by xylose decomposition. Similar schemes were used to model the production of arabinose, glucose and furfural from the hemicellulose. The production of ASL was modelled by a first-order decomposition of lignin to ASL followed by a reversible decomposition of ASL. Yields of up to 220 mg xylose/g solid were achieved, i.e. about 80\% of the theoretical xylose available from the bagasse. The bagasse particle size was found to negligibly affect the rate of hydrolysis. Hydrochloric acid was found to be less active for the degradation of xylose compared to sulphuric acid. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The application of vinasse, an organic byproduct of ethanol production, can enhance greenhouse gas emissions from N fertilizers, especially nitrous oxide (N2O). The objective of this work was to test the efficiency of the nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in reducing N2O emissions from urea (UR) and ammonium nitrate (AN) applied with or without standard (V) or concentrated vinasse (CV). Two laboratory studies were conducted with repacked soil columns from a sugarcane field. Based on usual field rates, UR and AN were added at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha(-1), V was added at 100 m(3) ha(-1) (51 kg N ha(-1)), and CV was added at 20 m(3) ha(-1) (Exp. 1: 35 kg N ha(-1) and Exp. 2: 56 kg N ha(-1)). N2O emissions were measured for 75 and 61 days after the input of fertilizers and vinasses. When mineral fertilizers were compared, the N2O-N emission factors (EFs) were: 0.08\% (AN) and 1.44\% (UR). Combined with N fertilizers, vinasses (CV and V) greatly enhanced the N2O emissions from soil (ranging from 0.76\% to 1.5\% in one study and 1.37\% to 6.27\% in the other). In addition, CV + N fertilizer emitted more N2O than V + N fertilizer or N fertilizer alone. However, NI reduced N2O emissions by 80\% on average for vinasses (CV and V) plus N fertilizer (AN and UR) and UR alone, but not for AN alone. Since both vinasses and mineral N fertilizers are standard inputs for sugarcane production and high N2O emissions are observed when they are applied in the same area, NI should be considered for mitigation of soil N2O emissions from sugarcane used for bioenergy.
This study provides a bibliographic review for future reference in the broad field of bagasse composites by looking for factors that influence their attributes. As an abundant agriculture resource, sugarcane bagasse has attracted extensive research interests because of its high annual yields, low costs, and environmental-friendly characters. During these research, various parameters have been tested to identify their effects; however, these studies are carried out dispersedly. This review provides a summary of these factors, their impacts, and mechanisms. Three factors are used to explain the attributes of bagasse composites followed by the factors involved in preparation, modification, and additives and also their influences. Then the best mechanical properties of different bagasse composites and their achieving condition are summarized. Durability is also reviewed. Additionally, competitive application of bagasse composites is defined by comparing their attributes with other natural fiber composites.
Paenibacillus sp. is a bacterium that contains the expected lignocellulolytic enzyme. Agricultural byproducts like rice straw, corn straw, soybean straw, and sugarcane bagasse are lignocellulose biomass that have potential to be used as carbon source. This study aimed to measure the growth of Paenibacillus sp. inoculated on different carbon media. The treatments consisted of nutrient broth (NB) and five formulations which including carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and four agricultural by-products as the varied carbon sources. The media was composed of peptone (0.5\%), yeast extract (0.5\%), K2HPO4.3H2O (0.1\%), MgSO4.7H2O (0.02\%), and a carbon source (0.5\%). A loop-full of Paenibacillus sp. was used to inoculate the variable media and was then incubated at 30 degrees C. Total numbers of bacteria in stationary phase was calculated using the total plate count method and it was found that sugarcane bagasse provided the highest number of bacteria. Overall the total number of bacteria in stationary phase was determined to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Corn straw obtained the least number of bacteria (9.5x10(5) CFU ml(-1)), whereas the sugarcane bagasse medium had the highest yields with 1.4x10(7) CFU ml(-1). The other media NB, soybean straw, rice bean straw, and CMC yielded 2.5x10(6) CFU ml(-1), 5.2x10(6) CFU ml(-1), 9.9x10(6) CFU ml(-1), and 1.13x10(7) CFU ml(-1), respectively. This study concludes that agricultural by-products, especially sugarcane bagasse can be used as the carbon source for growing Paenibacillus sp.
Sugarcane straw (SCS) was pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid assisted by microwave to magnify fermentable sugars and to minimize the concentration of inhibitors in the hydrolysates. The optimum conditions for maximum recovery of sugars were 162 ?C and 0.6\% (w/v) H2SO4. The low level of inhibitors, such as acetate (2.9 g/L) and total phenolics (1.4 g/L), in the SCS slurry from the pretreatment stage allowed the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps to occur without detoxification. Besides consuming the total sugar content (31.0 g/L), Clostridium beijerinckii Br21 was able to use acetate from the SCS hydrolysate, to give butyric acid at high conversion factor (0.49 g of butyric acid /g of sugar). The optimized pretreatment conditions spared acid, time, and the detoxification stage, making bio-butyric acid production from SCS extremely attractive.
The aim of this study was to evaluate spectral curves of three different soils amended with organic residues derived from the cane sugar industry. It was used disturbed samples of four soils of distinct classes: a typic dystrophic Red Latosol (Haplustox-LVd), a typic dystroferric Latosol (Rhodic Ustox-LVdf), a typic dystrophic Argisoil (Rhodustults-PVd) and a Cambisol (Dystropept-CXa). They were amended with 0, 40 or 80 t ha(-1) of organic residues derived from the cane sugar and alcohol industry (filter cake). Spectral reflectance of the soil samples were obtained under laboratory conditions by spectroradiometry (FieldSpec), employing spectral bands ranging from 450 to 2,500 nm. The effects of the organic residues application on the soil spectral curves were most evident in the sandier soils. The intensity of the spectral soil curves was reduced at higher organic residue doses due to the increase in soil organic matter. For the amended LV soil, we observed an increase in the intensity of reflectance. This was related to the presence of Ca2+, which masked the effect of the organic matter.
This work aims to evaluate the production of second-generation ethanol from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate without acetic acid (inhibitor) detoxification. Three isolated yeast strains from lignocellulosic materials were evaluated, and one strain (UFFS-CE-3.1.2), identified using large subunit rDNA sequences as Wickerhamomyces sp., showed satisfactory results in terms of ethanol production without acetic acid removal. A Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the influence of hydrolysate composition and nutrients supplementation in the fermentation medium for the second-generation ethanol production. Two fermentation kinetics were performed, with controlled pH at 5.5, or keeping the initial pH at 4.88. The fermentation conducted without pH adjustment and supplementation of nutrients reported the best result in terms of second-generation ethanol production. Wickerhamomyces sp., isolated as UFFS-CE-3.1.2, was considered promising in the production of second-generation ethanol by using crude (non-detoxified) sugarcane hydrolysate.
Background: Sugarcane bagasse was shown to be an adequate substrate for the growth and aroma production by Trichoderma species. In the present work the ability of Trichoderma viride EMCC-107 to produce high yield of coconut aroma in solid state fermentation (SSF) by using sugarcane bagasse as solid substrate was evaluated. The produced aroma was characterized. Results: Total carbohydrates comprised the highest content (43.9\% w/w) compared with the other constituents in sugarcane bagasse. The sensory and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the highest odor intensity and maximum yield of volatiles were perceived at the 5th d of induction period. The unsaturated lactone, 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6-PP), was the major identified volatile compound. Saturated lactones, delta-octalactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-undecalactone, gamma-dodecalactone and delta-dodecalactone, were also identified in the coconut aroma produced during the induction period (12 d). A quite correlation was found between the composition and odor profile of the produced aroma. The effect of varying the concentration of sugarcane bagasse on 6-PP production and biomass growth was evaluated. The results revealed high 6-PP production at 4.5 g sugarcane bagasse whereas the biomass showed significant (P < 0.05) increase by increasing the concentration of sugarcane bagasse. Conclusion: The concentration of 6-PP, the most contribution of coconut aroma, produced in present study (3.62 mg/g DM) was higher than that reported in previous studies conducted under the same fermentation conditions. The significant increase in biomass with increasing the concentration of sugarcane bagasse may be attributed to the increase in sugar content that acts as carbon and energy source. (C) 2014 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In Brazilian sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production systems, the practice of moving harvesting residue from row to inter-row positions (i.e., raking) has increased in response to producer concerns over the potential negative effects of sugarcane straw on crop establishment and stalk yield. Despite increasing adoption among sugarcane farmers, the impacts of straw raking practices on plant growth and yield remain unclear. A 2-yr experiment that included both dry and wet seasons was conducted at two sites in southeastern Brazil to evaluate straw management strategy effects on plant tillering, phytomass accumulation, plant nutritional status, and stalk yield. The experiments were established at the Bom Retiro mill and the Univalem mill. Experimental treatments included raking straw to inter-rows (raked), total straw removal (bare soil), and no straw removal (straw cover). Raked and bare soil treatments improved plant tillering but did not influence final plant population. Straw management had a slight effect on phytomass accumulation. Reduction of phytomass yield was observed from the first to the second ratoon during both seasons at both sites. At Bom Retiro, phytomass yield decreased 37\% for stands established during the dry season and 19\% for stands established during the wet season. At Univalem, phytomass yield decreased 20\% for stands established during the dry season and 30\% for stands established during the wet season. Retaining straw in the field (regardless of treatment) increased leaf tissue P content but not stalk yield. Raking straw from row to interrow positions at these locations in southeastern Brazil had no benefit on sugarcane yield but may result in soil compaction and higher production costs over time.
This study focused on the increase of processing temperature of sugarcane bagasse fiber and polypropylene composites by removing sucrose and moisture in bagasse fibers. The relationship between the number of washing times and remaining sucrose in bagasse fiber were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis showed that original bagasse fibers, which had been obtained from a sugar cane mill, contained 4.0 wt\% sucrose. To clarify the effect of the remaining sucrose and moisture on the limit of processing temperature in bagasse composites, the sucrose removed bagasse (40 wt\%) or the original bagasse (40 wt\%) was mixed with polypropylene (60 wt\%), respectively. Then, the composite specimens were prepared with hot-press forming at various temperature. The observations of the composites appearances and their flexural tests were carried out. The results showed that the limit of processing temperature in the removing sucrose and moisture of bagasse composites was dramatically improved. The flexural properties in the sucrose and moisture removed bagasse composites did not decrease until 260 degrees C, while that in the original bagasse composites decreased at 240 degrees C.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of molasses, a low cost by-product of the sugarcane extraction, for improvement of the physicomechanical properties of old corrugated container (OCC) recycled paper as a dry-strength agent. The influence of fiber beating on the enhancing effect of molasses was also investigated. Five dosages (0\%, 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, and 18\%) of molasses and 3 levels of freeness (420, 400, and 320 mL CFS) were used as variable factors. For each treatment, 6 handsheets, each having an area of 200 cm(2) and basis weight of 120 g/m(2), were made. The experimental results showed that except for the case of tear index, the increase in mechanical and physical properties were considerably higher than control (untreated) samples. Significant changes of tensile and burst indices, breaking length, and air resistance were observed after the addition of 18\% molasses. From a statistical viewpoint, the addition of molasses had more positive effects on the above-mentioned properties, compared to the fiber beating. However, at a certain dosage of molasses, with increased beating, the strength properties were improved remarkably. This is due to the molasses adsorption efficiency, which depends on the specific surface of particles. The water retention values (WRV) were moderately increased by applying molasses, however with increasing dosage the WRV was improved. From these findings, it is concluded that molasses is a promising dry-strength agent and it can also be used as a replacement for cellulosic fibers. This conclusion is in good agreement with the previous research articles, which introduced molasses as a new additive in papermaking. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), which is otherwise landfilled, was utilized to develop construction material that serves a purpose of disposal of solid waste management and energy efficient alternate construction material. SBA was characterized using particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM monographs show the rough surface with plenty of fine pores. XRF, XRD, and physicochemical properties of the SBA prove its suitability as a pozzolanic or cementitious material. TGA confirms thermal stability till 650 degrees C. On the suitability of principal raw material, SBA-quarry dust (QD)-lime (L) bricks were developed with a constant composition of lime (20\% by weight) and tested for physicomechanical (weight, dry density, water absorption, efflorescence, and compressive strength), functional (thermal conductivity, k), durability (chloride, sulfate, and carbonation), and environmental {[
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is the main residue of the sugarcane industry and a promising renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic material. The cellulose component of SCB, present at 40-50\%, can be used to produce value-added products for various applications. Herein, we present a comprehensive and comparative study of green and traditional approaches for cellulose extraction from the by-product SCB. Green methods of extraction (deep eutectic solvents, organosolv, and hydrothermal processing) were compared to traditional methods (acid and alkaline hydrolyses). The impact of the treatments was evaluated by considering the extract yield, chemical profile, and structural properties. In addition, an evaluation of the sustainability aspects of the most promising cellulose extraction methods was performed. Among the proposed methods, autohydrolysis was the most promising approach in cellulose extraction, yielding 63.5\% of a solid fraction with ca. 70\% cellulose. The solid fraction showed a crystallinity index of 60.4\% and typical cellulose functional groups. This approach was demonstrated to be environmentally friendly, as indicated by the green metrics assessed (E(nvironmental)-factor = 0.30 and Process Mass Intensity (PMI) = 20.5). Autohydrolysis was shown to be the most cost-effective and sustainable approach for the extraction of a cellulose-rich extract from SCB, which is extremely relevant for aiming the valorization of the most abundant by-product of the sugarcane industry.
Today, sugarcane bagasse (SB) is used for bioethanol and biodiesel production, energy generation, and adsorbent synthesis. The goal of this project is to determine the optimized conditions for producing adsorbent from sugarcane bagasse using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH activation. To optimize process parameters such as reaction temperature, residence time, ZnCl2/SB mixing ratios, and water/SB mixing ratios, response surface methodology was used. The results revealed that the optimum modified adsorption occurred at 180 degrees C, 11.5 h, a water to biomass ratio of (5:1), and a ZnCl2 to precursor ratio of (3.5:1). The physicochemical features of optimum activated hydrochar were investigated, as well as batch adsorption experiments. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model were found to fit the experimental results in batch adsorption studies {[
Biomaterials utilization in biorefineries for food, fuel, and fibre is advantageous in terms of income and employ-ment but may also have certain negative repercussions. This study focused on the optimum utilization of sugarcane-based products considering several sustainability indices, viz., greenhouse gas emissions, production costs, and profitability. The cane and sugar utilization in Thailand was optimized with the help of linear program -ming considering multiple scenarios, decision variables, and system constraints. Furthermore, the considered scenarios were ranked by following the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The scenario where the additional sugarcane was used for sugar production and the extra molasses was used for ethanol production received the highest rank-ing, followed by supplying extra bagasse to power plants. Nevertheless, the results showed that polylactic acid production, which has been highly promoted by the government, is still not attractive enough to persuade the industrial sector because of its high production cost. It is also interesting to note that direct ethanol production from excess sugarcane does not yield preferable results in terms of sustainability. The results showed that excess bagasse to power plant dominated the production cost and greenhouse gas emission while the extra sugar to PLA production and bagasse based-electricity could induce high profitability in the system. Based on the different weighting schemes, a sustainability triangle was developed to present the influence areas of the considered sce-narios. The concept of a sustainability triangle would be beneficial for the decision-makers to choose the appro-priate pathway by explicitly revealing the tradeoffs between the various sustainability aspects. (c) 2023 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This research aimed to propose an online system based on multispectral images for the real-time estimation of the moisture content (MC) of sugarcane bagasse. The system consisted of a conveyor belt, four halogen bulbs, and a multispectral camera. The MC models were developed using machine learning algorithms, i.e., multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), artificial neural network (ANN), PCA-ANN, Gaussian process regression (GPR), PCA-GPR, random forest regression (RFR), and PCA-GPR. The models were developed using 150 samples (calibration set) meanwhile the remaining 50 samples were applied as a validation set. The comparison of all developed models showed that the PCA-RFR model achieved better detection with a higher accuracy of MC prediction. The PCA-RFR model showed the best results which were a coefficient of determination of prediction (r(2)) of 0.72, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 11.82 wt\%, and a ratio of the standard error of prediction to standard deviation (RPD) of 1.85. The results show that this technique was very useful for MC rapid screening of the sugarcane bagasse.
This study reports the influence of sugar cane vinasse on the persistence, sorption and leaching potential of diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) in both a clay and sandy soil from a tropical area of Brazil. The experiments were conducted out under controlled laboratory conditions. The addition of sugarcane vinasse to soil influenced the persistence and sorption of the herbicides in both the studied clay and sandy soils, with a considerable decrease in the diuron DT50 values in clay soil. The Ground Water Ubiquity Score (GUS) Index classifies the herbicides as leachers in both soils and treatments, with the exception of diuron, which is classified as a non-leacher in clay soil-vinasse and as a transient herbicide in sandy soil. These results suggest that special attention should be given to areas such as those where the sandy soil was collected in this study, which is a recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer and is likely to experience groundwater contamination due to the high leaching potential of the applied pesticides.
Aiming to systematically convert post-consumer plastics in building materials, we compounded recycled high-density polyethylene and sugarcane bagasse. We ranged the polymer/filler ratio from 100/0 to 60/40, and assessed the properties using optical microscopy, water absorption test, adhesion by tape test, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic-mechanical analysis, and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry. The optical microscopy of the triturated bagasse showed the reduced and heterogeneous fiber sizes. The absorption and adhesion test showed that the polymer more heavily filled with bagasse can better absorb and anchor paint with organic solvent base. The dynamic-mechanical analysis and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry led us to believe that the bagasse fibers somehow structured the amorphous region amongst the crystallized lamellae of the polymeric matrix. We concluded that these composites have interesting properties to produce building materials.
Recently the attention in composite materials reinforced with natural fibers has significantly increased due to the new environmental legislation as well as consumer pressure that forced manufacturing industries to search substitutes for the conventional materials, e.g., glass fibers. In this way, the objective of the paper was to evaluate the thermal properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber-cardanol resin composites. Fibers were cut down to 20 mm length in diagonally. These fibers were mixed with the cardanol and epoxy resin, and fabricate in a biocomposites with different compositions, such as 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt\%. The thermal properties were evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetry analysis and also chemical formulation studied in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the improved thermal strength of the composites in comparison to the neat polymer (0 wt\%).
Binderless particleboards were manufactured from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse by steam-injection pressing and by using hot pressing as a reference method. The inner layer (core/pith) and the outer hard fibrous layer (face/rind) of bagasse were used as raw materials. The effects of bagasse type, manufacturing process, and storage method on the mechanical properties of binderless particleboards were investigated. The results showed that the bagasse pith particles provided better board properties than bagasse rind particles. It seemed that bagasse pith particles were more easily deformed than bagasse rind particles, enlarging the bonding contact area. The severe conditions of steam-injection pressing caused delamination on the bagasse pith binderless boards with densities of 0.6 g/cm(3) or higher, and gave poor bonding quality. However, steam-pressed boards showed relatively higher board properties than hot-pressed boards. The storage method of sugarcane bagasse affected the chemical composition and the board properties. It was shown that the extent of self-bonding formation depends on the chemical and morphological properties of lignocellulosic materials, as well as on the manufacturing conditions.
The sugarcane industry has a relevant contribution in the Brazilian economy. However, the inadequate disposal of vinasse in the fertigation practices has led to environmental issues. Therefore, the current research investigated the applicability of microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF), with and without the use of tannin as an organic coagulant, to treat vinasse. Among the different coagulant concentrations used, 8.0 mg/L was selected as optimum dosage due to greater removal efficiencies. Removal efficiencies for COD, color and ions by MF-NF and C-MF-NF routes were similar and higher than 90.6\%. As floc sizes increased with the coagulant addition, the cake layer became more porous and compressible, reducing fouling resistance in MF process. In that sense, back transport velocity of particles became an important mechanism affecting the membrane fouling. Overall, the NF permeate quality allows its various uses, such as washing water and cooling water. The combined concentrate from MF and NF was considered for energy production and fertigation, presenting higher potential for methane production compared to raw vinasse. MF-NF route was chosen after an economic analysis due to the high chemical expenditures related to tannin acquisition in the C-MF-NF process. Considering the prices currently practiced for industrial water acquisition (2.8 US\$.m(-3)), a 3 year would be required for the investment to be recouped. Moreover, an internal rate of return of 52.3\% was obtained, which was higher than the market attractiveness considered. Hence, the economic analysis reassures the MF-NF rout feasibility for vinasse treatment.
Air pollution causes significant environmental and health problems around the world. The present study assesses the emission of CO, SO2, and NOX from six sugarcane factories (SCFs) in Egypt, which are using two dominant fuels, bagasse and natural gas. The detected CO emission and concentrations levels from the stacks of SCFs that used bagasse were higher (1751-3030 mg/Nm(3)) than those using a mixture of bagasse and natural gas (555 mg/Nm(3)), as well as natural gas only (169.2-246.5 mg/Nm(3)). The emission of CO is higher than permissible levels, but SO2 (2.5-26.5 mg/Nm(3)) and NOX (25.5-149.75 mg/Nm(3)) emissions in all kinds of fuels are within the permissible levels. Dispersion of CO in the ambient from stack emission from Kom Ombo SCF is simulated using the Ministry of Economic, Trade, and Industry Low-Rise Industrial Source dispersion (METI-LIS) model. The results predicted the higher risk zone (>10 ppmv) extends similar to 1 km around the KSCF and occupies the near middle part of the plume, but the lower zone (<0.1 ppmv) occupies the outer zone and extends for several kilometers. Measurements in the ambient air validated the predicted model, which revealed that people living in areas about 1 km south and west downwind of the KSCF are exposed to higher levels of CO concentration. Usage of bagasse in SCFs needs to be replaced by natural gas for the reduction in emission of pollutants. Moreover, pollutants emitted from the SCFs should be monitored periodically to control the emission for healthy environment.
Anoxic microcosms and flow-through experiments were used to evaluate the ability of sugarcane bagasse to support biogenic sulfide production that can mitigate pH and immobilize heavy metals commonly found in acid mine drainage (AMD). The study was organized in three phases. Phases I and II used mine tailings to generate AMD solutions having a pH near 2, with total metals concentrations in excess of 150mg/L. Fresh sugarcane bagasse was placed in AMD solutions contained in microcosms at various liquid:solid ratios, under controlled environmental conditions. Within 30days, significant reductions (>90\%) in dissolved As, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were achieved and pH was elevated to circumneutral conditions. Phase III used fresh AMD to challenge flow-through columns packed with bagasse. Reductions in dissolved Cd, Cu, U, and Zn concentrations between 1.5 to 2 orders of magnitude were observed and sustained for more than one year. Column performance was not significantly impacted by temperature fluctuations in the range between 5 and 22 degrees C. Nucleic acid probes confirmed that sulfate reducing bacteria (SRBs) were active and present in the bagasse-containing microcosms. The relative abundance of SRBs suggests they were associated with the sulfide and alkalinity production and that biogenic sulfide was likely responsible for metal removal.
Replacing fossil fuels with renewable fuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to the mitigation of global warming and the economic development of rural communities. This will require lignocellulosic biofuels to become price competitive with fossil fuels. Techno-economic analyses can provide insights into which parts of the biofuel production process need to be optimized to reduce cost or energy use. We used data obtained from a pilot biorefinery to model a commercial-scale biorefinery that processes lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol, with a focus on the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). The process utilizes a phosphoric acid-catalyzed pre-treatment of sweet sorghum bagasse followed by liquefaction and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (L+SScF) of hexose and pentose sugars by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. After validating a techno-economic model developed with the SuperPro Designer software for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse to ethanol by comparing it to a published Aspen Plus model, six different scenarios were modeled for sweet sorghum bagasse Under the most optimistic scenario, the ethanol can be produced at a cost close to the energy-equivalent price of gasoline. Aside from an increase in the price of gasoline, the gap between ethanol and gasoline prices could also be bridged by either a decrease in the cost of cellulolytic enzymes or development of value-added products from lignin.
Hydrothermal carbonization of byproducts from the sugarcane industry generates a solid material (hydrochar) rich in carbon and nutrients with the potential to be used as a soil conditioner. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrient release process from hydrochar with the aim of improving soil quality. To do this, experiments were performed evaluating the concentration of NO3-, PO4-3, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and total organic carbon leached from a column filled with soil and different hydrochar proportions during one month. The proportions of hydrochar were 1 and 4\% (w/w) applied to sand, ultisol, and oxisol. Nitrogen and phosphorus were immobilized in the soils due to the high organic carbon released that increase microbial activity and to the presence of iron and aluminum oxides, respectively. The oxisol retains part of the carbon released by the hydrochar due to its high content of silt and clay. Only part of the carbon and nutrients of the hydrochar was released, indicating a recalcitrant material. The prepared hydrochar provided nutrients and organic carbon depending on the soil type to which it was applied. This study shows that hydrochar, if applied in the appropriate proportion, can enhance the soil fertility.
Hot water flow-through (FT) pre-treatment of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production offers key performance advantages over other pre-treatment methods. The present study aims to address the energy demand, sugar dilution, and economic concerns of using FT pre-treatment for the bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse and trash to ethanol. FT pre-treatment resulted in a lower minimum ethanol selling price (\$0.82/L) than dilute acid (\$1.01-1.19/L), hot water (\$1.13-1.27/L) and steam explosion (\$0.86-1.18/L) (the range represents different studies). Sugar dilution was not a limiting factor provided that extensive heat integration was employed, as is the case in an oil refinery. The ethanol beer to distillation contained 5.0 wt\% ethanol. Integrated first-generation and second-generation plants with no external fuel supplied were examined based on conversion of sucrose, bagasse, and available cane trash. A base case was defined using FT pre-treatment which routed all of the bagasse and 31.8\% of the trash to ethanol production. For an alternative best parameter' case, all of the bagasse and available trash was routed to ethanol production, leaving 1.1\% of the feedstock higher heating value available for electricity exports. Ethanol yields for the base case, best parameter case and steam explosion case were 59.9, 81.6, and 50.8 L/wet ton cane respectively, representing increases of 79\%, 108\%, and 67\% compared to the first-generation plant. Our results indicate that sugar dilution and energy consumption are not barriers to practical commercial implementation of flow-through pre-treatment, and that FT pre-treatment has potential to be economically advantageous compared to hydrothermal and dilute acid pre-treatments. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
Production of second generation ethanol and other added value chemicals from sugarcane bagasse and straw integrated to first generation sugarcane biorefineries presents large potential for industrial implementation, since part of the infrastructure where first generation ethanol is produced may be shared between both plants. In this context, butanol from renewable resources has attracted increasing interest, mostly for its use as a drop in liquid biofuel for transportation, since its energy density is greater than that of ethanol, but also for its use as feedstock in the chemical industry. In this paper, vapor-phase catalytic production of butanol from first and second generation ethanol in a sugarcane biorefinery was assessed, using data available from the literature. The objective is to evaluate the potential of butanol either as fuel or feedstock for industry, taking into account economical/environmental issues through computer simulation. The results obtained show that, although promising, butanol sold as chemical has a limited market and as fuel presents economic constraints. In addition, investments on the butanol conversion plant could be an obstacle to its practical implementation. Nevertheless, environmental assessment pointed out advantages of its use as fuel for road transportation, if compared with gasoline in terms of global environmental impacts such as global warming. (C) 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Energetic exploitation of sugarcane-derived byproducts via anaerobic digestion (AD) has recently been highlighted as an alternative to the conventional ethanol-producing approach. In this context, the thermophilic (55 degrees C) methane production from fermented molasses was assessed in the long-term (>200 d) continuous operation of two anaerobic structured-bed reactors. Two types of alkalinization strategies, namely, NaHCO3 dosing (RM1) and NaOH dosing coupled to effluent recirculation (RM2) were compared, as well as different levels of organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were applied to reach limiting operating conditions. Both alkalinization strategies provided an equivalent buffer control up to an OLR of 7.5 kg-CODt m(-3) d(-1), from which unwanted accumulation of organic acids was observed in RM2. NaHCO3 dosing enabled doubling the OLR (15.0 kg-CODt m(-3) d(-1)) without performance deterioration, i.e., organic matter removal > 80.0\% and maximum methane yield values. A detailed assessment of the food-to-microorganism ratio demonstrated the maintenance of stable operating conditions at excess substrate availability (>3.0 g-CODt g(-1)VSS d(-1)) in the feeding chamber (FDC) of the reactors, in which substrate conversion exceeded 70.0\%. Organic overloads occurred only when biomass retention reached a saturation level in the FDC, hampering the uptake of volatile organic acids, regardless of the operating condition. In any case, the wide range of operating conditions (OLR = 2.5-15.0 kg-CODt m(-3) d(-1) and HRT = 24.0-36.0 h) associated with maximized methane production charac-terized a highly flexible process, which enables varied design arrangements in full-scale AD plants.
The ethanol industry in Brazil is going through a period of stagnation, resulting in the reduction of ethanol supply. The ethanol for automotive purposes may be anhydrous, which is used as an anti-detonating additive to gasoline; and hydrated ethanol, which can be used in the flex-fuel vehicles, which can use the biofuel, gasoline or a mixture of both in any proportion. This study is aimed to analyze the contribution that energy from the sugarcane bagasse could bring to the production of corn ethanol in plants adapted to operate with both sugarcane and the cereal. Therefore, it was considered, the surplus energy from sugarcane biomass and maize availability in the producing region. At the end of the article, the results are discussed by providing an analysis of the application of corn as alternative raw material for the production of ethanol in Brazil.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an alkaline pretreatment method to enhance the degradation kinetics of sugarcane straw (SCS) for methane production was investigated with a special focus on the benefits for designing the anaerobic digestion process. For that, SCS was previously homogenized by milling in 2 mm particle size and pretreated in NaOH solutions at various concentrations (0, 3, 6 and 12 g NaOH/100 g SCS) and the methane yields were determined in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests. The obtained experimental data were used to simulate a large-scale semi-continuous process (100 ton SCS day(-1)) according to a first-order reaction model and the main economic indicators were calculated based on cash flows of each pretreatment condition. The BMP tests showed that by increasing the NaOH concentration the conversion of the fibrous fraction of the substrate to methane was not only accelerated (higher a value), but also increased by 11.9\% (from 260 to 291 mL CH4 gVS(-1)). By using the experimental data to simulate the large-scale process these benefits were translated to a reduction of up to 58\% in the size of the anaerobic reactor (and consequently in electricity consumption for stirring), while the methane yield increased up to 28\%, if the liquid fraction derived from the pretreatment process is also used for methane production. Although the use.of NaOH for substrate pretreatment has considerably increased the operational expenditures (from 0.97 up to 1.97 C x 106year-1), the pretreatment method was able to increase the profitability of methane production from SCS since a sensitivity analysis by varying the prices of anaerobic reactor, methane and NaOH showed a less attractive payback, net present value and internal rate of return for the control condition (0 g NaOH/100 g SCS) in all analyzed scenarios. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane bagasse was treated with ultra-high pressure explosion (UHPE) in a homogenizer. UHPE significantly decreased the particle size and disrupt the microstructure of bagasse, which was changed from a rigid and highly ordered fibril to a distorted, poly-porous and ``empty-inside{''
Due to the increased user awareness of reducing environmental pollution, natural fibre-based polymer composites are predictable to be in excessive demand in the coming years. Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane bagasse) is value-added biomass from agricultural waste attained from sugarcane processing. Several researchers have connected with sugarcane bagasse for many environmental sustainability and energy applications because of its abundant availability (up to similar to 223 million tons/year). In India, more than 200 million tons of sugarcane bagasse is obtained yearly. Bagasse ash as filler in polymer composites has improved mechanical properties. As an agriculture waste, bagasse fibre added with synthetic matrix composites is used in several applications, such as particle boards, false ceilings, and lightweight structures. In this work, glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites were fabricated with a varying weight percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash as a filler (0, 5, 10 wt.\%). The hand layup method is used for fabricating the composite samples. This research evaluated mechanical characterization like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the fabricated glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites filled with sugarcane bagasse ash filler. As compared with unfilled glass fibre composites, 5 wt.\% of bagasse ash-filled glass fibre composites improved the tensile strength by up to 11\% and the compressive strength by up to 4\%. Ten wt.\% bagasse ash-filled glass fibre composites improved the flexural strength up to 59\%.
Along with the great efforts in producing clean and low-cost fuel and chemicals, in this work, novel nanocatalysts are reported for the fast pyrolysis of the bagasse. To this end, different catalyst supports were employed to load Mo oxides or sulfides through incipient wetness impregnation. The prepared nanocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction to determine the formed phases, N(2)adsorption/desorption to clarify the surface properties, and SEM to observe the morphology and energy-dispersive X-ray to provide the atomic mapping. A series of nanocatalysts including the Mo sulfide loaded over graphene oxide (MoS2/GrO) or porous graphene (MoS2/graphene), Mo oxide loaded over charcoal, and Co-Mo oxide loaded over MgO were studied in the fast pyrolysis of the bagasse. The results revealed that the use of catalyst decreased the bio-oil yield of the process. Interestingly, it was found the fast pyrolysis of the bagasse is dependent on the used catalysts and the fractions of bio-oil can be determined according the catalysts types. It was found that with accordance to the demanded chemicals, the catalysts can be chosen which is highly valuable in producing chemicals and each catalysts support results in a specific set of products. In general, the acetic acid was the main product without using catalyst, and by using the MoS2/GrO nanocatalyst, the phenols were formed dominantly which are of great importance in different industries. This novel work successfully revealed that the metal-based catalysts can be employed instead of the zeolites which paves the way toward using low-cost metallic catalysts in producing bio-chemicals and bio-oils.
This paper describes a study of the variability of measured composition for a single bulk sugarcane bagasse conducted across eight laboratories using similar analytical methods, with the purpose of determining the expected variation for compositional analysis performed by different laboratories. The results show good agreement of measured composition within a single laboratory, but greater variability when results are compared among laboratories. These interlaboratory variabilities do not seem to be associated with a specific method or technique or any single piece of instrumentation. The summary censored statistics provide mean values and pooled standard deviations as follows: total extractives 6.7\% (0.6\%), whole ash 1.5\% (0.2\%), glucan 42.3\% (1.2\%), xylan 22.3\% (0.5\%), total lignin 21.3\% (0.4\%), and total mass closure 99.4\% (2.9\%).
Liquor from pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse is a potential substrate for multiple purposes due to the high concentration of residual sugars. Nevertheless, several potentially toxic byproducts are also present. However, a few microorganisms are able to overcome this toxicity by growing on these liquors. Twenty-five filamentous fungi were evaluated in submerged cultivation, but none was able to grow using liquor at a concentration of 100\% as the liquid medium. However, six fungi were selected for enzyme induction after being grown in diluted liquor at 50\% (v/v) using two feed pulses. Induction experiments were performed using 1\% untreated and pretreated sugarcane bagasse. FPase and xylanase activities were detected for all six fungi in submerged cultivation, whereas beta-glucosidase was observed in four fungi. The highest xylanase activity (28.8 IU mL(-1)) was at 72 h forT. harzianumP49P11 using pretreated-SCB as an inducer. This work showed a successful alternative for the final destination of liquor residue as substrate for fungi cultivation prior to enzyme production.
Maintenance of crop residues over soil surface under conservational systems limits incorporation of nitrogen fertilizers into the soil. Application of urea over crop residues enhance N-NH3 volatilization losses, justifying the usage of urease inhibitors or N sources less susceptible to volatilization under such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate volatilization losses from N sources applied over sugarcane straw. A field trial was carried out in a sugarcane field in Iracemapolis, Sao Paulo on a Typic Kandiudox in June 2014. We used a complete block experimental design, with seven treatments and four replications. Treatments included Control {[
Biogas production through anaerobic digestions of organic wastes using microbes is a potential alternative to maintain the long term sustainability of the environment and also to full-fill the energy demands and waste management issues. In this context, pressmud can be a vital substrate which is generated from sugarcane in-dustries and found to be broadly available. In this work, biogas improvement has been investigated in presence of CuO/Cu2O based nanocatalyst wherein pressmud is employed as a substrate in anaerobic digestion. Herein, CuO/Cu2O based nanocatalyst has been prepared using the aqueous extract prepared from the combination of PM and SCB which is employed as a reducing agent. The physicochemical properties of CuO/Cu2O nanocatalyst have been probed through different techniques and it is noticed that using 1.0 \% CuO/Cu2O based nanocatalyst employed in AD process, cumulative biogas 224.7 mL CH4 /g VS could be recorded after 42 days.
The influence of thermoplastic/bagasse fiber ratio, as well as electron beam irradiation on the physicomechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites has been investigated. The concentration of bagasse fibers ranges from 20 to 80 wt\%. The results indicate that there is deterioration in the properties as fiber concentration increased; however, it becomes significant only beyond 50\% (w/w) bagasse fibers in both LDPE and HDPE composites. Also, the data show that this decrease in the properties is more pronounced in HDPE rather than LDPE composites. It can be noticed that enhancing adhesion between fibers and thermoplastics can be achieved by irradiation of the thermoplastic phase prior to mixing at 10 up to 60 kGy; a maximum improvement in the properties is observed at 40 and 10 kGy for LDPE and HDPE, respectively. From the data it can be seen that the increase in the flexural properties is higher than 100\%, while it does not exceed 65\% for impact toughness. On the other hand, the reduction in water absorption is not more than 5.5\%. Also, examining SEM micrographs reveals that there is some sort of adhesion between fibers and thermoplastics phases.
The raw sugarcane harvesting system has changed the dynamics of weed tillage for this crop, changing the predominant weed species and providing a barrier between the herbicide and the soil. Thus, this study has aimed to assess the influence of precipitation and sugarcane straw in the aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam herbicides control efficiency for the species Ipomoea triloba and Euphorbia heterophylla. There were two trials, one for aminocyclopyrachlor and one for the indaziflam, both in the greenhouse at the campus of Faculdade Integrado in the Brazilian city of Campo Mourao, PR. Each experiment consisted of eight treatments with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of the presence of straw (10 t ha(-1)), capillary irrigation and rainfall simulation (20 mm). Assessments of control percentage of I. triloba and E. heterophylla were carried out, as well as the number of plants per pot. The aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam herbicides applied directly to the soil were efficient in controlling these species. The 20 mm rainfall simulation or daily irrigation on the straw are indispensable to promote the removal of aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam from the straw and provide satisfactory control of I. triloba and E. heterophylla.
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that endangers crop growth and affects food safety and human health. Therefore, the study of Cd mitigation technology is important. Ultrasonic treatment can improve crop growth and enhance their ability to resist various abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic treatment on alleviating sugarcane Cd stress was studied in a barrel experiment using sugarcane varieties `ROC22' and `LC05136' as test materials. Sugarcane buds without ultrasonic treatment and with ultrasonic treatment (20-40 kHz mixed frequency ultrasound for 2 min, dry treatment) were planted in soil with Cd contents of 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg.kg 1. Compared with non-ultrasonic treatment, Ultrasonic treatment significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in sugarcane, significantly increased the content of osmoregulation substances, significantly reduced the content of superoxide anion (the highest decreases reached 11.55\%) and malondialdehyde (the highest decreases reached 20.59\%), and significantly increased the expression level of metallothionein (MT)-related genes, with the expression of ScMT1 increased by 8.80-37.49\% and the expression of ScMT2-1-5 increased by 1.55-69.33\%. In addition, ultrasonic treatment significantly reduced the Cd contents in sugarcane roots, stems, leaves, bagasse, and juice (the highest reduction in Cd content was 49.18\%). In general, ultrasonic treatment regulated the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and MT-related gene expression in sugarcane, increased the Cd tolerance of sugarcane, promoted photosynthesis in sugarcane leaves, improved root morphology, enhanced sugarcane growth, and increased cane and sugar yield.
Sugarcane bagasse and trash may be used as feedstock for second generation ethanol production. Production of second generation ethanol integrated with first generation plants processing sugarcane presents several advantages over the stand-alone second generation ethanol production process; however, bagasse is used as fuel to supply the energy demand of the first generation process, so the amount of bagasse and trash available for use as feedstock in second generation depends on the energy consumption of the integrated process. Therefore, process optimization leading to reduction in steam consumption will lead to the production of larger amounts of surplus bagasse. In this study the introduction of process improvements in the first generation autonomous distillery processing sugarcane were assessed through simulation using Aspen Plus. Second generation ethanol production was integrated to the optimized scenarios. Results show that process improvements can significantly increase the amount of lignocellulosic material available for use as feedstock for second generation ethanol production, thus increasing ethanol production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biochar has been considered a safe soil additive to enhance soil fertility and agronomic traits of different crops. This study was conducted to explore the impacts of sugarcane waste straw biochar on soil characteristics and some agronomic traits of okra. The experiment was carried out with four treatments, i.e., control, sugarcane waste straw biochar (10tonha(-1)), farmyard manure (FYM, 10tonha(-1)), and chemical fertilizers (NPK; 120:100:80kgha(-1)) having three replications of each treatment. Soil samples were tested for texture, bulk density, particle density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), and extractable-P. The sugarcane waste straw biochar was characterized for plant major nutrient elements. The impact of various treatments was observed on soils and agronomic traits of okra like plant height, fruit size, fruit length, and yield of okra. Results revealed that sugarcane waste straw biochar expressed higher EC value and noticeable amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and magnesium (Mg). The sugarcane waste straw biochar, in comparison with FYM and NPK, significantly improved the NO3-N, extractable-P, OM and EC of the calcareous soil, and reduced the soil bulk density. Furthermore, plant growth and yield parameters were significantly improved under biochar application over the control, FYM and NPK. Overall, sugarcane waste straw biochar proved to be a good alternative to conventional organic and inorganic fertilizers under calcareous soil conditions.
Xylitol was produced by Scheffersomyces amazonensis UFMG-HMD-26.3 in hemicellulosic hydrolysate obtained from a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and straw (1:1) in batch fermentation, and was recovered using supercritical fluid. The xylitol produced was 20.11 g L-1 and the extraction approach reached a xylitol recovery of 40.51\% at a high purity level of 99.59\%. An analysis of energy consumption for the xylitol production process showed that xylitol production from sugarcane biomass hemicellulosic hydrolysate is feasible, highlighting the potential use of this biomass in sustainable xylitol production and supercritical fluids as a robust proposal for xylitol separation. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
In the second part of this series of studies, the bicomponent adsorption of safranin-T (ST) and auramine-O (AO) on trimellitated sugarcane bagasse (STA) was evaluated using equimolar dye aqueous solutions at two pH values. Bicomponent batch adsorption was investigated as a function of contact time, solution pH and initial concentration of dyes. Bicomponent kinetic data were fitted by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models and the competitive model of Corsel. Bicomponent equilibrium data were fitted by the real adsorbed solution theory model. The antagonistic interactions between ST and AO in the adsorption systems studied contributed to obtain values of maximum adsorption capacity in mono- (Q(max,mono)) and bicomponent (Q(max,multi)) lower than unity (Q(max,multi)/Q(max,mono) at pH 4.5 for ST of 0.75 and AO of 0.37 and at pH 7 for ST of 0.94 and AO of 0.43). Mono- and bicomponent adsorption of dyes in a fixed-bed column was evaluated at pH 4.5. The breakthrough curves were fitted by the Thomas and Bohart-Adams original models. Desorption of ST in a fixed-bed column was studied. The results obtained from the bicomponent batch and continuous adsorption showed that the presence of ST most affected the AO adsorption than the presence of AO affected the ST adsorption. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Despite the water consumption of the first-generation ethanol (1G) production from sugarcane being widely studied, there are only a few experimental studies on water consumption - especially in the pulp washing - in second generation (2G) ethanol production. A quantitative evaluation of water wash consumption in the pre-treatment with the protic ionic liquid (PIL) monoethanolammonium acetate {[
Availability of P for sugarcane plants was evaluated in a soil treated with organic composts rich in silicon. Five composts were formulated with following wastes: sugarcane bagasse, ashes of sugarcane bagasse, filter cake and castor bean plant residue enriched with silicon powdered rocks. The treatments consisted of five doses (0, 13, 26, 52 e 104 t ha(-1)) of each compost and an additional treatment with mineral fertilization (NPK). Soil samples were collected after the application of the treatments in order to carry out the following analyses: equilibrium P, ``available{''
The recently isolated anaerobic bacterium Caloramator boliviensis with an optimum growth temperature of 60 degrees C can efficiently convert hexoses and pentoses into ethanol. When fermentations of pure sugars and a pentose-rich sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate were carried out in a packed bed reactor with immobilized cells of C. boliviensis, more than 98\% of substrates were converted. Ethanol yields of 0.40-0.46 g/g of sugar were obtained when sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was fermented. These features reveal interesting properties of C. boliviensis in producing ethanol from a renewable feedstock. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Composites developed from cellulose and natural resins have received much attention due to their low cost and positive environmental impact. Knowledge of the mechanical and degradation characteristics of cellulose based composite boards is essential to obtain indications of the strength and degradability of the resulting rigid packaging material. The composite was prepared with sugarcane bagasse and hybrid resin (a combination of epoxy and natural resin such as dammar, pine, and cashew nut shell liquid) with the mixing ratios (Bagasse fibers: Epoxy resin: Natural resin) 1:1:1.5, 1:1:1.75, and 1:1:2 using compression moulding method. Tensile strength, young's modulus, flexural strength, soil burial weight loss, microbial degradation, and CO2 evolution was determined. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) resin-incorporated composite boards in the mixing ratio of 1:1:2 gave maximum flexural strength (5.10 MPa), tensile strength (3.10 MPa), and tensile modulus (0.97 MPa). The maximum degradation in soil burial test and CO2 evolution between the boards made using natural resin was found in the composite boards incorporated with CNSL resin with a mixing ratio of 1:1:1.5 were 8.30 \% and 12.8 \% respectively. The maximum weight loss percentage (3.49) in microbial degradation analysis was found in the composite board made using dammar resin in the mixing ratio of 1:1:1.5.
Viable cells of Candida guilliermondii were immobilized by inclusion into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel using the freezing-thawing method. Entrapment experiments were planned according to a 2(3) full factorial design, using the PVA concentration (80, 100, and 120 g L-1), the freezing temperature (-10, -15, and -20 degrees C), and the number of freezing-thawing cycles (one, three, and five) as the independent variables, integrated with three additional tests to estimate the errors. The effectiveness of the immobilization procedure was checked in Erlenmeyer flasks as the pellet capability to catalyze the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion of a medium based on sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. To this purpose, the yield of xylitol on consumed xylose, xylitol volumetric productivity, and cell retention yield were selected as the response variables. Cell pellets were then used to perform the same bioconversion in a stirred tank reactor operated at 400 rpm, 30 degrees C, and 1.04 vvm air flowrate. At the end of fermentation, a maximum xylitol concentration of 28.7 g L-1, a xylitol yield on consumed xylose of 0.49 g g(-1) and a xylitol volumetric productivity of 0.24 g L-1 h(-1) were obtained.
When manual harvesting of sugarcane was discontinued in many regions of Brazil, interest in power generation by burning the bagasse and straw in cogeneration units rose. Exergy analysis is often applied to increase the thermodynamic yield of these plants by identifying irreversibility and work availability. Conversely, pressure for adopting clean energy requires these systems to be evaluated for suitable environmental performance. This study identified and discussed the thermodynamic and environmental effects of scaling up systems that operate according Rankine cycle with reheating. Ten scenarios have been designed considering different levels of steam pressure and addition rates of straw remaining in the sugarcane cultivation. The thermodynamic analysis revealed a 37\% improvement in the exergy efficiency and 63\% of increasing in power generation to raise the steam pressure from 20 to 100 bar. Moreover, the use of 50\% of residual straw into units operating at 100 bar can more than double the amount of electricity exported. If addressed considering a life cycle perspective, the use of straw improves the environmental performance of the cogeneration for Climate Change and Particle Matter Formation but provides additional impacts in terms of Water and Fossil resources depletions.
This work studied the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse aiming at the production of glucose and xylose. The bagasse was subjected to two different pretreatments: combined acid and alkalinepretreatment and hydrogen peroxidepretreatment. The enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized and a kinetic study was carried out in a stirred tank reactor (STR) in batch mode. Optimal conditions were obtained by subjecting the bagasse to the hydrogen peroxide pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The addition of xylanases to the enzymatic mixture improved the production of fermentable sugars by 48\%.
In the past decades, insulated material in building had been widely used and presently thermal insulation materials from agricultural biomass seen as an alternative materials to develop environmental comfort inside and outside of the building. The aim of this present study is to evaluate the thermal properties and acoustic behaviour of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)/sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fibre reinforced biophenolic resin hybrid composites. Three different formulation ratio 70:30 (7OPEFB:3SCB), 50:50 (5OPEFB:5SCB) and 30:70 (3OPEFB:7SCB) of hybrid composite were fabricated by using hand lay-up method. The thermal conductivity testing was evaluated by means of a Quickline-TM30 apparatus and the acoustic absorption coefficient were measured by impedance tube. OPEFB:SCB fiber and phenolic resin were fabricated with target density range of 0.5 g/cm(3). It's clear from obtained result that 50:50 (5OPEFB:5SCB) hybrid composites can display better thermal stability with residue 45.04\% and low thermal conductivity, 0.0863 W/mK. In acoustic test, this research found hybridization of 70:30 (7OPEFB:3SCB) fibre composite is slightly higher sound absorption coefficient followed by 5OPEFB:5SCB hybrid composite. The effect of different air gaps thickness (0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm) also investigated. Overall, composites made with equal ratio combination fibre (5OPEFB:5SCB) presented better thermal performance and improve the sound absorption coefficient. In contrast in this research found that natural fibre have a unique properties and hybrid composites of OPEFB:SCB fibre had a huge potential as a eco-friendly thermal insulator and sound absorber in order to enhance a comfort temperature and reduce excessive sound to occupied in commercial wall building.
The properties of traditional particleboards are limited by their flat shape. New shapes and configurations with alternative raw materials enable strength and stiffness gains without significantly increasing weight. In this context, the present work presents an investigation of the potential use of sugarcane bagasse particles agglomerated with castor oil-based polyurethane resin to produce trapezoidal core sandwich panels for building applications. Thickness swelling was analysed based on the Brazilian standard NBR 14810 and flexure tests were performed according to the standard ASTM 0393. Maximum force at failure, bending stiffness (EI), maximum moment (FbS), maximum shear stiffness (U), and core shear modulus (G) were calculated. The obtained results were compared with specifications of the standard PS-2-10 - Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use, which provides values of bending stiffness and maximum moment requirements for OSB panels according to different classes of use. The evaluated sandwich panels presented bending properties (up to 2.1 x 10(6) N-mm(2)/mm for El and 1199 N-mm/mm for FbS) similar to commercial OSB panels, showing potential for sealing, structural, and flooring applications. The castor oil polyurethane resin presented acceptable efficiency as the particle binder and as an adhesive for the face-core gluing of the low density sandwich panels (0.43 MPa), meeting the minimum requirements recommended by ABNT NBR 14810:2006. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pulp-polylactic acid composites (PPCs) with monoethanolamine, alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone, unbleached and bleached soda bagasse pulps and polylactic acid (PLA) were successfully fabricated using twin-screw extrusion. The results were compared with bagasse flour-PLA composites (WPCs) as reference. The results indicated that the mechanical strengths of produced composites with pulp fibers were increased compared to the neat PLA and bagasse flour-PLA composites. Monoethanolamine and alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone fibers due to their surface chemical structure had a superior compatibility with PLA compared with other used bio-fibers which has been confirmed by SEM micrographs too. FTIR was used to investigate the effect of different chemical treatments on the bio-fibers. The results of XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of PPCs was substantially improved by incorporation with pulp fibers compared to WPCs composites. The water absorption of the PPCs is different due to using the diverse bio-fibers. According to DMA analysis, the tan delta was substantially decreased when PLA was reinforced by different bio-fibers. The biodegradation of green composites were characterized and the results showed that the biodegradability of the PLA was increased due to addition of bagasse pulp biofibers.
The newest endeavor by the Brazilian State for fostering bioenergy - the National Biofuel Policy, or simply RenovaBio - aims at establishing a mechanism for the commercialization of decarbonization credits linked to the carbon intensity of several biofuels. Under this horizon, this study evaluates the prospects for large-scale, integrated sugarcane-microalgae biorefineries in terms of their techno-economic and environmental feasibility, as well as the possible benefits brought by the RenovaBio program. Process integration was based on different energy and material vectors obtained from the sugarcane mill, especially the use of fermentation-derived CO2, CO2 in biogas, and vinasse as carbon sources for microalgae growth. Results show that the co-location of microalgae production with sugarcane mills leads to verticalized biorefineries currently behind in economic performance in comparison to conventional sugarcane mills due to an increase in both fixed and operational expenses. Anhydrous ethanol production costs remain in the range of US\$ 0.36-0.42/L, below the market price of US\$ 0.51/L. Integrating a microalgae facility with a sugarcane mill also helps to further improve the sustainability of anhydrous ethanol production: cradle-to-grave emissions of greenhouse gases fluctuate around 18 g CO(2)eq/MJ, a reduction of 15\% in comparison to conventional sugarcane-based ethanol. Depending on the scenario, a reasonably-sized integrated biorefinery would be able to mitigate around 500 thousand t CO(2)eq/year when displacing gasoline with anhydrous ethanol. The analysis finally points out to integrated sugarcane-microalgae biorefineries becoming economically feasible at carbon prices as low as US\$ 10/t CO(2)eq under the RenovaBio scheme.
The mature furfural industry mostly under-utilizes its cellulose-rich solids as a boiler fuel. In this paper, a new sugarcane bagasse biorefinery concept was studied using switchable butadiene sulfone in the presence of water (BSW) to pretreat the solid residues after production of furfural followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose fraction for potential production of biofuels. Butadiene sulfone is a solvent that is inexpensive, easily recyclable, with low toxicity, and effective as a biomass pretreatment agent under mild conditions, characteristics that make BSW a greener pretreatment alternative. In this biorefinery concept, hemicellulose (xylan) in sugarcane bagasse was converted in a batch reactor to furfural via dilute sulfuric acid catalysis at 170 degrees C and 180 degrees C for 10 min. The furfural yields were comparable to industrial batch production, achieving 38\% and 50\% of the theoretical yield at 170 degrees C and 180 degrees C, respectively. Under these conditions, unwanted humins (pseudo-lignin) formed mostly from xylan and were observed by an increase in the total lignin composition. The mild BSW pretreatment at 110 degrees C for 3 h solubilized 21.6\% to 27.9\% of the solids consistent with the removal of 38.6\% and 32.5\% of the total lignin prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Production of ordinary Portland cement is consuming enormous energy and releases high carbon dioxide. Additionally, the use of river sand as fine aggregate has a direct effect on the erosion of river banks due to excess sand mining and hence, the use of river sand in concrete is banned in many developing countries. Hence, the assessment of concrete with blended cement and locally available alternative fine aggregates is the need for current construction practices. India becomes the -largest sugar producing country, a massive volume of bagasse ash (44,200 t/day) is discarded as waste. Similarly, marble processing plants dispose of marble slurry dust. An exploration of the use of agricultural and mining wastes in crusher sand-based concrete is not yet reported. The current investigation focuses on the potential use of bagasse ash and marble slurry dust as pozzolan and alternative to crusher sand respectively in concrete and interlocking paver blocks. Compressive strength and capability against abrasion were investigated for bagasse ash and marble slurry dust blended concrete and paver block. Besides, water-based tests were adopted to examine durability performance. Results from the study indicate an enhancement in abrasion resistance and a substantial reduction in permeability for blended concrete than control concrete. Optimum replacement levels were found to be 20\% for bagasse ash and 25\% for marble mining powder.
Plastic packaging products are popular due to having many superior properties but are harmful to the environment. In that regard, potato starch and sugarcane bagasse fibers were used to develop a composite material by hand layup process. Starch was chemically modified chemically using sodium hydroxide, adipic acid, and mustard oil, according to a previous study. The modification process improved the gelatinization of starch and helped to form a dense and rigid film. The combination was used along with sugarcane bagasse to develop a novel composite material. An increase in fiber loading in the composite resulted in 14.00 J/m impact resistance and 22.85 MPa flexural strength. But adding more than 43\% fiber caused decrement in the properties due to fiber accumulation. In contrast, the hardness test showed almost similar results for all samples, resembling polystyrene's hardness properties. However, the density of the composites was found around 0.61 gm/ cm3, which is significantly low while the scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of mechanical interlocking among the components and the composites' porous structure, which also helped to reduce the composites' density significantly. In addition, a meaningfully improved absorbency property was recorded as 73\% water absorption after 2 h of immersion was seen in one sample. The thermal test showed similar results to raw sugarcane bagasse but with high char-forming ability in the composite, which can be helpful in flame retarding properties. Meanwhile, comparison with polystyrene and card-board in terms of density and impact resistance also showed encouraging results.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
This paper is focused on the study of fluid-dynamic behavior of mixtures of the sugarcane bagasse particles and quartz sand in a transparent fluidized bed column. The minimum fluidization velocity (V-mf) was determined by different mean particle diameters and different mass fractions in the mixture compositions. The values of Vmf increased with amount of biomass in the mixture increased as well as with the size of the biomass particles in the range of 9.5 >= d(pb) > 0.225 mm. Binary mixtures with diameter ratios biomass/sand <= 1 had a (Vmf) almost constant as a function of mass fraction of biomass. It is suggested a practical upper limit of biomass fraction in the mixtures less than 5\% of the overall bed mass to obtain a good mixing and uniform distribution in the bed. New correlations were developed to predict the values of (V-mf). It was found that the present proposed correlation predicted the (Vmf) for binary mixtures of sugarcane bagasse and sand particles more accurately than other correlations reported in the literature available. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
From the perspective of green chemistry, it is of great significance to produce cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with more environmentally friendly and sustainable materials. This study investigated the efficient cleavage of strong hydrogen bonds occurred in sugarcane bagasse (SCB), ultrafast fabrication of CNFs through a 20 min microwave-assisted ternary carboxylic acid deep eutectic solvent (Mw-TCADES) deconstruction and sweep frequency ultrasonic (SFU) separation pretreatment. It also investigated the subsequent high-intensity ultrasonication (HIU) fibrillation process. After pretreating SCB with two different TCADES (choline chloride: oxalic acid: AlCl3 center dot 6H(2)O, and choline chloride: lactic acid: AlCl(3-)6H(2)O, molar ratio 1:1:0.2), the cellulose content of the SCB was 56.2 and 62.6\%, respectively. The CNFs obtained after the two Mw-TCADES treatments contained 0.74 and 0.84 mmol/g carboxylic acid groups, and the crystallinity was 58.05 and 60.71\%, respectively. Meanwhile, the CNFs obtained under the optimum treatment conditions (Mw-TCADES, 100 degrees C, 20 min and HIU) showed high thermal stability, which exhibited promising potential for further applications. Under the optimum conditions, the CNFs had a length of about 400-600 nm, width of around 15-17 nm, and a height of about 6-7 nm. The results showed that the TCADES can be used effectively as an alternative to the traditional acid-base pretreatment method and provide a green and efficient method for the utilization of lignocellulosic materials and the separation of CNFs. {[
This study describes a new algal biofuel process that integrates sugarcane biorefinery wastewater treatment by nutrient removal with algae into bioethanol. The process is free of common industrial problems, including algal contamination, nutrients and fresh water usage, carbohydrate extraction, liquefaction, and saccharification. Cultivation and fermentation were conducted in one step by turning the light-air on and off, respectively. Three series of experiments with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-1093 cultivation and fermentation were performed in anaerobically digested vinasse. Control experiments were a reference to compare the influence of chloride and ammonium-sulfate stress conditions on ethanol yield. Experimental results showed: (1) algal biomass can be successfully cultured within biorefinery wastewater (1129 mg center dot L-1 center dot day(-1)); (2) relatively high bioremediation was achieved (26.1\%-83.5\%); (3) obtained ethanol yield was (maximum 68.3\% of the theoretical yield) in one process step; and (4) the chloride stress condition influences on algae to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides as add-in product (120 mg/L). {[
The production of bioethanol in Argentina is based on the sugarcane plantation system, with extensive use of agricultural land, scarce use of fertilizers, pesticides, and artificial irrigation, and burning of sugarcane prior to harvesting. The objective of this paper is to develop a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the fuel ethanol from sugarcane in Tucuman (Argentina), assessing the environmental impact potentials to identify which of them cause the main impacts. Our approach innovatively combined knowledge about the main impact pathways of bioethanol production with LCA which covers the typical emission-related impact categories at the midpoint life cycle impact assessment. Real data from the Argentinean industry subsystems have been used to perform the study: S1-sugarcane production, S2-milling process, S3-sugar production, and S4-ethanol production from molasses, honey, or sugarcane juice. The results are shown in the three alternative pathways to produce bioethanol. Different impact categories are assessed, with global warming potential (GWP) having the highest impact. So, the production of 1 kg of ethanol from molasses emitted 22.5 kg CO2 (pathway 1), 19.2 kg CO2 from honey (pathway 2), and 15.0 kg CO2 from sugarcane juice (pathway 3). Several sensitivity analyses to study the variability of the GWP according to the different cases studied have been performed (changing the agricultural yield, including economic and calorific allocation in sugar production, and modifying the sugar price). Agriculture is the subsystem which shows the highest impact in almost all the categories due to fossil fuel consumption. When an economic and calorific allocation is considered to assess the environmental impact, the value is lower than when mass allocation is used because ethanol is relatively cheaper than sugars and it has higher calorific value.
Two strains of Pleurotus spp., grown in solid state fermentation on sugar-cane straw, degraded the dry matter by 50\% after 60 days. The rate of substrate consumption and the dry weight of fruiting bodies decreased in consecutive flushings. Both strains vigorously attacked hemicellulose (80\% of total degradation) and lignin (70\%). Fruiting bodies were rich in protein and lipids, and had a low content of carbohydrates and ash.
Brazil has always been the pioneer in the application of bioethanol as a main fuel for automobiles, hence environmental and economic analyses of the Brazilian ethanol industries are of crucial importance. This study presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) on gasoline and ethanol as fuels, and with two types of blends of gasoline with bioethanol, all used in a midsize car. The focus is on a main application in Brazil, sugarcane based ethanol. The results of two cases are presented: base case-bioethanol production from sugarcane and electricity generation from bagasse; future case-bioethanol production from both sugarcane and bagasse and electricity generation from wastes. In both cases sugar is co-produced. The life cycles of fuels include gasoline production, agricultural production of sugarcane, ethanol production, sugar and electricity co-production, blending ethanol with gasoline to produce E10 (10\% of ethanol) and E85 (85\%), and finally the use of gasoline, E10, E85 and pure ethanol. Furthermore, a life cycle costing (LCC) was conducted to give an indication on fuel economy in both cases. The results show that in the base case less GHG is emitted; while the overall evaluation of these fuel options depends on the importance attached to different impacts. The future case is certainly more economically attractive, which has been the driving force for development in the ethanol industry in Brazil. Nevertheless, the outcomes depend very much on the assumed price for crude oil. In LCC a steady-state cost model was used and only the production cost was taken into account. In the real market the prices of fuels are very much dependent on the taxes and subsidies. Technological development can help in lowering both the environmental impact and the prices of the ethanol fuels. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The thermal decomposition mechanism of raw and treated bagasse fibers was modeled with three parallel independent first-order reactions. The kinetic parameters and pseudo components which best fit the experimental dynamic pyrolysis rate of bagasse was determined by means of the Matlab program using the least-square method. The calculated rate of thermal decomposition for each bagasse sample was consistent with experimental pyrolysis rate very well. A method was adopted to calculate the contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin for bagasse fiber based on the dynamic pyrolysis model. The calculated contents of the untreated bagasse fiber agreed very well with some reported values from the literature. The effect of treatment conditions on the bagasse fiber compositions was also studied. From the three-dimensional plot for each of the three components, it could be observed that bagasse fibers treated under the intermediate alkaline condition could achieve the higher content of cellulose. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane plays an important socio-economic role in northeastern Brazil. However, the low yield in this region is associated with several factors (e.g. frequent occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes). In order to observe the influence of soil organic matter on the nematodes, this study aimed to characterize the spatial nematode distribution in a sugarcane field. The study was carried out in Goiana - Pernambuco State (Brazil), fifty days after sugarcane cutting (10 days after vinasse application). The sampling scheme consisted of a regular 60 x 50-m grid, 10 m spaced, through 0 to 0.2 m depth. Spatial distribution was evaluated by semivariograms fit and performed by ordinary kriging interpolation for mapping. Exponential and spherical models promoted the best fit to semivariograms, resulting in ranges from 16 to 19 m. There was a strong negative correlation between soil organic matter and plant-parasitic nematode population density. Free-living nematodes had a similar distribution pattern as soil organic matter content. These results indicated that soil organic matter had important effects on spatial distribution of both plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes.
Organosolv (ethanol/water and acetosolv) pulps were treated with Bacillus pumilus xylanase for 4, 8, and 12 h and compared with commercial Cartazyme HS xylanase-treated pulps. Treatment of ethanol/water pulps with B. pumilus xylanase increased viscosity by 40\% in 8 h of treatment compared with pulps treated without enzyme. However, acetosolv pulps treated with B. pumilus xylanase lost viscosity, Ethanol/water pulps treated with Cartazyme had a viscosity of 18.5 cP in 4 h of treatment. In the acetosolv pulps treated with commercial enzyme, the loss of viscosity was 20\% compared with pulps treated without enzyme. Ethanol/water pulps treated with B. pumilus and Cartazyme had similar effects: a 44\% reduction in kappa number for pulps treated with enzyme followed by alkaline extraction compared with pulps treated with alkaline extraction. In acetosolv pulps treated with B. pumilus, the kappa number was from 12 to 18, compared with pulps treated without enzyme, which had a 40\% reduction in 4 and 12 h and a 60\% reduction in 8 h. Cartazyme-treated acetosolv pulps had a kappa number of 14 in 4 and 8 h of treatment. For 12 h of treatment, the kappa number was 8. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the pulps showed that enzyme-treated pulps had changes in the 1000 cm(-1) absorption owing to a C-O bond present in esters. Using principal component analysis, it is possible to differentiate the unbleached pulps and enzyme-treated pulps.
The effect of spraying a solution of sodium hydroxide onto sugarcane bagasse pith, in such a low volume that no free liquid was present, was evaluated with respect to Single Cell Protein production (SCP), and biological degradability. This type of processing will be referred to as a dry pretreatment and it is compared with a wet pretreatment. In-vitro digestibility and microbial growth were obtained with a mixed culture of Cellulomonas flavigena and Xanthomonas sp. Maximum digestibility was 76\% using dry pretreatment with a NaOH dosage of 0.1 g per g pith, a temperature of 50-degrees-C and moisture content of 80\% (based on oven dry weight). A digestibility value of 71\% was obtained for wet conditions, with 0.2 g NaOH per g pith, a temperature of 92-degrees-C, and a solid:liquid ratio of 1:10. Biomass production was higher in the dry pretreatment than the wet pretreatment, when washing of the treated pith was omitted before fermentation. The spraying was carried out using a rotary system, which permits a better surface area contact between the substrate and the alkali. In this way the NaOH was efficiently used allowing relatively low alkali concentrations. Furthermore, by eliminating the washing stage, the solubilized carbohydrate fraction is retained.
The enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) rate normally decreases during the hydrolysis, leaving unhydrolyzed material as residue. This phenomenon occurs during the hydrolysis of both cellulose (avicel) and lignocellulosic material, in nature or even pretreated. The progression of EH of steam pretreated sugarcane bagasse was associated with an initial (fast), intermediate (slower) and recalcitrant (slowest) phases, at glucan to glucose conversion yields of 61.7, 81.6 and 86\%, respectively. Even though the EH of avicel as a simpler material than steam pretreated sugarcane bagasse, EH slowdown was present. The less thermo-stable endo-xylanase lost 58\% of initial enzyme activity, followed by beta-glucosidase that lost 16\%, culminating in FPase activity loss of 30\% in the first 24 hours. After 72 hours of EH the total loss of FPase activity was 40\% compared to the initial activity. Analysis of the solid residue from EH showed that lignin content, phenolic compounds and ash increased while glucan decreased as hydrolysis progressed. During the initial fast phase of EH, the total solid residue surface area consisted predominantly of internal surface area. Thereafter, in the intermediate and recalcitrant phases of EH, the ratio of external:internal surface area increased. The proposed fiber damage and decrease in internal surface area, probably by EH action, was visualized by scanning electron microscopy imagery. The higher lignin/glucan ratio as EH progressed and enzyme deactivation by thermo instability were the main effects observed, respectively to substrate and enzyme.
Sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous material containing cellulose as its main component. It is produced in large quantities across the world. It is a kind of waste material that comes from the sugar industry. It is most commonly used in paper industries, but researchers have suggested that different mechanical and chemical treatments can help to extract cellulosic fibers, pure cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, and cellulose nanocrystals. These extracted materials have diverse applications in regenerated cellulosic fiber and composite material production. This paper will discuss the extraction procedures and typical applications in composite industries of these extracted materials. And an assessment will also be done on the production process and the properties of the end products to find out some common factors which can control the properties of these extracted material reinforced composites to some extent.
The effects of 3 different strains of Japanese koji (Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae and A. awamori) in the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran on chemical composition, energy, in vivo digestibility and preference of the fermented bagasse feeds (FBF) in goats were investigated. Diets consisted of lucerne hay cube (basal diet) and unfermented bagasse feed (control), FBF with A. oryzae (O), FBF with A. sojae (S) or FBF with A. awamori (A), which were mixed in a total ration of 7:3 (w/w DM). Three Nubian does were fed each of the diets, i.e. control, O, S and A in the 4 consecutive periods for digestion trials (21-day each). The goats were also used for preference trials (30-min each) of O, S and A. The O was significantly higher in CP content than others (p<0.05). The crude fiber (CF), ADF and cellulose contents of control were significantly lower than those of other diets (p<0.05). The S had significantly higher CF digestibility than control (p<0.05), and it revealed the largest value of all. Digestibilities of NDF, ADF and cellulose in S were significantly higher than those of control (about 10, 18 and 18\%, respectively, p<0.05). The DE of S was significantly higher than that of others (p<0.05), though there were no significant differences in DCP and TDN between control and S. The results of preference trials demonstrated that the average intake rate was not significantly different among diets, but O and S are likely to be preferable to A (p<0.1). It was concluded that the SSF of bagasse feeds by Japanese koji can improve the fiber digestion, especially NDF, ADF or cellulose in goats, and there is a marked effect in the feed containing A. sojae, which may lead to the improvement of DE.
In this work, a biorefinery process was demonstrated for co-production of fermentable sugars and hi-erarchical porous carbon with oxygen-rich groups for energy storage devices from sugarcane bagasse. By using the biorefinery process, every one tonne of sugarcane bagasse can produce approximately 234 kg glucose from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis and 71 kg porous carbon from enzymatic hydrolysis (lignin-rich) residue following a fast and catalyst-free hydrothermal carbonisation (240 degrees C for 3 h) and a subsequent KOH-assisted activation process (C-hydrochar). In contrast, only 51 kg of activated carbon (C residue) from the lignin-rich residue and 81 kg activated carbon (C-bagasse) but no sugars from the whole sugarcane bagasse were produced using a one-step pyrolysis/activation process. Compared to the C-residue and C-bagasse, the C-hydrochar had a comparable specific surface area of 1436.7 m(2) g(-1). However, the C-hydrochar demonstrated the highest volume proportion of micropores and the highest surface O/C ratio. As a result, the C-hydrochar demonstrated a high electrochemical performance with specific capacitance of 185.5 F g(-1) at a current density of 0.5 A g(-1), and 150.7 F g(-1) at a current density of 20 A g(-1), respectively. The symmetric supercapacitor that was assembled by using two identical as synthesized C-hydrochar porous carbon electrodes exhibited a high-power density of 6120 W kg(-1) with energy density of 1.02 Wh kg(-1) and a high energy density of 5.86 Wh kg(-1) at power density of 405 W kg(-1). Additionally, the device showed superior cycling performance with 96\% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g(-1). Compared to previous report, this study indicates that pore volume distribution and surface oxygen-containing groups rather than specific surface area play more critical roles in the electrochemistry performance of carbon materials. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biogenic green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) was carried out by utilizing fated waste product of sugarcane industry. Sugarcane bagasse extract was obtained by constant stirring of sugarcane bagasse in aqueous medium for 20 min. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles was carried out at different values of pH of the medium in order to determine the effect of pH on the formation of gold nanoparticles. Fabrication of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis of the reaction mixture and XRD analysis of the sample. FTIR was used to identify different functionalities present in extract responsible for the formation of gold nanoparticles. Biogenic Au-NPs were utilized as a catalyst for the reduction/degradation of nitroarenes and organic dyes such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA), Congo red (CR), methyl red (MR), brilliant blue (BB), rhodamine B (Rh B) and methyl orange (MO). Kinetics of these reactions proves the efficiency and effectiveness of sugarcane bagasse mediated gold nano-catalysts making them an excellent tool for industrial applications.
Meloidogyne incognita is a plant pathogen causing root-knot disease and loss of crop yield. The present study aimed to use Trichoderma harzianum as a biocontrol agent against plant-parasitic nematodes and used press mud, which is a solid waste by-product of sugarcane, as a biocontrol agent and biofertilizer. Therefore, the combined application of T. harzianum and press mud may enhance nematode control and plant growth. Elemental analysis of press mud using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) integrated with an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer revealed the presence of different elements such as C, O, Mg, Si, P, K, Ca, Cu and Zn. In addition, a greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of press mud and T. harzianum on M. incognita reproduction and growth and the biochemical features of Psoralea corylifolia. The results showed that plant length, dry biomass, leaf area, the number of seeds per plant, chlorophyll a, chl b, carotenoid content, nitrate reductase, carbonic anhydrase, and nitrogen content were significantly increased (P <= 0.05) in the T2 plants (plants were treated with 100 g of press mud + 50 mL T. harzianum before one week of M. incognita inoculation), over inoculated plants (IC). Antioxidant enzyme activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the foliage of P. corylifolia was significantly increased when plants were treated with press mud + T. harzianum. A significant reduction in the number of egg masses, nematode population, and root-knot index (RKI) was found in plants with T2 plants. These results suggest that the combined application of T. harzianum and press mud has the potential to control the M. incognita infection and can be used as an environmentally safe alternative to chemical nematicides and also help in the removal of sugarcane waste that causes environmental pollution.
Applications for L-lactic acid are increasing. Recent studies have investigated inexpensive raw materials for producing L-lactic acid and have explored technical principles. We optimized fermentation conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for L-lactic acid production, and to achieve a high conversion rate of bagasse to L-lactic acid using Rhizopus oryzae. The maximum conversion rate of L-lactic acid was 28.45\% in the conditions of 48-h fermentation time and 200 r/min rotary shaking in 50 mL liquid medium with 10\% inoculum. The kinetics of fermentation were worked out. Logistic equations, Luedeking-Piret equations and Luedeking-Piret-like equations were chosen as kinetic models. Three kinetic models were constructed which reflected microbial growth, product synthesis and substrate consumption; R-2 of three kinetics model equations, respectively, were 0.9799, 0.9869, 0.9911, which indicated that the predicted values fit the experimental data and the equations accurately describe the fermentation process of R. oryzae Gim3.129 for producing L-lactic acid. The models described the fermentation process of R. oryzae Gim3.129 successfully and provided a theoretical foundation for the industrialization of L-lactic acid from sugarcane bagasse.
Microgreens are typically produced using peat-based media which are quite costly as the peat component is imported from Europe. In Thailand, there are several local bio-materials that could be substituted for imported peat, resulting in more affordable growth media. Several growth media for microgreens were compared in the current study: sand, peat, coconut coir dust, sugarcane filter cake, vermicompost, coconut coir dust + peat 1: 1, coconut coir dust + sugarcane filter cake 1: 1, and coconut coir dust + vermicompost 1: 1. The local organic bio-materials were found to be effective for the production of microgreens. The maximum microgreens yield of vine spinach (5.17 kg m(-2)) was obtained with coconut coir dust + peat 1: 1. Coconut coir dust + sugarcane filter cake 1: 1 produced maximum microgreens yields of kangkong, krathin, leaf mustard and rat-tailed radish (2.26, 1.69, 4.17 and 3.90 kg m(-2), respectively). Nutritional contents per 100 g of edible portion of microgreens from kangkong, krathin, leaf mustard, rat-tailed radish and vine spinach were, respectively: protein 6.67, 6.72, 6.55, 6.83 and 7.05 g; fiber 4.28, 2.54, 3.94, 3.70 and 5.33 g; calcium 20.6, 34.0, 31.8, 19.8 and 18.1 mg; iron 2.67, 0.99, 0.71, 0.65 and 0.60 mg. After 7 days of storage at 5 degrees C, microbial populations were evaluated; populations of yeast, mould, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella were determined to be at safe levels.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a biomass waste resulting from sugarcane bagasse burning for electricity production, has shown to be a viable alternative option as a partial cement replacement due to its chemical composition and physical properties. Besides, previous research indicates that higher curing temperature may improve the mechanical properties of mixes containing SCBA as cement replacement. However, the environmental assessment of those mixes is lacking in the literature. This study aims to understand how curing temperature impacts the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of SCBA as a partial replacement of cement in mortars. An LCA was performed from the extraction of the raw materials to the material production part of the life cycle, including transport. This study shows that the reduction of environmental impact when using SCBA highly depends on the curing temperature. When mortars were cured at 45 degrees C, the use of SCBA reduced the environmental impact of mortars two times with respect to the reduction at 21 degrees C (31\% reduction when cured at 45 degrees C vs. 14\% at 21 degrees C, with a 20\% replacement). This difference is mainly related to the fact that the higher the curing temperature, the better SCBA mortars perform in terms of strength, thus, net savings of cement required to achieve a given performance are higher. Results indicate that the sustainability of SCBA utilization as a partial replacement of cement will be better when mortar is poured in hot regions or during days with higher ambient temperatures. Likewise, the advantages of using SCBA in terms of sustainability will decrease if the external temperature is low.
The environmental benefits and trade-offs of automotive biofuels are well known, but less is known about aviation biofuels. We modeled the environmental impacts of three pathways for aviation biofuel in Australia (from microalgae, pongamia, and sugarcane molasses) using attributional life cycle assessments (LCAs), applying both economic allocation and system expansion. Based on economic allocation, sugarcane molasses has the better fossil energy ratio FER (1.7 MJ out/MJ in) and GHG abatement (73\% less than aviation kerosene) of the three, but with trade-offs of higher water use and eutrophication potential. Microalgae and pongamia have lower FER and GHG abatement (1.0 and 1.1; 53\% and 43\%), but mostly avoid eutrophication and reduce water use trade-offs. All have similar and relatively low land use intensities. If produced on land where existing carbon stocks are not compromised, the sugarcane and microalgae pathways would currently meet a 50\% GHG abatement requirement. Based on system expansion, microalgae and pongamia had lower impacts than sugarcane for all categories except energy input, highlighting the positive aspects of these next-generation feedstocks. The low fossil energy conservation potential of these pathways was found to be a drawback, and significant energy efficiencies will be needed before they can affect fossil energy conservation. Energy recovery from processing residues (base case) was preferable over use as animal feed (variant case), and crucial for favorable energy and GHG conservation. However this finding is at odds with the economic preferences identified in a companion technoeconomic study. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Several techniques have been used to reduce the oil and grease content in aqueous streams; one excellent is bioadsorption. With a view to provide a sustainable method for the treatment of oily effluents, the aim of this study was to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as bioadsorbent to reduce the oil and grease content of aqueous effluents. Analysis of the material was performed, and the adsorption experiments were in a batch system, using a synthetic effluent. The results showed that the kinetic equilibrium occurred in 0.08 h of contact. The study of influence of pH of the aqueous phase and the temperature showed that the adsorption capacity was proportional to the pH value, but inversely proportional to the temperature. The adsorption isotherm was obtained at a temperature of 298.15 K using the Langmuir and Langmuir-Freundlich models, and the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 6.65 kg of hydrocarbon per kg of bioadsorbent. It was verified that sugarcane bagasse represents an excellent material for application in the treatment of oily aqueous effluents, since it is associated with low cost and a high adsorption capacity. The variation in the adsorption capacity observed as a function of pH of the aqueous phase was not found to be significant. This is an important characteristic of the material in terms of its industrial application, verifying the possibility for its implementation in any treatment process, demonstrating the great potential of sugarcane bagasse for use as a sustainable alternative in the reduction in oil and grease in aqueous effluents.
The worldwide expansion in energy and resource use has resulted in a number of unsustainable innovations, necessitating the development of resource sustainability and a reduction in energy usage. Valorization of industrial waste is centred on reducing the amount of pollutants in the environment as well as increasing the revenue generated by industries. Sugarcane processing generates large amount of by-products, namely cane trash, bagasse, molasses and press mud which can be valorized into various value-added products. In this paper, the authors reviewed the variety of applications of sugar industry by-products that has been physically and chemically transformed. It also observed that the technology for producing power from the by-products has advanced, while the manufacture of value-added chemicals has not. The key technological challenges in this area are downstream separation and purification. The difficulties in putting these waste valorization methods in place are also discussed. The amount of investigation and implementation of various solutions varies a lot. In order to translate research findings into commercial products, both business participation and government encouragement are essential. Economic and technological constraints must be recognized for effective commercialization. Some interesting areas were also highlighted which can become the basis for further investigations and could act as guidance for further research in this domain.
This study describes a promising alternative extraction process called electrohydrodynamic technique (EHD), used to extract cellulose from bagasse. The effects of EHD treatment time and heating time on cellulose extraction were investigated. The extraction conditions were then optimized using response surface methodology. The highest cellulose extraction yield was obtained when both independent variables were at their highest level (EHD: 2 h; heating: 3 h). A larger hydrodynamic size of cellulose was achieved under the optimum conditions, confirming the amorphous structure of cellulose created under the effect of EHD. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the distribution of hydrogen bond types. The content of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds was altered when EHD was used for cellulose extraction. EHD significantly affected the composite-like structure of bagasse, which subsequently led to a higher cellulose extraction yield, and transition of crystalline to amorphous structure due to the disruption of the hydrogen bond network.
Biodiesel production from vegetable oils is not sustainable and economical due to the food crisis worldwide. The development of a cost-effective non-edible feedstock is essential. In this study, we proposed to use aquatic oomycetes for microbial oils, which are cellulolytic fungus-like filamentous eukaryotic microorganisms, commonly known as water molds. They differ from true fungi as cellulose is present in their cell wall and chitin is absent. They show parasitic as well as saprophytic nature and have great potential to utilize decaying animal and plant debris in freshwater habitats. To study the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the aquatic oomycetes, the isolated water mold Achlya diffusa was cultivated under semi-solid-state conditions on waste sugarcane bagasse, which was compared with the cultivation in Czapek (DOX) medium. A. diffusa grown on waste sugarcane bagasse showed large lipid droplets in its cellular compartment and synthesized 124.03 +/- 1.93mg/gds cell dry weight with 50.26 +/- 1.76\% w/w lipid content. The cell dry weight and lipid content of this water mold decreased to 89.54 +/- 1.21mg/gds and 38.82\% w/w, respectively, when cultivated on standard medium Czapek-Dox agar (CDA). For the fatty acid profile of A. diffusa grown in sugarcane bagasse and CDA, in situ transesterification (IST) and indirect transesterification (IDT) approaches were evaluated. The lipid profile of this mold revealed the presence of C-12:0, C-14:0, C-16:0, C-18:0, C-18:1, C-18:2, C-20:0, and C-21:0 fatty acids, which is similar to vegetable oils. The biodiesel properties of the lipids obtained from A. diffusa satisfied the limits as determined by international standards ASTM-D6751 and EN-14214 demonstrating its suitability as a fuel for diesel engines.
This study investigates the CO2 influence on thermal decomposition of sugarcane bagasse and a low-rank coal. Experiments at low and high heating rates were performed under different ratios of CO2/O-2/N-2 atmospheres to evaluate devolatilization, char combustion, burnout, SO2, NO and CO emissions. When N-2 was replaced by CO2, the coal combustion was enhanced and the kinetic study presented lower initial activation energy, the devolatilization yield was higher and the CO2-char presented higher reactivity compared to N-2-char. The results obtained for sugarcane bagasse presented opposite behavior, and lower conversions and char reactivity were observed. The kinetic study showed a negative influence on sugarcane bagasse devolatilization and the activation energy was significantly higher under CO2 than under N-2 (189 kJ mol(-1) and 86 kJ mol(-1), respectively). The difference between the fuels can be attributed to the higher volatiles content of the sugarcane bagasse, in which the suppression caused by CO2 partial pressure under 80\% CO2 atmosphere was more pronounced for biomass than for coal, confirmed during devolatilization in the DTA results. Regarding the pollutant emissions, the NO formation decreased and the CO formation increased when N-2 was replaced by CO2. No conclusive trend was observed for the SO2 species. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study investigated the enzymatic saccharification of alkaline-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (PSB) and the bioconversion of simple sugars from hydrolysates to ethanol and other bioproducts by the yeast Galactomyces geotrichum. The effects of percentage of dry substrate (3 and 10\% w/v) and time of hydrolysis (24 and 72 h) in the content of released sugars were evaluated. The concentrations of monosaccharides and total reducing sugars (TRS) were calculated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and by 3.5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, respectively. The highest concentrations of TRS, glucose and xylose (73.96, 31.78 and 10.85 g/L, respectively) were obtained after the saccharification of 10\% of PSB with Cellic CTec3 multi-enzyme cocktail (10 FPU/g cellulose) during 72 h (hydrolysate IV). G. geotrichum UFVJM-R150 fermented both glucose and xylose from the hydrolysates. The most efficient ethanol production was obtained after the fermentation of hydrolysate IV (9.99 g/L of ethanol, volumetric productivity-Q(P) of 0.42 g/L.h and yield of ethanol as a function of the substrate-Y-P/S of 0.27 g(ethanol)/g(sugar)). Besides ethanol, G. geotrichum was also able to produce other high-value chemicals such as isoamyl alcohol and galacturonic acid. This is the first report of the potential of the yeast G. geotrichum to fermentate sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates with the production of important bioproducts to further use by biorefineries. Graphic
The present work investigated the techno-economic feasibility of using gasification as an alternative to direct combustion to generate steam and electric power generation in a sugarcane mill using different types of solid biofuels. Two cogeneration scenarios were analyzed: scenario 1 (S1), using a boiler and steam turbines only, while scenario 2 (S2) uses gas and steam turbines. It was found that for a solid biofuel cost of 8 US \$/ton, the economic results between types of biomass are similar, but at a higher solid biofuel cost, the cost of energy production is lower in S2 when compared to S1. The cost of generated power in S1 using sugarcane bagasse (0.091 US \$/kWh) is higher than the cost considered for grid electricity (0.077 US\$/kWh), while in S2 is lower (0.063 US\$/kWh); therefore, electricity might be exported to the grid at a competitive price in S2. In both scenarios, the greatest contribution to the total annual costs comes from the investment required by about 83\%. In the case of the other biofuels, such as cladodes, oil brunches, and coffee pulp, the cost obtained is less than 0.077 US\$/kWh for all cases in both scenarios, except for the tender cladodes in S1, mainly due to its higher moisture content. The systems studied in S2 using oil palm empty brunches as complementary solid biofuel in the sugar mill are recommended for year-round bioenergy production.
Levulinic acid (LA) is currently one of the most promising chemicals derived from biomass. However, its large-scale production is hampered by the challenges in biomass hydrolysis and the poor selectivity due to the formation of humins (HUs). This study addresses these challenges using the biorefinery concept of biomass fractionation. A three-step process (pretreatment, delignification, and acid-catalyzed conversion) was optimized to produce LA from SCB considering the yield (Y-LA), efficiency (E-LA), and concentration of LA (C-LA) as functions of temperature, reaction time, acid concentration, and solids loading. By means of a multi-response optimization, values of Y-LA (20.9 +/- 1.25 g/100g(ISF-D)), E-LA (37.5 +/- 2.24 mol\%), and C-LA (25.1 +/- 1.50 g/L) were obtained at 180 degrees C, 75 min, 7.0\% w/v H2SO4, and 12.0\% w/v of solids loading. Six scenarios for production of LA were analyzed in terms of yields of LA, HUs, lignin, and other sugar-derived products considering one-, two-, or three-step processes. The economic analysis indicated that the three-step scenario delivers better economic figures given that other valuable biomass fractions (hemicellulosic sugars and lignin) are better used and contribute to the overall economic performance of the process. The results also demonstrate the burden of HUs in the economics of the process because it was shown that the largest production of LA is also linked to the largest formation of HUs, which does not necessarily yield the best economic results. These findings indicate the importance of added value by-products for the profitable production of LA in biorefineries.
Herein, biochar was produced by the slow pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 500 degrees C in absence of oxygen. The resulting sugarcane bagasse biochar (SB500) was characterized and used for aqueous carbofuran sorptive removal. Batch carbofuran sorption studies were accomplished to ascertain the influence of solution pH, contact time, temperature (25, 35 and 45 degrees C) and adsorbate/adsorbent concentration. SB500 adsorbed more carbofuran at low pH values and less carbofuran at high pH values. The necessary sorption equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined. The equilibrium isotherm data were fitted to the Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models. The Langmuir equation best fitted the experimental sorption data. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of 18.9 mg g(-1) was obtained at pH 6.0 and 45 degrees C. The enthalpy change (Delta H degrees), entropy change (Delta S degrees) and Gibbs free energy (Delta G degrees) were evaluated. The fixed-bed carbofuran sorption studies were carried out using the optimum parameters determined via the batch studies. The necessary fixed-bed design parameters were obtained. Carbofuran desorption and SB500 regeneration were successfully achieved. About 96\% of the total carbofuran was successfully desorbed from the exhausted biochar using 20 mL ethanol in 10 mL increments. Moreover, a possible carbofuran adsorption mechanism has been proposed. A number of interactions including (1) hydrogen bonding of the protonated and neutral carbofuran to biochar, (2) carbofuran sorption onto biochar via pi-pi electron donor-acceptor interactions and (3) carbofuran diffusion into the biochar pores were considered to explain the sorption mechanism. The batch and fixed-bed sorption results demonstrate that the sugarcane bagasse biochar (SB500) can be effectively used for the sustainable removal and recovery of carbofuran from water.
Sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed with 0.4-5 wt.\% sulfuric acid at 97-126 degrees C. A novel kinetic model was proposed to describe glycan solubilization and formation of monosaccharides. Based on the multilayered structure of plant cell wall, the concept of ``potential hydrolysis degree (h(d)){''
The bagasse is the compressed waste of the sugarcane from Brazil and was found to have small holes of about 8x10(-7) m in diameter on its surface. By the carbonization under nitrogen gas, the bagasse changed to a porous char having the adsorption ability and the water content in the bagasse influenced its activation. The condition of the carbonization was evaluated according to surface form, specific surface area and adsorption capacity of the char. The effect of water-content in the bagasse was also evaluated by the relationship of the product of char yield (Y) x specific surface area (S) and the char yield (Y). Our experimental results indicated that the small holes of the bagasse were increased with increasing heating temperature until 973 K. Under the conditions of heating rate of 10 K/min and heating temperature of 1273 K, specific surface area of the char was 611x10(3) m(2)/kg and the adsorption capacity was 960 x10(-3) kg/kg in iodine test and 52 x10(-3) m(3)/kg in Methylene Blue test. When the water content in the bagasse was 200\% under the condition of the heating rate of 10 K/min until 1173 K or the heating rate of 5 K/min until 1273 K, the specific surface area was 967-1055 x 10(-3) m(2)/kg. Further study illustrated that the equilibrium adsorption isotherms of benzene steam by this char was the same as that of the bagasse activated carbon. It was possible to arrange our data by the Langmuir's equilibrium adsorption isotherm. By the carbonization of this water-containing bagasse under nitrogen gas, the adsorption mechanism of the resulting char became equal to that of the activated carbon.
High solvent recovery and monomeric sugar yield are essential for a viable biochemical conversion technology. The SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) or AVAP (R) process has great potential to produce easily fermentable pulp fibers and sugars dissolved in the spent liquor stream. The SEW fractionation process is evaluated for delignification, xylan removal and potential reactions between ethanol and sugarcane straw (SCS) carbohydrates. alpha-ethyl-xyloside (aEX) and beta-ethyl-xyloside (bEX) formed by reaction of ethanol with xylose are quantified. The fractionation experiments are carried out at 135 degrees C, 145 degrees C, and 155 degrees C for 20-120 min at fixed liquor composition (SO2/EtOH/H2O = 12:44:44, w/w) and liquor to feedstock ratio (4 l kg(-1)). The results are interpreted in terms of combined severity factor (CSF). Maximum ethyl xylosides (EX, or sum of aEX and bEX) and monomeric xylose concentrations are observed at CSF of 2.4 +/- 0.1. The maximum amount of EX in spent liquor accounts for nearly 1.4\% of EtOH (feedstock basis). The implications for downstream recovery of EtOH and sugars from the spent liquor are discussed.
The phenylureas group includes persistent herbicides which are major pollutants to soil and water. Dissipation kinetics of diuron in different soils under sugarcane field conditions was investigated. Diuron was extracted with acetone and florisil solid phase extraction clean-up and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV. Diuron persisted for more than 100 days and dissipation followed monophasic first-order kinetics. Persistence was more in sandy loam compared to silty clay loam soil. Half-life of diuron in silty clay loam soil was 22.57 and 32.37 days and in sandy loam was 28.35 and 43.93 days at 2 and 4 kg ha(-1) applications, respectively. Average recovery in soil, bagasse, leaf-straw and juice ranged from 75.95\% to 84.20\%, 80.15\% to 89.35\%, 77.46\% to 86.19\% and 81.88\% to 92.68\%, respectively. The quantitation limits for soil, bagasse, leaf-straw and juice were 0.01, 0.03, 0.04 mu g g(-1) and 0.008 mu g mL(-1), respectively. Application of diuron inhibited growth of soil microbes initially but they recovered later. At harvest, diuron residues were below maximum residue limits in all samples. The study revealed that under subtropical conditions, diuron is safe for use in weed management and would not pose any residual/environmental problem and that sugarcane crop could be used safe for human/animal consumption.
A series of activated carbons were prepared from agricultural waste sugarcane bagasse by chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as an activating agent at 500 degreesC and 0.5 It soaking time. The Langmuir surface area and total pore volume were used to estimate the average pore diameter of the carbon products. The values of the surface area and pore volume increased linearly with increase in the impregnation ratio (IR) up to 100 wt\%. The adsorption capacities of the derived adsorbents for Acid Orange 10 were measured at 20 degreesC and 40 degreesC to gain further insights into the acidic surface oxides of the adsorbent from the results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and pH measurement. Adsorption isotherms of the acid dye on adsorbents prepared were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations. It was found that the Langmuir model appears to fit the isotherm data better than the Freundlich model. The physical properties of these adsorbents were consistent with the parameters obtained from the isotherm equations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
This work studied the pretreatment of sugarcane molasses (CM) and corn steep liquor (CS) for the production of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636). The acid pretreatment removed less micronutrients than that with activated carbon and led to high removals of Cu and Mn. Reduction in optical density of the prepared medium and removal of glucose from it were 22\% and 7\% for CM and 95\% and 38\% for CS, respectively. Total carotenoids obtained with substrates pretreated with acids (541 mu g/L) were higher than the results obtained when the medium was treated with activated carbon (208 mu g/L).
The use of alternative raw materials to produce particleboards become an interesting strategy to replace wood and dampen the deforestation that have created environmental issues. Thus, this paper aims to assess the physical, mechanical, thermal and aging properties of multilayer particleboards produced with green coconut and sugarcane bagasse fibers. The particleboards were produced with two different densities (500 and 700 kg/m(3)) consisting of 3 layers: two outer layers (OL) of sugarcane bagasse fiber and one inner layer (IL) of green coconut fiber bonded with castor oil polyurethane resin (PU-resin). The physical, mechanical, thermal and accelerated aging properties of the particleboards were measured by advance equipment. The X-ray densitometry identified variations in the density profile across the thickness of the particleboards. Regarding the assessed mechanical properties, the particleboards produced with a density of 500 kg/m(3) (T1) meet all the ANSI A208.1-1999 requirements for LD-1 particleboards. On the other hand, the particleboards produced with a density of 700 kg/m(3) (T2) only meet ANSI A208.1-1999 requirements for M-2 particleboards. The results of the fatigue tests indicated that all the particleboards assessed were able to survive a fatigue life of 40.000 cycles at stress levels equal to 25\% of the breaking load. Accelerated aging assessment shown that this test caused degradation of the particleboards and indicated that the exposure conditions (temperature, humidity, UVA and UVB) caused permanent damage to the physical properties of WA and TS as well as the mechanical properties. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been identified as one of the most promising thermochemical technologies to produce liquid biofuels. Although the production cost of HTL biofuels has not yet reached a competitive price, Brazil is recognized worldwide by its mature and well-developed biomass chain, along with a very marketcompetitive sugarcane industry, which could be used to deploy HTL technologies in a large-scale. The present study carried out a techno-economic analysis to understand the economic performance of HTL in the Brazilian context and considered sugarcane bagasse as the feedstock in two main configurations: a HTL stand-alone facility and a HTL plant integrated with the Brazilian sugarcane industry. The integration of the HTL with a sugarcane ethanol distillery has significantly increased the internal rate of return (IRR) compared with the stand-alone, moving from 8.1\%-12.6\% per year, thus indicating that HTL have the potential of being economically feasible if integrated to a sugarcane mill. Moreover, the minimum fuel selling prices of biofuels (MFSP) produced in the best integrated scenario showed a very high market-competitiveness, estimated as 0.44, 0.48, 0.51 and 0.37 US\$/L for gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and marine fuel, which were slightly lower than fossil counterparts. This study has also demonstrated that the selection of liquefaction solvents is a highly sensitive parameter to the economic feasibility of HTL; water has showed the highest economic feasibility, suggesting that the utilization of ethanol as solvent may not be feasible at industrial scale.
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly employed in industrial ethanol production, regardless of the capability of Kluyveromyces marxianus strains to produce ethanol at similar or higher levels and on inhibitory conditions. Therefore, in this work strains of S. cerevisiae (ethanol RED and AR5) and K. marxianus (SLP1 and OFF1) were compared for ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and wheat straw (WS) hydrolysates. As it is known, during the lignocellulosic hydrolysis not only free sugars were obtained (SCB, g L-1: glucose 7.64, xylose 8.38, arabinose 2.43; and WS, g L-1: glucose 6.07, xylose 6.36, arabinose 2.09) but also growth inhibitors of yeast such as hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural that could modify the fermentation capability. The volumetric ethanol productivity (Q (p)) was evaluated, and it was observed that the K. marxianus SLP1 was the most efficient for ethanol production reaching a Q (p) of 0.292 and 0.250 g L-1 h(-1) on SCB and WS hydrolysates, respectively. In contrast, S. cerevisiae AR5 and ethanol RED exhibited a reduced Q (p) on SCB, but similar values of Q (p) to K. marxianus OFF1 on WS. The results obtained show that it is possible to select K. marxianus yeast strains for ethanol production using SCB and WS hydrolysates obtaining higher Q (p) than S. cerevisiae yeast strains. Considering the efficiency of ethanol production and the tolerance to inhibitors, K. marxianus strain SLP1 possesses a great potential as an industrial yeast for lignocellulosic ethanol production.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an abundant by-product of sugar refining that can be utilized as a raw material for cellulose isolation for several industrial applications. Electrospinning has garnered attention in recent years because it allows the preparation of cellulosic materials with unique properties. In this study, cellulose was isolated from sugarcane bagasse and acetylated to fabricate fine acetate cellulose fibers through electrospinning. Subsequently, the electrospun fibers were deacetylated and cationized in order to produce functionalized materials with potential textile applications. The functional fibers were colored with an anionic dye (vinyl sulfone) with and without the presence of salt and were evaluated according to dye fixation, color attributes, morphological characteristics, and thermal stability. Cationic cellulose fibers that were dyed without added salt were found to be brighter and demonstrated better color fixation than those with added salt. In addition, morphological analysis performed using scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that cationized fibers dyed without added salt were better preserved at this stage. The cationic fiber also evidenced a high-temperature resistance, exhibiting a degradation temperature above 236 degrees C. The results suggest that cellulose fibers dyed in this manner can potentially be considered for use in textile applications due to their suitable dye fixation and tunable porosity (i.e., breathability).
In this study, starch metabolites and enzymes were determined during starch-based plastic polymer biodegradation by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, grown in sugarcane bagasse pith in tubular reactors. Various metabolites, amylase, ligninase and cellulase production were measured during P. chrysosporium growth on sugarcane bagasse pith with added glucose and starch polymer. On-line respirometric analyses followed during 32 days confirmed the P. chrysosporium capability of growing on sugarcane bagasse pith with starch polymer degradation. Enzyme activity during secondary metabolism increased, and a 70\% and 74\% starch degradation was reached with and without glucose addition, generating low molecular weight metabolites (e.g.) dextrin, maltotriose, maltose and glucose that were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
With the growing use of agrochemicals in Brazil, there is also a growing need for more realistic toxicity assessments that aid in understanding the potential risks of environmental-realistic agrochemical (mixture) exposures in the natural ecosystems. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental realistic (single and mixture) concentrations of the pesticides DMA (R) 806 BR (active ingredient - a.i. 2,4-D) and Regent (R) 800 WG (a.i. fipronil) and sugarcane vinasse to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This evaluation was carried out through lethal (survival), sublethal (reproduction and intrinsic rates of population increase - r) and post-exposure (feeding rate and also reproduction) tests conducted in situ and with water from mesocosms contaminated with the recommended doses of these compounds. The results showed high acute toxicity for treatments containing fipronil and vinasse when acting in isolation, with survival rates only returning to control values on the last sampling day (75 days post application). Reproduction of surviving cladocerans was reduced in all treatments until the end of the experiment and were potentiated effect in the mixture of the three test compounds. The intrinsic rates of population increase were reduced in all treatments except the single 2,4-D treatment. Post-exposure feeding rate and reproduction, however, were not impaired under the conditions analyzed. The results show the high toxicity of recommended doses of fipronil and vinasse (and especially their mixture) and the importance of evaluating the risks of agrochemical mixtures at environmental-realistic concentrations.
This paper discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse in two different fiber lengths (5 mm and 8 mm) of the same density as a raw material for the production of particleboards, using castor oil-based two-component polyurethane adhesive. The quality of the product that can be manufactured industrially was evaluated based on density, thickness swell (TS), absorption (WA), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and internal bond (IB), according to the Brazilian NBR 14.810:2006 standard. The results revealed a significant difference between the particleboards made with 5-mm-long fibers and those made with 8-mm-long fibers. An analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the interparticle spaces are filled with castor oil-based two-component polyurethane adhesive, contributing to improve the physicomechanical properties of the particleboards. A durability assessment based on accelerated aging tests shows that waterproofed particleboards can be used in moist environments.
A fermentation system for the continuous ethanol production from sucrose and molasses using calcium alginate immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain HAU-1 has been optimised. Immobilization of active yeast cells (30\%, w/v) was accomplished in 1.5\% calcium alginate and these yeast-beads were employed for ethanol production in a vertical column reactor. High ethanol productivity was achieved with a medium containing 10\%, w/v sucrose at a dilution rate of 0.20 h(-1). Alginate beads containing 30-50\% yeast cell - mass resulted in high productivity 60.4 g l(-1) h(-1)). Sugarcane molasses containing 15\% total sugars was fermented in column reactor to produce 6.0\%, v/v ethanol in continuous system. These yields could be improved to 7.0\% with overall 11\% increase in fermentation - efficiency with the use of acid-clarified sugar cane molasses medium.
Experiments based on a 2(3) central composite full factorial design were carried out in 200-ml stainless-steel containers to study the pretreatment, with dilute sulfuric acid, of a sugarcane bagasse sample obtained from a local sugar-alcohol mill. The independent variables selected for study were temperature, varied from 112.5A degrees C to 157.5A degrees C, residence time, varied from 5.0 to 35.0 min, and sulfuric acid concentration, varied from 0.0\% to 3.0\% (w/v). Bagasse loading of 15\% (w/w) was used in all experiments. Statistical analysis of the experimental results showed that all three independent variables significantly influenced the response variables, namely the bagasse solubilization, efficiency of xylose recovery in the hemicellulosic hydrolysate, efficiency of cellulose enzymatic saccharification, and percentages of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the pretreated solids. Temperature was the factor that influenced the response variables the most, followed by acid concentration and residence time, in that order. Although harsher pretreatment conditions promoted almost complete removal of the hemicellulosic fraction, the amount of xylose recovered in the hemicellulosic hydrolysate did not exceed 61.8\% of the maximum theoretical value. Cellulose enzymatic saccharification was favored by more efficient removal of hemicellulose during the pretreatment. However, detoxification of the hemicellulosic hydrolysate was necessary for better bioconversion of the sugars to ethanol.
Bagasse is a by-product of sugar milling and important fuel resource for that industry. It is a fibrous, low density material with a very wide range of particle sizes and high moisture content. The goal of this study is the development of a system based on the use of the ligninolytic enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). of which anthracene was selected as an example. The white rot fungus P. chrysosporium immobilized on bagasse was grown in both stationary and agitated cultures (rotary shaker, 80 rpm) using nitrogen limited growth medium to study the ability of the fungus to degrade anthracene in aqueous media. Production of MnP occurred simultaneously in nitrogen limited culture medium with the added MnSO4 at 40 ppm. The MnP activity was at relatively high level (76U1(-1)) and in this condition, the residual anthracene concentration was 16\%. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The fluctuation in the price of oil and the positive consequences of fuels from renewable sources (compared to fossil fuels) propel the expansion of biofuel global production. In this work, the current distillation operation of an ethanol distillery is simulated and compared to the use of indirect heating, evaluating the environmental and economic impacts associated with vinasse fertirrigation by using an external automated tool. Results show that the replacement proposed decreases approximately 15\% of the amount of vinasse. Moreover, as the modifications do not change the outlet flowrates, such revamping might be done without additional operational changes that could affect the productivity. The environmental evaluation presents positive results, showing that the new configuration may decrease all environmental impacts categories assessed. From an economic perspective, the plant could also have higher profits, presenting a payback period of 3.57 years. Finally, the new improved system is treated as a multi-objective optimization problem and it is solved by using the weighted sum method to obtain the Pareto frontier, providing the optimal solutions that trade-off economic and environmental objectives. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The previous burning of sugarcane straw before harvest causes a series of inconvenients to the environment, specially to the tillage-associated insects. Fire is used to control pests and diseases in the agriculture, however its effect on insect populations is not well understood or documented, mainly on invertebrate groups responsible for nutrient recycling and energy flow. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of controlled burning sugarcane straw on the local insect community. The insects were collected in different dates before and after burning. The species selected for the analysis were affected by fire. Among the 35 taxa collected, 17 were considered more relevant to explain the observed variation in the frequency of species captured through time. In the first sampling after burning, there was a decrease in abundance of five species {[
Biological pre-treatment is the removal of recalcitrant lignin from lignocellulose through the action of lignin degrading organisms and/or their ligninolytic enzymes system. Despite numerous environmental benefits, biological pre-treatment has been side-lined due to its prolonged periods of fermentation, ascribed to the slow growth rate of lignin degrading organisms. Thus, the present work adopted a dual phase statistical optimization approach for the biological pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse, with Pycnoporus coccineus MScMS1, using Taguchi Orthogonal Array, in conjunction with Response Surface Methodology, to address this issue. Amplification of the organism's functioning resulted in an enhancement of sugar productivity and yield accompanied by a significant reduction in fermentation time. Optimized sugar concentration was approx. 18 g/L within 4 days of pre-treatment, with productivity of 4.5 g/(L.day). Substrate compositional analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) reduction of lignin by 70\% in the biologically pre-treated substrate, along with significantly (p < 0.05) higher quantities of water soluble components (35 +/- 0.95 g) and cellulose content (33 +/- 0.18 g), as compared to the untreated substrate. Appreciable levels of xylose, arabinose, glucose and galactose were detected in hydrolysates from biologically pre-treated bagasse. Furthermore, Bacillus megaterium Ti3, a potent polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producer, was grown on these sugar-rich hydrolysates and generated 0.58 g/L PHA in 24 h of fermentation accompanied by 0.88 g/L dry cell weight and 65\% PHA accumulation. These results were comparable with those from a glucose medium. Thus, the present study was successful in optimizing the biological pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse and utilizing the resultant sugar-rich hydrolysates, as inexpensive and renewable raw materials, for PHA production.
This document contains additional information for the production of activated carbons (AC) and carbon foams (CF) from agroindustrial wastes, orange peel (OP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB). In particular, a set of data is presented for the characterization of carbonaceous structures (AC and CF) and their application in the removal of metallic ions contained in polluted waters. The adsorbent materials were obtained combining chemical and physical activation processes. Data presented here included characterization of AC and CF using dynamic light scattering (DLS), BET (Brunauer, Emmet and Teller) surface area analysis, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method to assess pore size distribution and zeta potential (zeta) to evaluate electrokinetic potential of carbonaceous structures. In addition, energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to identify heavy metals on the surface of carbonaceous materials is shown and complementary adsorption capacity data for metal ion removal are presented in the paper. The data can be used as a reference to promote reuse of agroindustrial wastes and provide added value; particularly for the synthesis of carbonaceous structures applied to the water purification. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.
Polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with raw bagasse have properties comparable to that of chemically and/or physically treated bagasse fibers or powders. Bagasse is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes. Bagasse is mainly used as fuel but attempts have also been made to develop composites and other products using bagasse as reinforcement. Unlike previous attempts on using bagasse in powdered or after chemical modifications, we used raw bagasse consisting of both the pith and the rind to reinforce PP. This approach will preserve the properties of the bagasse and also reduce raw material costs. Layers of PP and bagasse were sandwiched together and compression-molded to form the composites. Various ratios of bagasse and PP were used and density of the composites was varied from 0.5 to 0.9 g/cm(3). Tensile strength up to 14 MPa and flexural strength up to 2.5 GPa were obtained depending on the density and proportion of the bagasse and polypropylene in the composites. Using raw bagasse as reinforcement is a better approach to obtain inexpensive composites with adequate tensile and flexural properties.
This work aimed at the production of cellulases from pretreated sugarcane bagasse by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum IOC 3844 and their application in the hydrolysis of this same substrate, for a future use in second-generation ethanol production. The production of cellulases was optimized, which resulted in high enzymatic activities after 42 hrs of process in an instrumented bioreactor (CMCase 27,017 U x L-1; FPase 1,225 U x L-1; and beta-glucosidase 609 U x L-1). The enzymatic extract was concentrated by using a hollow fiber membrane filtration system. The concentrated extract was applied in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse, after 28 hrs of enzymatic reaction, displaying a similar catalytic performance of that attained with a commercial enzymatic preparation (hydrolysis efficiency of roughly 50\%). Finally, the enzymatic extract was partially characterized in terms of the molecular weights of the main activities of the enzymatic pool. Electrophoretic analysis identified eleven protein bands; six of them were related to CMCase activity and revealing molecular weights that varied from 48 to 78 kDa, and two bands were associated with beta-glucosidase activity and having molecular weights of 75 and 85 kDa.
Poly(hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) and other biodegradable polyesters are promising candidates for the development of environment-friendly, totally biodegradable plastics. The use of cane molasses and corn steep liquor, two of the cheapest substrates available in Egypt, may help to reduce the cost of producing such biopolyesters. In this work, the effect of different carbon sources was studied. Maximum production of PHB was obtained with cane molasses and glucose as sole carbon sources (40.8, 39.9 per mg cell dry matter, respectively). The best growth was obtained with 3\% molasses, while maximum yield of PHB (46.2\% per mg cell dry matter) was obtained with 2\% molasses. Corn steep liquor was the best nitrogen source for PHB synthesis (32.7 mg per cell dry matter), on the other hand, best growth was observed when ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, ammonium oxalate or ammonium phosphate were used as nitrogen sources.
Sugarcane is the world's largest biomass crop. Extraneous leaf material, also known as post-harvest crop residue, represents a significant resource for use as a biomass feedstock by bioenergy industries. Information on temporal and varietal variation in sugarcane post-harvest crop residue is limited. Therefore, residue collected every two weeks during two harvest seasons from three commercial sugarcane varieties were analyzed for biomass quantity and quality. Residue biomass yields exceeded 3.5 t ha(-1) y(-1). When averaged over the two years and across the three varieties utilized, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and ash content of residue were 4.7, 36.0, 31.5, and 0.7 \%, respectively. Variety affected biomass, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and ash yield, indicating there is some genetic variation in residue. Variability in lignin concentration was greatest; but, the overall concentrations in sugarcane residue were low. Both yield and quality changes over time within a season were consistent with the three varieties investigated in this study. Thus, harvest scheduling for sugarcane can be focused on varieties with the greatest sucrose concentration knowing that residue quality is stable across varieties.
Eco-friendly hydrophobic coatings were fabricated on tiles via the drop-casting process. Sugarcane bagasse waste ash (SBA) was used as a silica source and dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS) was used as a surface functionalizing agent. The elemental composition of SBA was measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The surface morphology of SBA was analyzed through the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technique. The surface wettability of SBA coated tiles was evaluated by determining the static water contact angle (WCA). XRF studies showed that the impurities were removed, and the silica content was enriched by the acid treatment. SBA coated tiles showed good hydrophobicity with a WCA of 135 degrees. The high hydrophobicity of the coated tiles may be attributed to the increase of surface roughness by SBA. Moreover, the SBA coating was successfully tested on various substrates such as tiles, brick, glass, and cotton cloth. SBA coated glass substrate was more durable compared to other substrates at normal room temperature.
A high-performance carbon electrode is desirable for promoting electrochemical desalination efficiency in the membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Sugarcane bagasse (food waste) was employed in this study to prepare hierarchically porous biochars by microwave-assisted carbonization and activation with potassium hydroxide in N-2 or CO2 atmosphere under varying flow rates (100-600 cm(3) min(-1)). The sugarcane bagasse-derived biochars activated under CO2 flow of 300 cm(3) min(-1) (denoted as SBB-O-2-300) possessed the ratio of mesopores to total pore volume (V-meso/V-total) of 56.7\% with a specific surface area of 1019 m(2) g(-1). The electrochemical behavior of SBB-CO2-300 was demonstrated by a surpassing specific capacitance of 208 F g(-1) at 5 mV s(-1) by means of cyclic voltammetry. The desalination tests using a batch-mode MCDI at 1.2 V in a 5 mM NaCI solution indicated that the SBB-CO2-300 electrode exhibited an excellent electrosorption capacity of 28.9 mg g(-1). The improvement in the electrochemical deionization performance of SBB-CO2-300 was attributed to the superior V-mea/V-total ratio, high surface area, excellent capacitance behavior, and hierarchical pore structure. The biowaste-derived biochars prepared via facile microwave-assisted carbonization and CO2 activation route can provide a sustainable and high-efficiency carbon electrode for electrochemical deionization of brackish water.
A consolidated bioprocess integrating enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation was applied for bioethanol production. Mixed solid-state fermentation of alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) supplemented with wheat bran (WB) to produce a compound enzyme for saccharification by Trichoderma and Penicillium was carried out, and at 72 h, the obtained sugars concentration was 20.190 g/L. Then the mixture was further converted to ethanol by inoculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After 24 h, the maximum ethanol concentration 5.825 g/L (40.84\% of theoretical yield) was achieved. At 144 h, the produced 8-glucosidase activity and fungal biomass were 0.483 IU/mL and 0.204 g/g, respectively. The consolidated bioprocess avoided enzyme preparation, saved much water/energy consumption and reduced equipment investment, which indicated that it might be an effective approach for the economic production of bioethanol. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Disruption of lignocellulosic structure of biomass plays a key role in producing bioethanol from lignocelluloses. This study investigated the impact of dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment on bagasse structure using microwave heating. Three reaction temperatures of 130, 160 and 190 degrees C with two heating times of 5 and 10 min were considered and a number of instruments were employed to analyze the properties of the bagasse particles. On account of microwave irradiation into the solution with dielectric heating, the experiments indicated that an increase in reaction temperature destroyed the lignocellulosic structure of bagasse in a significant way. The pretreated bagasse particles were simultaneously characterized by fragmentation and swelling. When the reaction temperature was as high as 190 degrees C, the fragmentation of particles became fairly pronounced so that the specific surface area of the pretreated material grew substantially. Meanwhile, almost all hemicellulose was removed from bagasse and the crystalline structure of cellulose disappeared. In contrast, the feature of lignin was remained clearly. However, a comparison between the heating times of 5 and 10 min revealed that the influence of the heating time on the lignocellulosic structure was not significant, indicating that the pretreatment with 5 min was sufficiently long. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fungal xylanases have been widely studied and various production methods have been proposed using submerged and solid-state fermentation. This class of enzyme is used to supplement cellulolytic enzyme cocktails in order to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant cell walls. The present work investigates the production of xylanase and other accessory enzymes by a recently isolated endophytic Aspergillus niger DR02 strain, using the pentose-rich liquor from hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. Batch and fed-batch submerged cultivation approaches were developed in order to minimize the toxicity of the liquor and increase enzyme production. Maximum xylanase activities obtained were 458.1 U/mL for constant fed-batch, 428.1 U/mL for exponential fed-batch, and 264.37 U/mL for pulsed fed-batch modes. The results indicated that carbon-limited fed-batch cultivation can reduce fungal catabolite repression, as well as overcome possible negative effects of toxic compounds present in the pentose-rich liquor. Enzymatic panel and mass spectrometric analyses of the fed-batch A. niger secretome showed high levels of xylanolytic enzymes (GH10, GH11, and GH62 Cazy families), together with cellobiohydrolase (G6 and GH7), -glucosidase, -xylosidase (GH3), and feruloyl esterase (CE1) accessory enzyme activities. The yields of glucose and xylose from enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse increased by 43.7 and 65.3\%, respectively, when a commercial cellulase preparation was supplemented with the A. niger DR02 constant fed-batch enzyme complex.
Residues and by-products are the unavoidable outputs of cereal, sugarcane and dairy processing industry which can be resorted economically. Widespread focus on plastic replacement, residue burning and waste reduction had led to characterization and identification of by-products for economic packaging applications. Extensive research work had been done on whey usage in eco-friendly packaging but packaging applications of cereal crop residues, cereal milling by-products and sugarcane bagasse are still in nascent stage. However, research studies on extraction and exploitation of cellulose, hemicellulose and other film forming components from these by-products had been reported for packaging applications but described processes have low techno-commerciality. Current status and innovations in utilization of cereal residue (rice straw, wheat straw and corn cob), cereal milling by-products (husk, hull and bran), sugarcane processing waste (bagasse and sugar beet pulp) and whey based packaging applications as well as application in bio-composites, are discussed briefly in this review.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is one of the world's most abundant agricultural residues and in an Indian context, similar to 100 million tonnes per annum is produced. The current use of SCB is restricted to the cogeneration of steam and power; however considering its potential, cogeneration is not the best valorisation route. Furthermore, with falling electricity prices and reducing global sugar prices due to excess sugar stock, it is inevitable that the waste generated (SCB) by sugar mills are utilised for generating revenue sustainably. With this background, this review aims to put forth a biorefinery perspective based on SCB feedstock. Biogas and bioethanol are the Government of India's current focus with policies and subsidies clearly pointing towards a sizeable future market. Therefore, alongside these biofuels, high-value chemicals such as xylitol, succinic acid and lactic acid were identified as other desired products for biorefineries. This review firstly discusses SCB pre-treatment options based on end applications (saccharification or anaerobic digestion, AD). Next, state-of-the-art for each of these aspects was reviewed and our perspective on a profitable biorefinery is presented. We propose an AD based biorefinery where vortex-based hydrodynamic cavitation was found to be the best choice for pre-treatment. AD is considered not only a bioprocess for energy production here but also a `pre-treatment', where partial conversion of holocellulose leads to a digestate rich in a loosened fibre matrix. This digestate rich in cellulose can be enzymatically hydrolysed and further valorised biochemically. This approach would be cost effective and provide a sustainable waste management route for sugar mills.
In this investigation, co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and sludge palm oil for production of liquid fuel was investigated. A series of pyrolysis experiments was conducted using zeolite-Y synthesized from rice husk silica and aluminum metal through sol-gel route and calcined at different temperatures as catalyst. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted at fixed temperature of 350 degrees C, and the liquid fuels produced were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique for component identification. The results obtained indicate that the main component of the liquid fuels is hydrocarbon, with the highest content of 80\% was produced with the use of catalyst calcined at 700 degrees C. Production of liquid fuels with high hydrocarbon content and practically contain no acids demonstrated that catalyst zeolite-Y synthesized exhibited appreciable selectivity toward formation of hydrocarbons, and simultaneously prevent the formation of acids.
The aim of this study was to describe the hydrolysis behavior of sugarcane bagasse pith (SCBP) in subcritical CO2-water. The hydrolysis was carried out in a batch reactor using different temperatures (160 to 260 degrees C), liquid to solid ratios (20 : 1 to 100 : 1), CO2 pressures (0 to 7.3 MPa), stirring speeds (0 to 500 rpm) and reaction times (0 to 40 min). The highest total reducing sugar yield (43.6\%) was obtained at 200 degrees C, liquid to solid ratio 30 : 1, 2 MPa CO2, 500 rpm and 50 min. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) were used to help elucidate the physical and chemical characteristics of the raw material and residual solid particles, with results consistent with the removal of hemicellulose during hydrolysis. The changes in the concentration of products with time were analyzed to understand product distribution through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to infer the reaction mechanism.
Biorefineries are fundamental to support the development of bio-based economies. Further development of sugarcane biorefineries in South Africa is likely to involve the use of sugarcane fibre as a feedstock. The current cane payment system incentivises growers to supply sugarcane with high sucrose yield per hectare; consequently, they are unlikely to produce energy cane cultivars that have high yields of fibre per hectare and lower sucrose yields. Because economies of scale are central to the economic viability of biorefinery investments, sugarcane biorefinery businesses may be willing to use price mechanisms to increase their supply of sugarcane fibre. This research is a case study for the Eston milling area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It demonstrates the potential impact of changes in the price paid for fibre on the farm-level decisions pertaining to the area planted with cane, the optimal choice of cultivars, and its implication for the quantities of sugar and fibre supplied. Optimisation mathematical models representing a ``typical sugarcane farm{''
Slow pyrolysis of regenerated cellulose-rich material (RCRM) and recovered lignin produced from imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) pre-treatment of sugarcane straw (SCS) was investigated employing a Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA) instrument coupled with a Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ({[
Efforts to optimize bioethanol production were made by modifying culture condition of the yeasts used. Two commercial yeast (New Aule alcohol yeast and New Aule baker's instant dry yeast) were grown in sugarcane molasses under different condition with and without aeration in order to compare the productivity of both yeast. The fermentation processes were carried out in batch condition for 72 hours incubation time. Aeration rate of 0.3 vvm were provided for four hours at the early stage of the aerated cultures. The level of ethanol produced by New Aule Alcohol Yeast was 74.8 g/L with ethanol productivity of 2.078 g/L/h and yield (Yp/s) was at 0.378 g/g. Aeration of 0.3 vvm did not affect the level of ethanol produced, yielded 0.338 gram of ethanol per gram of substrate used. Interestingly, the result showed that the New Aule baker's instant dry yeast produced higher ethanol compare to that of its alcohol yeast. Without aeration, New Aule baker's instant dry yeast produced 102.854 g/L. Meanwhile, the aerated culture of this yeast increase the ethanol production to the level of 120.917 g/L with productivity 3.359 g/L/h and ethanol yield 0.669 g/g, indicating the differences in oxygen sensitivity of both commercial yeast. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Acidogenesis of sugarcane vinasse at 15 and 20 kgCOD m(-3) in a batch bioreactor occurred via acrylate and homoacetogenesis pathways. Both these pathways were incorporated into the Anaerobic Digestion Model Number 1 (ADM1) and they were validated with biomolecular analysis. As a novelty of this work, ADM1 was modified integrating a new lactate consumption pathway to the model (Lactate -> Acetate + Propionate +Hydrogen) and the homoacetogenesis (Hydrogen + CO2 -> Acetate) to initial concentrations of vinasse of 15 and 20 kgCOD m(-3). To evaluate the microbial community involved in such fermentative pathways, biomass samples were taken from the reactor operated with vinasse under organic matter concentrations of 15, 20 and 30 kgCOD m(-3), which was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene massive sequencing. Moreover, the abundance of hydrogen producing microorganisms and homoacetogens were quantified by q-PCR. It was mathematically demonstrated that the acrylate and homoacetogenesis pathways were able to describe the system at low concentrations of sugarcane vinasse (15 and 20 kgCOD m(-3)) and the microbial community compositions confirmed the presence of microorganisms with the metabolic pathways hypothesized here.
The effects of subsequent sugarcane ratooning on soil quality and the crop yields under four treatments {[
Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is a biomass conversion by thermal process that using water as solvent and reactant. This technology is superior in treating biomass with a high water content into char and liquid product. This research aims to observe the zeolite incorporation in HT as an additive material to increase the acidity for hydrolysis enhancement. The effects of temperature and zeolite addition on biochar of press-mud biomass characteristic has been observed. The temperature variation were 180, 200, and 220 degrees C with a water-biomass ratio of 1:5 and residence time of sixty minutes. Zeolite was added as much as 20\% of the sample weight. The HT char was characterized using proximate analysis, heating value, and FUR. The solid product had a heating value from 1886.419 to 2047.559 cal/g. It is observed that temperature variation affect the caloric value, ash content, fix carbon, and energy densification, while zeolite addition increased solid yield, energy yield, and liquid product acidity.
Co-digestion is a strategy that may prevent microbial inhibition during the anaerobic treatment of sugarcane vinasse, a substrate with highly biodegradable organic load, acidity, and toxic compound levels (e.g., sulfates, phenols). In this context, this study evaluated the microbial dynamics and methanogenic potential throughout the co-digestion of sugarcane vinasse and secondary effluent from the dairy industry in a mesophilic lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Periodic next-generation sequencing (NGS) analyses revealed an increase in the relative abundance of the phylum Euryarchaeota (+8.6 \% after inoculation), predominating hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter) at the end of the operation. Moreover, the average methane yield was 221 mLCH(4) gCOD(rem)(-1), with 69 \% of organic matter removal. These results evidenced a progressive acclimation of the anaerobic microbial community to the substrate and a stable operation. Therefore, the proposed experiment demonstrates energy advantages for the agro-industrial sector by implementing a similar but full-scale treatment plant.
The quantification of ammonia (NH3) losses from sugarcane straw fertilized with urea can be performed with collectors that recover the NH3 in acid-treated absorbers. Thus, the use of an open NH3 collector with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-wrapped absorber is an interesting option since its cost is low, handling easy and microclimatic conditions irrelevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of an open collector for quantifying NH3-N volatilized from urea applied over the sugarcane straw. The experiment was carried out in a sugarcane field located near Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The NH3-N losses were estimated using a semi-open static collector calibrated with N-15 (reference method) and an open collector with an absorber wrapped in PTFE film. Urea was applied to the soil surface in treatments corresponding to rates of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha(-1) N. Applying urea-N fertilizer on sugarcane straw resulted in losses NH3-N up to 24 \% of the applied rate. The amount of volatile NH3-N measured in the open and the semi-open static collector did not differ. The effectiveness of the collection system varied non-linearly, with an average value of 58.4 \% for the range of 100 to 200 kg ha(-1) of urea-N. The open collector showed significant potential for use; however, further research is needed to verify the suitability of the proposed method.
The use of microbial cellulolytic enzymes is the most efficient process to liberate glucose from cellulose in biomass without the formation of fermentation inhibitors. A combination of pretreatment technologies is an alternative way to increase the access of enzymes to cellulose, and consequently, the conversion yield. In this way, the present study reports on the enzymatic hydrolysis of SCB submitted to three kinds of pretreatment: electron beam processing (EBP), and EBP followed by hydrothermal (TH) and diluted acid (AH) treatment. SCB samples were irradiated using a radiation dynamics electron beam accelerator, and then submitted to thermal and acid (0.1\% sulfuric acid) hydrolysis for 40 and 60 min at 180 degrees C. These samples were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) using commercial preparations, including Celluclast 1.5 L and beta-glycosidase. The addition of diluted acid improved TH treatment allowing for a shorter application time. EBP with 50 kGy increased the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of cellulose by 20\% after TH and 30\% after AH. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study presents a literature review of the main advances that took place in the last 10 years in the agricultural production of sugarcane in Brazil, which can effectively result in increased productivity and sustainability. This became a central topic as much of this crop in Brazilian is used to produce ethanol to replace fossil fuels; therefore, the increased concerns about global warming and climate change, and the greater pressure from society for sustainability in agriculture in general became more relevant for sugarcane. Actions have been taken to encourage the use of more conservationist practices from planting to harvesting, greater recycling of residues, preservation of biodiversity, delivery of environmental services, adoption of circular economy and, especially, compliance with internal and external commitments on reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, among other aspects. Fertilizer recommendations have been revised to increase yields and ratoon longevity, leading to higher rates of micronutrients and the more frequent application of lime, phosphogypsum, and P fertilizers in ratoons. Optimized use of vinasse includes addition of mineral fertilizers to save field operations for separate fertilization. The sugarcane breeding programs in Brazil are releasing an average of eight varieties per year, including transgenic varieties. Replanting of sugarcane fields with newer and more productive varieties are facilitated by novel planting methods using pre-sprouted settlings (PSS) combined with the nurseries mingled into the crop renewal fields, locally termed ``MEIOSI,{''
Maintaining or improving soil quality is crucial for agricultural productivity. This study was undertaken on the north coast of Cuba with the objective to select soil quality indicators to characterise Vertisols. For the selection of soil quality indicators, we have conducted four field experiments where organic fertilisers (sugarcane filter cake, compost) and natural minerals (dolomite, zeolite) were applied. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) was used in all experiments. Soil properties were determined such as the amount of water-stable aggregates, permeability, plastic limit, pH in water, pH in KCl, organic matter, P2O5 and K2O. The sugarcane yield components such as cane yield (tha(-1)) and sucrose yield (tha(-1)) were evaluated. Principal components analysis and simple regression analysis were also performed. Both organic matter and water-stable aggregates were closely related to cane yield, with r values of 0.87-0.97. The properties with best responses to treatments over time were permeability, water-stable aggregates, degree of soil aggregation and organic matter; therefore, they can be considered as soil quality indicators for the studied Vertisols.
HYDROGEN (H2) is expected to become the most sustainable and promising clean alternative fuel in the future. This study evaluated the potential of a new facultative anaerobic bacterium isolated from cow rumen to produce H2 from sugarcane molasses. The bacterial isolate RM122 produced 451.67 +/- 12.14 and 387.67 +/- 19.23mL/L H2 on 6\% glucose and 6\% molasses sugar, respectively. RM122 was characterized phenotypically, identified genotypically by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Escherichia marmotae, and deposited in NCBI GenBank database with the accession number OP345936. H2production was improved to 1670.00 +/- 40.41mL/L by application of optimization experiments design and kinetic study. Sugarcane molasses was used as a fermentation substrate and the optimum sugar concentration was 4\%, The recorded maximum hydrogen production (Hmax) was 560.00 +/- 25.98mL/L with Rmax (maximum hydrogen production rate) of 31.43 +/- 2.14mL/L/h, Rmax (MGM) of 30.73 mL/ L/h and lambda (lag phase) of 15.19h for 52.43 fermentation time. Hmax of 646.67 +/- 23.33mL/L with Rmax(Exp) of 35.28 +/- 2.65mL/L/h, Rmax(MGM) of 31.90mL/L/h, lambda of 13.92h and R2 of 0.9999 were obtained at the optimum pH 8. At the optimum fermentation temperature (35 degrees C), lambda of 4.12h was achieved to maximize hydrogen production to 828.33 +/- 21.67mL/L with Rmax(MGM) of 27.98mL/L/h, and R2 of 0.9594. At the optimum inoculum size (10\%, v/v), the recorded Hmax of 13.50h. These findings suggest using E. marmotae RM122 as a prospective biohydrogen producer from cheap agro-industrial wastes. was 1670.00 +/- 40.41mL/L with Rmax (Exp) of 60.00 +/- 2.04mL/L/h and lambda
The effect of the replacement of corn silage with spineless cactus associated with Tifton 85 hay or sugarcane bagasse was evaluated on the performance, body weight components and sheep meat quality. Twenty-one Santa Ins male sheep with initial body weight of 22.9 +/- 2.9 kg were used. They were confined in individual stalls for 74 days receiving the following diets: corn silage + concentrate (CS); spineless cactus + Tifton 85 hay + concentrate (TH); spineless cactus + sugarcane bagasse + concentrate (SB). After the feedlot period, the animals were slaughtered and their body components were weighed and sampled. Data were submitted to Tukey's test at 5\% probability. The average daily gain (0.25 vs 0.14 kg), cold carcass weight (13.3 vs 13.7 kg), loin muscularity (0.6 vs 0.4 kg) and liver weight (0.7 vs. 0.5 kg) were higher (P < 0.05) for the TH diet when compared to that for the CS. The physical-chemical parameters of meat were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the treatments and presented about 20.1\% of crude protein, 6.1\% of crude fat and shear force of 2.0 kgf/cm(2). In complete diets for sheep, Tifton 85 hay associated with spineless cactus provides greater weight gain, cold carcass muscularity and organ weight when compared to those for animals fed with corn silage as exclusive roughage. Sugarcane bagasse associated with spineless cactus may replace corn silage in complete diets for sheep.
IntroductionThe contrasting weather conditions throughout the sugarcane harvest period in south-central Brazil (April to November) influence fertilization management in sugarcane ratoon. MethodsThrough field studies carried out over two cropping seasons, we aimed to compare the performance of sugarcane at sites harvested in the early and late periods of the harvest season as a function of fertilizer sources associated with application methods. The design used in each site was a randomized block in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of fertilizer sources (solid and liquid), and the second factor consisted of application methods (above the straw, under the straw, and incorporated into the middle of the sugarcane row). ResultsThe fertilizer source and application method interacted at the site harvested in the early period of the sugarcane harvest season. Overall, the highest sugarcane stalk and sugar yields at this site were obtained with the incorporated application applying liquid fertilizer and under straw applying solid fertilizer, with increments of up to 33\%. For the site harvested in the late period of the sugarcane harvest season, the liquid fertilizer promoted a 25\% higher sugarcane stalk yield compared to the solid fertilizer in the crop season with low rainfall in the spring, while in the crop season with normal rainfall, there were no differences between treatments. DiscussionThis demonstrates the importance of defining fertilization management in sugarcane as a function of harvest time, thereby promoting greater sustainability in the production system
Currently, ofloxacin (OFX) is widely used in various medical treatment and aquaculture industries. However, its production and application produces waste which pollutes the natural environment and causes ecological damage. The application of biochar is a crucial way to remove OFX antibiotics from wastewater. In this paper, bagasse was used as the material to be pyrolyzed to obtain bagasse biochar (BC). BC was modified with HNO3 and KOH to prepare acid-modified sugarcane biochar (HBC) and alkali-modified sugarcane biochar and subsequently applied to the treatment of ofloxacin wastewater. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of HBC was 2.2 times higher than that of BC, and it had better adsorption performance. When the dosage of acid-modified biochar was 1 g/L and the initial pH of the solution was 7.0, the OFX removal rate reached 88.5\% after 90 min of reaction. HBC has good stability, and the OFX removal efficiency is still up to 78.5\% after 5 cycles. According to the adsorption simulation results, the adsorption of the three biochar materials is more consistent with the Freundlich adsorption model, and the simulated linear correlation coefficient is higher than 0.99. The K-fr value of HBC is 6.6042, which exhibits the highest adsorption capacity. Moreover, the three biochars exhibit better simulation results in pseudo-second-order kinetics fitting, and the linear correlation coefficients are above 0.99. The adsorption mechanism of bagasse biochar for ofloxacin in wastewater was pi-pi electron donor-acceptor interactions. The results show that bagasse biochar has good feasibility in the treatment of ofloxacin wastewater.
The objective of this work was to synthesize cellulose acetate from sorghum bagasse, a promising raw material for the production of chemical inputs, both from a photosynthetic point of view and the maturation speed compared with that of sugarcane. The bagasse was treated with hydrogen peroxide, and then cellulose was isolated using sodium chlorite, acetic acid, and sodium hydroxide. The cellulose was subjected to an acetylation reaction, from which cellulose triacetate was obtained. By means of statistical analysis, it was observed that the conditions that generated the highest solubilization of lignin (62\%) and higher yield from cellulose extraction (39.5\%) were 60 degrees C, a 6\% peroxide concentration, and 4 h. Cellulose acetate was obtained with a degree of substitution of 3.66 at 25 degrees C and 24 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses confirmed that the obtained cellulose presented specific characteristics of this material. Also, the reaction of acetylation was confirmed through these techniques.
Combustion and emission characteristics of Egyptian sugarcane bagasse and cotton stalks powders were investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor (BFBC) using silica sand as an inert bed material. Mixing and fluidizing characteristics of the two biomass materials and bed material of a certain size distribution were studied. It was found that, the feed rate ranged from 70 to 113g/min and feed rate of 51g/min for cotton stalks and sugarcane bagasse, respectively may be suitable for better combustion characteristics in the BFBC. The effect of different operating parameters on the axial temperature and gas concentration profiles (O-2, CO2, CO, H2S, SO2 and NOx) was investigated. It was found that the formation of NOX during combustion doesn't represent a problem as the nitrogen content of fuel is low, the bed temperature of fluidized bed is below 900 degrees C, and the particle size of the biomass is small. It was found that combustion efficiency ranged from 90 to 100\% and from 93 to 98.8\% for sugarcane bagasse and cotton stalks, respectively. Thermal efficiency was found to be in the range of (33.7-41\%) and (32.5-48.7\%) for sugarcane bagasse and cotton stalks, respectively. A verification model for mass and heat balance of combustion experiments was constructed to confirm that the measured values of different parameters were measured accurately with acceptable percent of error.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are innovative and effective solvents for pretreating lignocellulose biomasses because they bring about a noticeable increase in the enzymatic saccharification of these materials. However, the reported solid loadings in ILs of approximately 5.0 wt\% reflect their large consumption per gram of biomass and hinder their use in biomass pretreatment. In the present study, a twin-screw extruder with high shearing force was used as a pretreatment reactor to process sugarcane bagasse at high loadings in the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. This procedure allowed effective pretreatment of biomasses at loadings as high as 25 wt\% for 8 min at 140 degrees C, resulting in glucose yields of more than 90\% after 24 h of enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated material. This glucose yield was comparable to that of a 4.8 wt\% bagasse loading that was pretreated for 120 min at 120 degrees C in a stirring reactor and enzymatically hydrolyzed under the same conditions. A higher bagasse loading, 50 wt\%, also afforded a high glucose yield of 76.4\%. Characterization of the pretreated materials by examining the surface morphology at the nanoscopic scale, measuring the specific surface area (SSA), and analyzing the degree of crystallinity showed that the use of the extruder as a pretreatment reactor significantly decreased the crystallinity and increased the SSA by more than 100-fold. In addition, the extrusion process can be conducted continuously and is appropriate for industrial-scale biomass processing, allowing higher reactant concentrations and throughputs, higher mixing rates, and more uniform products compared to batch processes.
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered a platform chemical used for producing industrial purpose carbon-based compounds. During HMF synthesis, the compound furfural (FF) is formed as a byproduct. Using spectrophotometric UV is not feasible because HMF and FF overlap around 280 nm, demanding separation techniques as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This work aimed at applying a synthetic route for HMF production by using wastes such as sugarcane bagasse and peanut hull, and developing a quantification method of HMF and FF compounds using UV spectra and pseudo-univariate calibration based on multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares. HMF synthesis was studied using inorganic acids in a closed reflux system followed by a biphasic extraction withn-butanol as an organic solvent. When comparing their respective biomass, sugarcane bagasse provides a higher amount of HMF, reaching levels of 1.65 x 10(-2) mol L(-1)after the synthesis with HCl at 0.50 mol L-1. Regarding yield, each ton of peanut hull produces 572.6 g of HMF, while each ton of sugarcane bagasse produces 10 kg of HMF. The calibration study using pseudo-univariate calibration models was validated by using the HPLC with relative errors lower than 15\%, showing that it is possible quantify HMF and FF in the medium by using UV spectrophotometer.
Lignocellulosic biomass and agro-industrial residues are a source of fermentable sugars; however, pretreatments are needed to overcome biomass recalcitrance. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and fermentation in response to dilute acid pretreatment. In natura bagasse, extractive-free bagasse, partially delignified bagasse, and bagasse with added butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant were pretreated with diluted acid and investigated in semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF). The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) resulted in lower yields of inhibitors in the liquid fraction of the acid pretreatment (0.01 g L-1 of furfural, 0.01 g L-1 of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 0.68 g L-1 of acetic acid). Partially delignified material and material with BHT resulted in biomass with low hemicellulose and lignin contents, indicating that BHT influenced lignin removal. Extractives removal showed benefits for the acid pretreatment, decreasing the dioxane-soluble material, and a higher yield of glucose and ethanol via S-SSF for the partially delignified material. Enzymatic saccharification of partially delignified material showed 87\% of cellulose conversion (24 h with 15 FPU/g), and after 48 h of S-SSF (25 FPU/g), residual 7.06 g L-1 of glucose and production of 15.17 g L-1 of ethanol were observed. The low content of extractives, lignin, and dioxane soluble material resulted in better cellulose accessibility and ethanol yield. Chemical compounds can help remove lignin from biomass favoring ethanol production by S-SSF.
This research is focused on the use of sol gel technique to synthesize amorphous SiO2 hybrids derived from lab made CMC (made from sugarcane bagasse) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) comprising silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The dominant absorption peak in the order of 425 nm confirms the presence of Ag-NPs hybrid group owing to the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR). Ag-NPs hybrid characterization of was performed by Ultra violet-visible spectra (UV-Vis), Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Particle size analyser (PSA), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial action of Ag-NPs in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) (ATCC 433) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) (ATCC 1688) was analyzed by using the method of agar disk diffusion technique. Ag-NPs hybrids extracted from lab-made CMC confirm higher adverse bacterial action through Gram-positive bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacteria related to synthetic CMC acquired from the market.
In these studies, a low-cost and energy efficiency production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using one-pot without solid-liquid separation, water washing, and detoxification was performed. Firstly, SCB was pretreated using liquid hot water as the only reagent at 210 degrees C for a short time (0 min), and the solid liquid ratio (SLR) was 1:20 (w/v). Then, the whole slurry of pretreated SCB was enzymatically hydrolyzed and fermented for cellulosic ethanol in one-pot. The results indicated that the one-pot preparation for ethanol achieved a high total fermentable sugar conversion of 84.52 +/- 1.24\%, containing 88.61 +/- 1.57\% of glucose and 78.01 +/- 1.63\% of xylose. Moreover, the ethanol yield reached 257 +/- 5.51 mg/g (SCB), which was 77.56 +/- 1.64\% of the theoretical ethanol conversion from SCB. Importantly, there was no wastewater discharge in the whole process. Overall, the present work provides an economically feasible method for ethanol production.
In the midst of the institutional reforms of the Brazilian electric sectors initiated in the 1990s, a serious electricity shortage crisis developed in 2001. As an alternative to blackout, the government instituted an emergency plan aimed at reducing electricity consumption. From June 2001 to February 2002, Brazilians were compelled to curtail electricity use by 20\%. Since the late 1990s, but especially after the electricity crisis, energy policy in Brazil has been directed towards increasing thermoelectricity supply and promoting further gains in energy conservation. Two main issues are addressed here. Firstly, we estimate the economic impacts of constraining the supply of electric energy in Brazil. Secondly, we investigate the possible penetration of electricity generated from sugarcane bagasse. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used. The traditional sector of electricity and the remainder of the economy are characterized by a stylized top-down representation as nested CES (constant elasticity of substitution) production functions. The electricity production from sugarcane bagasse is described through a bottom-up activity analysis, with a detailed representation of the required inputs based on engineering studies. The model constructed is used to study the effects of the electricity shortage in the preexisting sector through prices, production and income changes. It is shown that installing capacity to generate electricity surpluses by the sugarcane agroindustrial system could ease the economic impacts of an electric energy shortage crisis on the gross domestic product (GDP). (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Indonesia is the eighth world's largest of sugarcane producer country with a total production of 33.7 million tons per year. By using innovative technology, the baggase should not be only utilized as fire material, but also be employed for an innovative product with high technology content, such as composite panel and absorber panel of noise. This research concentrates on the effect of density on noise absorption performance of an absorber material based sugarcane-bagasse/Polyvynil acetate (PVAc) -glue composite. The absorber specimens were produced by using a simple press mold manually which were varied in some densities (0.372; 0.428; 0.470; 0.522; and 0.618 gr/cm(3)). The tests were conducted using B\&K impedance tube type 4206 at a frequency range of 200 - 1600 Hz. The result shows that the increasing density causes the decreasing of absorption coefficient due to the reduction of its porosity. Among them, the specimen with 0.428 gr/cm(3) of density has the highest absorption of 0.72 at 650 Hz of frequency. The absorber may be enhanced its absorption performance by reducing the density and increasing the porosity.
Phase change materials (PCMs) have been widely used in the sectors of solar energy conversion, thermal regulation, waste heat recovery, etc. However, it is still a huge challenge to utilize biodegradable room-temperature PCMs in thermo-regulated smart homes due to their poor shape stability and processability at high temperature. Herein, we report solvent-free reactive extrusion processes to prepare a thermoplastic sug-arcane bagasse-based biocomposite (named TBP-50) containing 50 wt\% dodecanol-based nanoencapsulated PCM (NPCM). The developed TBP-50 with the phase change point near room temperature and the enthalpy of about 52 J g(-1) is thermo-processable and thermally stable below 180 degrees C. The high mass ratio of supramolecular lock-shell NPCM (50 wt\%) endows TBP-50 with excellent heating/cooling cycling reliability and thermal regulation ability that have been verified by a series of simulated calculations about an incubator (30 L) and a bedroom (4.5 m x 3.5 m x 3 m) decorated with dimensionally stable TBP-50 sheets. Moreover, TBP-50 shows acceptable mechanical properties: the tensile strength of 9.6 MPa, the tensile modulus of 6.73 GPa, the impact strength of 3.18 kJ m(-2), and the Shore surface hardness of 68 D. Obvious biodegradation in the local soil environment is detected for TBP-50 and the six probable degradation steps are proposed in this work. Considering the next generation of energy-saving and environmental-friendly home-decorating materials, the herein prepared TBP-50 biocomposite via typical extrusion molding is an ideal choice as ceiling, clapboard, floorboard, wardrobe, desk, and so on.
In the present study, effect of adsorbent dose, pH and agitation speed on the removal of chromium from aqueous medium using an agricultural waste biomass (sugarcane bagasse treated with succinic acid) has been investigated. Batch mode experiments were carried out to assess the adsorption equilibrium. The influence of three parameters on the removal of chromium was examined using a response surface methodological approach. The Central Composite Face-Centered Experimental Design in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 6.0.10 (Stat Ease, USA) was used for designing the experiments as well as for full response surface estimation and 20 trials as per the model were run, The optimum conditions for maximum removal of chromium from an aqueous solution of 50 mg/L were as follows: adsorbent dose (20 g/L). pH (2.0) and stirring speed (250 rpm). This was evidenced by the higher value of coefficient of determination (r(2) = 0.9873). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cellulose in nanometer range or called by nano-cellulose has attracted much attention from researchers because of its unique properties. Nanocellulose can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of cellulose. The cellulose used in this study was isolated from sugarcane bagasse, and then it was hydrolyzed by 50\% sulfuric acid at 40 degrees C for 10 minutes. Nanocellulose has been characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Analysis of FTIR showed that there were not a new bond which formed during the hydrolysis process. Based on the TEM analysis, nano-cellulose has a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 111 nm and a maximum distribution of 95.9 nm determined by PSA. The XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity degree of nano-cellulose was higher than cellulose in the amount of 76.01\%.
The harvest of sugarcane in the 80 main producing countries is about 1.2 Gt with an amount of its residues potentially able to produce 300 TWh a(-1) of electric power. However, in spite of its potential, the use of bagasse as a source of energy is not so common. Bagasse, in fact, is considered a difficult fuel due to its fibrous nature, low bulk density and high moisture content, and the use of conventional stoker-fired combustors does not clearly show the economic feasibility of the process. Moreover, the high efficiency fluidized-bed technology cannot be directly applied to bagasse due to the difficulties associated with its fluidization. In this work, a two-stage gasification reactor is proposed for bagasse gasification. Bench scale gasification tests indicate that this reactor allows a complete gasification of biomass avoiding the formation of carbon and tar. Moreover, the use of a nickel catalyst makes the composition of outgoing syngas close to that predicted at the equilibrium conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of steam explosion pretreatment conditions, such as steam explosion pressure, maintained pressure time, and bagasse water content, on bagasse specific surface area were investigated through single-factor experiments. After determining the optimal pretreatment conditions, bagasse graft acrylamide was prepared by grafting polymerization reaction of the acrylamide monomer onto the pretreated bagasse. The effects of surface area on the grafting degree were analyzed. Results showed that the grafting degree increased with increasing specific surface area. The optimized steam explosion pretreatment conditions were as follows: steam explosion pressure, 2.0 MPa; pressure maintaining time, 60 s; and bagasse water content, 25\%.
Dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass depolymerizes xylan into xylose and lignin into acid-soluble lignin (ASL). Xylose is a desired product, while the lignin fraction can be reduced by producing ASL, since lignin is a non-competitive inhibitor for enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal conditions for depolymerization of xylan into xylose and lignin into ASL differ during acid pretreatment of bagasse. Hence, multi-objective optimization problems (MOOPs) were formulated for a batch reactor considering temperature as the decision variable. Two different MOOP studies, namely maximization of the weighted sum of final xylose and ASL yields, and minimization of weighted deviation of final xylose and ASL yields around a targeted value, were considered. The optimal temperature varied between 143.2 degrees C and 113.1 degrees C along the Pareto front for static optimization. The batch time minimization problem reduced batch time by 32\% to achieve desired xylose yield. Dynamic optimization provided minimal benefits over static optimization. Stochastic optimization considering expected uncertainties showed that uncertainties in kinetic parameters impacted results selectively. The optimal temperature decreased by 10 degrees C for +/- 15\% variability in kinetic parameters for ASL yield maximization, while it changed marginally for xylose yield maximization. Stochastic optimization showed benefits over static optimization for large variability in kinetic parameters.
In this study, a beta-glucosidase from Paenibacillus sp. M1 was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), purified and characterized. The specific activity of purified BglA was 137.64 U.mg(-1) protein with optimal temperature and pH of 50 degrees C and 6.0. Furthermore, BglA shows excellent adaption to various environmental factors such as temperature, pH and metal ions. Engineered E. coli Suc260 was further reconstructed by overexpressing the beta-glucosidase for achieving direct cellobiose utilization, which could efficiently utilize the pretreated sugarcane bagasses hydrolysate (SBH) consisting of 25.30 g.L-1 cellobiose, 9.70 g.L-1 glucose, 5.90 g.L-1 arabinose and 7.10 g.L-1 xylose. As a result, 26.50 g.L-1 and 24.30 g.L-1 succinic acid were produced by strain Suc260(pTbglA) from cellobiose and SBH with corresponding yields of 88.30\% and 89.20\% using dual-phase fermentation, respectively. This study indicated that incomplete enzymatic hydrolysate of SCB will be a potential feedstock for succinic acid production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Although composting is an effective option for the use of biowaste (BW), its physicochemical quality has limiting conditions (e.g., low C/N ratio, phosphorus and high moisture) that affect the process and the quality of the product. The incorporation of amendment materials (AM) and the variation in the turning frequency (TF) are two of the most widely used operational strategies to improve these limiting conditions. However, the effect of the simultaneous application of these two strategies on the BW composting process has been few studied. In this article, the inclusion of sugarcane filter-cake (SFC) as an AM in BW at several mixing ratios (BW:SFC (w/w); 100:00, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30) and three TFs (1, 2 and 3 turnings/week) was evaluated at a pilot scale. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to analyse the simultaneous effects of the two strategies. Results showed that the application of both operational strategies simultaneously has a significant effect (p <= 0.05) on process parameters {[
The potential for large-scale production of an edible fungus, Rhizopus oligosporus, on a liquid residue from sugar-to-ethanol production, vinasse, was investigated. An airlift bioreactor (2.5-L working volume) was used for cultivating the fungus on 75\% (v/v) vinasse with nutrient supplementation (nitrogen and phosphorus) at 37 degrees C and pH 5.0. Aeration rates were varied from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 to 2.0 volume(air)/volume(liquid)/min (vvm). The fungal biomass yield depended on the aeration rate, and the highest fungal biomass obtained was 8.04 +/- 0.80 (g(biomass) (increase)/g(initial) (biomass)) at 1.5 vvm. The observed reductions in organic content by 80\% (as soluble chemical oxygen demand) suggest the potential of recycling treated effluent as process water for in-plant use or for land applications. The fungal biomass contained similar to 50\% crude protein and the essential amino acids contents were comparable to commercial protein sources for aquatic feeds (fishmeal and soybean meal), with the exception of methionine and phenylalanine. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In lignocellulosic (LC) ethanol processes, to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, a physical chemical pretreatment is vital. In this study, we explored a single as well as a two-step physical-chemical pretreatment involving steam and mixed acid on unwashed sugarcane bagasse at pilot-scale level in a continuous horizontal reactor. To serve as a large-scale model, pretreatments were carried out at high solid levels of 18-20 \% w/w. For the pretreatment, partial replacement of corrosive sulfuric acid with a milder acid-like oxalic acid was explored to derive possible advantages and synergies accruing by using a mixture of mineral acid and organic acid. The results of this work showed that first-step pretreatment carried out by the mixing of sulfuric acid (1.5 \% w/w) and oxalic acid (1.5 \% w/w) at 150 degrees C followed by a second-step steam explosion pretreatment at 180 degrees C gave significant synergies and advantages over other variants of pretreatments investigated, such as lower inhibitor levels and lower reaction severity. On post-pretreated bagasse, this study conducted comparative enzymatic hydrolysis study using a simple lab enzyme and a robust commercial enzyme. It was found that the addition of Tween 80 to the lab enzyme improved its performance to match the performance of the commercial enzyme. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were further carried out to correlate the morphology of pretreated samples with efficiency of enzyme hydrolysis. Besides morphological study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies of pretreated samples showed higher syringyl/guaiacyl ratio for all pretreatments, indicating lower levels of pseudo-lignins, which is beneficial for improved enzyme hydrolysis.
The sugarcane agro-industry is a major producer of organic waste, which could be used as substrates for production of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings aiming at reducing production costs and the sustainability of the sugar and alcohol industry. This study aimed to identify the best position of origin of the bud chip (little portion of stem with one bud) for the production of pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) of sugarcane and the effects of commercial and alternative substrates containing by-products of the sugarcane industry on the production of sugarcane PSS. For this, a 4x2 factorial experiment was performed with four substrates: two commercial (TRIMIX (R) and BIOPLANT (R)) and two substrates formulated from sugarcane bagasse and filter cake (SABAFI and SUSBAFI) combined with bud chip from the basal and apical regions. The chemical and physical-hydric properties of the substrates and the development of PSS were evaluated. The substrates evaluated provided contrasting environments for root growth in relation to the physical-hydric and chemical properties. The use of by-products from the sugarcane industry can be added to the formulation of substrates for the production of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings, although the commercial substrate TRIMIX (R) provides superior performance to the seedlings, regardless of the origin position of the bud chip.
Mexico is one of the largest agricultural producers in Latin America and generates a large amount of agricultural residue. The aim of this study was to establish the usefulness of four of the main Mexican crops (corn, wheat, sugarcane, and Agave) as feedstock for lignocellulosic bioethanol production. The lignocellulosic residue ratio (RR), defined as weight of residue (in tons) per ton of product, was measured by sampling crop fields in 11 geographic regions of Mexico. The chemical composition, assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR), and structural composition (extractives, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents), heating value, and metal content of these lignocellulosic residues were measured. Biorefinery locations, and their theoretical bioethanol production, were suggested using the gravity center method and techno-economic criteria. The highest RR (1.1 ton of straw per ton of grain) was obtained for wheat straw followed by corn (0.8 ton of stover per ton of grain), sugar cane (0.15 ton of bagasse per ton of cane), and Agave (0.2 ton of bagasse per ton of stem). The composition of these biomasses varied significantly depending on the parental material in extractive compounds, lignocellulosic matter, ashes, hemicellulose, lignin, O-alkyl C, aromatic C, and carboxyl C. The cellulose crystallinity index and the heating value exhibited small variations among biomasses. Copper, Zn, Cd, and Ni content in the biomasses generally exceeded the European Norm (EN-Plus FprEN 1496 1-2 B) for solid biofuels. In total, these agricultural biomasses could be used as feedstock for 34 biorefineries in Mexico with a total bioethanol production potential of approximately 1246 million L year(-1). (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
In the current study, we conducted a field experiment using the test plant, Brassica chinesis L (pak choi), to investigate the effect of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), and the health of soil microbiota in a contaminated soil. Biochar application significantly (P < 0.05) increased pak choi yield. Bioavailability of heavy metals to plant shoots and roots decreased with increasing biochar application rates (at 0, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.0 t ha(-1)). Sequential extraction of the biochar-treated and-untreated soil revealed that exchangeable Cd reduced whereas organically bound fraction increased with increasing biochar rate. The labile fractions of Cu and Pb decreased, but the residual fraction increased in biochar-treated soils compared to the control. Urease, catalase and invertase activities, and the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly enhanced, whereas fungi population declined in biochar-treated soils. This study highlights that sugarcane bagasse biochar has the potential to support the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals, and as such can improve the yield and quality of agricultural crops. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The response surface method (RSM) was used to investigate the effects of bioethanol fermentation parameters, including sugarcane bagasse concentrations (0-5 \% (w/v), enzyme types (cellulase and hemicellulase), enzyme concentrations (0-1 FPU/g biomass), medium pH, and incubation period. Bioethanol production was conducted by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyse using Saccharomyces cerevisiae BTCC 3. The experiment results showed that the maximum bioethanol production by using the SSF method was the same as RSM prediction. The optimum conditions for bioethanol production were 5\% (w/v) of sugarcane bagasse, a mixture of cellulase and hemicellulase at 1 FPU/g of sugarcane bagasse for each enzyme, pH medium 6.0, and fermentation period 72 hours. The bioethanol yield of 2.43 g/L was obtained under these conditions.
This paper presents a technical-economic assessment of biomethane production from vinasse in the Brazilian bioethanol industry, considering five technological routes of biogas upgrading. The technologies assessed were pressure water scrubbing, organic-physical scrubbing, amine scrubbing, membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption. The biomethane costs of the five technological routes overlapped in the range between R\$30/GJ(HHv) (US\$13/GJ(HHv)) and R\$34/GJ(HHv) (US\$14/GJ(HHv)), which indicates a certain equivalence of the options. Those costs were comparable to the prices of potential alternative fuels at 2014 prices, such as the Bolivian natural gas, priced at R\$20/GJ (US\$8/GJ); imported LNG, at R\$31/ GJ (US\$13/GJ); and diesel, at R\$42/GJ (US\$18/GJ). The effects of scale on biomethane cost were also assessed and pointed out that the likely minimum scale for vinasse-to-biomethane projects aiming at diesel substitution would be at sugarcane mills with a minimum capacity of producing 87 million liters of ethanol per season, whereas if the aim were to target natural gas markets, 174 million liters of ethanol per season would likely be the minimum capacity for competitive prices. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane trash and bagasse, lignocellulosic materials obtained during sugarcane harvesting and processing, may be used as fuels for electricity production and/or as feedstock for second generation ethanol. If electricity prices are favorable, more lignocellulosic material may be diverted for production of steam and electricity, and vice versa when ethanol prices are more attractive. Therefore, some flexibility to divert bagasse and trash for either second generation ethanol or electricity production might help to maximize revenues. An analysis of the integrated first and second generation ethanol production process from sugarcane is presented, evaluating its flexibility. A flexible biorefinery may offer economic and environmental advantages over the conventional biorefineries with fixed production capacity. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This research was carried out with an objective to examine the efficacy of ultrafiltered xylano-pectinolytic enzymes in pulping of sugarcane bagasse. Maximum biopulping was achieved with enzyme dose of xylanase (175 IU / g bagasse) and pectinase (75 IU / g bagasse) at treatment period of 180 min. The temperature, pH, and bagasse to liquid ratio for biopulping experiments were kept constant at 55(o)C, 8.5, and 1:10 (g/ml), respectively. The ultrafiltered biopulping improved chemical pulping, resulted in 25.11\%, 9.17\% increase in brightness, unscreened pulp production and 11.81, 59.50, and 49.14\% decrease in total solids, rejections. and kappa number, respectively. The bagasse biopulping also resulted in 15\% decrease of alkali load to attain similar kappa number and optical properties as obtained under 100\% alkali dosage. Ultrafiltered biopulped-unbleached samples showed significant increase in breaking length (13.55\%), burst index (40.21\%), tear index (19.04\%), double fold (42.5\%), Gurley porosity (28.21\%) and viscosity (13.37\%) in comparison with non-enzymatically treated control pulp samples. In comparison with non biotreated-bleached pulp samples, ultrafiltered biopulped-bleached samples also resulted in higher burst index (56.80\%), breaking length (17.38\%), double fold (39.58\%), tear index (3.38\%), viscosity (30.68\%), and Gurley porosity (52.50\%). This environmentally sustainable ultrafiltered biopulping approach for sugarcane bagasse has the potential to decrease the demand of chemicals, ultimately pollution along with enhance the quality of paper.
The present study evaluated the surfactin production byBacillus subtilisUFPEDA 438 using sugarcane molasses as a substrate. The effects of the cultivation conditions (temperature, agitation and aeration ratio) on the biosurfactant production and kinetic parameters were investigated. Characteristics of the biosurfactant were obtained after analyses of the emulsification index (EI) and critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the fermentation broth. The results showed that in relation to the product its formation kinetics is strongly affected by operational conditions. It was also observed that surfactin production can be partially dependent or fully independent on microbial growth. The maximum values of surfactin concentration (199.45 +/- 0.13 mg/L) and productivity (8,187 mg/L.h) were obtained in the culture under cultivation time of 24 h, temperature of 36 degrees C, agitation of 100 rpm and aeration ratio of 0.4. Under optimal conditions, the fermentation broth achieved good emulsification capacity (EI >40\%) and CMC value of 20.73 mg/L. The results revealed thatBacillus subtilisUFPEDA 438 is a good producer of biosurfactant and that sugarcane molasses is a viable substrate for the production of surfactin.
A biomass pretreatment process was developed using acidified ionic liquid (IL) solutions containing 10-30\% water. Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at 130 degrees C for 30 min by aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) solution containing 1.2\% HCl resulted in a glucan digestibility of 94-100\% after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. HCl was found to be a more effective catalyst than H2SO4 or FeCl3. Increasing acid concentration (from 0.4\% to 1.2\%) and reaction temperature (from 90 to 130 degrees C) increased glucan digestibility. The glucan digestibility of solid residue obtained with the acidified BMIMCl solution that was re-used for three times was >97\%. The addition of water to ILs for pretreatment could significantly reduce IL solvent costs and allow for increased biomass loadings, making the pretreatment by ILs a more economic proposition. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vinasse is one of the worst waste products in the production of ethanol. However, it can be used to generate biogas, electricity, and carbon credits from biodigesters and concentrators. Thus, studying the use of vinasse is justified, and this study asks the following research question: How feasible is it to use internal circulation biodigesters with the vinasse concentrator Citrotec(R), and their conjugates in energy and environmental terms? To answer this question, the study employs quantitative methodology. To analyze this in terms of energy, the consumption of diesel in vinasse logistics has been calculated, the balance of energy in its processing and transport, its generation of electricity, and its capacity in terms of storage in urban centers. It has also been in terms of its incremental capacity in the production of cellulosic ethanol, the generation of electricity, and substitution for diesel, gasoline, and ethanol in the states of Brazil. The environmental analysis includes the balance and emission and mitigation of nitrous, sulfur, and carbon oxides in the processing and transport of vinasse, as well the figures for each Brazilian state that produces ethanol and the potential gains in the carbon credit market. The principal innovations of this article are a detailed analysis of the production ranges for autonomous sugar energy plants with a range of production from 500 to 4000 m(3)/day, the processing and logistics of vinasse for planting, as well as an analysis of each Brazilian state for the 2015/2016 crop. According to our results and review of the literature, the reuse of vinasse is recommended due to its energy and environmental gains, in a way that maintains the fertilizing and irrigation characteristics of the residues, particularly the IC biodigesters and concentrators and their conjugates.
Despite the importance and characteristics sugar-energy industry, the specialized literature does not present studies to analyze specifically the human toxicity of residues and by-products generated by this industry. Therefore, the objective of this article is the proposal of an unprecedented Human Toxicity Potential Index (Htpi) applied to the sugar-energy industry in order to evaluate its environmental performance based on the human toxicity potential. The Htpi indicator developed in this work takes into account, for each residue and by-product generated: i) the relative weighting of the potential impact on human health; (ii) the relative quantity produced over a given period of time; (iii) the relative geographical coverage or relative spatial dispersion that each residue/by-product can achieve; and iv) the evaluation of the suitability of the final destination of each residue/by-product practiced by the company, since each company can use adequate or inadequate means in the final disposal. Regarding the potential impact on human health, the results pointed out that the residues/by-products with the highest relative weight are vinasse (35.57\%), filter cake (29.15\%) and bagasse-burning ashes (27.38\%). The proposed index was tested in a large Brazilian sugar-energy enterprise in which, despite the large amount of residues and by-products generated, the result achieved was environmentally friendly. The Htpi index resulted in 93.97\%, which means that 93.97\% of the residues and by-products generated by this company have an adequate environmental allocation when considering its human toxicity potential. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hexose and pentose sugars from phosphoric acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse were co-fermented to ethanol in a single vessel (SScF), eliminating process steps for solid-liquid separation and sugar cleanup. An initial liquefaction step (L) with cellulase was included to improve mixing and saccharification (L + SScF), analogous to a corn ethanol process. Fermentation was enabled by the development of a hydrolysate-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli LY180, designated MM160. Strain MM160 was more resistant than the parent to inhibitors (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and acetate) formed during pretreatment. Bagasse slurries containing 10\% and 14\% dry weight (fiber plus solubles) were tested using pretreatment temperatures of 160-190 degrees C (1\% phosphoric acid, 10 min). Enzymatic saccharification and inhibitor production both increased with pretreatment temperature. The highest titer (30 g/L ethanol) and yield (0.21 g ethanol/g bagasse dry weight) were obtained after incubation for 122 h using 14\% dry weight slurries of pretreated bagasse (180 degrees C). (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethanol production process generates a huge quantity of vinasse. A suitable destination for this byproduct may be its utilization as source of chemical substances, by recovery within the biorefinery process. Vinasse is rich in organic acids, which present value-added due to their many industrial applications. In this context, the present work aimed the development of an anion-exchange chromatographic method with pulsed amperometric detection, using oxidized nickel nanoparticle modified boron-doped diamond electrode, to determine industrially interesting electroactive organic acids, such as lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid, in sugarcane vinasse. The chromatographic separation was carried out in a CarboPac PA 1 column under gradient elution employing different proportions of 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH in 0.25 mol L-1 CH3COONa and deionized water. Under these conditions, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid were separated in 27 min. The limits of detection were 1.2 x 10(-4) mol L-1 for lactic acid, 6.1 X 10(-5) mol L-1 for malic acid, and 2.8 x 10(-5) mol L-1 for tartaric acid. The concentration of each organic acid in sugarcane vinasse was determined to be (1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(-1) mol L-1 lactic acid, (2.7 +/- 0.6) x 10(-3) mol L-1 malic acid, and (9.9 +/- 1.0) X 10(-4) mol L-1 tartaric acid. The values of recovery between 97.4 and 107.6\% indicated the method has excellent accuracy. Our results showed the present method is attractive for routine analysis during the ethanol production process because of the not costly and not time-consuming sample preparation, no need for organic solvent, rapid run time, and satisfactory separation. Thus, it can contribute to the process of utilization of sugarcane vinasse as a source of value-added chemical substances.
Bagasse-based electricity is gaining attention as an affordable, reliable, sustainable, and promising renewable energy source in Pakistan. Therefore, the focus of this analysis was to identify the environmental burdens associated with bagasse-based electricity production via high-pressure cogeneration. The scope of this study was defined as cradle to gate; involving cane production, cane transportation to the mill, the production of bagasse, and then the burning of bagasse in the cogeneration power plant to produce electricity. The overall results revealed that most of the impacts were contributed by the agricultural phase. For some impact categories-such as global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, and fossil resource scarcity-the bagasse-based electricity performed better than the grid mix electricity. However, the grid mix electricity performed better than the bagasse-based electricity in terms of eutrophication, land use, and water consumption. When considering the final damage, the bagasse-based electricity proved to be the favorable option in terms of human health and resource availability; however, ecosystem quality was poor in bagasse-based electricity. In terms of environmental prices, the bagasse-based electricity was found to be a promising option compared to the grid mix electricity.
Valorisation of solid wastes in the manufacture of soil based building materials is one of the several technically feasible and cost-effective solutions for waste management. Sugarcane bagasse ash is one such solid waste generated in huge quantities in India, a leading sugar producer. This paper aims at reviewing the valorisation of sugarcane bagasse ash in the manufacture of stabilized as well as sintered earth blocks. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a silica rich material that can play the role of an effective pozzolan leading to enhanced pozzolanic reactions resulting in better performing building materials. The reviewed literature reveals that it has been utilized in the manufacture of blocks as well as tiles in the form of an auxiliary additive as well as a primary stabilizer. However, its utilization in stabilized blocks has been more common compared to sintered blocks due to higher energy consumption in the latter. To summarize, sugarcane bagasse ash not only has improved performance in most of the cases but also has reduced the cost of the material, leading to the conclusion that its valorisation in manufacture of blocks and tiles is a genuine and highly productive solution for waste management as well as cost economy.
Many greenhouse growers rely on peat-based soilless substrates to produce salable crops in a relatively short period of time. Peat-based substrate suppliers often incorporate additional organic materials such as wood fiber to extend peat supplies. Given the relative success of wood-based substrates, growing interest in other fiber materials such as sugarcane bagasse may provide similar benefits for substrate processers. The objective of this research was to evaluate substrate properties and the productivity of a short-term floriculture crop, Osteospermum `Bright Lights Purple', in a commercially available peat-based substrate (PL) that has been amended with either commercially available wood fiber {[
The ethanol distillation produces large quantities of vinasse, a wastewater with high concentrations of organic and inorganic substances that may cause environmental damages if incorrectly disposed. In this way, different alternatives are proposed to enhance the efficiency of vinasse disposal, such as the anaerobic digestion and concentration processes. However, the evaluation of the thermodynamic performance of those systems and their possible energy integration was seldom investigated. Thus, an exergy assessment and comparison of five different scenarios of vinasse disposal, including the vinasse fertirrigation, concentration and anaerobic digestion processes, is presented in this paper. The results indicate that, among the disposal alternatives, the highest exergy efficiency (20.1\%) is attained by a system combining anaerobic digestion and vinasse concentration in series. In this case, the wastewater treatment plant produces the maximum amount of biogas, while the vinasse concentration still recovers water and reduce diesel consumption. Furthermore, the heat integration between the biogas power plant and vinasse concentration is able to increase the exergy efficiency of these processes (10-51\%) and reduce 9-11\% of steam consumption. In general, the major sources of exergy destruction in vinasse disposal alternatives are related with the exergy loss of organic substances in fertirrigation and irreversibilities in steam generation. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, an important source for the second generation bioethanol production, was optimized in a stirred tank reactor and the power of stirring was monitored. A synergistic effect of mixing and enzymatic hydrolysis occurs: the mixing increases the cellulose conversion rate, whilst the increased conversion eases the mixing. The objective was to evaluate the effect of an improved mixing on the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis and the possibility to bypass the washing step carried out before hydrolysis reaction. This step removes the inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes, but it represents an economical and an energetic cost for bioethanol process. In addition, other monomeric sugars contained in pretreated material as xylose, arabinose and mannose, are removed during the washing step. In this study, the yields of glucose, xylose, arabinose and mannose were evaluated after enzymatic hydrolysis performed under different stirring conditions: at 300 rpm and at 100/150 rpm. At the stirring rate of 300 rpm, the yield increase was 9\% for glucose and as high as 90\% for the other monosaccharides. These results suggest that the key to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction is an adequate mixing, proposing a way for an economical optimization of bioethanol synthesis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The kinetics and thermodynamics of biomass pyrolysis are crucial to exploring the reaction mechanisms of biomass pyrolysis and the way forward to design, optimize, and commercialize the processes. The FWO and KAS isoconversional methods and the Kissinger method were usually used to determine the activation energy and frequency factor, respectively. However, those methods would lead to some important errors involved in the activation energy and frequency factor. A new method for estimating the conversion-dependency frequency factor was proposed based on the kinetic compensation effect, empirical kinetic mechanism function, results from the Friedman method and pattern search method since existing methods having some limitations. The thermodynamic parameters were determined using the Eyring theory and obtained activation energy and frequency factor values. This research revealed that (1) The activation energies determined by the Friedman isoconversional method ranged from 180 to 282 kJ mol- 1 in the conversion range between 0.05 and 0.95 for the pyrolysis of both biomass samples; (2) The frequency factor values varied from 2.0 x 1011 to 3.0 x 1018 s- 1 in the conversion range of 0.05 - 0.95 for the pyrolysis of both samples; (3) The average change in Gibbs free energy was 207.5 and 205.8 kJ mol-1 for the pyrolysis of pinewood sawdust and sugarcane bagasse, respectively; (4) The difference between activation energy and enthalpy for the pyrolysis of both biomass samples was approximately 5.5 kJ mol-1, indicating favorable product formation with considerable bioenergy potential.
Biomass residues in plantation farms and process industries still have valuable materials and can be recycled as other materials. Gunung Madu Plantation (GMP) in Lampung Province, Indonesia where this study was observed had used bagasse as mulch 80 tons (wet weight) per hectare. This study observed the effect of tillage and bagasse much on soil microbes in sugarcane plantation. Each treatment was used in conjunction with or without bagasse mulch in a split-plot experimental design. Previous study showed bagasse mulch had increased litter fungal biomass and communities in the soil. However soil microbial community structure has not been comprehensively investigated. Quinone profile method was used to analyze the community structure amended with bagasse mulch in the sugarcane plantation. Quinone profile method reflectively estimated the microbial biomass and the diversity. The no-tillage with bagasse mulch had the highest microbial biomass (1.026 mu mol kg(-1) dry soil) compare to the no-tillage without bagasse mulch, the conventional tillage with bagasse mulch and the conventional tillage without bagasse mulch. The Diversity index (DQ) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was also the highest in the no-tillage amended with bagasse mulch. Therefore mulch treatment in combination with no-tillage is an effective residue management of biomass residue to improve soil quality. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The synthesize of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on polyethylene oxide (PEO), NaClO4 and nano-SiO2 was carried out by solution cast technique. Nano-SiO2 was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse using sol-gel method. FTIR analysis was carried out to investigate the bonding between nano-SiO2 and PEO/NaClO4. The morphology of the SPE was characterized using SEM. XRD and DSC analysis showed that SPE crystallinity decreased as nano-SiO2 concentration was increased. Mechanical analyses were conducted to characterize the SPE tensile strength and elongation at break. EIS analysis was conducted to measure SPE ionic conductivity. The PEO/NaClO4 SPE with the addition of 5\% nano-SiO2 from sugarcane bagasse at 60 degrees C produced SPE with the highest ionic conductivity, 1.18 x 10(-6) S/cm. It was concluded that the addition of nano-SiO2 increased ionic conductivity and interface stability at the solid polymer electrolyte-PEO/NaClO4.
Sequential treatments of dewaxed bagasse with distilled water, 0.5 M NaOH, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0\% H2O2 at pH 11.5, and 2 M NaOH at 55 degreesC for 2 h solubilized 2.8, 52.5, 14.9, 3.3, 5.5, 5.0, 2.8, and 2.2\% of the original lignin, respectively. The eight isolated lignin fractions were subjected to a comprehensive structural characterization by UV, FT-IR, and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopies and thermal analysis. The nitrobenzene oxidation method was also applied to the in situ lignins. The seven lignin fractions, isolated successively with alkali and alkaline peroxide, were all SGH-type lignins, with a small amount of esterified p-coumaric acid and mainly etherified ferulic acid. No significant differences were found in the weight-average molecular weights (1680-2220 g/mol) of the seven alkali and alkaline peroxide dissolved lignins. However, the first four lignin fractions, isolated with 0.5 M NaOH and 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5\% H2O2 at pH 11.5, were rich in syringyl units and contained large amounts of noncondensed ether structures, whereas the last three lignin fractions, isolated sequentially with 2.0 and 3.0\% H2O2 at pH 11.5 and 2 M NaOH at 55 degreesC for 2 h, had a higher degree on condensation and were rich in guaiacyl lignins.
Sugarcane areas show a reduction in soil physical quality. However, few studies demonstrate the effect of sugarcane straw maintenance on soil physical quality along the crop cycle. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the soil physical quality in areas cultivated with sugarcane where straw was kept on soil, after the first and fourth harvests, with that of an area under native forest. Two areas cultivated with sugarcane, representative of the beginning and end of the production cycle, were evaluated in a clayey Oxisol. One area was evaluated after the first mechanical harvest (C1), while the other was evaluated after the fourth harvest (C4). These areas were compared to an area of native forest (NF). The data were subjected to multivariate principal component analysis. Agricultural areas cultivated with sugarcane showed reduction in soil physical quality compared to NF, presenting higher soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil bulk density (Sd) and microporosity (Mic). Sd was 13.7\% higher in the C1 area, while in the C4 area such increase was only 5.1\% compared to NF. The negative impact of sugarcane cultivation on soil physical quality is reduced after four harvests in areas with mechanical harvesting and where straw was kept on the soil, especially in the 0.00-0.20 m layer.
We have previously demonstrated that dark materials (DM) in acidified molasses are effectively adsorbed to Amberlite XAD7HP resin and are eluted from the resin with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. In this paper, we have characterized the self-assembly behavior of molasses DM by using dynamic and static light scattering in combination with isoelectric focusing and infrared absorption spectroscopy in order to better understand the resin adsorption mechanism. One of DM derivatives, X-G2, contained carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and had a weight-average molar mass of 9.39 x 10(3) to 4.42 x 10(4) at pH 2.1-11.5. The aggregates retained their spherical shape over the full pH range and the large gyration radius (66.4-80.0 nm) indicated that the inner structure was loosely packed. Furthermore, X-G2 had an isoelectric point of 1.8, and its density increased sharply at pH 5.9 and then approached a nearly constant value under alkaline conditions. In summary, the self-assembly processes of DM are controlled by intermolecular hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The aggregates adsorb to the resin through hydrophobic interactions and are eluted when excess carboxylate anions are generated.
Hydrogen production was evaluated in two thermophilic structured bed (USBR) reactors. USBR1was inoculated with auto-fermented sugarcane vinasse and low-density polyethylene cubes were used as support material. USBR2 was inoculated with anaerobic sludge from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating sugarcane vinasse, and polyurethane foam matrices was used as support material. The reactors were operated in parallel with sugar cane molasses at organic loading rate (OLR) from 30 to 120 g COD L(-1)d(-1) during 45 days. Hydrogen production was detected during the whole operational period, with maximum values of 1123 mL H-2 d(-1)L(-1) and 2041 mL H-2 d(-1)L(-1) for USBR1 and USBR2, respectively. The number of gene copies encoding for Fe-hydrogenase was higher in USBR2 for all OLR applied. DNA sequences related to Thermoanaerobacterium and Clostridium sensu stricto were predominant in USBR1. In USBR2, in addition to these microorganisms, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas and Thermotuga, and sequences with low frequency of abundance (<5\%) involved directly and indirectly in hydrogen production were also present. The taxonomical and functional more diverse inoculum of USBR2 was associated with a higher hydrogen production. Besides fermentation, an unknown metabolism was relevant in USBR2, revealing the importance of physiological characterization of the microbial community present. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The conversion of worthless municipal solid wastes to valuables is a major step towards environmental conservation and sustainability. This work successfully proposed a technique to utilize the two most commonly available municipal solid wastes viz polythene (PE) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) for water decolorization application. An SBPE composite material was developed and co-pyrolyzed under an inert atmosphere to develop the activated SBPEAC composite. Both SBPE and SBPEAC composites were characterized to analyze their morphological characteristics, specific surface area, chemical functional groups, and elemental composition. The adsorption efficacies of the composites were comparatively tested in the removal of malachite green (MG) from water. The SBPEAC composite had a specific surface area of 284.5 m(2)/g and a pore size of similar to 1.33 nm. Batch-scale experiments revealed that the SBPEAC composite performed better toward MG adsorption compared to the SBPE composite. The maximum MG uptakes at 318 K on SBPEAC and SBPE were 926.6 and 375.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of MG on both composites was endothermic. The isotherm and kinetic modeling data for MG adsorption on SBPEAC was fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, while Elovich kinetic and D-R isotherm models were better fitted for MG adsorption on SBPE. Mechanistically, the MG adsorption on both SBPE and SBPEAC composites involved electrostatic interaction, H-bonding, and pi-pi/n-pi interactions.
Bagasse is a heterogeneous material consisting of 60-70\% fiber, and rest is pith. In this paper, the impact of temperatures (165 degrees C and 140 degrees C) and time (0.5 h and 1 h) on kraft pulping of whole bagasse and depithed bagasse was analyzed. The resulting pulps were refined, and handsheets were made before subjecting them to mechanical testing. The cellulose content (\%), water absorption capacity (\%), water retention values were found to be higher, and the Klason's lignin and ash contents were found to be lower for depithed bagasse pulp compared to whole bagasse pulp. However, the handsheets made from whole bagasse pulp (165 degrees C) were stiffer and also exhibited higher tensile strength index values compared to sheets from depithed bagasse pulp, indicating its suitability for packaging. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed better thermal stability for both pulps up to 250 degrees C. The pulp and black liquor characteristic values of depithed bagasse processed for 1 h at 165 degrees C are promising and encouraging for paper making.
Hydrothermal processing is an organic solvent-free technology capable of solubilizing hemicellulose in oligomers of interest. This study evaluated the influence of pressure (2.5 and 10 MPa) on the release of the main components of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as reducing sugars, phenolic compounds and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) during hydrothermal treatment in a continuous flow mode for 30 min. The study carried out at 180 degrees C showed that 85\% of the sugar extraction capacity was reached after 15 min at both pressures. The evolution of pH, phenolic compounds released in the liquor and small changes in the lignocellulosic structure were also monitored and related to the effects of hydrothermal treatment. The xylose content was similar at both pressures (22 mg/g xylan), while the XOS (X2-X6) yield was 87.5 and 111.4 mg/g xylan at 2.5 and 10 MPa, respectively. A mass balance was used to estimate that 6.76 kg of XOS could be produced from 100 kg of SCB treated at 180 degrees C, 2.5 MPa, and 15 min. Practical Applications Sugarcane production generates a large amount of by-products. The study aimed to use sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for the extraction of xylooligosaccharides through hydrothermal processing whose the influence of two pressures (2.5 and 10 MPa) in this process was evaluated. This process is an organic solvent-free technology that establishes a sustainable strategy for the exploitation of this material. Residues (SCB) have great potential to be explored to prepare value-added products in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
The high production of sugarcane in Brazil and its application of ethanol and sugar production results in a higher generation of vinasse and bagasse. The treatment of these residues can be carried out using anaerobic co-digestion procedures. Besides promoting waste treatment, it enables energy exploration through biogas and hydrogen generation. Bioenergy use can also generate steam in sugar and alcohol plants by burning, sugarcane milling, fueling vehicles for the transport of products, among others. These energy applications allow total and efficient, energetic exploring of sugarcane. Hence, this study estimated the production of methane, hydrogen, thermal and electrical energy generated from vinasse and bagasse in the autonomous and annexed Brazilian ethanol and sugar plants. Three scenarios present the use of biogas generated: Scenario 1: energy use of all methane from biogas; Scenario 2: hydrogen production from the remaining methane, after considering the energy autonomy of the ethanol plants; Scenario 3: hydrogen production from all the methane generated. All the scenarios which considered the use of methane led to energy self-sufficiency in the sector. However, only annexed plants present economic feasibility for implementing the project. Scenario 2 is highlighted in this study, once beyond the sectors energetic self-sufficiency, the operational conditions enabled the storage of 9.26E+07 Nm(3).d(-1) of hydrogen, equal 3.04E+08 ton per year. CH4 and H-2 production seen in a global scenario of circular economy and energy security have high benefits, contributing to the gradual transformation of an economy dependent on nonrenewable resources into a circular and renewable economy. (C) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through a convenient five-step treatment, and procedures were performed. During the alkaline curing process of the extraction of cellulose, NaOH has a concentration of (0.5, 1.5, 2.75, and 4\%) and the extraction time (15, 30, and 45 min) at a constant temperature of 120 degrees C were taken as variables and perfectly optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) for cellulose with the highest product. The optimum conditions were found to be 2.75\% NaOH, 120 degrees C, and 45 min with a cellulose yield of 73.71 +/- 0.67\% cellulose, 17.22 +/- 0.82\% hemicellulose, and 9.07 +/- 0.95\% lignin. Though most of the lignin was eliminated during the alkaline and dilute acid pretreatment process, the remaining lignin was removed by a solution treatment of 4\% NaOH, and 21.92\% H2O2 at 121 degrees C for 44.97 min where the cellulose yield was found as 89.75 +/- 0.64\%, hemicellulose was 6.15 +/- 0.83\%, and lignin was 2.65 +/- 0.66\%. Morphological analysis revealed that the average diameter of the cellulose was 12.06 mu m. Thermal and XRD diffraction analysis showed that the cellulose is thermally stable and has a crystallinity index of 31.63\%. FTIR spectra demonstrate that cellulose was successfully extracted due to the removal of noncellulose components.
A laboratory-scale biofilter unit packed with a mixture of compost, sugarcane bagasse, and granulated activated carbon (GAC) in the ratio of 55:30:15 by weight was used for a biofiltration study of air stream containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX). The effect of superficial velocity on mass transfer coefficient for the packing was studied by maintaining gas flow rates of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 L min1 for inlet concentrations of 0.1, 0.4, and 0.8g m3 for each of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene. The maximum elimination capacity was found to be 20.92, 22.72, 20.73, and 18.94g m3 h1 for BTEX, respectively, for stated flow rates. Removal efficiency of BTEX decreased from 99\% to 71\% for increasing inlet concentration from 0.1 to 0.8g m3. Gas film mass transfer coefficient predicted by modified Onda's equation was within +/- 10\% of the experimental values.
This work exploited the concept of mechanical fractionation of sugarcane stalks prior to processing in an integrated biorefinery. The use of four sugarcane hybrids assured the broad evaluation of sugarcane genotypes. In all cases, the outermost region of the stalk contained denser tissue, which was suitable for burning in cogeneration systems. In contrast, the core cane was processed for sucrose extraction, which generated a less recalcitrant lignocellulose fraction more amenable to pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The mass balance of the lignocellulose components along with biorefining indicated that the core cane provided up to 34\% enhanced utilization of polysaccharides compared to the sugarcane bagasse, whereas the highest heating value from the sugarcane bagasse and the outermost fractions were similar,
In this study, an alternative method for recycling residues of labels and stickers (parings) containing biaxically oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and polyurethane-based glue was discussed. The recycling of this type of material is complicated, once the separation and the milling processes are difficult to be accomplished, due to the presence of a large amount of glue. In this study, sugarcane bagasse ash was used to enable the milling process of stickers residues. Composites were prepared with post-consumer polypropylene extrusion with different polypropylene/parings ash ratio. These materials were analyzed by tensile, three point flexural, hardness, density, water absorption, Izod impact tests, thermogravimetric analysis, environmental exposure and scanning electron microscopy. Addition of sticker residues/ash to the polypropylene matrix makes the material more rigid and does not affect significantly thermal and degradation properties. Thus, the recycling process proposed in this paper is environmentally and economically viable.
In a series of studies on the production of activated carbon from the waste material (bagasse) remaining after pressing of sugarcane. We obtained produce activated carbon with a specific surface area of 1,096 x 10(3) m(2)/kg by treating the bagasse under the following conditions: activation temperature, 1,073 K, rate of temperature-increase, 5 K/min, retention time, 1.0 hour; and the amount of water, 6 kg/kg-bagasse. Next, an attempt to increase the hardness of the activated carbon yielded material with a hardness level of about 1/3 that of commercially available coconut-shell activated carbon. The adsorption equilibrium of the hardened activated carbon, for 13 different organic compounds in single -solute aqueous solutions at 298 K was then measured in a concentration range of 0.01 to 500 mol/m(3). The amount of solute adsirbed by this activated carbon at each concentration was found to be the same as or higher than that of the ordinary CAL activated carbon. With respect to the obtained adsorption equilibrium, the Langmuir equation was solved and the result was found to fit to the equation.
Sugarcane bagasse is a significant renewable energy source for the sugar and bioethanol industries. Bagasse ash is the waste from the combustion process and is mostly disposed of as landfill. Only a small quantity of bagasse ash is utilized as pozzolan in concrete, and a considerable quantity is left unused due to its high carbon and crystallite content. Generally, bagasse ash is rich in silica (SiO2), and it is thus an alternative source for silica extraction. In this paper, a low-energy and low-chemical consumption method is proposed to obtain silica from bagasse ash using alkali extraction and acid precipitation. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted silica are described. A silica yield of 80\% and moisture absorption of 73\% were achieved. The silica had amorphous phases and was light gray in color owing to the presence of carbon from incomplete combustion. Bagasse silica was used as an extender filler in an expensive photochromic pigment to increase the bulk volume. It was found that a pigment-to-silica mass ratio up to 1:10 could be used for thick-layer painting. However, a ratio of up to 1:3 is recommended for thin-layer screen-printing on fabrics. The bagasse ash silica-pigment blends have very good color fastness when washing; however, frequent aggressive washing should be avoided.
The discharging of lead-contaminated wastewater is a concern because of its toxicity to living organisms and water quality resulting in dangerous water consumption, so it is highly recommended to remove lead from wastewater to be below water quality standards for a safe environment. Zeolite A sugarcane bagasse fly ash powder (ZB), zeolite A sugarcane bagasse fly ash powder mixed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (ZBF), zeolite A sugarcane bagasse fly ash beads (ZBB), zeolite A sugarcane bagasse fly ash powder mixed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide beads (ZBFB), and zeolite A sugarcane bagasse fly ash beads coated iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (ZBBF) were synthesized and characterized in various techniques. Their lead removal efficiencies were investigated by batch experiments, adsorption isotherms, and kinetics. The specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size of ZB were close values to zeolite A standard (STD), and ZBF had the highest specific surface area and the smallest pore size than others. ZB and ZBF demonstrated crystalline phases whereas ZBB, ZBFB, and ZBBF were amorphous phases. The surface morphology of ZB was a cubic shape similar to STD. ZBF demonstrated an agglomerated formation of ZB and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide whereas ZBFB and ZBBF had sphere shapes with coarse surfaces. Si, Al, O, Fe, Na, Ca, O-H, (Si, Al)-O, H2O, and D4R were detected in all materials. The surface charges of all zeolite A materials had negatively charged at all pH values, and their surfaces increased more negatively charged with increasing pH value which pH 5 illustrated as the highest negatively charged in all materials. Their lead removal efficiencies were higher than 82\%. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were well explained for their adsorption patterns and mechanisms. Finally, ZBBF is a good offer for applying in industrial wastewater treatment systems because of its easy operation and saving costs than ZBF.
Vinasse is a by-product from the ethanol industry and can be used for methane production through anaerobic digestion process driven by microbial consortia. The microorganisms involved must be known to obtain an ideal methane production. The present work evaluated the production of methane and byproducts from different ratios substrate/biomass (S-0/X-0), using sludge from an effluent treatment of the vegetable oil industry as inoculum in media containing vinasse. Also, the microbial community of the best methane production bioassay was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing. The following chemical parameters were evaluated: methanogenic activity, chemical oxygen demand, carbohydrate consumption, and production of volatile fatty acids. The highest methane production occurred at S-0/X-0 ratio of 1.5, which produced 59.78 mmol CH4 L-1. A great variety of microorganism genera was identified by high-throughput DNA sequencing, showing differences in the microbial consortia of the initial and final sampling times. At the final sampling point, the classes Bacteroidia (Porphyromonadaceae-OTU genera unknown 42.26\% and Bacteroides genus 10.58\%) and the class Betaproteobacteria (Proteobacteria-Comamonadaceae OTU) were identified as the dominant bacteria. The most abundant archaeal genera in the bioassay were Methanosaeta, Methanomassiliicoccaceae OTU vadinCA11, and Methanobacterium. The identification of the microorganisms of consortia involved in anaerobic digestion can collaborate on technologies to increase methane production through microbial isolation, bioaugmentation, and co-cultures.
High-value utilization of hemicellulose is critical to improve the append value of integrated biorefineries. In this research, the alkali-soluble sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose was sulfated using chlorosulfonic acid and N,N-dimethylformamide/LiCl under homogeneous conditions. With the aid of flow technique, a rapid, mild, and efficient method for the synthesis of xylan sulfate with high molecular weight and controllable degree of substitution was achieved. The results showed that the reaction time and the degradation of xylan chain were drastically reduced compared to the ``in flask{''
The effects of leaching (25 degrees C and 1 h) sugarcane trash (SCT) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with citric acid (CA) on the yields and quality of fast pyrolysis bio-oils were studied. A comparison was made with commonly used leaching agents such as water or solutions of HCl and H2SO4. The quality of the obtained bio-oils was assessed using a set of analytical techniques including elemental analysis, total acid number (TAN) and water content determinations, combustion calorimetry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Results from the fast pyrolysis of SCT or SCB pretreated with acids reveal higher yields on raw-feedstock basis (38-45 wt.\%) of the organic bio-oil fraction than those from raw and water-leached feedstock, but lower yields of water (7.6-10.2 wt.\%) and char (13.1-14.9 wt.\%). More than 90\% of non-condensable gases were CO and CO2. The most important observations related to the effect of leaching with CA on the chemical composition of the bio-oil are a significant increase of the relative abundance of sugars from 15.1\% in raw SCT to 44.7\% in CA-pretreated SCT, as well as a decrease in carboxylic acids, ketones, furans and phenols with respect to the raw biomasses. These results were close to those obtained from well-known leaching agents such as HCl and H2SO4. The bio-oil from the pyrolysis of CA-leached SCT and SCB have slightly higher HHVs than those obtained from reference leaching solutions (HCl and H2SO4). In addition, the TAN showed the lowest acidity among all pretreated SCB samples.
This paper evaluates life cycle energy analysis of molasses based ethanol (MOE) in Nepal. Net energy value (NEV), net renewable energy value (NREV) and energy yield ratio are used to evaluate the energy balance of MOE in Nepal. Total energy requirements in sugarcane farming, cane milling and ethanol conversion processes are estimated and energy allocation is made between co-products (molasses and sugar) as per their market prices. The result shows negative NEV (-13.05 MJ/L), positive NREV (18.36 MJ/L) and energy yield ratio (7.47). The higher positive value of NREV and energy yield ratio reveal that a low amount of fossil fuels are required to produce I L of MOE. However, negative NEV reveals that the total energy consumption (both fossil and renewables) to produce the ethanol is higher than its final energy content. Nevertheless, the renewable energy contribution amounts to 91.7\% of total energy requirements. The effect of the increased price of molasses and reduced energy consumption in the sugarcane milling and ethanol conversion are found to be significant in determining the energy values and yield ratio of MOE. In addition, there are clear measures that can be taken to improve efficiency along the production chain. Finally, energy security, scarcity of hard currency for importing fossil fuels and opportunities for regional development are also strong reasons for considering local renewable energy options in developing countries. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cellulase is one of the important groups of enzyme for many industrial applications. It is applied in various processes of food industries, paper and pulp industry, fabric industry, medicine and pharma industry, agriculture industries etc. Microorganisms are among the most potential source for large scale production of this enzyme. The current study is aimed to isolate microorganisms which are capable of producing cellulase and to determine its efficiency for production of cellulase with different raw materials. For this study, bacteria microorganisms were isolated on CMC containing media. Screening was done using congo red (0.1\%) and NaCl (1\%) solution. Among various isolated species, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was identified as the most potential strain and hence selected for further study, various raw materials which are rich in cellulose were used for cellulase production. These raw materials were sugarcane bagasse, paper pulp, molasses, orange peel, wheat bran, cassava waste, tea waste and agriculture waste. Cellulase activity was determined by using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) method. Results of the study have shown that among all the raw materials, sugarcane bagasse, molasses and paper pulp were found as the most potential sources for enzyme production. DNSA have shown 0.97 IU/mL, 0.98IU/mL and 0.88 IU/mL of enzyme activity respectively for all the three raw materials. Results have also shown that agriculture waste alone is not found suitable for production of cellulase as it has shown only 0.32 IU/mL of enzyme activity. From the entire study, it was concluded that for large scale production of cellulase, sugarcane bagasse and molasses are the best sources using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
Large volumes of sugarcane-bagasse ash are produced as residues from the sucro-alcohol industry and have some practical applications. The use of this ash as an adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) and Zn(II) is studied in the present paper. Effects of pH, adsorbent concentration and equilibrium time have been studied in order to establish the best conditions for the removal of metal ions. The kinetic parameters, i.e. the constant rate, equilibrium sorption capacity and related coefficients of each kinetic model (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich), have been evaluated by means of nonlinear regression fit: the pseudo-second order best describes the kinetics of the process. The experimental data obtained from the equilibrium study were analysed using nonlinear Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Toth models: the Langmuir and Toth isotherms best represent the sorption of the metal ions. The highest experimental sorption capacities obtained as regards the removal of Ni(II) and Zn(II) from the sugarcane-bagasse ash were 0.0298 and 0.0416 mmol g(-1), respectively. The adsorption mechanism through the formation of covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds demonstrates the affinity between the adsorbent and the adsorbates. The studies were conducted separately, using independent solutions of each metal.
The ethanol production from molasses was identified, considering various socioeconomic and environmental indicators in Pakistan. The environment, economic and social aspects were recognized and enumerated to the bioethanol production for sustainability development of the society. The indicators predicated on the basic of advantages to the communities such as implementation, thoughtful, clear, pre-emptive and extrapolative. The values of individual indicators were discussed and their applications for the context of ethanol production and necessities. Key socioeconomic effects of supply chain for bioethanol production system including feedstock (sugarcane) availability, transformation and blending of ethanol with gasoline have been analyzed in Pakistan's perspectives. Collectively by means of indigenously preferred environmental and social issues, it was concluded that bioethanol is better option for sustainable development and Pakistan is able to produce ethanol from sugarcane industry by-product (molasses) and to date, distilleries working in Pakistan have ability to blend gasoline with 5\% ethanol and this production can be increased just by installing new distilleries since molasses are available in huge quantity. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Little knowledge is available regarding the possibility of conversion of agro wastes through cultivation of indigenous wild strains of Flammulina velutipes and interactions between substrate composition and F. velutipes strain. This study was thus conducted to compare effects of several locally available agro wastes on the growth characteristics of Iranian wild and cultivated strains of F. velutipes. Nine different substrate compositions were made based on sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, soybean meal, wheat bran, and wheat straw. The main and simple effects of the substrate compositions as well as interactions between mushroom strain and substrate were comparatively determined. While significant interactions between substrate and mushroom strain were observed (p < 0.05), the mixtures of wheat straw and wheat bran enriched with soybean meal or sawdust highly supported vegetative and reproductive growth of both strains (p < 0.05). Amongst the selected formulations that generated biological efficiencies more than 100 \%, the substrate containing 40 \% wheat straw + 40 \% sawdust + 18 \% wheat bran gave an outstanding biological efficiency of 265 \% for the cultivated strain (p < 0.05). Amid the serious environmental problems caused by the accumulation of sugarcane bagasse in Iran, this study also showed that both wild and cultivated F. velutipes can effectively be grown on sugarcane bagasse supplemented with wheat bran. The selected agricultural wastes evaluated in this study may be suggested as new formulations for growing either indigenous or cultivated strains of medicinal mushroom F. velutipes.
Porous carbon material was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse by 2 steps. Firstly, increase the surface area by treatment bagasse via using hot-compressed with mixture of ethanol/water in various concentrations (0-100 \% v). Secondly, transform the pretreated bagasse to porous carbon by carbonization under nitrogen at 900 degrees C for 2 hours. The highest surface area was found at a pretreatment temperature 180 degrees C with mixture of ethanol-water 25\% v and specific surface area was 382 m(2)/g while raw bagasse without pretreated was 189 m(2)/g. Pretreated bagasse and porous carbon were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis and surface area measurement by N-2 adsorption (BET). The result was showed that organosolv pretreatment using ethanol mixed water can increase the surface area and porosity of bagasse. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Cellulose microfibers were isolated from bagasse in three distinct stages. Initially bagasse was subjected to a conventional pulping process to eliminate lignin and hemicellulose. Whole cellulosic fibers thus obtained were then mechanically separated into their constituent rnicrofibrils (MFs) by a two-stage homogenization process and finally acid hydrolyzed. The dimensions of the resulting micro fibers were dependent oil the hydrolysis conditions. Persistent discoloration indicated that cellulose obtained from bagasse, a sugarcane by-product, was far more resistant to hydrolysis than tunicate, bacterial, or even wood celluloses. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) indicated that the transverse size of the particles varied between 200 nm to a few microns. Solid-state NMR was also used to study the morphological changes taking place in cellulose as a result of the hydrolysis. A future goal is to use these MFs as reinforcing elements in composites with biodegradable thermoplastic co-polyesters or other common engineering thermoplastics, and this will be discussed in a Subsequent report. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Second-generation biofuel production is in high demand, but lignocellulosic biomass' complexity impairs its use due to the vast diversity of enzymes necessary to execute the complete saccharification. In nature, lignocellulose can be rapidly deconstructed due to the division of biochemical labor effectuated in bacterial communities. Here, we analyzed the lignocellulolytic potential of a bacterial consortium obtained from soil and dry straw leftover from a sugarcane milling plant. This consortium was cultivated for 20 weeks in aerobic conditions using sugarcane bagasse as a sole carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy and chemical analyses registered modification of the sugarcane fiber's appearance and biochemical composition, indicating that this consortium can deconstruct cellulose and hemicellulose but no lignin. A total of 52 metagenome-assembled genomes from eight bacterial classes (Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Bacteroidia, Cytophagia, Gammaproteobacteria, Oligoflexia, and Thermoleophilia) were recovered from the consortium, in which similar to 46\% of species showed no relevant modification in their abundance during the 20 weeks of cultivation, suggesting a mostly stable consortium. Their CAZymes repertoire indicated that many of the most abundant species are known to deconstruct lignin (e.g., Chryseobacterium) and carry sequences related to hemicellulose and cellulose deconstruction (e.g., Chitinophaga, Niastella, Niabella, and Siphonobacter). Taken together, our results unraveled the bacterial diversity, enzymatic potential, and effectiveness of this lignocellulose-decomposing bacterial consortium.
Sugarcane bagasse, an abundant residue from ethanol and sugar industry, was used in its natural form (SB) and carbonised (CS) as adsorbent for removing acetylsalicylic acid from aqueous solutions. The surface area, porosity, functional groups and surface charges of the adsorbents were characterised by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barret-Joyner-Halenda methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and point of zero charge. Analysis indicated that C- and O-containing functional groups may be involved in the adsorption process. Batch experiments were also performed to evaluate the effects of pH, temperature and time on the sorption. The materials exhibited high adsorption efficiency at low pH. Results revealed that the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and pseudo-second-order provided the best fitting to the experimental data for biosorbent SB and biochar CS, respectively. Liu isotherm model describes the adsorption equilibrium for biochar suggesting that the carbonised surface had a heterogeneous nature with Q(max) of 32.73 mg g(-1) at 298 K. Besides, intraparticle diffusion model suggests that adsorption of ASA onto activated carbon was controlled by multiple steps. This study demonstrated that carbonised sugarcane bagasse is a potential adsorbent for removing acetylsalicylic acid from aqueous solutions.
Novel microwave synthesis cationic hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse were obtained by quaternization with CHMAC using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in microwave synthesis condition. The parameters including the dosage of hemicellulose/CHMAC, the microwave time and the microwave power were optimized and the extent of quaternization was measured by zeta potential. As paper additive, the effect of cationic hemicellulose on bleached bagasse was researched. Then pulp handsheet properties were studied. The results indicated that adding the cationic hemicellulose could increase paper mechanical strengths, and its effect was better than original bleached bagasse pulp. At the dosage of 0.8\% on oven dried pulp, paper tensile index, tensile strength, breaking length, burst index and folding endurance can be increased by 43.79\%, 36.95\%, 33.11\%, 17.35\%, 33.33\% respectively, much better than the paper without the cationic hemicellulose.
This work describes the co-fermentation to the simultaneous production of rhamnolipids and ethanol from exploded sugarcane bagasse (ESB) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and crude enzyme complexes (CECs). The CECs were produced by Aspergillus niger in solid-state fermentation (SSF), using different levels of ESB, rice bran (RB) and corn cob (CC) as substrates. The best results for rhamnolipids (9.1 g/L, emulsification index of 84\%, surface tension of 35 mN/m) and ethanol (8.4 g/L) were obtained after 86 h of fermentation of ESB (250 g/L, 30 degrees C), using CEC from SSF of ESB (20\% wt/wt), RB (30\% wt/wt) and water (50\% wt/wt). It was also observed that the fermented bagasse had approximately the same calorific value of a bagasse in nature and could be used as a potential source of energy. These findings suggest that co-fermentation using P. aeruginosa, S. cerevisiae and ESB can be used in the successful co-production of rhamnolipids and ethanol, with the recovery of energy present in the fermented bagasse. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effective utilization of fibers from natural sources is the main objective of this research work, but natural fibers alone are not meeting the required strength properties. The objective of this study focuses on the experimental study of composites developed from bagasse fiber/bamboo charcoal for technical applications by investigating its diverse mechanical and thermal insulating properties. For this investigation, five hybrid composites with bagasse fiber/bamboo charcoal proportions of 100\%/0\%, 70\%/30\%, 50\%/50\%, 30\%/70\%, and 0\%/100\% with 65\% polyurethane foam in all by using compression molding technique and their mechanical properties are evaluated experimentally under the ASTM standards. The fiber alignments, internal crack, and binding properties are checked by morphological test. It is observed that the tensile strength of sugarcane bagasse/charcoal composites produces 255.80 MPa which is approximately the same strength (260.10 MPa) as artificial fiber composites. The bagasse fiber/bamboo charcoal 30/70-based composites show a higher thermal insulation coefficient than the other four samples-reinforced composites. The impact and flexural strength of the 30/70 sample are higher than those of other samples. The results obtained report the possibility of exploitation of natural fiber sugarcane bagasse and bamboo charcoal for the production of reinforcements based on composites with good mechanical and thermal characteristics to utilize as automotive interior materials in component systems.
The increased ethanol production driven by the growing demand for biofuels have the generation of vinasse as a negative aspect. Aiming for vinasse recycling, this study compared the performance of aerobic (AeMBR) and anaerobic (AnMBR) membrane bioreactors as alternatives for water, energy, and fertilizer recovery. In terms of organic matter, the AnMBR demonstrated a better removal efficiency (RAnMBR: 97\%, RAeMBR: 92\%) with sig-nificant differences. Higher values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the AeMBR permeate were correlated with the higher production of soluble microbial products and external polymeric substances. The opposite was observed in terms of total nitrogen removal since AeMBR showed better efficiency (RAeMBR: 80\%, RAnMBR: 56\%). Due to the higher fouling rate, the AeMBR required a higher increase in transmembrane pressure to guarantee a constant permeate flux and more frequent interruptions for membrane cleaning and maintenance. It would be able to recover 527 m3/h of permeate to be used in cane washing procedures or as feedstock for fertilizer obtainment, the latter with the expectations of better reuse of vinasse nutrients and lower environmental impacts compared with fertigation practices. Their demand (water and fertilizer), aligned with economic aspects, should be considered when deciding on the best reuse alternative. The AnMBR presented a higher operational cost (0.515 US\$/m3) compared with the AeMBR (0.441 US\$/m3). Nevertheless, the system allowed to recover 6.1 Nm3-CH4/m3-vinasse, which represents an energy production potential of 26.1 kW/m3-vinasse. Overall, the systems would allow for the higher valorization of vinasse, with better use of wastes and contributing to less dependence on raw materials.
In this work the distribution of potassium in sugarcane has been studied during its growth. The soil was prepared with natural fertilizers prepared with sugarcane bagasse. For the measurement of potassium concentration in each part of the plant, gamma-ray spectrometry was used to measure gamma-rays emitted from the radioisotope K-40. The concentrations of potassium in roots, stems and leaves were measured every two to three months beginning about five months after planting the sugarcane. The results show a higher concentration of potassium at the beginning of plant development and over time, there is an oscillatory behavior in this concentration in each part of the plant, reaching a lower concentration in the adult plant. To describe the evolution of potassium distribution in sugarcane we proposed a phenomenological model assuming that the potassium incorporation rate is proportional to the difference between the element concentration in the plant and a very long term equilibrium value and it is coupled to a resource-limited growth model. The proposed model succeeded in interpreting the results for the potassium distribution in stems and leaves during the sugarcane growth. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The sugar and ethanol industry, which uses sugarcane as raw material, utilizes the by-product, bagasse, as fuel. The bagasse is fed with a moisture content of 50\% (w.b). Dryers are not being used in the way it is proposed here. This article proposes the introduction of bagasse dryers connected to the energy recovery system of the boilers operating with the exhaust gases. The combination of the dryer with other thermal energy recovery devices, such as an air heater and economizer, is considered. The performance improvement is evaluated. Costs are also taken into account. Finally, an optimized solution for the boiler energy recovery system is proposed.
Molasses, a sugar industry waste product with low cost and high sugar content, can be used as a high-quality carbon source for microbial fermentation. In this study, molasses was pretreated by means of acid-base treatment combined with 0.6\% mass fraction of activated carbon in order for its sugar concentration (78.42 g/L) and composition to meet the needs of Clostridium tyrobutyricum fermentation. C. tyrobutyricum was able to produce butyric acid from the sugars of treated molasses by microbial adaptive laboratory evolution. After 120 h of shake flask fermentation, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography showed that 46.39\% of fructose and 32.56\% of glucose in molasses after treatment were converted to 31.52 g/L butyric acid by C. tyrobutyricum. The results showed that the two-step process, combined with microbial adaptive laboratory evolution technology used to hydrolyze and reuse sugar, is an adapted method for the utilization of molasses, a by-product of the sugarcane industry.
Different concentrations of sucrose (3-25\% w/v) and peptone (2-5\% w/v) were studied in the formulation of media during the cultivation of Aspergillus japonicus-FCL 119T and Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611. Moreover, cane molasses (3.5-17.5\% w/v total sugar) and yeast powder (1.5-5\% w/v) were used as alternative nutrients for both strains' cultivation. These media were formulated for analysis of cellular growth, P-Fructosyltransferase and Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) production. Transfructosylating activity (U-t) and FOS production were analyzed by HPLC. The highest enzyme production by both the strains was 3\% (w/v) sucrose and 3\% (w/v) peptone, or 3.5\% (w/v) total sugars present in cane molasses and 1.5\% (w/v) yeast powder. Cane molasses and yeast powder were as good as sucrose and peptone in the enzyme and FOS (around 60\% w/w) production by studied strains.
Recently, polygeneration in the sugarcane industry, which produces not only raw sugar but also other products (ethanol and electricity), has been attracting attention for green economy via the utilization of local natural resources. We focus on ``heat{''
Crop wastes or by-products can have the potential to be used as effective amendments to improve agricultural soil quality and/or crop yields subject to appropriate screening and testing. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) waste by-products from an ethanol production plant, including boiler ash, filter cake, and vinasse, were applied as soil amendments at 5\%, 10\%, 20\%, and 40\% (w/w) to study the relationship between pH and organic matter (OM) on cadmium (Cd) bioavailability and adsorption via organic matter using the Cd sequential extraction procedure. Soil pH was significantly affected by aging of the treatment with boiler ash, filter cake, and vinasse. At the end of the experiment, the Cd concentrations with all treatments were mainly released in the first two extraction steps of the sequential procedure, i.e., most mobile and easily mobilized fractions. Pearson correlation analyses revealed a negative relationship between pH and bioavailable Cd and between OM and oxidizable Cd. The pH reduction induced by the amendments was a major factor affecting soil Cd bioavailability. The effect of OM on Cd fractionation could not be clearly observed and interpreted in this study.
In this study, the reinforcing effect of sugarcane bagasse and alumina micro-fillers on epoxy polymer composites' physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics is reported. The design of the experiment as per central composite design-response surface methodology and artificial neural network scheme was chosen, in order to predict the optimal influence of sugarcane bagasse and alumina micro-fillers as 1.38 to 5.62 wt.\%. From the analysis of variance outcomes, it was observed that sugarcane bagasse and alumina micro-fillers were essential to the mechanical characteristics. To maximize the flexural properties, the optimal contents of sugarcane bagasse and alumina micro-fillers were observed to be 3.5 wt.\% and 3.5 wt.\%, respectively. From the predicted vs. actual, cook's distance, and residual graphs, it was observed that there is a better agreement between the developed model and experimental outcomes. Incorporating sugarcane bagasse and alumina micro-fillers in epoxy resin enhanced the physical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics. Scanning electron microscope examination of epoxy hybrid composite affirmed the uniform distribution of sugarcane bagasse and alumina micro-fillers in the epoxy matrix that affected the enhanced mechanical, physical, and thermal stability characteristics of the composite material.
A continuous process with cell recycle was demonstrated on fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate to ethanol having a facility of in-situ stripping of ethanol by air or nitrogen gas. The thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453, grown in xylose-rich hydrolysate, was used in this study for fermenting the glucose-rich hydrolysate at 50 degrees C. The effect of dilution rate, cell mass concentration, and air or nitrogen gas stripping on ethanol production was evaluated. The maximum volumetric productivity of ethanol was 1.22 gl(-1) h(-1) on stripping the bioreactor with nitrogen at a dilution rate of 0.075 h(-1). An ethanol yield of 96\% of its theoretical value and 95\% sugar conversion efficiency could be obtained while the ethanol concentration in the condensate of the stripper was found to be 56.3 gl(-1), which was almost 3.4 times concentrated as compared to ethanol concentration in the broth without stripping. The specific ethanol productivity could be improved due to increase in sugar conversion efficiency and higher ethanol yield in a continuous cell recycle fermentation system applying gas stripping at high temperature. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane Bagasses are sugar industry wastes can be made activated charcoal in the size of nanopores such forms as powder and tablets to be used as waste absorbents of heavy metal Pb(II). The procedure preparation of sugarcane Bagasses using a drier and a crusher to form powder, carbonization at 300 degrees C, activation using HCL 5 N, 200 mesh sieving, and sonification to obtain sugarcane Bagasse nanopore powder, the powder can be processed to be tablets. The absorbance testing on heavy metal Pb(II) was carried out using an artificial sample of Pb(NO3)2 solution as well as absorbents m the forms of powder and tablets. Various contact times of sugarcane Bagasse nanopore powder has given results the best contact time occurs in time duration of 3 hours leading to a decrease in concentration of sample Pb(II) by 69.97 \%. Various contact times of sugarcane Bagasse nanopore tablets were obtained by adding 1.5 grain of a tablet into 20 ml of the sample solution, the best contact time occurs in time duration of 3 hours leading to a decrease in 35.86 \%. Various stirring speeds, in which 25 ml of the sample was added 0.1 gram of nanopore powder and then shaker, the optimum results on 105 rpm can decrease 78.51\%. Various stirring times with static stirring speed of 105 rpm the optimum results 60 minutes leading to a decrease in concentration of the sample by 78.06\%.
This work was concerned with the development of polyurethane (PU) composites reinforced with cellulose fibers attained from sugarcane straw. For the obtainment of cellulose, sugarcane straw was pretreated and delignified. For the production of the PU, the polyol (castor oil) to diisocyanate mass ratio was 1.5:1.0. Reinforcement of the matrix was done, changing the concentration of cellulose fibers (5\%, 10\%, 15\%, and 20\% w/w). The efficiency on the obtainment of cellulose fibers was verified by chemical characterization and the fibers morphological aspects by scanning electron microscopy. The influence of fibers content in the composites was studied by thermal analyses, tensile and moisture absorption tests.
Bioemulsifier production by Aureobasidium pullulans LB83 from pretreated sugarcane bagasse was evaluated in solid-state fermentation. Alkaline (0.2 mol.L-1 NaOH; 12 min) and hydrodynamic cavitation (0.5 mol.L-1 NaOH, 25 min) pretreatments showed a maximum lignin removal of 55.1 \% and 44.7 \%, respectively. Pretreatment biomass effectivity was assessed by X-ray diffraction, FT-MIR, FTIR-NIR, and RAMAN techniques. Maximum kerosene emulsification indexes of 65.8 \% and 41.3 \% were obtained in solid-state fermentation, respectively, for alkaline and hydrodynamic cavitation pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Synthesis of cellulases was observed in fermentation, showing maximum values of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, respectively, of 2.25 U.g(-1) and 1.39 U.g(-1), for alkaline pretreated sugarcane bagasse, and 2.43 U.g(-1) and 1.45 U.g(-1), for hydrodynamic cavitation-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The biomolecule was characterized as a mixture of mannitol and arabitol-type liamocin. Microorganism was able to produce bioemulsifier using sugarcane bagasse as support and carbon source in solid-state fermentation, thus showing the potential of this system to obtain value-added products from this biomass.
Submerged fermentation was carried out for the production of scleroglucan by Sclerotium rolfsii MTCC 2156 using complex media, such as coconut water, sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice at 28 +/- 2 degrees C and 180 rpm for 72 h. Sugarcane juice gave maximum scleroglucan production of 23.87 g/l as compared to 12.58 and 18.45 g/l with coconut water and sugarcane molasses, respectively. Utilization of these substrates would be ecologically sound and economically advantageous. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Carbon dots (C-dots) were prepared through a simple, environmentally friendly hydrothermal method, with the use of sugarcane molasses derived from industrial waste as the carbon source. The C-dots were characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. The C-dots exhibited a spherical shape with a diameter of around 1.9 nm, and emitted blue photoluminescence with a quantum yield of approximately 5.8\%. The effects of pH, sodium chloride (NaCl), amino acids and metal ions on the photoluminescence were further investigated. Not only was the biocompatibility of the C-dots assessed in vitro and in vivo, but also their bioimaging ability was observed in MCF-7 cells. The effect of C-dots on secondary structure of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Additionally, it was found that the fluorescence intensity of the C-dots decreased after addition of Fe3+ or sunset yellow. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of fluorescence quenching was proposed in the C-dots/sunset yellow system.
Presented herein is the nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs) production from a residue, sugarcane bagasse, using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride {[
BACKGROUNDFresh-cut fruit are convenient ready-to-eat products increasingly demanded by consumers, but highly susceptible to oxidation. To increase the shelf life of these products, this industry is currently facing the challenge of finding sustainable natural preservatives capable of maintaining fresh-cut fruit quality while meeting consumers' expectations regarding health and environmental concerns. RESULTSIn this work, fresh-cut apple slices were treated with two antioxidant extracts derived from industrial by-products: a phenolic-rich extract produced from sugarcane straw (PE-SCS) and applied at 15 g L-1, and a mannan-rich extract obtained from brewer's spent yeast (MN-BSY) applied at two concentrations: 1 and 5 g L-1. PE-SCS, having a brown color, imparted a brownish hue to the fruit and increased the browning rate during storage, and not even the initial robust antioxidant response (high superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities), prevented oxidation. Fruit treated with MN-BSY extract at 5 g L-1 showed lower color loss rate and higher polyphenol oxidase inhibition, while at 1 g L-1 it showed lower firmness loss rate and lower lipid peroxidation after 6 days of storage. CONCLUSIONThe results showed that PE-SCS triggers a potent antioxidant response in fresh-cut fruit and, despite it imparting a brown color to the fruit at 15 g L-1, it may have potential for application at lower concentrations. Regarding MN-BSY, it generally decreased oxidative stress, but its effect on quality maintenance was dependent on the concentration and, thus, to confirm its potential as a fruit preservative more concentrations must be tested. \& COPY; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
To realize the sustainability of Na-ion batteries (NIBs) for large-scale energy storage applications, a resource-abundant and cost-effective anode material is required. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SB), one of the most abundant types of biowaste, is chosen as the carbon precursor to produce a hard carbon (HC) anode for NIBs. SB has a great balance of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which prevents full graphitization of the pyrolyzed carbon but ensures a sufficiently ordered carbon structure for Na+ transport. Compared with HC derived from waste apples, which are pectin-rich and have less cellulose than SB, SB-derived HC (SB-HC) has fewer defects and a lower oxygen content. SB-HC thus has a higher first-cycle sodiation/desodiation coulombic efficiency and better cycling stability. In addition, SB-HC has a unique flake-like morphology, which can shorten the Na+ diffusion length, and higher electronic conductivity (owing to more sp(2)-hybridized carbon), resulting in superior high-rate charge-discharge performance to apple-derived HC. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the material characteristics and electrochemical properties, evaluated by using chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, are systematically investigated for both kinds of HC.
Enzymatic blends produced by fungal monocultures and consortia cultured in solid-state fermentation (SSF), using sugarcane bagasse (SB) and wheat bran as substrates (1:1, w/w), were evaluated for saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by autohydrolysis (hydrothermal pretreatment-HP) and alkaline delignification (HP-Soda). The highest glucose releases were obtained after saccharifications of SB pretreated by HP using enzyme cocktails produced by Aspergillus niger and by the consortium among A. fumigatus, Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes versicolor, with 10.8 and 9.8 g L-1, respectively. For SB pretreated by HP-Soda, the hydrolysate 10 (extract from A. niger, G. lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus consortium) achieved maximal glucose concentration (11.92 g L-1). After alcoholic fermentation of the hydrolysates, the greatest ethanol yield in relation to the maximum theoretical yield (60.8\%) was obtained in the fermentation of hydrolysate 1 (A. niger) obtained from SB pretreated by HP-Soda. These results demonstrated that on-site produced enzyme cocktails can be applied for saccharification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse and also contribute to cost reduction of bioconversion processes. {[
The present work evaluated the key enzymes involved in xylitol production (xylose reductase {[
The combustion reactivity of bagasse chars was investigated under isothermal conditions at 400 degrees C in air. The bagasse char samples were prepared by carbonizing bagasse in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures between 500 degrees C and 800 degrees C. It was observed that raising the carbonization temperature resulted in a significant decrease in reactivity of bagasse char. This was manifested by the decrease in the values of the maximum reaction rate, average rate based on 50\% burnout and conversion achieved in 30 minutes with the increase in carbonization temperature. The decrease in reactivity of bagasse char with carbonization temperature was attributed to changes in the reactive components of bagasse.
Agricultural crop wastes are typically lignocellulosic in composition and thus partially recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation. The recalcitrant nature of plant biomass and the inability to obtain complete enzymatic hydrolysis has led to the establishment of various pre-treatment strategies. Alkaline pre-treatments increase the accessibility of the exposed surface to enzymatic hydrolysis through the removal of acetyl and uronic acid substituents on hemicelluloses. Unlike the use of steam and acid pre-treatments, alkaline pre-treatments (e.g. lime) solubilise lignin and a small percentage of the hemicelluloses. The most common alkaline pre-treatments that are employed make use of sodium hydroxide and lime. This study compared the synergistic degradation of un-treated and lime pre-treated sugarcane bagasse using cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal hemicellulases as free enzymes. The enzyme combination of 37.5\% ArfA and 62.5\% ManA produced the highest amount of reducing sugar of 91.834 mu mol/min for the degradation of un-treated bagasse. This enzyme combination produced a degree of synergy of 1.87. The free enzymes displayed an approximately 6-fold increase in the enzyme activity, i.e. the total amount of reducing sugar released (593.651 mu mol/min) with the enzyme combination of 37.5\% ArfA, 25\% ManA and 37.5\% XynA for the lime pre-treated substrate and a degree of synergy of 2.14. To conclude, this study indicated that pre-treating the sugarcane bagasse is essential, in order to increase the efficiency of lignocellulose enzymatic hydrolysis by disruption of the lignin sheath, that the lime pre-treatment did not have any dramatic effect on the synergistic relationship between the free enzymes, and that time may play an important role in the establishment of synergistic relationships between enzymes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding sugarcane bagasse, obtained by extraction of sugar using diffusion (BINdif) or conventional milling (BINmoa) method, as a fiber source associated with bagasse treated under pressure and steam (BTPV) on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics in beef cattle. Four Nellore young bulls (380 kg BW), fitted with ruminal cannula, were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Combination of bagasse in a 50: 50 (concentrate: roughage) experimental rations were: 5\% BINmoa + 45\% BTPV; 5\% BINdif + 45\% BTPV; 10\% BINdif + 40\% BTPV; 15\% BINdif + 35\% BTPV. There was no effect of using BINdif on digestibility of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and EE) of the diets. However, feeding bagasse obtained by diffusion reduced DM, OM and NDF intakes when compared to bagasse obtained by milling. Total production of ruminal volatile fatty acids, molar percentage of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, acetate: propionate ratio, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration did not differ among treatments. Feeding sugarcane bagasse obtained by diffusion or conventional milling method, as source of raw fiber, associated with hydrolized bagasse by pressure and steam had no detrimental effect on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics in beef cattle fed diets containing 50\% concentrate.
This work aimed to identify and evaluate the impact of oxidoreductases secreted by Chrysoporthe cubensis COAD 3356 on the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. Genomic analyses focusing on lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Auxiliary Activity family 9 (LPMO9s) indicated fourteen putative LPMO9-coding genes in the C. cubensis genome. The predicted proteins were clustered with other LPMO9s based on sequence similarity. We evaluated if the clusters correlate with LPMO9 function, such as substrate specificity and oxygenation regioselectivity, and with evolutionary features (phylo-specific proteins and the presence of genes coding for LPMO9 redox partners in fungal genomes). There was no apparent connection between the LPMO9 sequences and the evaluated functional properties. On the other hand, we detected clusters containing phylo-specific LPMO9, and a cluster enriched in LPMO9s from fungi with no genes coding for cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH). Proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of seven LPMO9s in C. cubensis exoproteome, in addition to flavin-containing oxidoreductases. Saccharification of alkaline pretreated sugarcane bagasse in aerobic and anaerobic conditions using C. cubensis exoproteome fractions, which contained different LPMO9s, indicated that the CcLPMO9C and CcLPMO9D are better fitted than other LPMO9s secreted by C. cubensis for sugarcane bagasse saccharification.
Enriching soil carbon storage is regarded as a viable option for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the agricultural sector. Carbon sequestration by applying biomass into the soil can be an effective sequestration pathway for agriculture. Biochar, charcoal produced from biomass pyrolysis, is highly stable against microbial decomposition, and applying this to farmland has the potential to mitigate GHG emissions. However, CO2 is emitted throughout the biochar life cycle, including pyrolysis, transportation, and farmland application. Therefore, estimating the net carbon sequestration potential by considering these CO2 emissions is important. To this end, operational data from a pilot sugarcane bagasse carbonisation plant were collected, and the net carbon sequestration potential with farmland application of bagasse charcoal was calculated using inventory data from the pilot plant. The results were as follows: (i) kerosene consumption during the carbonisation process was the greatest contributor to CO2 emissions within the life cycle of applying bagasse charcoal to farmland; (ii) the initial dryness of the feedstock was an important factor in estimating net carbon sequestration potentials; (iii) the CO2 mitigation potential with farmland application of bagasse charcoal on Miyako Island would be 1200-1800 t CO2/year.
Background: Development of efficient methods for production of renewable fuels from lignocellulosic biomass is necessary to maximize yields and reduce operating costs. One of the main challenges to industrial application of the lignocellulosic conversion process is the high costs of cellulolytic enzymes. Recycling of enzymes may present a potential solution to alleviate this problem. In the present study enzymes associated with the insoluble fraction were recycled after enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse, utilizing different processing conditions, enzyme loadings, and solid loadings. Results: It was found that the enzyme blend from Chrysoporthe cubensis and Penicillium pinophilum was efficient for enzymatic hydrolysis and that a significant portion of enzyme activity could be recovered upon recycling of the insoluble fraction. Enzyme productivity values (g glucose/mg enzyme protein) over all recycle periods were 2.4 and 3.7 for application of 15 and 30 FPU/g of glucan, representing an increase in excess of ten times that obtained in a batch process with the same enzyme blend and an even greater increase compared to commercial cellulase enzymes. Conclusions: Contrary to what may be expected, increasing lignin concentrations throughout the recycle period did not negatively influence hydrolysis efficiency, but conversion efficiencies continuously improved. Recycling of the entire insoluble solids fraction was sufficient for recycling of adhered enzymes together with biomass, indicative of an effective method to increase enzyme productivity.
In the last decade, the concern of fossil-based oil or petroleum crisis has driven the acceleration of biorefinery application. This method refers to the utilization of biomass as substituent for petroleum to meet the community needs. One of prospective biorefinery products is levulinic acid. Sugarcane bagasses (SCB) has attracted a lot of attention as a biomass source for producing levulinic acid. In this study, levulinic acid (LA) was synthesized from Indonesian sugarcane bagasse (SCB) using two-step acid catalyzed treatment method, optimizing product yield. These experiments were conducted in a batch stirred reactor with stirring rate of 50 rpm for 30 min. The effect of HCl concentration (0.5 and 1.0 M) and solid mass-liquid volume ratio (1:10, 1:12.5, 1:15, 1:17.5 and 1:20) at temperature of 160 degrees C were investigated. The highest levulinic yield was 43.42\%, obtained at 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid concentration and 1:17.5 of solid mass-liquid volume ratio.
Globally, the human population is facing difficulties vis-a-vis the ability to secure a sustainable supply of water, food, and energy due to the rising number of population, urbanization, globalization, and so on. The Ethiopian government has given emphasis on sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane, which will highly increase water and energy utilization in Ethiopia. The study aims to assess the water-energy-food nexus (WEFN) in the sugarcane production sector of Ethiopia. The set of indicators considering the consumption, mass, and economic productivity of water and energy in three different sugarcane producing factories in Ethiopia (Wonji-Shoa, Metehara, and Fincha) has been applied. An integrated indicator, so-called ``water-energy-food nexus index (WEFNI),{''
Agricultural lignocelluloses could represent great resources for the production of biofuels and renewable chemicals if the recalcitrant lignin polymer could be efficiently removed without negatively impacting the environment. Recently, a monocopper polyphenol oxidase (Tfu1114) from Thermobifida fusca was found capable of assisting the bacterium's own xylanase/cellulase to release reducing sugars from sugarcane bagasse. This study demonstrates that molecular oxygen was reduced to hydrogen peroxide by Tfu1114, coupled to the oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, alkaline lignin, or sugarcane bagasse. Tfu1114 was able to reduce the total phenolic content of alkaline lignin and shift the molecular weight distribution to species with smaller sizes. Dilignol subunits such as syringaresinol and simulanol were generated in the hydrolysate of bagasse treated with Tfu1114. FTIR analysis suggests that Tfu1114 removed some C-C and/or C-O bonds adjacent to aromatic rings of lignin. From an applied perspective, Tfu1114 and cellulases acted in concert to release reducing sugars that were as usable as glucose for the cultivation of Escherichia coli, suggesting that toxins such as furfural and furan were absent, or at ignorable concentrations, in the hydrolysate. Tfu1114, therefore, represents a new type of lignin-degrading enzyme with potential to provide an eco-friendly way to modify the lignin in lignocellulose. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Platinum-based catalysts are regarded as premier anodic electrocatalysts in direct methanol fuel cells due to their great catalytic activities but hampered by its non-benign conventional synthesis, and high production expenses. This study exploited a new sustainable pathway of a biosynthesis route using the biomass plant extract of sugarcane bagasse in a facile single-step process guided by the principle of green chemistry performing enhanced functionalized bio-platinum nanoparticles. The physiochemical characterization, along with the bio-reductive mechanism were comprehensively discussed. The electrochemical activity was performed by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The novel nano-spheroid biosynthesized Pt NPs manifested a high ECSA of approximately 95 m(2)/g with an enhanced current density of 400 mA/mg(catalyst)(-1), which were 3 to 4 times higher than those of Pt black commercial. The discovery of bioactive compounds from the dominant group of polyphenolics, flavonoids, carboxylic acids, and proteins suggested that they were accountable for the bio-reductive mechanism.
Sugarcane straw was pretreated with acetic acid in a microwave-assisted process for further use in fermentative butyric acid production by Clostridium beijerinckii Br21. An experimental design with temperatures between 170 and 220 degrees C and acetic acid concentrations between 0.3 and 0.9 \% (w/v) provided the optimal conditions (220 degrees C and 0.3 \% acetic acid (w/v)) for maximum total sugar recovery (74 \%). Three hydrolysates originated from sugarcane straw pretreatment under optimal conditions were used as substrates for fermentation to produce butyric acid. Hydrolysate 1 was the liquid fraction resulting from pretreatment; Hydrolysate 2 was the enzymatic hydrolysate of the pretreated solid fraction, whereas Hydrolysate 3 was the enzymatic hydrolysate obtained from the whole slurry. In all the fermentations in which the hydrolysates were employed, butyric acid was the only product that was generated by C. beijerinckii Br21: 19.5 g/L was the maximum concentration obtained, and the yield was 0.46 g of butyric acid per g of sugar. C. beijerinckii Br21 was also able to consume the acetic acid that was used in the pretreatment step. Therefore, sugarcane straw pretreatment by microwave in the presence of acetic acid is a promising method to obtain highly specific butyric acid bioproduction.
Biocomposites were prepared from poly(lactic acid) and two natural reinforcements, a native starch and sugarcane bagasse fibers. The strength of interfacial adhesion was estimated by model calculations, and local deformation processes were followed by acoustic emission testing. The results showed that the two additives influence properties differently. The strength of interfacial adhesion and thus the extent of reinforcement are similar because of similarities in chemical structure, the large number of OH groups in both reinforcements. Relatively strong interfacial adhesion develops between the components, which renders coupling inefficient. Dissimilar particle characteristics influence local deformation processes considerably. The smaller particle size of starch results in larger debonding stress and thus larger composite strength. The fracture of the bagasse fibers leads to larger energy consumption and to increased impact resistance. Although the environmental benefit of the prepared biocomposites is similar, the overall performance of the bagasse fiber reinforced PLA composites is better than that offered by the PLA/starch composites.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is most abundant agricultural wastes in the work. It is an attractive feedstock for the large-scale biological production of bioethanol. However, the limitation in bagase use is its high degree of complexity because of its mixed composition of extremely inhomogeneous fibers. Therefore, ethanol production from bagase is often complex, with three main steps, i.e pretreatment, sacharification, and fermentation. Here we used alkali pretreatment using delignitication reactor with NaOH IN and 1.5 bar for 2 hours. Followed by Simultaneous Sacarification and Fermentation (SSF) using Saceharomvces cerevisiae in addition of cellulase and beta-glucosidasc enzyme. We found that the alkaline pretreatment can decrease cellulose crystallinity, decrease lignin content up to 84.83\% and increased cellulose content up to 74.29\%. SSF using cellulase enzymes and combination of cellulose enzymes and beta-glucosidase derived bioethanol levels respectively 5.87 +/- 0.78\% and 6.83 +/- 0.07\%. In conclusion these results strongly suggest that addition of beta-glucosidase enzyme on alkali-pretreated bagasse increased the bioethanol production.
The lack of automation in jaggery making plants causes high-fuel (bagasse) requirement and low-thermal efficiency, which results in high-running cost and limited profit to the stakeholders. Though, number of researches have been conducted for improving heat utilization in the plant, but still fuel consumption and running cost are very high. In present research work, the bagasse consumption and unit cost of jaggery production of an existing modified plant having manual bagasse feeding (MP-MBF) are attempted to reduce by fabricating a similar modified plant having automatic bagasse feeding (ABF). A working model of modified two-pan jaggery plant with automatic bagasse feeding (MP-ABF) has been fabricated, tested, and analyzed. The implementation of ABF has reduced the bagasse consumption to 0.60 kg/min, which is 7.7\% less than that of MP-MBF without affecting jaggery production rate of 0.42 kg/min. The unit cost of jaggery production of MP-ABF is \$0.35 per kg, which is 2.8\% lower than that of MP-MBF. The thermal efficiency evaluated for MP-ABF is 50.28\%, which is 18.8\% higher than that of MP-MBF. This would also increase the profitability to the investors by \$ 438.41 per annum and make the modified plant more fuel self-sustainable. Practical Applications The bagasse feeding in traditional and modified plants is manual, because of which its supply is non-uniform and higher than its requirement. These drawbacks can be overcome by maintaining uniform and optimum feeding of bagasse with the help of automatic bagasse feeder. The implementation of ABF would reduce the bagasse consumption to its optimum level and also eliminate the requirement of labor for this purpose. The investment involved in the implementation of ABF system could be recovered, since it has the potential to reduce the running cost of the plant. The implementation of ABF may also improve the overall performance parameters of existing traditional and modified jaggery plants.
The study of biochar properties has received increasing attention by the scientific community in recent years. This study aimed to identify the most environmentally-relevant physico-hydraulic characteristics of slow-pyrolysis sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar prepared at temperatures of 300 (BC300), 400 (BC400), 500 (BC500), and 600 degrees C (BC600) and comparing the properties to those of the sugarcane bagasse (BG). The real density (RD) of biochar samples significantly increased from 1.42 to 1.64gcm(-3) as pyrolysis temperature increased from 300 to 600 degrees C. BG and BC600 showed the lowest and the highest N-2 adsorption, specific surface area, total pore volume, microporosity, and adsorption energy, respectively. The average pore diameter of resultant biochars decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The adsorption behavior of biochars was more like mesoporous materials, and the hysteresis effect increased with raising the pyrolysis temperature. Biochars were hydrophilic and were able to immediately absorb water, while BG showed hydrophobic properties with contact-angle (theta) of 107.6 degrees, ninety-degree surface tension (gamma(90 degrees)) of 35.0mNm(-1) and solid-air surface tension (gamma(s)) of 8.7mNm(-1). The pore-size-distribution (PSD) curve based on water adsorption data gives clearly better results about large PSD responsible for water and solute transport than N-2 adsorption. Thereby, it seems that high RD biochars may have high residency time and be more suitable for carbon-sequestration purposes. Biochar produced at low temperature (BC300) may improve nutrient-availability and crop productivity in acidic/alkaline soils, whereas high-temperature (BC600) may enhance long-term soil carbon-sequestration. Biochars produced at intermediate temperature (BC400 and MC500) seems be better in improvement of soil hydraulic properties associated with plant growth. {[
Catalytic pyrolysis is a favourable process used to enhance the quality of bio-oil. Based on reviews from previous research there are only scarce of studies on the comparison of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of biomass such as rice husk, olive husk and corncob. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was selected as it has not been explored much yet. The target of this research is to compare the impact of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in terms of the yield, properties, and also the compositions of bio-oil. Catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis was executed in catatest bed reactor at temperatures 400 degrees C to 550 degrees C with the aids of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. Bio-oil from catalytic and no-catalytic pyrolysis which gives the maximum yield was used to be studied further in terms of the properties and chemical compositions. The result shows that the maximum yield of bio-oil was accomplished from catalytic pyrolysis at temperature 500 degrees C which was 21.4\%.The properties and composition of bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis shows better result compare to non-catalytic pyrolysis.
Cellulolytic enzymes have gained considerable importance as potential candidates for the efficient bioconversion of agricultural biomass into second-generation biofuel. This study aimed to improve cellulase production from a bacterial strain isolated from cow dung. The biochemical and molecular identification was performed, and the capacity of the isolated bacterium to hydrolyze sugarcane bagasse was also determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) and one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) designs were employed to maximize the cellulase production. The bacterium identified as Bacillus subtilis gave the highest cellulase yield at temperature of 45 degrees C, pH-7.0, and 72 h of incubation time. Optimization by the Plackett-Burman design consisting of 12 experimental runs at two levels of nine independent variables displayed the significant contribution of galactose (22\%) and sodium nitrate (16\%) in cellulase production. The responses in the form of contour and 3D plots (generated by Box-Behnken design) predicted maximum cellulase production with an activity of 0.8 U/mL/min in a medium containing 3.0 g/L carboxymethyl cellulose, 3.0 g/L galactose, 0.5 g/L sodium nitrate, 0.75 g/L KH2PO4, and 0.375 g/L MgSO4 center dot 7H(2)O. The experimentally deduced activity value was 0.698 U/mL/min, showing 90\% validity of the predicted value and gave a threefold increase in cellulase production. The process adequately represented by the quadratic model (p < 0.0343) for all the responses was significant. Results obtained show that optimization of fermentation medium favored the increased production of cellulase by the bacterium. The bacterial isolate B. subtilis CD001 was found to be a potential candidate to hydrolyze the lignocellulosic feedstock, sugarcane bagasse.
This study aims to assess Na2CO3 treatment as a potential pre-treatment for extracting cellulose micro-fibers and subsequently cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF) from sugarcane bagasse. For cellulose micro-fibers extraction, Na2CO3 concentration, reaction time, and temperature were critical factors influencing reaction kinetics. It was concluded from statistical analysis of crystallinity index (CrI) that temperature was the most significant factor. Moreover, reaction time and Na2CO3 concentration were minimized while maximizing temperature to get an increase of 33 \% and 115.2 \% in the CrI and activation energy of thermal degradation, respectively. FTIR analysis of cellulose micro-fibers indicated the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. For the preparation of CNF, ionic liquid (IL) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was used. The CNF diameter was in the range of 4-35 nm, and the length was in a few micrometers. Hence Na2CO3 treatment in the combination of IL treatment is an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to valorize sugarcane bagasse into high-value CNF.
Non-ionic herbicides, such as propisochlor, are more easily retained in organic soil fractions. The presence of straw in tropical cropping systems can affect herbicide transposition to the underlying seed banks and their environmental behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate propisochlor soil retention in the presence of soybean and sugarcane straw (0, 5 and 10 t ha(-1)) through radiometric techniques. Most of the applied C-14-propisochlor was retained in the soil profile (18.2-39.4\%) following an extreme rainfall simulation in the presence of straw. Decreased herbicide leaching was observed in the presence of sugarcane and soybean straw (0.7-0.5\%), compared with soil without straw (1.8\%). Hysteresis values ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, indicating that propisochlor sorption was reversible allowing for soil seed bank effects, as well as environmental dissipation. These findings indicate that propisochlor can overcome straw barriers, although representing low groundwater contamination risks. Because of this, reduced environmental impacts following the application of this herbicide are noted for tropical cropping systems containing straw mulch.
Raw sugarcane harvest promotes an increase in crop residues of mulch on the soil. This new component changes the dynamics of weed infestation, also acting as a physical and chemical barrier against the action of herbicides. To improve the quality of herbicide deposition on the soil, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of spray nozzles and their transposition capacity on sugarcane straw. The experiment was conducted in Maringa-PR, in a completely randomized design, using a factorial scheme 8 x 7, with 8 nozzles (AD 110 02, ADIA 110 02, TT 110 02, TTIA 110 02, CV IA 02, MAG 2, ST 02 and TJ60 110) and 7 increasing amounts of straw (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t ha(-1)). It was observed that large quantities of straw reduce the amount of liquid sprayed and deposited on the collecting surface. The spray nozzles anti-drift fan model (AD 110 02) and empty cone with air induction (CV-IA 02) were the most efficient.
The objective of this work was to study the production of biomass with copper bioaccumulation in submerged fermentation using sugarcane molasses. Candida pelliculosa BARU 05 isolated from Baru (Dipteryx alata) was selected for its good capacity to accumulate the copper. Fermentation was carried out using the medium composed by sugarcane molasses at 5 degrees Brix enriched with (g/L) CuSO4 center dot 5H(2)O 0.1; yeast extract, 10.0; (NH4)(2)SO4, 5.0; KH2PO4, 5.0 MgSO4, 0.5, inoculum 10 \% of total volume (100 ml), pH 6.0, and incubation at 30 degrees C, 120 rpm for 120 h. After three steps of optimization an uptake of 95.04\% and 13.397 g/L biomass were obtained. The kinetics of copper bioaccumulation and biomass production was followed in a 10-liter bioreactor in a batch and fed-batch fermentation which showed copper accumulation of 91.98 and 100 \%, respectively, and biomass production of 38.85 g/L (24 h) and 57.54 g/L (48 h), respectively.
In the present study biodiesel was produced by various fungal species isolated from Egypt using sugarcane molasses as substrate. In the first stage 6 oleaginous fungi, namely, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus parasiticus and Emericella nidulans var. Iota were used for lipid production. Subsequent to fungal cultivation on sugarcane molasses the cultures were filtered and biodiesel was prepared by direct esterification of dry fungal biomass. Methyl esters of palmitic, stearic, linoleic and elaidic represented the major components while palmitoleic represented a minor component of biodiesel produced from tested oleaginous fungi. In the second stage, the spent medium of fungal culture was used as the fermentation medium for hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The maximum total H-2 yield was obtained with the spent medium of E. nigrum and A. alternata. The results presented in this study suggest a possibility of interlinking the biodiesel production technology by fungi with hydrogen production by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 to exploit the residual sugars in the spent media and therefore increase the economic feasibility of the biofuel production from molasses. Copyright 2013 (C), Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The polysaccharides in the primary plant cell wall are a renewable energy source for biofuel production. However, these polysaccharides are not readily available for bioconversion, and large enzyme sets are required to deconstruct them. Here, we aimed to improve the glucan conversion using recombinant hemicellulases and esterase as a treatment in exploded and sugarcane bagasses (SCB), followed by the addition of commercial CBH I to prevent its inhibition by hemicellulases products. A high secretion level of the recombinant enzymes was observed on SDS-PAGE. The highest activities were verified at a temperature and pH ranging from 40 to 55 degrees C and 4.5 to 6.0, respectively. The released reducing sugar analysis showed that all enzymes act better on SCB, with xylanase C (XynC) presenting the best activity (0.54 U/mg of protein). The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that 24 h of pretreatment was enough to reach maximum glucan conversion. The best synergy was achieved between XynC and CBH I on SCB, 1.4\%. All results showed that the enzymes acted better on SCB, which can be related to the biomass composition and its molecular structure. The enzymatic pretreatment of SCB with XynC was essential to improve the glucan conversion by CBH I.
Background: As one of the most abundant agricultural wastes, sugarcane bagasse is largely under-exploited, but it possesses a great potential for the biofuel, fermentation, and cellulosic biorefinery industries. It also provides a unique ecological niche, as the microbes in this lignocellulose-rich environment thrive in relatively high temperatures (50 degrees C) with varying microenvironments of aerobic surface to anoxic interior. The microbial community in bagasse thus presents a good resource for the discovery and characterization of new biomass-degrading enzymes; however, it remains largely unexplored. Results: We have constructed a fosmid library of sugarcane bagasse and obtained the largest bagasse metagenome to date. A taxonomic classification of the bagasse metagenome reviews the predominance of Proteobacteria, which are also found in high abundance in other aerobic environments. Based on the functional characterization of biomass-degrading enzymes, we have demonstrated that the bagasse microbial community benefits from a large repertoire of lignocellulolytic enzymes, which allows them to digest different components of lignocelluoses into single molecule sugars. Comparative genomic analyses with other lignocellulolytic and non-lignocellulolytic metagenomes show that microbial communities are taxonomically separable by their aerobic ``open{''
In recent years, the research direction is shifted toward introducing new supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in lieu of in place of Portland cement (PC) in concrete as its production emits a lot of toxic gases in the atmosphere which causes environmental pollution and greenhouse gases. SCM such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), metakaolin (MK), and millet husk ash (MHA) are available in abundant quantities and considered as waste products. The primary aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of SCBA, MK, and MHA on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete mixed which contributes to sustainable development. A total of 228 concrete specimens were prepared with targeted strength of 25MPa at 0.52 water-cement ratio and cured at 28 days. It is found that the compressive strength and split tensile strength were enhanced by 17\% and 14.28\%, respectively, at SCBA4MK4MHA4 (88\% PC, 4\% SCBA, 4\% MK, and 4\% MHA) as ternary cementitious material (TCM) in concrete after 28 days. Moreover, the permeability and density of concrete are found to be reduced when SCBA, MK, and MHA are used separately and combined as TCM increases in concrete at 28 days, respectively. The results showed that the workability of the fresh concrete was decreased with the increase of the percentage of SCBA, MK, and MHA separately and together as TCM in concrete.
Bagasse is the major leftover material from the sugarcane industry, and it has significant untapped energy. Biogas production from bagasse is employed as eco-friendly energy but its intricate composition makes it resistant to degradation. This study endeavors to explore the impact of bokashi technology, a technique that applies effective microorganisms on the potential methane production from bagasse. According to findings, bagasse had the ability to produce biogas but applying bokashi technology to bagasse led to getting more methane production. The methane production from treated bagasse for one month via bokashi bran was 243.80 LCH4/kgVS compared to 106.84 LCH4/kgVS only from fresh bagasse which is often attributed to improved fibrous carbohydrates degradation by the pre-treatment process. The reduction of total solids and chemical oxygen demand were more with treated bagasse. Two-dimensional mathematical modeling (TDMM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were utilized to forecast the production of methane through the anaerobic co-digestion process. The main advantage of ANN model is its ability to be constructed and trained for any experiment, regardless of the availability of a pre-existing study or understanding of the underlying phenomena. On the other hand, existence of a mathematical model that accurately describes the behavior of the current experiment is a fundamental requirement for constructing the TDMM model. The TDMM model remains stable in each run, as it relies on the established mathematical equations. On the other hand, ANN model may exhibit variations in each run due to the random initialization of weights.
This research shows that brackish water increases the unconfined compressive strength of swelling soil/sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA)/lime blends. Therefore, brackish water may substitute tap water in soil stabilization. Sodium chloride (NaCl) has been used in lime-ashes-soil treatments. In northeast Brazil, swelling soils are usual and artesian wells sometimes provide brackish water containing NaCl. Northeast Brazil also has a strong sugar and ethanol industry producing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a byproduct. Therefore, brackish water can be used in soil-SCBA-lime stabilization. Hence, this work aims to evaluate the use of brackish water as a substitute for tap water in swelling soilSCBA-lime blends stabilization. Two series of unconfined compression tests were carried out: one with tap water and the other with brackish water. In each group, the lime content varied from 4\% to 8\%, and the dry density from 13 kN/m3 to 15 kN/m3. All tests were carried out with a swelling soil-SCBA proportion of 75/25 and a water content of 22\%. Results have shown that increasing lime content or dry density or using brackish water allowed to increase unconfined compression strength of swelling soil-SCBA-lime blends. The porosity/volumetric content of lime index (\& eta;/Liv) was suitable to predict the unconfined compressive strength of swelling soil-SCBA-lime blends, no matter if tap or brackish water was used in the molding process. Thus, brackish can be a feasible substitute for tap water in swelling soil-SCBA-lime stabilization, increasing blends unconfined compression strength, and preserving tap water, a scarce asset in Northeast Brazil.
This study presents the magnesiothermic reduction of silica into silicon. This reduction process occurs at a lower reaction temperature than its carbothermal counterpart. Furthermore, silica was extracted from sugarcane bagasse ash via a thermo-chemical treatment method using, for the first time, L-cysteine chloride monohydrate and used as a precursor in the production of silicon using magnesiothermic reduction. The as-synthesized nanocrystalline silicon's physicochemical properties were investigated using XRD, Raman, FTIR, BET, and SEM. A peak at 2 of 28.2 with a crystallite size of 32 nm was discovered using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The pronounced peak around 518 cm(-1) was observed from the Raman spectrum, characteristic of crystalline silicon. The FTIR analysis showed two sharp peaks at 446 cm(-1) and 1056 cm(-1), indicative of the Si-O rocking mode and Si-O-Si stretching mode functional groups present. N-2 physisorption at 77 K reveals that the surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of the as-synthesized silicon were 73 m(2)/g, 0.23 cm(3)/g, and 12 nm, respectively. In this study, we were able to produce silicon from silica extracted from SCBA using the magnesiothermic reduction method in a tube furnace, which has potential for thin-film solar cells.
The aim of this work was to select an efficient impeller to be used in a stirred reactor for the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse. All experiments utilized 100 g (dry weight)/l of steam-pretreated bagasse, which is utilized in Brazil for cattle feed. The process was studied with respect to the rheological behavior of the biomass hydrolysate and the enzymatic conversion of the bagasse polysaccharides. These parameters were applied to model the power required for an impeller to operate at pilot scale (100 l) using empirical correlations according to Nagata {[
Low liquid-solid ratio (LSR) can be used to obtain high-content xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) spend liquor by hot water pretreatment. Developing a technology based on low LSR results in more efficient water usage in the system and thus in lower capital and operating costs. Xylans from xylan rich agro-industrial waste are abundant hemicellulosic polymers with enormous potential for industrial applications. Currently, freeze-dried xylo-oligosaccharides are used as bio-based polymers and hydrolysates containing high xylose contents are converted to several chemical products. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was treated with water at low LSRs and mild temperatures in order to assess the effects of varying the pretreatment conditions on the xylo-oligosaccharide and xylose concentrations, and use a central composite experimental design to optimize the process parameters. The pretreatments were performed in the ranges temperature: 143.3-176.7 degrees C, time: 20-70 min and LSR: 1 : 1 to 11 : 1 (g g(-1)). The maximum concentrations of xylose and xylan were 13.76 and 36.18 g L-1 (equivalent to 48.29 g L-1 of xylan), respectively, which were achieved by treating bagasse at 170 degrees C for 60 min, with LSR of 3 g g(-1). The amount of xylan removed under these conditions was almost 57\%. The soluble xylan consisted mainly of xylo-oligosaccharides (74 wt\% of the identified compound in the spent liquor).
This study conducted mild organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with acetone/phenoxyethanol/water (APW) solutions to improve sugar production in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis step. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize pretreatment conditions based on lignin removal. Further examination of the data revealed that lignin removal was positively correlated (R-2 > 0.95) with the combined severity factor (CSF). Pretreatment under the optimal conditions (125 degrees C-120 min, 0.17 M H2SO4, liquid-solid ratio of 15) led to 98.1\% lignin removal and 74.5\% cellulose digestibility compared to a low digestibility of 9.3\% with raw sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Moreover, the APW process showed effective fractionation of pine, corn stalk and bamboo, and lignin removal was over 90\%. The recovered lignin was characterized by 2D-HSQC NMR and P-31 NMR, suggesting that the pretreatment resulted in breakage of beta-O-4, total phenolic OH and H-units increased. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency (EHE) of samples with a lower lignin content (<4\%) varied significantly. Correlations between various substrate-related factors of the pretreated SCB and EHE were analyzed to understand this observation. The results showed that the surface area of cellulose, lateral order index, CrI, and specific surface area were the predominant factors for enzymatic hydrolysis rather than lignin properties.
The agricultural practice of burning the sugarcane straw has the intention of facilitating the manual harvest. In Sao Paulo state this practice is subjected to a rigorous environmental legislation, due to the negative impact for the environment. It is anticipated that sugarcane burning should gradually be eliminated until 2017. The present work has the objective of evaluating the sugarcane area harvested with and without burning in the entire state of Sao Paulo. For that purpose, available images from TM sensor, on board of Landsat-5 satellite, were used. Images were acquired from April to December 2006, which corresponds to the sugarcane harvest period. These images were analyzed by using digital processing and visual interpretation techniques. The sugarcane area harvested without burning was estimated as 1,085,730 ha and corresponds to 34.7\% of the total mechanized harvested area. This is according to the expectation of 30\% established by the environmental legislation for the year of 2006. The temporal image sequence acquired between April and December allows us to identify the sugarcane areas harvested without burning and, therefore, distinguish them from the sugarcane areas harvested with burning.
Aiming to optimize the use of trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryne and hexazinone + diuron following adoption of different spray nozzles and sugarcane straw management in the crop row, two experiments were conducted at Paralcool Sugar Mill S/A in Paraguacu Paulista/SP. In Experiment 1. twelve treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme were performed. with replications to evaluate the presence and absence of sugarcane straw in the crop row, and use the herbicides trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryne (37 + 1463 g ha(-1) and 0.2\% v/v of Aterbane (R)) and diuron + hexazinone (330 + 1170 g ha-1 and 0.2\% v/v of Aterbane (R)) and spray nozzles XR11002-VS (128 L ha(-1)), A111002-VS (200 L ha(-1)) and TF-VP5 (310 L ha (1)). In Experiment 2, The application of spraying solution on sugarcane and Digitaria horizontalis plants, generated by the combination of the herbicides and the spray nozzles, was monitored by using a tracer solution constituted by coloring FDC-1 + herbicide. The results suggest that the crop straw provided excellent control of the infesting species. even in the absence of herbicide treatment. For D. horizontalis (6 leaves to 1-2 tillers) and Brachiaria decumbens (2 to 6 leaves) chemical control was efficient (>91\%) in the rows without straw. after 14 DAA (days after application) for the herbicides and spray nozzles studied. D.horizontalis was more quickly controlled at 7 DAA by using trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryne with A111002-VS spray nozzle. Crop injury was observed Lip to 21 DAA, becoming more intense when diuron + hexazinone combinedwith A111002-VS and TF-VP5 nozzle were used. due to higher herbicide deposition on the crop leaves.
Large quantities of waste newspapers and sugarcane bagasse are prevalently discarded by open burning or indiscriminate dumping, thereby posing severe danger to the environment and public health. This study sought to examine the feasibility of managing the wastes by recycling them into value-added products for building construction. Composite panels were fabricated using waste newspaper paste (WNP) with sugarcane bagasse particles (SBP) varied at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 \% by weight of the composite mix. Epoxy resin was thoroughly mixed with its hardener and applied as binder. The samples were developed in triplicates per proportion of the SBP adopted and then dried completely before their thermophysical and strength properties were evaluated. It was observed that variations in mean values of water absorption (28.57 - 39.43 \%), thickness swelling (6.21 - 8.33 \%), specific heat capacity (1232 - 1312Jkg(-1)K(-1)) trended positively with increasing proportions of the SBP. Whereas nailability remained 100.0 \% in all the cases, bulk density (689.4 - 640.5 kgm(-3)), thermal conductivity (0.1186 - 0.1163 Wm(-1)K(-1)), thermal diffusivity (1.396 - 1.384 x 10(-7) m(2)s(-1)), and flexural strength (2.572 - 2.280 N/mm(2)) correlated inversely with the added fractions of the SBP. Generally, it was found that the samples could perform satisfactorily if applied as ceiling or partition elements in building design. Therefore, recycling of sugarcane bagasse and waste newspapers as described in this study could serve as a promising way of solving their disposal problems and also enhance achievement of low-cost and safe buildings.
Clostridium thermocellum is a potential strain in consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) for lignocellulose bio-refinement, although its large-scale utilization is not economically available yet due to some problems such as low hydrolysis efficiency. Biodegradation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) accompanied by accumulation of reducing sugars was remarkably improved with the addition of non-ionic surfactant to the CBP system using Clostridium thermocellum. The addition of 2.5 g L-1 Triton X-100 resulted in an accumulation of 3.65 g L-1 reducing sugars and a substrate degradation of 46.6\%, which increased by approximately 36-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively, compared with control. Furthermore, the addition of Triton X-100 has little negative effect on hydrogen production in CBP using C. thermocellum. The result suggests that Triton X-100 is a most promising surfactant in improving the biodegradation of SCB, probably leading to a more efficient CBP in biorefinement.
A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of integrated use of organic wastes such as press mud, farmyard manure (FYM), and green manure (Crotalaria juncea) along with chemical fertilizer on the yield and quality of sugarcane in High Ganges River Floodplain soils of Bangladesh. Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b contents of cane leave tissues were slightly increased by organic manure and green manure. Leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) production were higher during rapid grand growth phase. Application of fertilizer (based on soil test value) accompanied with FYM at 15 t ha(-1) produced the maximum plant population density of 163.4 x 10(3) ha(-1) and resulted in the highest cane and sugar yields of 108.4 and 9.47 t ha(-1), respectively. The phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) contents in leaves were higher in organic manured plots over chemical fertilizer. The organic matter, total nitrogen (N), available P, K, and sulphur (S) contents of the soil increased slightly due to use of organic manure. It appeared that 25\% reduction of fertilizer application is possible if FYM or press mud at 15 t ha(-1) is used in successful sugarcane production.
Background: Vinasse, a by-product of sugarcane ethanol production, is recycled by sugarcane plantations as a fertilizer due to its rich nutrient content. However, the impacts of the chemical and microbial composition of vinasse on soil microbiome dynamics are unknown. Here, we evaluate the recovery of the native soil microbiome after multiple disturbances caused by the application of organic vinasse residue, inorganic nitrogen, or a combination of both during the sugarcane crop-growing season (389 days). Additionally, we evaluated the resistance of the resident soil microbial community to the vinasse microbiome. Results: Vinasse applied alone or 30 days prior to N resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. Furthermore, the impact of the application of vinasse together with N fertilizer on the soil microbial community differed from that of N fertilizer alone. Organic vinasse is a source of microbes, nutrients, and organic matter, and the combination of these factors drove the changes in the resident soil microbial community. However, these changes were restricted to a short period of time due to the capacity of the soil community to recover. The invasive bacteria present in the vinasse microbiome were unable to survive in the soil conditions and disappeared after 31 days, with the exception of the Acetobacteraceae (native in the soil) and Lactobacillaceae families. Conclusion: Our analysis showed that the resident soil microbial community was not resistant to vinasse and inorganic N application but was highly resilient.
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and calcium oxide with ammonium hydrogen carbonate were reacted in an aqueous solution to obtain an SCB-calcium carbonate (SCB-CaCO3) composite adsorbent, which was used to remove crystal violet (CV) from wastewater. The resulting adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface-area and pore-size analyses. The removal of CV dye by using the SCB-CaCO3 composite adsorbent was investigated at different pH levels, adsorbent dosages, contact times, initial dye concentrations, and temperatures. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of SCB-CaCO3 for CV at 3.33 mg/mL SCB-CaCO3 dosage, temperature of 313 K, pH 9.0, and initial dye concentration 1000 mg/L was 293.02 mg/g, and the corresponding removal rate reached 97.67\%. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated in detail. Results showed that the adsorption isotherms of CV dye were consistent with the Langmuir model, so the adsorption was a monolayer process. The adsorption mechanism of CV can be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that dye adsorption onto SCB-CaCO3 was primarily affected by strong chemisorption through electrostatic interactions. Further thermodynamic studies revealed that the CV adsorption onto SCB-CaCO3 was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. We also demonstrated that the adsorption of dye by SCB-CaCO3 involved intraparticle diffusion and hydrogen-bonding interactions to some extent. Overall, SCB-CaCO3 was found to be an efficient, low-cost, green, and recyclable organic dye-removal material.
Bioethanol is obtained by hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by cellulases. Commercial cellulases are expensive and have a low concentration of ss-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), which decrease hydrolysis efficiency. The present work aims to produce supernatant rich in ss-glucosidase (BGL) using the yeast Rhodotorula oryzicola and apply it in the hydrolysis of delignified sugarcane bagasse. Yeast fermented in a modified YPD (Yeast Peptone Dextrose) medium with 0.5\% (w/v) cellobiose and 1.0\% (w/v) glucose produced BGL with a specific activity of 1.44 +/- 0.013 U/ mg. Partial purification of BGL by acetone showed a specific activity of 3.48 U/mg. The optimum pH and temperature were 6.02 and 65 degrees C, respectively. BGL partially purified ( BGLppR.oryzicola) by acetone showed tolerance to glucose, with a relative activity of 82.89 +/- 0.11\%. The activity increased with the addition of iron sulfate and zinc sulfate and decreased with manganese sulfate. BGL partially purified was thermal stable, with a relative activity of 85.59\% after 60 min at 90 degrees C. BGL partially purified applied in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse delignified with 3\% (w/w) NaOH + 6\% (w/w) Na2SO3 showed a conversion rate of 72.46 +/- 1.60\%. The results showed that BGL partially purified is a glucose tolerant cellulase of low-cost, promising the application of bioethanol production.
Agricultural products and by-products are now widely used for removal of hexavalent chromium from waste water. This option is more efficient and less expensive than conventional physicochemical treatments. The purpose of this study was reduction of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium to non-toxic trivalent chromium by use of aqueous extracts of sugar cane bagasse, which contains a variety of reducing components, for example sugar. The rate of this process is accelerated by use of surfactant as catalyst.
The co-liquefaction of mixtures of sugarcane bagasse and high density polyethylene (HDPE) in ethanol under subcritical and super-critical conditions was studied with the objective of finding optimal process conditions for bio-oil yield and overall conversion. Taguchi method was employed to design with 9 experiments to find the effect of 4 independent variables (temperature, reaction time, biomass to plastic composition and solvent-to-biomass ratio) on the co-liquefaction of plastic and biomass for total conversion and bio-oil yield. The optimal results showed 60 \% conversion with bio-oil yield 32.3 \% having HHV of bio-oil 29.6 MJ/kg respectively. The predicted model indicated a good fit with that of experimental data. Furthermore, detailed characterizations of bio-oils were carried out such as higher heating value (HHV), chemical composition, NMR analysis, elemental analysis, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis. The co-liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse and polyethylene was found effective to improve the qualitative and quantitate features of products from the biomass. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this investigation, a sugarcane agroecosystem at a coastal tableland, in the northeast of Brazil, was screened to obtain bacteria strains able to synthesize poly-beta -hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), using sucrose as the main carbon source. The potential to synthesize PHA was tested qualitatively by Sudan Black staining of colonies growing in different carbon sources: sucrose, glucose, fructose, propionate and cellulose. In a typical sugarcane crop management system, the plantation is burned before harvesting and vinasse, a by-product of alcohol production, is used in a fertirrigation system causing, probably, selective pressures on the microbiota of natural environments. Eighty-two bacteria strains, belonging to 16 different,genera and 35 different species, were isolated. The data showed that 11 strains (ca 13\%), nine of which belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, presented a strong Sudan Black staining in several carbon sources tested and, simultaneously, showed multiple resistance to antibiotics. Resistance to antibiotics is an advantageous feature for the biotechnological production of PHAs. The total number of isolates with multiple resistance to antibiotics was 73, and 38\% of them belong to the genus Pseudomonas. Among the isolates, ca 86\% and 43\% grew in the presence of 10-100 U/ml of penicillin and/or 100-300 mg/ml of virginiamycin, respectively. These antibiotics are utilized in the alcohol distillery we investigated. The results suggest that some agroecosystem environments could be considered as habitats where bacteria are submitted to nutritional unbalanced conditions, resulting in strains with potential ability to produce PHAs, and also, to an increase in the microbial diversity.
The polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) macromolecule production using cheap substrate is need of today's life since rate of accumulate of plastic in the environment is million tonnes per year, leading to life threatening pollution problems. In this account, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was implemented for optimization of low cost substrate (molasses) and method parameters for the manufacturing of PHB granules using Bacillus cereus and further refurbishing it into bioplastic. Primary screening of PHB manufacturing was done using Sudan black staining. 67.4 \% of PHB yield of dry weight with the predicted percentage yield of 68.78 \% was obtained using Box Behnken Design. Present results demonstrated that carbon source and nitrogen source were found to be the critical control factors that affected the PHB production. FTIR was performed for their functional group determination. The existing work demonstrates that produced PHB using low cost molasses is eco-friendly, economically feasible, easily available and promising alternative substrate for commercial production.
Cellulases production by Aspergillus niger and cellulase deactivation kinetic. This work aimed to evaluate the kinetic for the cellulase production by Aspergillus niger and the deactivation kinetic of the cellulase enzymes. Cellulase were produced in three different batches using NaOH 4\% (w v(-1)) pre-treated sugarcane bagasse as the carbon source in the fermentation broth. The amount of the bagasse in each batch was 10, 50 and 100 g L-1. The kinetic of the cellulase production was accomplished by periodically determining the cellulasic activity of the fermentation broth using pre-treated bagasse as the hydrolysis substrate. Changes in the pH also were determined. The cellulase deactivation kinetic was accomplished by periodically determining the cellulasic activity of the fermentation broth samples stored at 4 degrees C and at -18 degrees C. One may conclude that Aspergillus niger produces cellulases when grown on medium with pre-treated sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. The ideal time to collect the enzymatic broth was about seven days with maximum yield of 0.0013 U mL(-1).h for the batch with 10 g L-1, and 0.0018 U mL(-1).h for the batches with 50 and 100 g L-1. The cellulase complex does not suffer considerable deactivation when stored at -18 degrees C (freezer) for 43 days, however, the activity drops by 40\% within 48 hours when stored at 4 degrees C (fridge).
A pretreatment method using wet disk milling (WDM) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) was investigated to produce a saccharified solution with a high glucose concentration from sugarcane bagasse. The chemical composition of the bagasse was uninfluenced by WDM treatment alone, whereas a slight reduction in the contents of lignin and xylan was effected by HP treatment alone performed at neutral pH. The combination of WDM treatment and HP treatment (WDM-HP treatment) significantly increased the removal of lignin and xylan. A cellulose-rich material containing 87\% glucan was obtained by performing the HP treatment at 70 degrees C using 2.5\% biomass. after WDM treatment. By using 15\% WDM, HP- and WDM-HP-treated bagasse, glucose concentrations of 28 g/L, 27 g/L, and 98 g/L, respectively, were obtained from the various saccharification processes, suggesting the feasibility of the WDM-HP treatment for the production of a saccharified solution with high glucose concentration. Moreover, WDM-HP-treated bagasse was shown to be a good substitute for cellulose in cellulase production by Acremonium cellulolyticus. Under the same conditions, the treated bagasse provided a cellulase activity of 8.2 FPU/mL compared with the value of 7.9 FPU/mL provided by the commercial cellulose, SF 40. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a recyclable polymer widely used in the manufacture of packaging for acoustic insulation, protection of durable consumer goods and in the construction industry. The PS is easily recyclable with increasing temperature, giving new materials. However, thermal properties can be affected, mainly if added of natural fibers. In this context, this work objective to study the thermal properties of recycled polystyrene composites reinforced with cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse. The recycled composites of PS reinforced 10 and 20 wt\% cellulose bagasse were obtained by extrusion, and characterized by thermal analysis thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT). The results showed that the fibers rich in residual lignin act as reinforcement improving the stiffness of the material with the addition of the fibers, as well as promoted the increase of the heat deflection temperature for the composites. The thermal stability of the composites is intermediate between the fiber and matrix, decreasing with the increase of fibers content. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of EPS as a matrix in the obtainment composites reinforced with natural fibers is viable and suggest the use of this residue as an excellent alternative for the recycling industry.
The current study stresses on the reuse of waste lignocellulose biomass (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) for the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and further conversion of this CMC into a biodegradable film. Addition of commercial starch was done to form biodegradable film due to its capacity to form a continuous matrix. Plasticizers such as Glycerol and citric acid were used to provide flexibility and strength to the film. Biopolymer film obtained from sugarcane bagasse CMC showed maximum tensile strength and elongation in comparison to the film synthesized from commercial CMC and CMC obtained from rice husk. It has been observed that an increase in sodium glycolate/NaCl content in CMC imposed an adverse effect on tensile strength. Opacity, moisture content, and solubility of the film increased with a rise in the degree of substitution of CMC. Therefore, CMC obtained from sugarcane bagasse was better candidate in preparing biopolymer/biocomposite film.
As a result of metal mining activities in Pakistan, toxic heavy metals (HMs) such as chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) often enter the soil ecosystem, accumulate in food crops and cause serious human health and environmental issues. Therefore, this study examined the efficacy of biochar for contaminated soil remediation. Poplar wood biochar (PWB) and sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) were amended to minecontaminated agricultural soil at 3\% and 7\% (wt/wt) application rates. Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) was cultivated in these soils in a greenhouse, and uptake of HMs (Cr and Pb) as well as biomass produced were measured. Subsequently, health risks were estimated from uptake data. When amended at 7\%, both biochars significantly (P<0.01) reduced plant uptake of Cr and Pb in amended soil with significant (P<0.01) increase in biomass of lettuce as compared to the control. Risk assessment results showed that both biochars decreased the daily intake of metals (DIM) and associated health risk due to consumption of lettuce as compared to the control. The Pb human health risk index (HRI) for adults and children significantly (P<0.01) decreased with sugarcane bagasse biochar applied at 7\% rate relative to other treatments (including the control). Relative to controls, the SCBB and PWB reduced Cr and Pb uptake in lettuce by 69\%, 73.7\%, respectively, and Pb by 57\% and 47.4\%, respectively. For both amendments, HRI values for Cr were within safe limits for adults and children. HRI values for Pb were not within safe limits except for the sugarcane bagasse biochar applied at 7\%. Results of the study indicated that application of SCBB at 7\% rate to mine impacted agricultural soil effectively increased plant biomass and reduced bioaccumulation, DIM and associated HRI of Cr and Pb as compared to other treatments and the control. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study shows the effects of maltodextrins and gum arabic as microencapsulation agents on the stability of sugarcane bagasse extracts and the potential use of the extracts as antimicrobial agents. The bioactive compounds in sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were extracted using 90\% methanol and an orbital shaker at a fixed temperature of 50 degrees C, thereby obtaining a yield of the total phenolic content of 5.91 mg GAE/g. The bioactive compounds identified in the by-product were flavonoids, alkaloids, and lignan (-) Podophyllotoxin. The total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and shelf-life stability of fresh and microencapsulated TPC were analyzed. This experiment's optimal microencapsulation can be obtained with a ratio of 0.6\% maltodextrin (MD)/9.423\% gum arabic (GA). Sugarcane bagasse showed high antioxidant activities, which remained stable after 30 days of storage and antimicrobial properties against E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, and the modified yeast SGS1. The TPC of the microencapsulated SCB extracts was not affected (p > 0.05) by time or storage temperature due to the combination of MD and GA as encapsulating agents. The antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of sugarcane bagasse extracts showed their potential use as a source of bioactive compounds for further use as a food additive or nutraceutical. The results are a first step in encapsulating phenolic compounds from SCB as a promising source of antioxidant agents and ultimately a novel resource for functional foods.
Saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated at the pilot-scale with different processes (in combination with steam-explosion) was evaluated. Maximum glucan conversion with Celluclast 1.51 (15-25 FPU/g glucan) was in the following order: glycerol/HCl>HCl>H2SO4>NaOH, with the glycerol system achieving similar to 100\% conversion. Surprisingly, the NaOH substrate achieved optimum saccharification with only 8 FPU/g glucan. Glucan conversions (3.6-6\%) obtained with mixtures of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (EG) and beta-glucosidase (beta G) for the NaOH substrate were 2-6 times that of acid substrates. However, glucan conversions (15-60\%) obtained with mixtures of cellobiohydrolase (CBH I) and beta G on acidified glycerol substrate were 10-30\% higher than those obtained for NaOH and acid substrates. The susceptibility of the substrates to enzymatic saccharification was explained by their physical and chemical attributes. Acidified glycerol pretreatment offers the opportunity to simplify the complexity of enzyme mixtures required for saccharification of lignocellulosics. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In a carbon-neutral economy, biorefineries may replace oil refineries, providing materials and molecules. One of these products are biosurfactants (BSs), which can be produced from sugarcane bagasse. Two different processes for BS production were proposed and evaluated from a technoeconomic environmental perspective. Global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses (GSA and UA) assessed the most influential variables and the uncertainties regarding the minimum BS selling price (MBSSP), together with several environmental metrics. Both processes presented positive economic performance. The analysis showed that the second scenario (using liquid hot water pretreatment without detoxification and BS recovery by two steps of ultrafiltration) presented superior economic and environmental performance. The second scenario had a 59.7\% probability of having a MBSSP below 20 \$/kg, against 47.1\% for the first one. GSA showed that effort should be focused on decreasing uncertainty regarding the bioreactor performance and scaleup (for both scenarios) and the ultrafiltration performance (for the second scenario).
The chemical kinetics of sugarcane filter cake (FC) organic matter degradation at rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 t ha(-1)) in non-contaminated and different degrees of cadmium-contaminated Oxisol (0.19, 28, 56, 112 and 200 mg Cd kg(-1)) and DTPA-extractable Cd was studied. FC degradation was determined by quantifying CO2 emitted from soil samples during 72 days of incubation. DTPA-extractable Cd was performed after the incubation period. FC degradation was described by a two-stage equation of chemical kinetics. FC degradation rates were between 15 and 33\%. Total CO2 emitted from FC declined with increasing degree in Cd-contamination and the DTPA-extractable Cd declined with FC rates.
Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the direct and residual effect of applying different organic materials on Se accumulation by crops and volatilization from seleniferous soils of northwestern India. Among organic manures, press mud and poultry manures proved 4-5 times more effective in reducing Se accumulation by different crops than farmyard manure. Efficiency of organic manures increased with increase in application rates. Application of both press mud and poultry manures reduced Se accumulation by 44-97\% in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) shoots in the greenhouse; 85-92\% in wheat straw, 45-74\% in wheat grains, 45-74\% in rapeseed straw and 76-92\% in rapeseed grains under field conditions. Both the manures remained highly effective in reducing Se accumulation by the crops following wheat and rapeseed and the extent of reduction varied from 50\% to 87\% in maize (Zea mays) and cowpeas (Vigna sinensis) in the greenhouse and 40\% to 89\% in maize and rice (Oryza sativa) crops under field situation. Rate of Se volatilization by wheat and rapeseed crops increased by 1.8-4.0 times; the greatest increase was observed with press mud followed by poultry manure, arhar (Cajanus cajan) leaves and farmyard manure, After 134 d of incubation of 500 g soil amended with 2\% of plant tissues, the maximum amount of Se was volatilized with cowpea leaves (385 ng) followed by wheat grains, leaves of maize, sugarcane (Saccharum officcinarum), arhar, poplar (Populus deltoides) and the control (91 ng). The results of this study convincingly prove the usefulness of applying press mud and poultry manure in enhancing volatilization and retarding the transfer of Se from soil to plant in seleniferous soils. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study researched the steam explosion effect catalysed by citric acid and sodium hydroxide on the chemical and structural properties of sugarcane bagasse and on the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Chemical and structural characterisation of raw and pretreated biomass was performed by reference methodologies for lignocellulosic materials, FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with a final volume of 20 mL consisting 3\% sugarcane bagasse (dry weight), sodium citrate buffer 50 mM (pH = 5.0) and 1g enzyme/100 g cellulose of Cellic (R) Cetec 3 enzyme complex. The total reducing sugars were determined by a 3,5-dinitrosalicilic acid method. In explosion pretreatment catalysed by citric acid, a biomass was obtained with a lesser amount of hemicelluloses (16.16\%), a higher initial degradation temperature and formation of cracks in fibre cell wall. Pretreated bagasse by NaOH steam explosion showed complete destructuring of fibre, lignin removal of 65\% and hemicellulosic fraction preservation. Sugarcane bagasse obtained after NaOH steam explosion showed the highest production of reducing sugars (9.07 g L-1), which can be attributed to greater exposure of carbohydrate fraction promoted by lignin removal, since these parameters showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.99, p < 0.05).
Kefiran is a biomaterial with potential application in developing novel materials for food technology. In this study, sugarcane sugar (REF), raw sugar (RAS), brown sugar (BRS), soy molasses (SOM), and sugarcane molasses (SCM) were evaluated for the production of kefiran from kefir biomass rather than cow's milk (CMK), the usual medium. The produced kefiran was purified and characterized by colorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, and morphology. It was also assayed for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. SCM had the highest average daily rate of kefir biomass production (29.17 \%/day). The composition of the culture medium affected the microbial diversity of kefir grains, and the Lactobacillus genus was the most abundant (39.8 \%, 40.0 \%, and 83.9 \% to SCM, SOM, and CMK, respectively) in the samples that presented the highest biomass production and kefiran extraction yields. FTIR spectra showed that the bands of kefiran produced in REF and RAS were narrower than those of the other samples. Kefiran grew in an alternative culture medium also exhibited higher thermal stability (Tonset and TMax was higher than 250 and 280 degrees C, respectively). Those grown in SOM and SCM displayed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities similar to those of kefiran produced in CMK. The results indicate that agro-industrial by-products (SCM and SOM) are potential alternatives for kefiran production from kefir biomass.
Different concentrations of bagasse waste with particle sizes 300 nm, 125 nm, 75 nm, and < 75 nm are incorporated in natural and styrene-butadiene rubber formulations. The rheological characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of the compounded rubber are investigated and determined. The effect of bagasse upon ageing characteristics of corresponding vulcanizates is evaluated. The rubber vulcanizates containing the smallest particle size of bagasse with concentration 30 phr showed the best retained values of physico-mechanical properties and equilibrium swelling in comparison with those of conventional fillers (Hisil, calcium carbonate, and High Abrasion Furance carbon black) used in industry. The bagasse with particle size 300 nm and concentration 70 phr showed the least retained values of physico-mechanical properties and equilibrium swelling in comparison with the other investigated particle sizes.
The enzymatic mixture containing Novozyme Cellic CTec2 spiked with xylanase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus (1000 U xylanase per g of substrate) resulted in enhanced saccharification of native, hydrothermally and autohydrolytically pretreated sugarcane bagasse when compared to the benchmark Cellic CTec2. Hydrothermally pretreated bagasse upon hydrolysis with the enzymatic mixture yielded considerably higher levels of sugars as compared to benchmark Cellic CTec2, resulting in saccharification efficiencies of 85.7, 77.8 and 78.9\% at 10, 15 and 20\% (weight per volume) substrate loadings, respectively. Autohydrolysed and native sugarcane bagasse samples had lower saccharification yields, although xylanase addition to the benchmark cocktail still was beneficial. Chemical compositional analysis and detailed morphological examination of the substrates after pretreatments as well as the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions employing confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) provided fundamental insights into the structural changes during deconstruction and shed light on how such changes affected the biomass enzyme hydrolysis.
Statistical evidence pointing to the very soft change in the ionic composition on the surface of the sugar cane bagasse is crucial to improve yields of sugars by hydrolytic saccharification. Removal of Li+ by pretreatments exposing -OH sites was the most important factor related to the increase of saccharification yields using enzyme cocktails. Steam Explosion and Microwave:H2SO4 pretreatments produced unrelated structural changes, but similar ionic distribution patterns. Both increased the saccharification yield 1.74-fold. NaOH produced structural changes related to Steam Explosion, but released surface-bounded Li+ obtaining 2.04-fold more reducing sugars than the control. In turn, the higher amounts in relative concentration and periodic structures of Li+ on the surface observed in the control or after the pretreatment with Ethanol:DMSO:Ammonium Oxalate, blocked -OH and O- available for ionic sputtering. These changes correlated to 1.90-fold decrease in saccharification yields. Li+ was an activator in solution, but its presence and distribution pattern on the substrate was prejudicial to the saccharification. Apparently, it acts as a phase-dependent modulator of enzyme activity. Therefore, no correlations were found between structural changes and the efficiency of the enzymatic cocktail used. However, there were correlations between the Li+ distribution patterns and the enzymatic activities that should to be shown.
Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant waste formed after extraction of sugarcane juice in the sugar-manufacturing process. This large-tonnage waste creates an ecological problem in countries-sugar producers. The study considers bagasse gasification, which is a two-stage pyrolytic conversion into synthesis gas. Raw bagasse and bagasse biocoal obtained by torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization were used as initial materials. Experimental data are discussed including composition and quantity of gaseous products formed in the process. The results indicated that the process allows obtaining 1.26 m(3) of synthesis gas from 1 kg of raw material. Its higher calorific value is 11 MJ/m(3).
This paper addresses the potential use of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as a pozzolanic material for partial cement replacement in concrete mixtures. Cement mortars containing SCBA having five different particle size distributions at a replacement rate of 20\% by weight were used to study the chemical and physical pozzolanic properties of SCBA. The durability of SCBA replaced mortars was also evaluated. SCBA with 0\% retained on sieve No. 325 was used to replace 20\% by weight of cement and create mortar specimens that were subjected to sulfuric acid attack of varying concentrations (1\%-3\% by weight of water). The tested samples were observed to check visual distortion, mass loss, and compressive strength loss at 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d of acidic exposure, and the results were compared to those for the control sample, that was lime water cured, at the same ages. The SCBA sets were found to meet the requirements for pozzolan class N specified by ASTM C 618. Mortars containing SCBA with 0\% or 15\% retention produced better compressive strength than the control mortars after 28 d. Additionally, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the SCBA had favorable chemical properties for a pozzolanic material. Furthermore, SCBA replaced samples at all ages showed improved resistance against acidic attack relative to that of the control mortars. Maximum deterioration was seen for 3\% concentrated solution. This study's findings demonstrated that SCBA with an appropriate fineness could be used as a pozzolanic material, consistently with ASTM C 618.
Biomass from grasses such as sugarcane contains bodies of biogenic silica, the phytoliths. In industrial biomass processing, phytoliths can be harmful to equipment causing wear and ash deposits. However, phytoliths can also be beneficial if they are valorized into silica-based products. This work investigates the fate of phytolith in the industrial crushing of sugarcane stalks using biomass fractionation, ashing, and imaging techniques. Phytoliths can be traced by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) due to their proximity to the outer surface and fingerprint size, shape, and chemistry. In native sugarcane stalks, phytoliths are concentrated in the epidermal region. Industrial crushing promotes tissue ruptures that transform stalks into bagasse, where the epidermal tissues and phytoliths are found with preserved integrity, fractured, or even detached from the native tissue structures. The observations presented in this work suggest novel strategies for the isolation of phytoliths in biorefinery designs integrable to the well-established industrial crushing of sugarcane stalks.
Background: Sodium monensin is a molecule of the group of ionophores antibiotics (IAs) of the polyether carboxylic type produced from the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Cases of IA poisoning in animals usually occur accidentally. Fatal poisoning in horses, a non-target species and with particular sensitivity usually occurs by the consumption of these products from the toxic dose of 2-3 mg/kg. This report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of an outbreak of ionophore antibiotic poisoning in horses due to the consumption of mineral supplementation indicated for ruminants based on sugarcane molasses. Case: Two horses were necropsied. During necropsy, fragments of various organs were collected and fixed in 10\% buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The information obtained from the animal trainer was that 19 horses received approximately 25 kg of low moisture mixture based on sugarcane molasses, enriched with macro and micro minerals, vitamins and additives containing 1000 mg of monensin/kg in the trough. One day after receiving the product, five horses began to develop ataxia, reluctance to move, difficulty of accompanying the herd and arising. Out of the five, three died after three days of evolution, one after six days (equine 1) and another after 15 days (equine 2) {[
Consolidation of bioprocessing steps with lignocellulose is limited by hydrolysate toxicity, the fibrous nature of suspensions, and low activity of cellulase enzymes. Combinations of enzyme dose and treatment conditions improved the flow properties and pumping of acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse slurries (10\% dry weight). Low levels of cellulase enzyme (0.1 and 0.5 FPU/g dry weight acid-pretreated bagasse) were found to reduce viscosities by 77-95\% after 6 h, solubilizing 3.5\% of the bagasse dry weight. Flow of slurries through small funnels was a useful predictor of success with centrifugal and diaphragm pumps. Equations were derived that describe viscosity and solubilized carbohydrates as a function of time and cellulase dosage. Blending of acid-pretreated bagasse (10\% dry weight) with suspensions of acid-pretreated bagasse (10\% dry weight) that had been previously digested with cellulase enzymes (low viscosity) did not increase viscosity in a linear fashion. Viscosity of these mixtures remained relatively constant until a threshold level of new fiber was reached, followed by a rapid increase with further additions. Up to 35\% fresh acid-pretreated bagasse could be blended with enzyme-digested fiber (5.0 FPU/g dry weight acid-pretreated fiber; 6 h) with only a modest increase in viscosity. The smooth surfaces of enzyme-treated fiber are proposed to hinder the frequency and extent of interactions between fibrils of fresh fiber particles (acid-pretreated) until a threshold concentration is achieved, after which fiber interactions and viscosity increase dramatically. These results were used to model the viscosity in an ideal continuous stirred tank reactor (liquefaction) as a function of residence time and enzyme dosage. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, the optimum conditions for the multi-enzymatic recovery of cellulases produced by Aspergillus niger were investigated using sugarcane bagasse. Two extraction methods were investigated: the two-stage solid-liquid extraction (SLE) followed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and the single-stage SLE. The ultrasound effects were evaluated using a Doehlert design, in which the pH (5.0-9.0) and sonication power (0.8-2.0 W ml(-1)) were independent variables. For the single-stage SLE, temperature (25-45 degrees C), time (10-60 min), and pH (5.0-9.0) were analyzed using the Box-Behnken design. Both processes were monitored to evaluate FPase, CMCase, and beta-glucosidase (U ml(-1)) activities. The maximum enzymatic activities (EA) obtained for FPase, CMCase, and beta-glucosidase in the SLE-UAE were 0.352, 0.321, and 1.412 U ml(-1), respectively. Unlike in most previous studies, sonication was insignificant (p < 0.05) with respect to the enzymatic complex within the evaluated ranges. Moreover, sonication changed the EA when lower than 1.2 and higher than 1.6 W ml(-1), mainly inhibiting the EA of beta-glucosidase. The single-stage SLE was more effective than the two-stage SLE-UAE, and the maximum EA values for FPase, CMCase, and beta-glucosidase were 0.354, 0.303, and 3.135 U ml(-1), respectively. The single-stage process was better because it consumed less energy, required simpler equipment, and provided higher efficiency in a shorter time. This study will improve diversified enzyme extraction from sugarcane bagasse, reduce enzyme production costs, and enhance bagasse utilization.
The downdraft gasification technology has an increased interest among researchers worldwide due to the possibility to produce mechanical and electrical power from biomass in small-scale to an affordable price. The research is generally focused on improvement of the performance and optimizing of a certain gasifier, on testing different fuels, on increasing the user-friendliness of the gasifier and on finding other uses for the product gas than in an IC-engine, for example liquid fuel production. The main objective with the gasification tests presented here is to further contribute in the field by studying the impact of the char bed properties such as char bed porosity and pressure drop on the gasification performance as well as the impact of fuel particle size and composition on the gasification process in one and the same gasifier. In addition, there is very little gasification data available in literature of ``before disregarded{''
The inappropriate disposal of effluents generated by the textile industries is considered a major environmental problem because their contaminants cause changes in the natural conditions of the environment where they are discarded. In this context, adsorption processes emerge as an effective treatment technique regarding the cost, flexibility and ease of operation. This research evaluated the sugarcane bagasse drying at temperatures between 60 and 80 degrees C, as well as its potential as a natural adsorbent of synthetic textile dye. Among the models used to describe the drying kinetics, the Page model was the best fit to the experimental data, according to the coefficient of correlation (R-2) and test F, in which it was verified that the model is statistically significant and predictive. In the factorial design, the influence of dye concentration, contact time and adsorbed drying temperature were analyzed on the responses variables: amount of dyed adsorbed (q(t)) and removal of dye concentration (\% rem). All variables were statistically significant at a 95\% confidence interval, obtaining a maximum value for adsorbed dye of 8.34 mg.g(-1) and a percentage of dye reduction of up to 83.4\%. Therefore, it can be concluded that sugarcane bagasse is an alternative to activated carbon, which is commonly used in adsorption processes.
Torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse was conducted in an electric muffle furnace at 200, 250, and 300 degrees C in order to establish the impact of heat treatment temperature on various parameters and as a method to improve sugarcane bagasse characteristics for the purpose of gasification. The results show that weight loss of bagasse reduced as temperature of torrefaction increased due to excessive devolatilization. A reduced moisture and volatile matter content as well as improved calorific value were also achieved with increasing temperature of torrefaction. The torrefaction progress was again followed by elemental analysis of the material which showed the presence of C, H, and O in varying proportions depending on torrefaction temperature. The decrease in the weight percentages of O-2 and H-2 as torrefaction reaction temperature increased resulted in the accumulation of C in the solid product. The thermogravimetric analysis conducted established the maximum reactivity temperature of the torrefied material and revealed that the degradation of torrefied sugarcane bagasse was accelerated by thermal treatment of the material prior to analysis. Finally, the study established that torrefaction at 300 degrees C led to a much more degraded material compared to the lower torrefaction reaction temperatures of 200 and 250 degrees C, respectively.
The pith is the internal part of the sugarcane plant with short and variable fiber length. The presence of pith creates process-related issues in papermaking, so it must be removed from the bagasse. Pith has low calorific value, and burning of pith in boilers also creates boiler operational issues as well as environmental pollution and health hazards. The imposition of stringent emission norms by the environmental regulatory bodies is compelling these industries to search for cleaner alternatives to fuels. Pith is generated in huge quantities so its disposal or management will become a major challenge if industries shift to cleaner fuel. Considering these pressing issues and some recent relevant research reported on pith valorization, this study was planned to explore the potential of pith valorization. Therefore, in the present review, research studies available on alternate routes for the valorization of pith into value-added products have been extensively covered. Since pith is also lignocellulosic biomass, therefore, its valorization after pretreatment and as such direct utilization (without pretreatment) has also been categorically discussed. Furthermore, the promising pathways and prospective research in pith valorization are discussed that will make the sugar and associated pulp and paper mill more economically and environmentally sustainable.
Extraction of high-value products from agro-industrial waste is an important component for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy. In this work, natural wax extraction was carried out on different types of sugarcane waste (rind, leaf and bagasse) using supercritical CO2 (scCO(2)). Substantial quantities of long-chain aldehydes and n-policosanols (nutraceutical compounds) were found in the rind (83\% of total composition). Interestingly, the wax obtained from the leaf residues varied from other types of waxes from sugarcane waste, with low aldehyde and n-policosanol contents (normally found in high quantities) and considerable amounts of high-value triterpenoids (169 +/- 6 mg/g wax), which have well-known medicinal properties. The use of sugarcane leaf residues for the extraction of waxes has not been previously considered, though the amount of these residues increased significantly after the switch to green harvesting. Sugarcane bagasse wax showed the highest ester composition (37 +/- 1.5 mg/g of wax), which can be useful in a host of applications, ranging from cosmetics to hard wax polishes, lubricants, coatings and plasticisers. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
India's biofuel programme relies on the ethanol from molasses for blending into gasoline. Therefore, quantification of GHG (green house gas) emissions and the energy consumed during the process of ethanol production is desirable to help policy makers to take meaningful decisions. In order to establish the environmental impact of the biofuels, LCA (life cycle assessment) is conducted for 1 ton of fuel grade ethanol in the NR (northern region) and WR (western region) of India. Four different allocation approaches, WA (without any allocation), MA (mass allocation), EA (energy allocation) and MPA (market price allocation) are used to distribute emissions and energy consumption between the product and the co-products. Total GHG emissions are from 5433 (-75.9\%) to 8219.8 kg CO2-eq. (262.7\%) in NR and 552.0 (-75.8\%) to 7382.4 kg CO2-eq. (225.6\%) with respect to gasoline. Similarly, the NER (net energy ratio) also varies with different allocation approaches and ranged from 0.38 to 3.39 in the NR and 0.48 to 4.23 in WR. Using MA approach, maximum GHG emissions reduction are, -75.9 and -75.8\% and NER, 3.39 and 4.23 in NR and WR respectively indicates the environment and net energy benefits of fuel ethanol. It is observed that MA and EA approaches give more acceptable and real life results. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The fungus Trichoderma reesei is employed in the production of most enzyme cocktails used by the lignocellulosic biofuels industry today. Despite significant improvements, the cost of the required enzyme preparations remains high, representing a major obstacle for the industrial production of these alternative fuels. In this study, a new Trichoderma erinaceum strain was isolated from decaying sugarcane straw. The enzyme cocktail secreted by the new isolate during growth in pretreated sugarcane straw-containing medium presented higher specific activities of beta-glucosidase, endoxylanase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-galactosidase than the cocktail of a wild T. reesei strain and yielded more glucose in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane straw. A proteomic analysis of the two strains' secretomes identified a total of 86 proteins, of which 48 were exclusive to T erinaceum, 35 were exclusive to T. reesei and only 3 were common to both strains. The secretome of T. erinaceum also displayed a higher number of carbohydrate-active enzymes than that of T. reesei (37 and 27 enzymes, respectively). Altogether, these results reveal the significant potential of the T. erinaceum species for the production of lignocellulases, both as a possible source of enzymes for the supplementation of industrial cocktails and as a candidate chassis for enzyme production. (C) 2019 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of brick in construction is commonly used, especially in the construction of buildings and infrastructure. Various studies have been conducted to produce methods that can increase the strength of brick at the same time can reduce the cost of manufacturing bricks. In order to reduce cost of manufacturing, one of the solution applied was by using waste as part of bricks production materials. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SuCaB) ash was used as a part of compressed earth brick (CEB) by replacing the quantity of cement for SuCaB ash. The study focused on the physical and mechanical properties of CEB containing SuCaB and the optimum percentage of SuCaB ash as partial cement replacement in CEB. There are 4 types of percentages used; 0\%, 20\%, 25\% and 30\% from cement content. All mixed use the same water content of 30\% of cement content by weight and the ratio for cement: laterite soil used was 1: 6. A total of 72 specimen with size of 100mm x 50mm x 40mm was produced. The test conducted were Initial Rate Absorption Test (IRA), Density Test, Dimensions Test, Compression Test and Water Absorption Test. From the experimental results, the optimum SuCaB ash percentage as cement replacement in CEB was 20\%. It recorded the highest compressive strength of 16.23 MPa at 28 days while for the Initial Rate Absorption test, it lies within the range specified. The density of CEB containing 20\% of SuCaB shows slightly lower value where it decreased for about 0.4\% from the control specimen. From this study, it can be concluded that waste materials such as sugarcane bagasse can be used as part of construction materials. However, further study needs to be conducted such as on the energy consumption, chemical properties and others to enhance the knowledge on this area before it can be applied into the brick production.
The aim of this work was to analyze the thermal decomposition, kinetics and heat of reaction of sugarcane straw in synthetic air by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TG and DSC experiments were carried out using heating rates of 2.5 degrees C/min, 5 degrees C/min, and 10 degrees C/min, and particle diameter of 0.250 mm. In the study of the smoldering reaction were identified three consecutive stages, drying, oxidative pyrolysis, and combustion. Thus, the kinetic pathway was composed by six independent parallel reactions, three for each stage after drying, in which the activation energies were 176, 313, 150, 80, 150, and 100 kJ/mol. The heat of reaction in synthetic air was completely exothermic releasing 8 MJ/kg. The modeled curves of thermal decomposition of sugarcane straw presented good agreement with experimental data. Then, the kinetic parameters obtained could be used to analyze different processes involving smoldering. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electrohydrodynamic technique (EHD) has lately received considerable attention as an important non-thermal method used for food processing. In this work the effect of EHD on physicochemical properties of cellulose extracted from bagasse was investigated. A three-step process was chosen to extract cellulose fibers, which was performed under a high voltage electric field at the beginning of each step. The cellulose fibers were then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The morphological evaluation revealed that the cellulose fibers have smaller diameter and larger length compared to the microcrystalline cellulose. Moreover, according to the XRD patterns and FTIR spectrum, EHD-treated fibers mainly showed an amorphous structure, and contained a low crystalline fraction. The amorphous structure of cellulose fibers was confirmed by TGA analysis which revealed the presence of higher proportion of amorphous cellulose fraction causes early onset of thermal decomposition.
The study objective is to develop alternative binders that are environment friendly by utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in the organic soil stabilization. Together with SCBA, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and silica sand (K7) were used as additives to stabilize the peat. In obtaining the optimal mix design, specimens of stabilized peat were tested in unconfined compression. It was found that stabilized peat comprising 20\% and 5\% (PCB1-20 and PCB2-5) partial replacement of OPC with SCBA 1 and SCBA 2 attain the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and discovered greater than UCS of peat-cement (PC) specimen. At the optimal mix design, the UCS of the stabilized peat specimens increased with increasing of curing time, preloading rate, OPC and K7 dosage. For PCB1-20 mixture, inclusion of a minimum OPC of 300kg/m(3) and K7 of 500kg/m(3) along with curing under 20kPa pressure is recommendable for the peat stabilization to be effective. However for PCB2-5, it suggested to use more OPC and K7 dosage or alternatively increase the preloading during curing to 40kPa in order to achieve target UCS. It can be concluded that SCBA 1 has better quality than SCBA 2 in peat stabilization especially the contribution made by its fine particle size.
The development of a robust and scalable process for 2G ethanol production from renewable feedstock requires high ethanol titers and long-term stability. A strategy based on strain evaluation and integration with 1G ethanol production was used to overcome these challenges. Three engineered superior S. cerevisiae strains were evaluated in industrial media, using either pure sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates or mixed with molasses from sugarcane processing. Cell recycling was limited to 4 batches and decreasing productivity was observed in fermentation media based on concentrated bagasse hydrolysate, even after detoxification. When crude bagasse hydrolysate was mixed with molasses (MBH medium), fermentations with up to 10 cell recycles and final ethanol concentrations over 50 g/L were achieved with all strains. In a fixed-bed reactor operated with the selected MDS130 strain and MBH medium, remarkable ethanol productivities up to 22.8 g/L/h were reached and up to 20 cell recycles were possible.(c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In recent times, increasing attention has been paid to the use of renewable resources particularly of plant origin keeping in view the ecological concerns, renewability and many governments passing laws for the use of such materials. On the other hand, despite abundant availability of lignocellulosic materials in Brazil, very few attempts have been made about their utilization, probably due to lack of sufficient structure/property data. Systematic studies to know their properties and morphology may bridge this gap while leading to value addition to these natural materials. Chemical composition, X-ray powder diffraction, and morphological studies and thermal behavior aspects in respect of banana, sugarcane bagasse sponge gourd fibers of Brazilian origin are presented. Chemical compositions of the three fibers are found to be different than those reported earlier. X-ray diffraction patterns of these three fibers exhibit mainly cellulose type I structure with the crystallinity indices of 39\%, 48\% and 50\% respectively for these fibers. Morphological studies of the fibers revealed different sizes and arrangement of cells. Thermal stability of all the fibers is found to be around 200 degrees C. Decomposition of both cellulose and hemicelluloses in the fibers takes place at 300 degrees C and above, while the degradation of fibers takes place above 400 degrees C. These data may help finding new uses for these fibers. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Coal mines generate a lot of dust during production and transportation, which not only damages the health of personnel, but also causes environmental pollution. Based on the problems of low extraction efficiency of cel-lulose matrix and low economy of existing dust suppressants for biomass materials, this paper uses bagasse extracted cellulose from sugar production waste as a matrix and adds polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylamide as monomers to prepare a wetting-crusting type highly efficient environmental protection dust suppressant for coal mine production and transportation process. The dust suppression effect of the product was analyzed by the performance tests of dust suppression efficiency, consolidation layer strength and permeability. The dust sup-pression rate of the product prepared in this paper remained above 90\% at the simulated wind speed of 10 m/s, the consolidation layer strength of 42.3 KPa was much higher than that of the pure water solution, and the average permeation rate within 30 min was greater than that of the surfactant solution. It is proved that the dust suppressant prepared in this paper has good dust suppression effect, high consolidated layer strength and good permeability, and the product prepared in this paper using environmentally friendly biomass raw materials has good degradability, and the mechanism of the dust suppressant is illustrated by MS simulation. The biomass dust suppressant can meet the requirements of dust suppression in the process of coal mining and transportation and is non-toxic and environmentally friendly.
This study deals with the production of butanol using hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate by anaerobic fermentation using Clostridium sporogenes. First, SCB was soaked in water at 30-70 degrees C at a solid to liquid ratio (SLR) of 1: 10. Second, SCB was soaked in water and subsequently subjected to thermal treatment at 121 degrees C for 15 min. The effectiveness of pretreatment was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis and a maximum glucose yield of 462 mg/g of glucan was obtained from the pretreated biomass. Anaerobic fermentation of the hydrolysate under strict anaerobic condition resulted in the butanol yield of 0.173 g/g. C. sporogenes coculturing with Bacillus subtilis without anaerobic treatment was also investigated.
This study is aimed at producing a biofoam cup made from sugarcane bagasse with tempeh mold (Rhizopus oligosporus). Soybean flour (SF) was added to promote the growth of mycelia, which could bind the bagasse fiber matrix. The main materials were whole bagasse (B) and depithed bagasse (DB). The SF weight ratios to bagasse were 1 : 1 (SF1) and 1.5 : 1 (SF1.5). Therefore, the studied specimens were labeled B-SF1, DB-SF1, B-SF1.5, and DB-SF1.5. All biofoam cups were analyzed for their physical properties (water absorption and porosity), mechanical properties (puncture and compressive strengths), biodegradability, and thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis). The lowest water absorption rates were obtained from the B biofoam cups (23\% +/- 2.45\%) and the SF1.5 biofoam cups (25.83\% +/- 5.19\%). Both B-SF1 and B-SF1.5 had lower porosity (8.72\% +/- 0.88\% and 10.77\% +/- 1.54\%, respectively) than the DB biofoam cups. Moreover, the B biofoam cups had smoother biofoam surfaces, smaller voids, and lower porosity compared with the DB samples. However, the DB biofoam cups showed the highest puncture strength (2.95 +/- 0.37 kg cm(-2)) among all samples. Nevertheless, the B-SF1.5 biofoam cup had the highest compressive strength (3.98 +/- 0.39 MPa) and the DB-SF1.5 exhibited the slowest degradation rate (27\% +/- 0.7\%) after 14 days of soil burial. The highest thermal stability was obtained from B-SF1.5, which had a thermal degradation temperature of 264 degrees C. Overall, B-SF1.5 had the smoothest surface, good thermal stability, and high compressive strength.
The sugarcane ethanol industry is currently generating an intensive amount of biowaste while consuming significant water resources. In this work, sugarcane bagasse fly ash (SCBFA), a major biowaste with high amounts of fixed carbon, is employed as a precursor for activated carbon (SCBFA-AC) production. Here, SCBFA-ACs are valorized as the main component of carbon electrodes employed in capacitive deionization (CDI), an emerging desalination technology. In this way, an abundant and low-cost biowaste could be used as a green alternative to treat the water. Different activation methods of SCBFA were explored obtaining SCBFA-AC with a broad spectrum of structural and chemical properties. The electrochemical characterization of SCBFA-AC showed the positive impact of large surface areas, good combination of micro- and mesopores, and the presence of surface functional groups on specific capacitances (117 F g(-1)). Subsequently, CDI and membrane CDI experiments showed the importance of ion-exchange membranes on improving charge efficiency values (from 5-30 to 80-95\%) and consequently, salt adsorption capacity, SAC, from approximate to 5 to 22 mg g(-1). This SAC value, one of the highest ever obtained with biowaste electrodes, only suffered a slight reduction (19 mg g(-1)) after 70 CDI cycles. Finally, SCBFA electrodes were successfully tested for water-softening applications, reaching 15 mg g(-1) when operating using CaCl2 solutions instead of NaCl. This study represents a great example of the water-energy-food nexus in the framework of the circular economy.
The purpose of this work was to reduce the cost and improve the quality of the plant material during the micropropagation process in tissue culture. Partially improvement in the rooting process, coupled with cost reduction was obtained during the invitro rooting by the use of a natural support based on sugarcane bagasse as a substitute for the traditionally used agar gelled medium. The tests were conducted with micro-cuttings of strawberry cv. Dover using a medium composed of half strength MS medium (1962), 3\% sucrose and 0.05 BAP mg.l(-1). The roots number, shoots number, length, and the height of aerial part of 8 independent plants were recorded after 10, 20, 30, and 40 days of culture. Also, an acclimatization tests were realized of the rooted shoots from both the media. A comparison with agar-grown micro-cuttings showed that the sugarcane bagasse yielded better results (14, 40, 15 and 12 respectively). Acclimatization tests were 83\% from the agar gelled medium against 100\% from the bagasse medium As the Parana State, Brazil, possess in great number of the sugarcane bagasse; this can feed the alternative technology invented on the area of micropropagation techniques.
Nowadays the natural filler usage is increasing in polymer composites due to environmental concern. The natural fillers are abundantly available in India. Sugarcane is the major crop cultivated in India. Bagasse is the fibrous pulpy residue obtained after sugarcane crushed in mill. It is used for biofuel production and other applications. In this work, sugarcane powder obtained from bagasse was reinforced with randomly oriented short glass fiber in epoxy material. The epoxy composites were fabricated by hand lay-up method. The composites were prepared with 10\%, 15\%, 20\%, 25\%, 30\% volume fraction sugarcane powder with 20\% glass fiber. The mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact strength were investigated as per ASTM standard. Test results show that the 20\% glass with 25\% sugarcane powder composite exhibited improved mechanical properties. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ultrasound-assisted approach has been investigated for delignification so as to develop green and sustainable technology. Combination of NaOH with ultrasound has been applied with detailed study into effect of various parameters such as time (operating range of 15-90 min), alkali concentration (0.25 M-2.5 M), solvent loading (1:15-1:30 w/v), temperature (50-90 C), power (40-140 W) and duty cycle (40-70 \%) at fixed frequency of 20 kHz. The optimized operating conditions established for the ultrasonic horn were 1 M as the NaOH concentra-tion, 1 h as treatment time, 70C as the operating temperature, 1:20 as the biomass loading ratio, 100 W as the ultrasonic power and 70\% duty cycle yielding 67.30\% as the delignification extent. Comparative study per-formed using conventional and ultrasonic bath assisted alkaline treatment revealed lower delignification as 48.09\% and 61.55\% respectively. The biomass samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET tech-niques to establish the role of ultrasound during the treatment. The morphological changes based on the ul-trasound treatment demonstrated by SEM were favorable for enhanced delignification and also the crystallinity index was more in the case of ultrasound treated material than that obtained by conventional method. Specific surface area and pore size determinations based on BET analysis also confirmed beneficial role of ultrasound. The overall results clearly demonstrated the intensification obtained due to the use of ultrasonic reactors.
Due to growing environmental concerns mainly related to non-renewable fuels and high added-value chemicals, new solutions should reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Biorefineries, which use lignocellulosic biomass as raw material, emerges as a promising alternative to replace fossil fuels and to avoid competition between food and fuel production for arable land and drinking water. Sugarcane is one of the most harvested crops in the world, mainly in the equatorial zone. One tonne of processed cane generates between 300 and 400 kg of bagasse. This work proposes a biorefinery configuration for the co-production of ethanol, xylitol, lignin, and cellulose acetate, analyzing two different scenarios in the context of low sugarcane availability. The analysis included the determination of mass, total capital investment, total manufacturing costs, CO2 footprint, and water consumption. The cellulose acetate, ethanol, and xylitol production were economically viable only if lignin is considered a product. Positive net income, with return on investment in at least ten years, was achieved. Based on the environmental assessment, the carbon capture capacity is about 400 kg per tonne of sugarcane included in the process was determined.
This paper reports studies on the film pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in an electrically heated hot plate reactor. The new experimental set up used is described. The bagasse studied was ground to particle sizes less than 37 mu m (mesh 400) and was mixed with water to form the paste to be used to form the biomass film (10 mg of sugarcane bagasse distributed evenly on a steel plate, 60 mu m thick). All the tests were conducted under vacuum (150 mbar). The effect of heating rate (between 5 and 1200 degrees C/s) and final temperatures (between 250 and 650 degrees C) on product yields (permanent gases, water, light volatile, pyrolytic lignin, sugars and char) were studied. The yield of fragmentation and dehydration products increased as heating rates augment. The effect of heating rate is only important till 100 degrees C/s, no significant changes in product yields are observed at higher heating rates. Bio-oils enriched in lignin and sugars oligomers were obtained at high temperatures and heating rates. These results suggest that good yields of fermentable sugars may be obtained in pyrolysis reactors working at intermediary pyrolysis conditions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The heterogeneous character of fixed-film reactors may create highly specialized zones with a stratified distribution of microbial groups and varying capabilities to withstand high organic loads in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems. The microbial distribution and methane-producing potential of biomass from different regions (feeding zone and structured bed) of two second-stage thermophilic (55 oC) fixed-film reactors were assessed. Three levels of food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio (0.4, 1.0 and 3.0 g-COD g(-1)VS) using fermented (two-stage AD) and fresh (single-stage AD) sugarcane molasses were tested in batch reactors, simulating low to high organic loads. Specific methane production rates increased as the F/M increased when using fermented molasses, maintaining efficient methanogenesis at substrate availability levels threefold higher than single-stage schemes (3.0 vs. 1.0 g-COD g(-1)VS). Success in methane production derived from the homogenous establishment (similar in both feeding zone and bed) of syntrophic associations between acetogens (Pelotomaculum, Syntrophothermus, Syntrophomonas and Thermodesulfovibrio), acetate oxidizers (Thermoacetogenium, Mesotoga and Pseudothermotoga) and hydrogenotrophic methogens (Methanothermobacter and Methanoculleus) replacing acetoclastic methanogens (Methanosaeta). Phase separation under thermophilic conditions was demonstrated to boost methane production from sugar-rich substrates, because the process depends on microbial groups (hydrogenotrophs) that grow faster and are less susceptible to low pH values compared to acetotrophs.
Sugarcane bagasse, an abundant residue, is usually burned as an energy source. However, provided that appropriate and sustainable pulping and fractionation processes are applied, bagasse can be utilized as a main source of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). We explored in this study the production of CNF inks for 3D printing by direct-ink-writing technology. The CNF were tested against L929 fibroblasts cell line and we confirmed that the CNF from soda bagasse fibers were found not to have a cytotoxic potential. Additionally, we demonstrated that the alginate and Ca2+ caused significant dimensional changes to the 3D printed constructs. The CNF-alginate grids exhibited a lateral expansion after printing and then shrank due to the cross-linking with the Ca2+. The release of Ca2+ from the CNF and CNF-alginate constructs was quantified thus providing more insight about the CNF as carrier for Ca2+. This, combined with 3D printing, offers potential for personalized wound dressing devices, i.e. tailor-made constructs that can be adapted to a specific shape, depending on the characteristics of the wound healing treatment.
Multi-fuel operation of the coal-fired boiler is considered as a promising option for boiler reformation to reduce carbon emissions while recycling solid waste. In this work, co-combustion characteristics of sugarcane bagasse, Nanning meager-lean coal and petroleum coke under different conditions were investigated in detail. And the interaction between raw materials was analyzed. Finally, the kinetic parameters were estimated by using the first-order response model. The results show that differences in petroleum coke content affect the appearance of weight loss peaks in the DTG curve. When the proportion of sugarcane bagasse is between 40 and 60\%, the ignition and burnout characteristic indexes are particularly sensitive to variations in sugarcane bagasse content. Additionally, the interaction between the three raw materials is promoted as the proportion of petroleum coke is less than 40\%. The kinetic analysis suggests that the increase of heating rate is conducive to the precipitation of volatiles, but there is an optimal heating rate for the fixed carbon combustion stage. The change of particle size combination has little effect on the activation energy of the volatile fraction combustion stage. This study provides a reference to ensure the stable and high-efficient operation of the coal-fired boilers during the multi-fuel combustion.
Four agricultural wastes, i.e., sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, cotton stalk, and corn stalk were experienced as low-cost lignocellulosic materials for their ability to adsorb reactive red dye from its contaminated solutions. Batch adsorption technology was carried out in order to analyze sorption behavior of dye-adsorbent systems at different wastes, initial dye concentration, and solution pH value. The acid pH treatment was detected to significantly enhance the adsorption efficiency of used lignocellulosic wastes to maximum removal efficiency (96\%). Bioreactor technology was applied as up-scaling experiments using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste (the best adsorbent under batch experiments) with different adsorbent dosage and flow rates. The maximum removal efficiency (89.65\%) was recorded by 448 g of SCB waste, hydraulic retention time of 24 h and 12.6 l/h flow rate. The SEM characterization illustrated accumulation of dye molecules onto lignocellulosic structure. Also, elemental analyses by EDAX instrument confirmed absorption technology. Thus, the sugarcane bagasse wastes can be applied as low-cost and environmental safe absorbent for RR dye removal from its contaminated wastewater and introducing non-traditional water resource.
Molasses-based bioethanol is an alternative to fossil fuels and is of immense strategic significance to India for its energy security. The sustainability of a bioethanol project depends on a detailed assessment of biomass availability, infrastructure for processing the raw materials and environmental implications. The present article is focused on the demand for infrastructures for surplus molasses (i.e., molasses generated at the sugar industry however not processed to ethanol) in the top three sugarcane producing states of India using geospatial tools for two timelines, i.e., present and future. The previous study has shown that along the entire supply chain of bioethanol; there is a severe shortage of distillation facility. Therefore, this study had identified the locations to erect the distillation facilities to minimize the carbon penalty on the bioethanol production system in India. Furthermore, life cycle assessment (LCA) was done to determine the environmental impact of the bioethanol supply chain in three different scenarios with different processing routes. The study showed that GHG emissions varied from 820 to 1230 kg CO2-eq for one ton of bioethanol production under different scenarios. The quantification of GHG emission, energy consumption, and impact on health during the process was also evaluated to quantify the impact of bioethanol production and generate data to support bioethanol policy formulation in India.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain H-298 grown on sugarcane bagasse pith, a lignocellulosic residue, is proposed as a bioremediation agent for aromatic contaminated soils. To investigate the use of pith for the development of a fungal inoculum, the effect of culture conditions on fungus survival and microbial respiration under solid fermentation were studied. Microbial respiration, estimated from the CO2 evolution rates, was maintained relatively high at low aeration conditions. High respiration occurred in cultures with 2,2-dimethylsuccinate added and without buffers, but not in those with acetate, succinate and phosphate buffers. It was observed that the culture was autobuffered at pH 45, due to acetic acid release, and that moisture content increased from 60 to 70 \%; these conditions were appropriate for fungal cultivation. CO2 evolution rates and fluorescence analysis showed that fungal survival was maintained through 18 d.
Biochars from sugarcane bagasse (non-treated or pretreated with NaOH or H3PO4) were obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures (400 or 500 degrees C) and applied as adsorbents for removal of Mn(II) from aqueous solution. A detailed adsorption study of Mn(II) on the biochars was performed and mechanisms of Mn(II) removal were elucidated. The biochar with better adsorption performance was applied for Mn(II) removal from mining effluents. The pretreatment of biomass with NaOH and the lower pyrolysis temperature (400 degrees C) increased the number of basic oxygenated groups on the surface of adsorbent, favoring the Mn(II) adsorption. The biochar pretreated with base (up to 98\% removal) was nearly twice more efficient for Mn(II) removal than that pretreated with acid. FTIR and XPS results showed that complexation between oxygenated groups and the metal is an important mechanism of adsorption. XRD and XPS results indicated the formation of MnO and cation exchange as other mechanisms for Mn removal. DFT calculations suggested that C--O and C-OH groups on the biochar can favor a direct interaction between active carbons on BC surface and Mn(II). The biochar with best adsorption performance reached up to 65.8\% of Mn(II) uptake from real mining effluent, showing the feasibility of using BC from sugarcane treated with NaOH to remove Mn from complex effluents. Practicality of employing the material was evaluated by reusability assays and cost estimations. Our findings point advance in the field of biochar application for Mn removal and reveal the importance of application of these materials in real conditions.
In order to evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) heterogeneity and hydrothermal (HT) pretreatment on biofuels production, industrial and laboratorial, rind and pith, hydrothermally pretreated (200 degrees C for 10 min at 16 bar and 10 g of SCB mixed with 100 mL of water) and untreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were used as substrate (10 g/L) in batch reactors at thermophilic condition (55 degrees C) and initial pH of 6.0. High cellulose content in the hydrothermally (HT) pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) results in hydrogen production (33.7 mmol/L), while lactic acid was the main metabolite produced using laboratorial untreated SCB rind and pith (1.5 and 1.3 g/L, respectively), which caused a decrease in the pH and no hydrogen production. Methane was only observed when industrial untreated SCB pith and rind (5.5 and 3.1 mmol/L), respectively, was used. 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out and at the end of the operation the reactors were fed with untreated laboratorial rind, hydrothermally pretreated industrial rind and untreated industrial pith. Hydrogen-producing bacteria, such as Acetomicrobium (74.4 \%) was favored using the HT pretreated fiber, while lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus (6.3 \%) had a potentially negative effect on the hydrogen-producing bacteria like Thermoanaerobacterium (75.0 \%) using laboratorial untreated SCB, since no hydrogen was obtained in this condition. Microorganisms involved in all the anaerobic digestion steps, such as Clostridium (34.4 \%), Acetomicrobium (33.4 \%), and Methanoculleus (14.8 \%) lead to hydrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ethanol, and methane production using industrial untreated SCB. Therefore, this study successfully dissected the detailed microbial community structure and the shift on metabolic pathways as a response of SCB heterogeneity and hydrothermal pretreatment.
Producing second-generation ethanol from the five carbon (C5) sugars in bagasse and cane trash could increase ethanol yield at first-generation sugarcane biorefineries in Brazil. Co-fermenting C5 sugars with cane juice and molasses in the first-generation fermenters is a potentially attractive process configuration enabled by recent biotechnology advances. To assess the feasibility of this cofermentation, batch fermentations of molasses supplemented with xylose, the primary C5 sugar in hemicellulose, were conducted at lab scale using a yeast strain, M3799, engineered to ferment xylose. At cell loadings consistent with Brazilian fuel ethanol fermentation, M3799 was able to convert 17.8 g/L of xylose sugar along with sugars typically found in molasses to produce 71.5 g/L of ethanol in 8 h. Based on this capability, a process that produces a C5-enriched cane juice by integrating a steam pre-treatment reactor with the existing cane mill is investigated. Process modeling analysis of several integrated pre-treatment configurations predicts that sugar recovery on cane can be increased by 11\% to 20\% compared to traditional milling. This additional sugar can be fermented by C5 yeast in the first-generation fermentation to produce up to 37\% more ethanol without effecting sugar coproduction. Due to close integration with the first-generation host plant, these projects achieve a minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) of \$0.17/L to \$0.29/L at a 10\% return, which is lower than the reported MESP for other second-generation projects and is cost competitive with first-generation ethanol and gasoline. This translates to capital payback (EBITA/Capex) in two to four years. (c) 2016 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an industrial waste that contains silicon and aluminum oxides as the major components and iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium oxides as the main minor components. In this paper, SCBA from one Brazilian factory was characterized and tested for its influence on the ceramic properties of clay/ash ceramic probes. Prismatic probes were pressed (18 MPa) using a ceramic mass mixed with 0\%, 5\%, 8\%, and 10\% ash. The probes were fired at temperatures between 800 degrees and 1200 degrees C. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermal analysis (differential thermal analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetric analysis), and tests for texture (particle-size analysis), flexural strength, and linear shrinkage were carried out to characterize the samples. The results showed that the amount of ash to be incorporated will depend on mainly the composition of clay but also ash, and indicated that the clay used in this work can incorporate up to 10\% weight of ash to produce solid bricks. The results also showed an improvement in ceramic/ash properties up to sintering temperatures higher than 1000 degrees C.
Ordinary kraft pulping of bagasse was adjusted by utilizing green liquor at the laboratory and research of Misr-Edfu Pulp, Writing and Printing Paper in a small pilot batch digester (Edfu, Aswan, Egypt) as an environmentally friendly method. Bagasse pulp was produced with and without green liquor, and the physical and mechanical properties of unbleached bagasse were assessed. The parameter states of cooking were completed utilizing antacid substance charge from 10\% to 13\%, cooking temperature from 160 to 170 degrees C, cooking time from 20 to 50 min, and solid to liquor ratio of 7:1 that was steady in all preliminaries. The results demonstrated the exploratory idea that green liquor can provide critical pulping advantages in comparison with customary kraft pulping. Screened pulp yield improved 2.6\%, rejects content decreased 0.9\%, kappa number was reduced by 26.9\%, and brightness was increased by 3\%. There also was improved mechanical quality of bagasse pulp: increases of 14.3\% (tensile index), 8.7\% (tear index record), 4.6\% (burst index), and 15.4\% (double fold number) were observed compared with conventional kraft pulping. This process also saved money related to the expense of depleted vitality, lime consumed during causticizing process, and upkeep of the causticizing plant.
Bagasse fibers were chemically modified with the aim to prepare lignocellulosic materials that have the ability to remove heavy metal ions from waste water. Three different reactions were used for the modification: etherification using monochloroacetic acid, esterification using succinic anhydride, and oxidation using sodium periodate and sodium chlorite. Bagasse was crosslinked using epichlorohydrin before chemical modification to avoid loss of its constituents during the chemical modification or application. The structure of the prepared derivatives was proofed using Fourier transform infrared and chemical methods. The ability of the prepared bagasse cation exchangers to adsorb heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Fe3+), on a separate basis or in a mixture of them, at different metal ion concentration was tested. Thermal stability of the different bagasse derivatives was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The main objective of this work is supporting the use of sustainable solutions for the management and reuse of agricultural waste from the cereal harvest, such as oats, barley, and triticale, making sheets of artisan paper, innovating the process with the use of different proportions of cellulose obtained from straw residues. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained sheets showed that basis weight (66-96 g/m(2)), thickness (19-300 mu m), burst strength (68.9-103.4 kPa), burst index (0.81-1.35 kPam(2)/g) and bulk (2.52-3.12 cm(3)/g), were adequate. Based on what can be observed in the SEM images, it is possible to infer that straw has the function of supporting the sheets using combinations of barley straw and recycled paper. The result of the IR analysis indicated that the sheet with an increase in hydroxyl groups was that obtained with barley straw. Therefore, the treatment was efficient. These results were corroborated by X-ray diffraction analysis, in which the percentage of crystallinity of the barley straw paper was 37.1\%. Finally, the results obtained indicated that the crystallinity is better in the sheets containing large amounts of barley straw. The sheet with the highest percentage of crystallinity was that which was made using 100\% of barley straw, showing a 37.1 percentage of crystallinity, followed by the sheet made of 100\% recycled paper, having a value of 34.4\%.
Biomass is considering a source of organic carbon, which can replace fossil resources by using pyrolysis process, therefore an efficient biomass thermal modification technology has been target of so much research. The objective of this work is to study the potential energy of sugarcane bagasse and thermochemically modified bagasse for bioenergy potential for use in heat generation and energy. The thermal analysis was conducted by powder-shaped exposure of the three study samples (SB, AC-1, and AC-2) at three heating rates of (5, 7.5 and 10 degrees C min(-1)), it was possible to identify three stages of thermal degradation and study some thermochemical reactions, using two iso-conversional models, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) to calculate some kinetic parameters, such as activation energy (E-a) and pre-exponential factor (A). First step was about the devolatilization of volatile matter, moisture, and other substances. Degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were shown in a second step. Characterization analyzes, such as SEM-EDX and textural parameters of the samples, show the presence of carbon in samples SB and AC-1. Due to SEM analyzes, morphological differences between the samples are showing as AC-1 and AC-2 samples present a rougher shape with pores, on the other hand, SB sample show a fibrous shape. In conclusion, sugarcane bagasse and thermochemically modified bagasse, show very promising results, for future studies, such as for bioenergy potential.
Polyphenol content and free radical scavenging capacity of seven kinds of sugar manufacturing products (A sugars, clear juices, syrups, massecuite, and A, B, and C molasses) were studied. Seventy-two samples were collected at different stages of the process during two sugar harvests from a local sugar factory (Bois-Rouge, La Reunion). The total phenolic content of sugar products was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Polyphenols of sugar products were extracted with ethyl acetate and quantified by LC-UV-ESI-MS during all of the process. ABTS and DPPH assays were applied to aqueous solution of sugar products, which exhibited interesting free radical scavenging activity. Comparatively, ethyl acetate extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Multivariate analyses (principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis) demonstrated a significant correlation between polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Moreover, it was observed that the sugar process results in an increase of the phenolic content and the free radical scavenging capacity of the different products. These products and especially molasses proved to be a rich source of natural antioxidants and may represent an interesting alternative to synthetic food antioxidants.
Current polyurethane products (PUs) rely heavily on two feedstocks that are primarily petroleum-derived, leading to significant social and environmental concerns. This study examined utilisation of the sugarcane bagasse-based-bio-oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) with glycerol co-solvent, as an alternative resource to produce bio-based PU foams. The influences of HTL conditions such as glycerol loading (0-50 wt\%) and alkaline catalyst concentration (0.05-1 M K2CO3) as well as the loading of bio-oil replacing polyol in the PUs formulation (0-100 wt\%) on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PU foams are investigated in this work. The FTIR results confirm the successful reaction of isocyanate and bio-oil's hydroxyl groups, producing urethane linkages. Although increasing the amount of bio-oil as polyol (25-100 wt\%) in PUs formulation remarkably reduced the thermal stability of the produced foams in the first stage of degradation (150-230 degrees C), it conversely increased in the second stage (350-450 degrees C). The PU foams incorporated with 50 wt\% bio-oil afforded a remarkable compressive strength of 280-450 kPa. This study demonstrates insights into synthesizing sustainable bio-based PUs from agricultural waste biomass, thereby providing a fundamental understanding of the practical application of green PU foams.
Global warming and noise pollution have emerged as the most serious environmental problems ever to confront humanity. In recent years, the use of natural fibers as thermal insulation and sound absorption construction materials has received much attention. Sugarcane bagasse waste (SBW) is an agro-industrial by-product, abundantly produced in sugar processing plants. Endowed with intrinsic surface roughness, SBW fibers are expected to exhibit high thermal and acoustic performance. To this end, SBW as an eco-friendly material was used to fabricate fibrous samples of different densities and thicknesses. The thermal insulation and sound absorption performance of the specimens were investigated using the guarded hot plate and impedance tube techniques, respectively. Additionally, the surface morphology and tensile properties of the SBW fibers were investigated using the FE-SEM and universal tensile tester. The thermal conductivity values of the specimens were found to range between 0.034 and 0.042 W/mK. The sound absorption average (SAA) and noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of the prepared samples were between 0.26-0.64 and 0.27-0.62, respectively. The results pointed to the good performance of the SBW fibers in the low- and mid-frequency ranges. The acoustic characteristics of the specimens were also studied by the Johnson-Champoux-Allard and statistical models and good agreement with experimental data was noticed. It was concluded that SBW as an innovative sustainable construction material provides competitive performance in terms of thermal and acoustical characteristics compared with its natural and nonrenewable counterparts.
Disk refining and ultrasonication treated sugarcane bagasse residues reclaimed from the waste stream of a simplified bioethanol process after fermentation were used to fabricate biobased composites with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by film casting. The morphologies and the size distributions of residue particles were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and various particle size analyzers. The results showed that the residue particle sizes were about hundreds nanometers to tens microns after disk refining treatment. After further treatment by ultrasonication, the particle sizes ranged from about tens of nanometers to several microns. The treated residues were expected to have a large surface area to reinforce PVA. The results indicated that the addition of treated fermentation residues significantly increased the tensile modulus of neat PVA with minimal impact on tensile strength. Furthermore, the PVA composites had higher thermal degradation temperature compared to neat PVA.
The main problem in anaerobic digestion of low-protein residues is the instability caused acidity. The use of limestone at the same time as a neutralizing agent and support material is innovative because stones wear allows the slow release of the calcium carbonate thereby eliminating dispersers. Free calcium content in the system was measured in two plug flow reactors filled with vinasse at initial pH of 4.50. The proportion of 1.8 tonnes of limestone per m(3) of vinasse was evaluated at the Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, allowing stabilisation at 96 hours. The ratio of Volatile Acids/Total Alkalinity (VA/TA) ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 and the pH reached 7.0, at the HRT of 120 hours. Increasing the HRT also increased the volatile total solids (VTS) and fixed total solids (TFS) in a similar profile to the measured free calcium content, but calcium remained at the appropriate level of 100 to 250mg l(-1). The proportion of limestone/vinasse was adequate to ensure stabilisation, but it is not recommended to reduce the HRT below 96 hours due to the risk of compromising the stability of the anaerobic system.
In this study, volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kappa(L)a) was selected as a criterion for facilitating the scale up of xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii at the bench and pilot-scale level. A kappa(L)a value of 16 (h-1) was applied in reactors with volumetric capacity of 2.4 L, 18 L and 125 L Fermentation was successfully scaled-up from the bench to pilot-scale level with all experiments demonstrating a minimum of 60\% xylose to xylitol conversion efficiency. Under all evaluated conditions glycerol and ethanol were also produced as by-products of xylose metabolism. Only minor differences were observed in the fermentation profile when reactor volumes ranging from 2.4 L to 125 L were used for experimentation purposes, reaching, at pilot scale, yield and volumetric productivity of 0.55 g g(-1) and 0.31 g L-1 h-1, respectively, with maximum specific growth rate of 0.26 h(-1). This demonstrates and reinforces the feasibility of using kLa as scale up criterion. The use of this parameter allowed precise reproduction of results obtained at bench bioreactor level to a larger scale; this is extremely crucial and important information considering that the aim of the proposed biotechnological process is to reach the level required for the industrial viability. (C) 2016 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The exploration of residual lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production is crucial to achieve significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation within the following decades, translating to diminished agricultural environmental impact and land-use change dynamics. On the other hand, cellulosic ethanol production pathways are typically resource-intensive, in energy and chemical terms, which directly influence its carbon intensity. Pretreatment choice, to this end, is key, since it dictates the overall process performance and yield, and may include crucial flows, under the life-cycle perspective, such as solvents and other chemicals. This work, then, aims to evaluate the effect of pretreatment choice, namely hydrothermal (HT), steam explosion (SE), and alkaline (AK), in the technical and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol production from sugarcane straw (SCS), extending this analysis to the final GHG emissions mitigation potential for gasoline and fossil-generated electricity substitution, under the Brazilian context in Sa \& SIM;o Paulo. Results show that, while AK provided the highest ethanol yield, this pretreatment option gave the lowest electricity generation surplus, and its sodium hydroxide usage was identified as an important environmental hotspot in most impact categories, which narrowed down its GHG emission mitigation gap for gasoline substitution. HT and SE presented similar ethanol and electricity yields, with SE being the most balanced option in terms of productivity and environmental impact profile. By selecting the SE route, all of the available SCS in Sa \& SIM;o Paulo could be converted into 10\% of the Brazilian annual ethanol production, and mitigate 5.4 MtCO2e of gasoline emissions, 15\% of the Brazilian Biofuel Policy (RenovaBio) target for 2022.
This work aimed to Study the agronomic efficacy of herbicides applied in raw sugarcane harvest areas, to control Ipomea quamoclit and Bidens pilosa, on a commercial sugarcane farm with clayey textured soil in Araras-SP. The herbicides (in g ha(-1)) were trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn (27,77 + 1,097 and 37 + 1,463), mesotrione (120 and 192). mesotrione + ametryn (120 + 1,500), mesotrione + trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn {[
Polyethylenimine-modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBCMP), as a new adsorbent, was synthesized by the reaction of polyethylenimine (PEI) with sugarcane bagasse cellulose and glutaraldehyde. The adsorption of Cu(II) by SBCMP was pH-dependent, and the higher removal efficiency of Cu(II) appeared in the range of pH 3.0-6.0. The adsorption isothermal data fitted well with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of SBCMP was up to 107.5 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic. The adsorption of Cu(II) by SBCMP was unfavorable at high temperatures, and thermodynamic analyses implied that the adsorption of Cu(II) by SBCMP was an exothermic reaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that Cu(II) adsorption on SBCMP mainly controlled by the nitrogen atoms of -NH- group in PEI. The results of regeneration cycles showed that SBCMP was suitable for reuse in the adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. These experimental results suggested that SBCMP is expected to be a new biomass adsorbent with high efficiency in removing Cu(II) from wastewater.
The addition of reduced sulfur compounds (thio sulfate, cysteine, sodium hydrosulfite, and sodium metabisulfite) increased growth and fermentation of dilute acid hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse by ethanologenic Escherichia coli (strains LY180, EMFR9, and MM 160). With sodium metabisulfite (0.5 mM), toxicity was sufficiently reduced that slurries of pretreated biomass (10\% dry weight including fiber and solubles) could be fermented by E. coli strain MM160 without solid-liquid separation or cleanup of sugars. A 6-h liquefaction step was added to improve mixing. Sodium metabisulfite also caused spectral changes at wavelengths corresponding to furfural and soluble products from lignin. Glucose and cellobiose were rapidly metabolized. Xylose utilization was improved by sodium metabisulfite but remained incomplete after 144 h. The overall ethanol yield for this liquefaction plus simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process was 0.20 g ethanol/g bagasse dry weight, 250 L/tonne (61 gal/US ton). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sugarcane molasses is an agricultural by-product containing sucrose. In this study, the exopolysaccharide (M-EPS) produced by Leuconostoc citreum B-2 in molasses-based medium was characterized, optimized, and its application in set yogurt was investigated. The structure analysis, including gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance, revealed that the M-EPS was a linear dextran composed of D-glucose units, which were linked by alpha-(1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds with 19.3\% alpha-(1 -> 3) branches. The M-EPS showed a lower molecular weight than that produced from sucrose. The M-EPS was added into the set yogurt, and then the water holding capacity, pH, and microstructure of set yogurt were evaluated. Compared with the controls, the addition of M-EPS improved the water holding capacity and reduced the pH of set yogurt. Meanwhile, the structure of the three-dimensional network was also observed in the set yogurt containing M-EPS, indicating that M-EPS had a positive effect on the stability of set yogurt. The results provide a theoretical basis for the cost-effective utilization of sugarcane molasses.
Molasses, a liquefied by-product of sugar production from sugarcane, is one of the most easily decomposable organic substances. We investigated the effect of the application of diluted molasses in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields on cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) absorption in rice grains as a measure of the shortage of irrigation water or rainfall. The application of diluted molasses on to the top of the soil surface at one week before or after heading led to a decrease in the redox potential of the soil. The Cd concentration in the rice grains was significantly decreased with the application of molasses (2000 kg ha(-1)) at heading or one week after heading. However, early application of molasses (one week before heading) did not decrease the Cd concentration in the rice grains with downsizing of grain particle size. Meanwhile, As concentration in the rice grains did not change with early application at one week before heading, while it increased with application of molasses at heading or one week after heading. This method is useful especially for decreasing Cd concentration in rice grains in a region under lack of irrigation due to drought.
Cellulose Acetate (CA) produced from sugarcane bagasse cellulose was used to produce membranes, using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 600) as additive. Results showed that PEG 600 was washed out the membranes during the preparation step. Thermal Analysis showed that the temperature of degradation of the membranes increased in 10 degrees C when PEG 600 was added to the composition, but did not change as more PEG 600 was added in the composition. On the other hand, the crystalline content (\%C) of the membranes increased as PEG 600 was added. The addition of PEG 600 also increased the resistance of the membranes to pressure and the pure water flux rate, but membranes produced with PEG 600 content lower than 5\% did not present water flux. PEG 600 also increased the coefficient of ion diffusion of the membranes.
beta-Glucosidases (BGLs) belong to the group of enzymes of cellulases and act in the last stage of cellulose degradation, releasing glucose molecules, eliminating the inhibitory effect of cellobiose. This study focused on the production, characterization, and application of BGL from Moniliophthora perniciosa in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (3\% NaOH + 6\% Na2SO3), with varying enzymatic loads and reaction times. The enzyme showed an optimum pH of 4.5 and 60 degrees C. It was stable at all temperatures analyzed (50-90 degrees C) and retained about 100\% of its activity at 50 degrees C after 60 min of incubation. Among the ions analyzed, BaCl2 increased BGL activity 9.04 +/- 1.41 times. The maximum production of reducing sugars (89.15\%) was achieved after 48 h with 10 mg of protein.
Integration of first- and second-generation ethanol production is a strategy to strengthen the economic viability of individual processes and the overall viability of biorefineries. The sharing of storage, fermentation, distillation, and energy infrastructure is an important advantage of process integration. Furthermore, integration contributes to the utilization and valorization of all products and by-products, which is key to the success of a biorefinery. Selenium-enriched yeasts have aroused great interest as mineral sources for their high bioavailability and low toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selenium on yeast cell growth and production of ethanol and xylitol from hydrolyzed hemicellulosic biomass and sugarcane molasses. For this, cultures were enriched with sodium selenite at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 mg/L. A miniaturization protocol was used to simulate biorefinery production of first-generation ethanol. The yeasts Spathaspora passalidarum and Kluyveromyces marxianus were able to grow under all tested conditions. The maximum specific growth rate, lag time, and biomass production were influenced by selenium concentration. S. passalidarum provided the best fermentation results, with 77.9\% ethanol fermentation efficiency, 24.7\% xylitol fermentation efficiency, 0.25 g/g glycerol yield, and 3.3 g cell biomass production. K. marxianus accumulated 122.92 mg selenium/kg biomass, whereas S. passalidarum had a maximum accumulation of 37.40 mg selenium/kg biomass. Yeasts also accumulated other minerals. Therefore, S. passalidarum has great potential as a biological platform and the results of this work could be useful for supporting the development of integrated processes to produce ethanol-, xylitol-, glycerol-, and selenium-enriched yeast products.
Sugar-energy sector is key to the provision of food and energy worldwide. However, it can largely generate mill-run bagasse as an agro-residual biomass. The tradition of the sector is to put it back into the industrial process as an alternative fuel to co-generate steam and power for milling and biorefining factories. However, excessive ash in the mineral phase of this material typically makes it challenging for burning it in boilers cost-effectively, driving the need of developing a more suitable pathway for its disposal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze whether co-pelleting sugarcane bagasse with either pinewood sawdust or peanut shell could make it possible for transforming this low-technical-quality agro-residual biomass into a solid biofuel of superior quality. The production of pellets consisted of co-pressing sugarcane bagasse with either pinewood sawdust or peanut shell at the standard proportion of 50/50 on an automatic pelletizer at 200 MPa and 125 degrees C. The blending improved the quality of biopellets. These products fulfilled the requirements of European standards for premium-grade solid biofuels. Blends proved to be highly energetic (15.1-15.35 GJ m(-3)) and durable (98.05-98.7\%). They also emitted less of NOx (92.7-101.55 mg m(-3)), CO (59.05-63.2 mg m(-3)), and volatile organics (26.3-29.65 mg m(-3)), making it possible for the boiler to operate a clearer and safer way. Therefore, insights into the conceptual and technical ramifications of this study can provide further knowledge to progress the field's prominence in transforming sugarcane bagasse into a solid biofuel of greater quality.
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a chemical platform used in several applications, such as cosmetics, medicines, polymers, and fuels. Its levo-isomer is used as an antifreeze agent of industrial interest. Glycerol has been extensively investigated to produce 2,3-BDO by different bacteria. However, few studies involving Paenibacillus polymyxa and glycerol have been conducted so far. In this study, biodiesel-derived glycerol was used for the 2,3-BDO production by P. polymyxa PM 3605. About 14.5 g/L of 2,3-BDO was obtained from 50 g/L of crude glycerol in shaken flasks at 37 degrees C and 200 rpm. By supplementing the glycerol-containing medium with 10 g/L of sugarcane molasses, the final 2,3-BDO production was enhanced to up to 19 g/L. This was the highest 2,3-BDO titer produced by the P. polymyxa strain from crude glycerol as the main carbon source, and sugarcane molasses as a secondary substrate, until now. The selectivity of levo-2,3-BDO was high, and the production of meso-2,3-BDO and acetoin were not detected. As 2,3-BDO metabolism is dependent on strict oxygen control to ensure a microaerobic condition, the production found here has potential for improvement, indicating that the glycerol use by P. polymyxa PM 3605 is promising for the levo-2,3-BDO synthesis.
The main target of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of charred xanthated sugarcane bagasse (CXSB) and charred sugarcane bagasse (CSB) in the removal of Hg(ii) ions from aqueous media. Batch experiments were performed to study the experimental parameters such as effects of pH, concentration, contact time and temperature. The adsorption velocity of Hg(ii) onto CSB and CXSB was fast and reached equilibrium within 60 minutes. Isotherm and kinetic studies showed that Hg(ii) uptake using both the biosorbents followed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacity of Hg(ii) at optimum pH 4.5 onto CSB and CXSB was found to be 125 mg g(-1) and 333.34 mg g(-1), respectively. A negative value of Delta G degrees and positive Delta S degrees value (0.24 kJ mol(-1) for CSB and 0.18 kJ mol(-1) for CXSB) for both the biosorbents confirm the spontaneous nature of Hg(ii) adsorption. A positive value of Delta H degrees (52.06 kJ mol(-1) for CSB and 30.82 kJ mol(-1) for CXSB) suggests the endothermic nature of biosorption. The investigated results shows that CXSB compared to CSB can be used as a low cost and environmentally benign bio-adsorbent for the removal of Hg(ii) ions from aqueous solutions.
Rheological properties, such as yield stress and apparent viscosity, of pulp suspensions of bleached sugarcane bagasse were studied in a stress-shear rate controlled rheometer using concentric cylinders geometry. Results were statistically analyzed and presented as a function of the suspension consistency (0.5\% <= C-m <= 4.0\%) and temperature (20 degrees C, 40 degrees C, and 60 degrees C). The yield stress was influenced by the consistency and temperature. The apparent viscosity was influenced only by the consistency. A power law model was fitted to the experimental results of yield stress. In flow tests, all the suspensions showed shear-thinning behavior, which was in agreement with the Carreau-Yasuda model.
Cellulose, lignin, raw bagasse fiber, and extracted bagasse fibers chemically processed with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution and treatment time were measured by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The thermal characteristics of these fibers were determined by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) profiles and analyzed based on the onset degradation temperature, peak rate of thermal decomposition, and residual weight. According to the observations from the experimental data from TGA and DTG profiles and literature reports, it was found that higher content of cellulose and lower content of lignin would result in higher onset degradation temperature, higher peak rate of decomposition, and lower residual weight. Statistical analysis of the onset decomposition temperatures, peak rate of weight loss, and residual weights of different extracted bagasse fibers showed that most of their values were significantly different. The three-dimensional surface plots of onset decomposition temperature and peak rate of weight loss indicated that higher content of cellulose occurred in the bagasse fiber treated under the condition close to the region around 2 N NaOH for 2 hours or 1.5 N NaOH for 1.5 hours.
A complete cellulase from Penicillium pinophilum was evaluated for the hydrolysis of a-cellulose derived from steam exploded sugarcane bagasse and other cellulosic substrates. alpha-Cellulose at 1\% substrate concentration was completely hydrolyzed by Penicillium cellulase within 3 h wherein at 10\% the hydrolysis was 100\% within 24 h with an enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g. The hydrolysate yielded glucose as major end product as analyzed by HPLC. Under similar conditions, hydrolysis of Sigmacell (microcrystalline cellulose), CP-123 (pulverized cellulose powder) and ball milled Solka Floc were 42\%, 56\% and 52\%, respectively. Further the hydrolysis performance of Penicillium sp. cellulase is compared with Trichoderma reesei cellulase (Accellerase (TM) 1000) from Genencore. The kinetics of hydrolysis with respect to enzyme and substrate concentration will be presented. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a new generation concrete having high deformability in the fresh state and the ability to compact by itself without the use of vibrators, thus reducing time and labor. They are widely used nowadays in zones of congested reinforcements in concrete elements and structures. To achieve the necessary performance targets, SCC requires higher use of viscosity modifying agents and superplasticizers, which increase the cost of production significantly. Thereby, studies are being conducted for incorporating the use of agricultural wastes as partial substitutes for cement in SCC production to bring down the usage of the admixtures, along with lowering the cost. Agricultural wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), a waste generated from the sugar industry, if used as a partial replacement to cement after suitable processing, improve the fresh properties of SCC. The effect of fresh properties of SCC by the addition of SBA, as investigated by different authors is reviewed in this study. Results of slump flow test, V-funnel test, T500, L-box and J-ring test, obtained from the different papers are compiled and optimum content of SBA that has to be used for the required performance is concluded. Slump flow was observed to decrease with increasing SBA content in SCC, due to higher water absorption of the SBA particles, resulting in a more viscous concrete mix. Similarly, V-funnel time increased due to the increased viscosity. An increase was observed in T500, the time required for the slump flow to reach a diameter of 500 mm, as well. Thus, from analysis of the changes in the fresh properties, this literature review has helped us identify that a replacement of 10-15\% cement with sugarcane bagasse ash provides desirable results. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, lignin from acid-catalyzed glycerol (AG) pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was recovered and characterized. Its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase recycling were then investigated. Prior to lignin recovery, a two-step dilute acid and AG pretreatment was used to deconstruct sugarcane bagasse, which led to a glucan enzymatic digestibility of 99\%, a glucose yield of 91\%, and a xylose yield of 67\%. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, lignin-rich residues were recovered by simple filtration at a lignin yield of 63\% and a lignin purity of 90\%. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that glycerol had modified the bagasse lignin through alpha-etherification of beta-aryl ethers and gamma-esterification of hydroxycinnamic acids, generating a novel lignin structure. P-31 NMR analysis showed that the recovered lignin had a high number of aliphatic hydroxyl groups suggesting that it is highly hydrophilic in nature. As a result, the AG lignin did not inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse, and cellulases adsorbed onto lignin-rich solid residues were successfully recycled three times, leading to an average glucan digestibility of 93\% (for a total of four batches) at an average cellulase dosage of only 4.1 FPU/g glucan. This study provides new and important information on AG pretreatment, which is critical toward the development of biorefinery processes based on this pretreatment.
Geopolymer concrete (GC) has emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary concrete, resulting from the alkalination of an Alumino-Silicate (Al-Si) source material. Large-scale applications of GC are predicated on a suitable supply of Al-Si sources, however rapid depletion of traditional sources like fly ash imposes a challenge therein and alternative source materials need to be identified. Agricultural waste ashes (AGWA) also exhibit high Al-Si content; therefore, in this study, two AGWA, that is, Corn Cob Ash (CCA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) were used in lieu of fly ash for GC synthesis. The results for workability and mechanical testing showed that properties of GC remained intact for up to 20\% and 10\% CCA and SCBA, respectively. Life cycle assessment showed that AGWA-based GC reduced the greenhouse gas emissions of ordinary concrete by 49\% and can be used as an environmentally friendly alternative thereof, thus contributing to the circular economy.
Filtered stillage from the distillation of ethanol made by yeast fermentation of sugarcane molasses, citrus waste, and sweet whey was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and by highperformance liquid chromatography. Nearly all of the major peaks representing low molecular weight organic components were identified. The major components in cane stillage were, in decreasing order of concentration, lactic acid, glycerol, ethanol, and acetic acid. In citrus stillage they were lactic acid, glycerol, myo-inositol, acetic acid, chiro-inositol, and proline., Finally, in whey stillage the major components were lactose, lactic acid, glycerol, acetic acid, glucose, arabinitol, and ribitol.
In this study, hydrogen harvesting from fermentation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was promoted by maintaining synergism between sulfonated graphene (SGR) catalyst and paper mill sludge (PMS). The sulfonic acid (-SO3H) groups in the catalyst played a major role in destructing the beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds of sugarcane bagasse, releasing readily biodegradable sugars into the fermentation medium. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin conversion efficiency were improved by 127.5\%, 495.0\%, and 109.2\%, respectively with 20 mgSGR/gVS catalyst addition, compared with the control samples. These values were also higher than those obtained by non-sulfonated graphene catalyst. The hydrogenation of sugarcane bagasse was maximized at a sulfonated gra-phene catalyst dosage of 60 mgSGR/gVS, providing the highest hydrogen harvesting of 4104 +/- 321 mL. This was associated with an increase of the Proteobacteria phyla up to 52.0\%, Firmicutes phyla to 13.9\%, and Acinetobacter sp. to 39.8\% compared with only 37.0\%, 11.3\% and 11.1\% in the control assay respectively. Moreover, sulfo-nated graphene catalyst supplementation promoted the acetate fermentation reaction pathway by increasing the acetate/butyrate ratio up to 4.1. Nevertheless, elevating the catalyst dosage up to 120 mgSGR/gVS reduced the hydrogen harvesting (1190 +/- 92 mL) due to the release of furfural (1.76 +/- 0.02 g/L) in the fermentation cul-tures, deteriorating the microbes' internal composition and metabolism bioactivities. Finally maximizing the hydrogen productivity from sugarcane bagasse is feasible by incorporation of paper mill sludge and sulfonated graphene catalyst at dosage not exceeding 60 mgSGR/gVS. However, investigating the recyclability and disposal of digestate containing sulfonated graphene catalyst and the associated economic feasibility needs more atten-tion in the future.
Previous studies based on protic ionic liquids have shown them to be effective for extracting lignins from biomass. Moreover, ILs synthesized with amine cations can promote the insertion of nitrogen into lignin, favoring its valorization for industrial applications. In this study, lignins extracted from sugarcane bagasse by eight different PILs were analyzed. Several techniques of characterization were employed (2D HSQC NMR, 31P NMR, GPC, Py-GC/MS, TGA, FTIR, and elemental analysis), seeking a deeper understanding of lignin structure post-PILS treatment. In particular, lignin obtained with acetate and lactate anions with monoethanolamonium cations showed similar structural compositions. Lignins obtained from ethylenediamonium cation combined anions acetate and lactate exhibited relatively higher molecular weights compared to the other lignins studied. The elemental analysis of these lignins further revealed the presence of nitrogen in their structures, suggesting that amination occurred. In this work we used PILs not yet reported in the literature for this purpose, and consequently obtained lignins with specific structures. Overall, our results demonstrated that depending on the PILs used, lignins with distinct properties could be obtained which might be used for value-added applications. This work covered new advances in elucidation of lignin chemical structure and opened a new path for lignin valorization. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sugarcane straw is not effectively used in the industry currently. However, sugarcane straw hemicellulose hydrolyzate (HH) application as raw material for H2 and CH4 pro-duction is a promising alternative. In this work, the two-stage anaerobic digestion (TS-AD) approach led to 37.86 mLH2/L.h and 40.12 mLCH4/L.d, while the single-stage anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) generated 46.11 mLCH4/L.d. Hence, the two-stage process was energeti-cally favorable than the single-stage by approximately 33\%. Additionally, the comparison with standard medium (composed of glucose, xylose, and arabinose) applied as raw ma-terial indicated that although hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural from HH were not responsible for the decrease in H2 production, they extended the adaptive phase of methanogenic archaea during the methanogenesis. Hemicellulose hydrolysate is an attractive raw material for two-stage anaerobic digestion. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Removing sugarcane straw to increase bioenergy production can generate significant income to the industry. However, straw contributes to the regulation of soil functions and consequently supports the provision of ecosystem services, such as water flow regulation. Thus, straw removal may hinder the provision of these services, especially in mechanized sugarcane production systems, which have soil compaction problems due to machinery traffic. In this study, we assess a six-year experiment in Brazil with four rates of straw removal: 0 Mg ha(-1) (TR), 5 Mg ha(-1) (HR), 10 Mg ha(-1) (LR), and 15 Mg ha(-1) (NR) remaining straw. Using attributes, such as soil bulk density, porosity, water infiltration, runoff, saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water-holding capacity, as indicators of key soil functions, we calculated a soil-related ecosystem service (ES) index for water flow regulation provision. The ES index revealed that water flow regulation was low regardless of the straw management (0.56, 0.63, 0.64 and 0.60 for TR, HR, LR and NR, respectively). It can be a consequence of soil compaction caused by machinery traffic throughout the successive cycle, whose straw was unable to mitigate this issue. Thus, by the end of the sugarcane cycle (sixth ratoon), straw removal had little effect on soil physical and hydraulic indicators, and consequently had little impact on the provision of the soil-related ES associated with water flow regulation. Nevertheless, straw management should be planned to consider other functions and soil-related ES benefited by straw retention.
This research aim to prepare activated carbons from agricultural bio-waste materials by using chemical additives. In this study, activated carbons were synthesized by chemical activation of sugarcane bagasse and rice husk by using H3PO4 and ZnCl2. The sugarcane bagasse and rice husk was impregnated with ratio (raw precursor: activating agent) 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Activation was carried out at 600, 700, 800 and 900 degrees C in muffle furnace. Effect of different impregnation ratio, activation temperature and yield was studied and compared. As iodine number determination is the quick and easy indication of the internal surface area of activated carbon, hence, all the synthesized activated carbons were tested for iodine number and compared. The iodine number of the carbon made from sugarcane bagasse by using zinc chloride was 1140.69 mg/g for 1:2 ratio at 900 degrees C and with phosphoric acid iodine number found was 987.31 mg/g for 1:1 ratio at 900 degrees C. The carbon prepared from rice husk gives lesser iodine values and surface area as compared to sugarcane bagasse. The highest surface area of sugarcane bagasse made activated carbon impregnated with ZnCl2 found to be 1386.58 m2/g with pore volume of 0.9947. The optimum ratio was 1:2 with activation temperature of 900 degrees C. The rice husk gave maximum surface area 749.51 m2/g with ZnCl2. It has been observed from the results that, carbons prepared with zinc chloride gives maximum surface area than phosphoric acid. The characterization study, FTIR, SEM, BET, XRD and TGA-DTA of selected carbons were carried out and presented in the paper. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of 2022 International Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering Materials.
This work investigated the identification and selection of fungi isolated from sugarcane bagasse and their application for phenanthrene (Phe) removal from soil. Fungi were identified by PCR amplification of ITS regions as Aspergillus terrus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger, Penicillium glabrum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. A primary selection of fungi was accomplished in plate, considering Phe tolerance of every strain in two different media: potato dextrose agar (PDA) and mineral medium (MM). The radial extension rate (r(r)) in PDA exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) at 200 and 400 ppm of Phe. A secondary selection of A. niger, C. cladosporoides, and P. glabrum sp. was achieved based on their tolerance to 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm of Phe, in solid culture at a sugarcane bagasse/contaminated soil ratio of 95:5, in Toyamas, Czapeck and Wunder media. Under these conditions, a maximum (70\%) Phe removal by A. niger was obtained. In addition C. cladosporioides and A. niger were able to remove high (800 ppm) Phe concentrations.
Fungal pigments, including melanin, are recognized as promising materials for biomedical, environmental, and technological applications. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the DOPA-melanin produced by the MEL1 mutant of Aspergillus nidulans exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities without any cytotoxic or mutagenic effects, suggesting its potential use in pharmaceuticals. In order to increase the yield of this pigment and reduce the costs of its large-scale production, the present study aimed to evaluate agro-industrial by-products, sugarcane molasses, vinasse, and corn steep liquor as inexpensive substrates for fungal growth using experimental design methodology. According to the results obtained, the optimal composition of the culture medium was 0.81\% (v/v) vinasse and 1.62\% (w/v) glucose, which promoted a greater production of melanin (225.39 \& PLUSMN; 4.52 mg g(-1) of biomass), representing a 2.25-fold increase compared with the condition before optimization (100.32 mg.g(-1) of biomass). Considering the amount of biomass obtained in the optimized condition, it was possible to obtain a total melanin production of 1 g L-1. Therefore, this formulation of a less complex and low-cost culture medium composition makes the large-scale process economically viable for future biotechnological applications of melanin produced by A. nidulans.
Inherited loss-of-function mutations in the Rim15p-mediated stress-response pathway contribute to the high fermentation rate of sake yeast strains. In the present study, we found that disruption of the RIM15 gene in ethanol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain PE-2 accelerated molasses fermentation through enhanced sucrose utilization following glucose starvation. (C) 2013, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.
Bagasse flour (BF) was liquefied using bi-component polyhydric alcohol (PA) as a solvent and phosphoric acid as a catalyst in a microwave reactor. The effect of BF to solvent ratio and reaction temperatures on the liquefaction extent and characteristics of liquefied products were evaluated. The results revealed that almost 75\% of the raw bagasse was converted into liquid products within 9 min at 150 degrees C with a BF to solvent ratio of 1/4. The hydroxyl and acid values of the liquefied bagasse (LB) varied with the liquefied conditions. High reaction temperature combining with low BF to solvent ratio resulted in a low hydroxyl number for the LB. The molecular weight and polydispersity of the LB from reactions of 150 degrees C was lower compared to that from 125 degrees C. Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared from LB and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and the structural, mechanical and thermal properties of the PU foam were evaluated. The PU foams prepared using the LB from high reaction temperature showed better physical and mechanical performance in comparison to those from low reaction temperature. The amount of PA in the LB has the ability of increasing thermal stability of LB-PU foams. The results in this study may provide fundamental information on integrated utilizations of sugarcane bagasse via microwave liquefaction process.
The aim of this work was to develop and optimize process parameters in ultrasound and sono-assisted alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse prior to hydrolysis and bioethanol fermentation processes. Following the optimization of ultrasound time and temperature, the influence of concentration of NaOH solution was examined. The optimal condition in ultrasound pretreatment (35kHz) was achieved at 5min and 65C. Ultrasound pretreatment of bagasse prior to hydrolysis step resulted in increased sugar concentration from 3.62g/L (control, 25C) to 5.78g/L (65C, 5min). The micromorphology and cellulose crystallinity for native and pretreated bagasse were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The maximum glucan conversion and bioethanol production of 50\% and 0.38g/g glucose were achieved following sono-assisted alkaline pretreatment (3\% NaOH concentration), respectively. The findings indicate that sono-assisted alkaline pretreated bagasse can be used as a potential feedstock in bioethanol production. Practical ApplicationsCurrent bioethanol production uses food crops such as sugarcane and maize. Large amounts of sugar molecules are present in the lignocellulose of plant material and current research aims to unlock the fermentable sugars in agricultural or forestry wastes and residues. The objective of the present research was to find an optimum pretreatment method by combining ultrasound with various concentrations of mild alkaline solution in order to make use of a greater proportion of lignocellulose materials from the sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production. The development of an efficient pretreatment to increase the cellulose digestibility and fermentability potential of biomass may be of interest in bioethanol industries.
In this study, three agro-waste materials were used as biosorbents for removal of copper (Cu) from water. This work aims to optimise conditions for preparation of these materials to obtain maximum Cu adsorption capacity. The optimal conditions were determined in terms of Cu removal efficiency and/or energy consumption. The results indicate that banana peels dried at 120 degrees C for 2 h and ground into powder form led to a better performance in terms of both copper removal efficiency and energy consumption. For sugarcane bagasse and watermelon rind, 120 degrees C was the suitable drying temperature. However, the best drying time was 1 h for sugarcane bagasse and 3 h for watermelon rind. The powder form with size of <150 mu m was optimal for all biosorbents in terms of removal efficiency and equilibration time. The findings are beneficial to the application of these agro-waste materials for Cu removal from water and wastewater treatment. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SB) was pretreated with combination pretreatment (e.g., sequential KOH extraction and ionic liquid soaking, sequential KOH extraction and Fenton soaking, or sequential KOH extraction and glycerol soaking). After the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SBs, it was found that all these three concentrated hydrolyzates could be used for the asymmetric bioreduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) into ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate {[
Xanthan gum (XG) is a microbial exopolysaccharide that occupies a prominent place in the market because of its unique properties compared with other microbial gums. When lignocellulosic materials such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are used as a carbon source, the degradation of the SCB material can be partial, retaining microfibrils of cellulose in the fermentation broth. These microfibrils can be incorporated into the XG structure. The aim of this work was to select the best concentration of SCB to produce XG and to analyze the characteristics of the biopolymer obtained. The XG produced in the best condition was added to biodegradable films as a reinforcing agent. The SCB was evaluated at the following concentrations: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10\% w/w. The XG produced with 4\% w/w SCB provided the best XG, not only for production but also for polymer characteristics. Visualization with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) established the presence of microfibrils in the polysaccharide structure, and the incorporation of XG with microfibrils provided a flexible film with enhanced mechanical properties. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
After chemical pretreatment, improved amenability of agrowaste biomass for enzymatic saccharification needs an understanding of the effect exerted by pretreatments on biomass for enzymatic deconstruction. In present studies, NaOH, NH4OH and H2SO4 pretreatments effectively changed visible morphology imparting distinct fibrous appearance to sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Filtrate analysis after NaOH, NH4OH and H2SO4 pretreatments yielded release of soluble reducing sugars (SRS) in range of similar to 0.17-0.44\%, similar to 0.38-0.75\% and similar to 2.9-8.4\% respectively. Gravimetric analysis of pretreated SCB (PSCB) biomass also revealed dry weight loss in range of similar to 25.8-44.8\%, similar to 11.1-16.0\% and similar to 28.3-38.0\% by the three pretreatments in the same order. Release of soluble components other than SRS, majorly reported to be soluble lignins, were observed highest for NaOH followed by H2SO4 and NH4OH pretreatments. Decrease or absence of peaks attributed to lignin and loosened fibrous appearance of biomass during FTIR and SEM studies respectively further corroborated with our observations of lignin removal. Application of commercial cellulase increased raw SCB saccharification from 1.93\% to 38.84\%, 25.56\% and 9.61\% after NaOH, H2SO4 and NH4OH pretreatments. Structural changes brought by cell wall degrading enzymes were first time shown visually confirming the cell wall disintegration under brightfield, darkfield and fluorescence microscopy. The microscopic evidence and saccharification results proved that the chemical treatment valorized the SCB by making it amenable for enzymatic saccharification.
The application of sugarcane residues to the soil may induce changes in soil compressibility parameters. The objective of this study was to investigate the compressibility behavior of a dystrophic cohesive Yellow Latosol in the coastal tablelands of the state of Alagoas, in three different management systems with sugarcane, with different levels of organic residue application. The experiment was conducted in an area of sugarcane production (Usina Santa Clotilde), Alagoas. Three plots were chosen in sugarcane fields: sugarcane under irrigation (SMI), under fertigation with vinasse (SMV) and with application of vinasse + filter cake (SMVT). These management systems were compared to each other and to a control plot, represented by native forest (NF). The three sugar cane management systems had been established four years before soil sampling. Undisturbed soil were collected (layers 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m), using a metal sampler. The samples were first tested by uniaxial compression (gravimetric moisture levels of 0.10; 0.14; 0.18; and 0.22 kg kg(-1)). For the compression test, loads were applied with vertical tensions of 12.5; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 and 1600 kPa and readings taken every 30 sec. Thereafter, the samples were oven-dried for gravimetric moisture determination. The results were subjected to variance and multiple regression analysis of the pre-compaction tension, according to the following independent variables: bulk density (Ds), gravimetric moisture (Ug), mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates (DMPu) and dissipated energy (Ed). The load carrying capacity of native forest soil was lower in both layers than in the three sugarcane managements; the management systems under sugar cane with organic residue application (SMV and SMVT) have lower tension levels; the limit curves (suction increase and loading collapse) can be used in the planning of mechanical operations and pre-compaction stress can be predicted from the physical properties.
Field experiments were carried out for three consecutive years (2003-2006) at Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute farm soil on plant (first crop after planting) and subsequent two ratoon crops of sugarcane. The main objectives of the study were to assess the direct and residual effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield, and juice quality of plant and ratoon crops. The plant crop consisted of four treatments. After harvesting of plant crop to evaluate the residual effects on ratoon crop the plots were subdivided except the control plot. Thus, there were seven treatments in the ratoon crop. Application of recommended fertilizer {[
Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 was used for lipase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse (SB) impregnated with used cooking oil medium. Pretreatments of steam, microwave, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and their combinations, such as steam-assisted HCl, steam-assisted NaOH, microwave-assisted HCl, and microwave-assisted NaOH, on the milled SB, were done prior to SSF to investigate their effects on lipase production via SSF. The highest lipase activity among the pretreated SB was 0.200U/g(SB), using steam-assisted HCl treated SB, which is lower than the lipase activity produced from the untreated SB, which was 0.413U/g(SB). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging showed significant rupture of the SB structure after steam-assisted-HCl pretreatments where the thin walls of the SB pith were wrinkled and collapsed, with no distinctive cell wall structure. The HCl pretreated SB gave the highest crystallinity index (CrI), 91.43\%, compared to the untreated, 61.90\%. Conversely, microwave and NaOH pretreatments reduced the CrI, which were 46.15\% and 43.36\%, respectively. In this study, the results obtained indicated that pretreated SB did not improve the lipase production of Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 under SSF.
The production of biological and chemical combination products and the generation of biomass energy with bagasse as raw materials have become a global strategy for sustainable development. The proper pretreatment methods selection is the key factor to improve the overall utilization level of bagasse. In this study, sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC) was pretreated by NaOH, H2O2, NaClO2 and acetic acid to separate the components first. Then, zinc chloride solution was used to destroy the crystallinity of SBC. Based on the single factor experiments, the effects of zinc chloride mass fraction, pretreatment time and temperature were investigated by response surface methodology. A mathematical model was established and analyzed to describe the relationships between the factors and the solubility efficiency of bagasse cellulose. The structures of untreated and treated bagasse cellulose were detected by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimum parameters were as follows: zinc chloride mass fraction of 72\%, pretreatment time of 60 min and temperature of 82 degrees C. Under the optimum conditions, the solubility of bagasse cellulose could reach 0.967 g.g(-1).
Fructan (levan) is a fructose polysaccharide connected by beta 2 -> 6 glycosidic linkages but, compared to dextran, the amounts of fructan in factory products are much less known. By using a new enzymatic (research) method that incorporates newly available recombinant enzymes, which comes in kit form from Megazyme (R), considerable amounts of fructan (>9000 mg/kg) were consistently found in final (C) molasses from Louisiana cane sugar factories. Results were verified by breaking down the fructan with inulinase and measuring resultant products with ion chromatography. Fructan was observed to be strongly related to the recovery of sucrose in upstream and downstream factory products. Results also have, at least to a partial exte A major source of fructan is the microbial deterioration of sugarcane either outside or inside the factory or both. Identification of the microorganisms causing the formation of fructan is urgently needed.
Sustainable integration of biofuel (primarily bioethanol) and highly digestible livestock feed in production systems is a potential way to increase the economic returns to agriculture and simultaneously promote energy security, particularly in developing countries. In this work we evaluated the efficacy of steam explosion (StEx) and ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX (TM)) as potential processes for improving the in vitro rumen digestibility, metabolizable energy, and ethanol yields from sugarcane crop residues (bagasse and cane leaf matter, CLM). Ammonia fiber expansion pretreatment enhanced the in vitro true digestibility and metabolizable energy content of sugarcane crop residues by 69\% and 26\%, respectively compared to untreated controls. On the other hand, StEx increased the true digestibility and metabolizable energy content of the sugarcane residues by 54\% and 7\%, respectively. Ammonia fiber expansion also increased the total nitrogen content of both sugarcane bagasse and CLM to more than 20.2 g kg(-1) dry forage, a more than 230\% improvement relative to untreated controls. High solid-loading enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of StEx- and AFEX (TM)-pretreated sugarcane crop residues generated yields of up to 3368 and 4360 L of ethanol per hectare of sugarcane cultivated, respectively, at a biomass-degrading enzyme dosage of 20 mg protein per gram glucan. This research strongly suggests that the use of suitably pretreated sugarcane crop residues in integrated sugarcane biofuel-livestock production systems can increase the total per hectare agricultural output without increasing the area of sugarcane cultivated. In effect, this integrated approach promotes more sustainable biofuel production and increased food production while avoiding the potential for indirect land use change. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
This study was aimed at studying the potential of biogas (methane) production from vinasse wastewater in real full-scale application using a two-stage sequencing Up-flow High Rate Anaerobic Reactor (UHRAR), with effluent recirculation and substrate modification. A batch experiment was initially conducted prior to the full-scale application experiment. The batch experiment was done with experimental condition variable: undiluted sample (pH 6) and diluted samples (pH: 5; 6 and 7), while pH and methane production were observed for 50 days. Full-scale application was carried out in two-stage UHRAR reactors with volume 60 m(3), HRT 40 d and OLR 60.1-104 kg COD/m(3).d. The observation lasted for 32 d. The result from the batch experiment showed that the diluted samples achieved higher COD degradation and methane generation than the undiluted sample. The optimum condition occurred at pH 7, with theoretical methane yield of 7.5-10.64 L CH4 per kg COD. In turn, in full scale application, at day 32, COD removal was 71\% (69.1 kg COD/d removed), with methane production was 36.72 m(3) CH4/d. Methane production per COD removed was 0.53 m(3) CH4/kg COD.d. Substrate modification and effluent recirculation could improve the substrate biodegradability, maintain microbial diversity and enrich nutrients in the reactor.
Global warming and greenhouse gas emissions are significant concerns of the modern world. The cement industry causes 5-7\% of CO2 gas emissions. Despite this critical environmental burden, cement is needed to develop future societies. Geopolymers are an alternative that has significantly fewer emissions than Ordinary Portland Cement. A geopolymer that considers the inclusion of natural fibers (bamboo and sugar cane bagasse) was developed. Two pre-treatments were considered for the fibers to remove lignin and starch. A life cycle assessment was performed on this geopolymer composite to evaluate its performance and compare the environmental impact of other options. The low liquid ammonia treated sugar cane bagasse fiber geopolymer had a better environmental performance with 857.9 kg CO(2 )eq per 1 m(3) of pure binder (no aggregates). The other fiber alternatives had 2-4\% more CO2 emissions. The geopolymer had excellent impact scores compared to different options and current OPC. The sensitivity analysis showed a concise and complete system that varies slightly when variables could provide uncertainty.
Biomass enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency shows some limitations, such as the non-specific adsorption of enzymes in lignin. We evaluated the adsorption of proteins and enzymes from Chrysoporthe cubensis into alkaline and acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse, containing 8.1 and 33.8\% of lignin, respectively. The data from Langmuir isotherm showed that at 4 degrees C, proteins were more adsorbed by acid-treated bagasse, 10.5 mg g(-1), while higher adsorption affinity, 2.0 mL mg(-1), was determined from alkali-treated bagasse. Similarly, under hydrolytic conditions (50 degrees C), higher amounts of proteins were adsorbed into acid-treated bagasse, confirming the predominant effect of lignin on protein adsorption. Enzymatic recycling rounds during alkali-treated bagasse saccharification showed that the addition of fresh substrate and enzymes promoted the higher release of glucose and xylose, 40.3 and 38.3 g L-1, respectively. However, the addition of only fresh substrates showed to be efficient for C. cubensis enzymes recovery and substrate hydrolysis, which reduces enzyme consumption and costs.
Sugarcane molasses distillery wastewater (DWW) was fractionated by ultrafiltration (UF) using 100 kDa and 10 kDa membranes. The isolated fractions were characterized for antioxidant activity and content of melanoidins, total phenols, proteins and carbohydrates were measured. Chemical composition of the fractions was determined using GC MS analysis and antimicrobial property was tested against pure microbial cultures. DWW has high antioxidant activity with the melanoidins content around 2 x 10(3) times the total phenols content. Diafiltration leads to loss in antioxidant activity. Removing the bound melanoidins compounds from the pure melanoidins core does not affect the antioxidant activity. Among all fractions, the highest antioxidant activity is shown by the > 100 kDa fraction without diafiltration. Ethanol fractionation of > 100 kDa fraction further separates phenols and melanoidins rich fractions from its structure. Ethanol soluble fraction shows high phenols content while the precipitate or aqueous fraction has high melanoldins and carbohydrate content. Antimicrobial potency is mainly observed in arginine rich > 100 kDa fraction against Bacillus lichenifonnis.
Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with both the white-rot. fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and xylanase enzyme for 2 weeks before soda chemithermomechanical (CTMP) and soda chemical (CP) cooking. For fungi-CTMP (BCTMP) and enzyme-fungi-CTMP (EBCTMP), the bagasse, after bio-pretreatment, was cooked with 5\% sodium hydroxide, at 130 degreesC for 20 min. For the chemical pulping (CP), after fungi pretreatment (BCP) or after xylanase and fungal pretreatment (EBCP), the bagasse was cooked:with 14.5\% sodium hydroxide. With the BCTMP, the Klason lignin was reduced, all of the pulp strength properties were increased, and a 28\% savings in refining energy consumption was obtained, but the brightness was reduced 5 points compared to the control. With the EBCTMP, the brightness losses were overcome but with a mild reduction in the pulp strength properties compared to the BCTMP. The energy savings were 5\% greater than from BCTMP and 33\% over the control. The BCP treatment increases somewhat the pulp strength properties, reduces the energy consumption 23\%, and reduces the brightness by 9 points compared to the control; however, the kappa no, was 5.5 points higher than the control. EBCP treatment reduces brightness losses and increases the pulp yield 2\% compared to the control, but with some reduction in the strength properties compared to BCP.
A bioadsorbent composed of polycarboxylated sugarcane bagasse (PSB) was prepared in a one-step reaction by the esterification of sugarcane bagasse hydroxyl groups with butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. 13C SS NMR measurements showed that 0.3 butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid units were grafted per cellobiose unit. PSB was used in the batch adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from mono-, bi-, and multicomponent aqueous so-lutions. For upscaling of the technology aiming at practical applications, evaluation was made of 4 cycles of continuous adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on PSB in a fixed-bed column. The maximum adsorption capacities for Cd(II) and Pb(II) on PSB in batch and continuous modes were 0.55 and 1.164 mmol g- 1 (62 and 241.2 mg g-1), and 0.58 and 0.71 mmol g- 1 (65 and 153 mg g-1), respectively. The standard adsorption enthalpy change (\& UDelta;adsH degrees) values for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 8.6 \& PLUSMN; 0.5 and -0.28 \& PLUSMN; 0.03 kJ mol-1, respectively. The interactions involved in the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on PSB were investigated. Multicomponent studies showed that Pb (II) and Cd(II) acted to suppress the adsorption of each other. In the presence of Cu(II) and Zn(II), the adsorption capacity followed the order: Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). Batch and continuous adsorption-desorption studies showed that PSB could be reused in at least 4 successive cycles, with desorption efficiencies of 88-100 \%, which is essential for minimizing waste generation and reducing process costs.
The total or partial removal of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) straw for bioenergy production may deplete soil quality and consequently affect negatively crop yield. Plants with lower yield potential may present lower concentration of leaf-tissue nutrients, which in turn changes light reflectance of canopy in different wavelengths. Therefore, vegetation indexes, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with concentration of leaf-tissue nutrients could be a useful tool for monitoring potential sugarcane yield changes under straw management. Two sites in SAo Paulo state, Brazil were utilized to evaluate the potential of NDVI for monitoring sugarcane yield changes imposed by different straw removal rates. The treatments were established with 0\%, 25\%, 50\%, and 100\% straw removal. The data used for the NDVI calculation was obtained using satellite images (CBERS-4) and hyperspectral sensor (FieldSpec Spectroradiometer, Malvern Panalytical, Almelo, Netherlands). Besides sugarcane yield, the concentration of the leaf-tissue nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and S) were also determined. The NDVI efficiently predicted sugarcane yield under different rates of straw removal, with the highest performance achieved with NDVI derived from satellite images than hyperspectral sensor. In addition, leaf-tissue N and P concentrations were also important parameters to compose the prediction models of sugarcane yield. A prediction model approach based on data of NDVI and leaf-tissue nutrient concentrations may help the Brazilian sugarcane sector to monitor crop yield changes in areas intensively managed for bioenergy production.
Chloromethylfurfural (CMF), a valuable intermediate for the production of chemicals and fuels, can be derived in high yields from the cellulose component of biomass. This study examined the effect of sugarcane bagasse components and biomass architecture on CMF/bio-oil yield using a HCl/dichloroethane biphasic system. The type of pretreatment affected bio-oil yield, as the CMF yield increased with increasing glucan content. CMF yield reached 81.9\% with bagasse pretreated by acidified aqueous ionic liquid, which had a glucan content of 81.6\%. The lignin content of the biomass was found to significantly reduce CMF yield, which was only 62.3\% with an acid-catalysed steam exploded sample having a lignin content of 29.6\%. The change of CMF yield may be associated with fibre surface changes as a result of pretreatment. The hemicellulose content also impacted negatively on CMF yield. Storage of the bio-oil in chlorinated solvents prevented CMF degradation.
Eighty-one young bulls (27 Nellore, 27 Canchim, and 27 Holstein), averaging 18-month-old and weighting 360kg of initial body weight (BW), were used to evaluate the effects of nitrogen sources on feedlot performance. Treatments were assigned in a completely randomized block design using three steers per stall and nine per treatment. Blocks were defined by initial BW and breed Experimental treatments were: 1) soybean meal, 2) urea, and 3) starea. Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic composed by 50\% concentrate and 50\% forage (45\% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse + 5\% in natura sugarcane bagasse). Dry matter intakes (DMI) were 8.99, 7.43, and 7.69kg/day, average daily gains (ADG) were 0.983, 0.368, and 0.404kg/day and feed efficiencies were 9.56, 20.14, and 19.54kg DM/kg of gain for soybean meal, urea and starea treatments, respectively for steers fed. Diets with soybean meal showed proportionally higher (P<0.01) DMI, higher average daily gain and better feed efficiency compared to urea and starea diets. No differences (P>0.05) between urea and starea treatments were observed. Replacement of soybean meal by nonprotein nitrogen sources decreased the finishing beef steers performance.
This study deals with the comprehensive design of a biomass fast pyrolysis bubbling fluidising bed (BFB) reactor. The solid lignocellulosic residue of sugarcane industries, bagasse, was considered as feedstock. A detailed kinetic model was developed in order to simulate the behaviour of the pyrolyser and the kinetic parameters of bagasse pyrolysis were determined by fitting the model to appropriate experimental data. Subsequently, energy balances were applied in order to calculate the necessary heat of pyrolysis. This is 1.4 MJ per kg of bagasse and it is in accordance with relevant literature data. The model was also validated against respective experimental outcomes and thereby it can be effectively used to simulate the performance of similar fast pyrolysis systems in various process conditions. The conditions that maximise the liquids yield are a temperature of 525 degrees C and a residence time of 0.5 s. Furthermore, dynamic sensitivity analysis was implemented to determine how sensitive the proposed model is to changes in the value of the kinetic parameters and subsequently to identify the most influential variables. Overall, the current research suggests and investigates the utilisation of a relatively abundant agricultural residue via fast pyrolysis for the production of bio-oil.
This study utilizes a novel method, namely the combination of advanced oxidation processes with synthesized highly porous alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and coagulation-flocculation with polyacrylamide, to investigate the effects on COD removal in alcohol vinasse. Highly porous alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared via a chemical precipitation technique. The characteristic of the synthesized alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were determined by FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The effect of different alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles loading for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was investigated. The results revealed that at alpha-Fe(2)O3 nanoparticle dose of 3000 ppm had the highest COD removal for vinasse. Then, central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the operating variables such as pH, time, oxidant dosage, and coagulant dosage, and their optimum values were determined to be pH:7.36, 90 min, 17.89 wt\% oxidant dosage, and 1.6 wt\% coagulant dosage, to achieve a high COD removal efficiency in 70 celcius for alcohol vinasse (98.64\%). Based on optimal conditions, the porous alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles possess superior catalytic activity in the advanced oxidation process compared to other treating methods. Also, the mechanism of the catalytic oxidation reaction is evaluated.
Activated-hydrochar (AHC) derived from sugarcane bagasse was synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) using phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as activators. The properties of AHC were systematically characterized by elemental analysis, BET, SEM, FTIR, XPS and zeta potential, and applied to evaluate the adsorption ability of methylene blue (MB) by batch adsorption tests. The MB adsorption isotherm and kinetics of AHC were well described by the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Characteristic analysis suggested electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and pi-pi interactions were the main contributors to MB adsorption. Analysis of mass transfer mechanisms demonstrated the adsorption process towards MB by AHC involved intra-particle diffusion to some extent. Thermodynamic studies indicated MB adsorption was an endothermic, spontaneous process associated with a disorder increase at the solid-liquid interface. The maximum adsorption capacity of AHC for MB was 357.14 mg g(-1) at 303 K. Thus, the combination of HTC in phosphoric acid and NaOH activation offered a facile, green and economical alternative for conversion of sugarcane bagasse into efficient adsorbents used in wastewater treatment.